MONTHLY EDITORIAL

MAINS Q&A COMPILATION

By Sumit Rewri Sir

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INDEX
1. POLITY AND GOVERNANCE 2

2. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 32

3. INDIA AND ITS NEIGHBOURHOOD RELATIONS 56

4. ECONOMY 73

5. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 105

6. ENVIRONMENT AND GEOGRAPHY 118

7. DEFENSE AND SECURITY 135

8. SOCIETY AND SOCIAL JUSTICE 140

9. DISASTER MANAGEMENT 175

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POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

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impoverished-uneducated

1. Despite numerous welfare programs, begging continues to persist in India due to deep-rooted socio-economic
vulnerabilities. Analyze the key factors contributing to this challenge and suggest policy measures to address
this issue. (15 marks, 250 Words)
Answer:
Core Demand of the Question
• Highlight how begging continues to persist in India due to deep-rooted socio-economic vulnerabilities,
despite numerous welfare programs
• Analyze the key factors contributing to this challenge
• Suggest policy measures to address this issue.

Begging, the public solicitation of alms, remains prevalent in India despite extensive welfare programs like
MGNREGA and SMILE. Census 2011 indicates over 4.13 lakh individuals continue this practice, highlighting
deep-seated socio-economic vulnerabilities like chronic poverty, low literacy, and limited employment
opportunities that persist despite governmental intervention.

National Urban Livelihood Mission

(NULM) Deen Dayal
SMILE Scheme
Antyodaya
Yojana
Anti-
De-addiction and
Welfare Begging
Mental Health
Campaigns
Counseling Programs by State
Programs
Government

National Urban Anti-Begging

Livelihood Mission Campaigns by
(NULM) Mahatma Gandhi State
National Rural Governments
Employment
Guarantee Act
(MGNREGA)
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Begging persists in India due to deep-rooted socio-economic vulnerabilities despite numerous welfare
programs
● Ineffective implementation of welfare schemes: Welfare programs often fail due to weak execution,
corruption, and lack of awareness among beneficiaries.
For example: Many beggars are unaware of schemes like SMILE, which offer shelter and livelihood support.
● Widespread poverty: Chronic poverty leaves individuals with no option but to beg for survival, especially in
urban slums and rural areas.
For example: According to the 2011 Census, over 413,000 people were engaged in begging despite poverty
alleviation schemes like MNREGA.
● Lack of vocational skills: Individuals engaged in begging often lack education and employable skills,
restricting their ability to access formal jobs.
For example: Vocational training under the PMKVY scheme hasn’t reached marginalized groups like beggars
effectively.
● Social stigma and exclusion: Vulnerable groups, including transgender persons and persons with disabilities,
face societal neglect and exclusion from mainstream economic opportunities.
For example: Despite welfare schemes for transgender individuals, many are forced into begging at traffic
signals due to lack of acceptance.
● Organized begging rackets: Criminal networks exploit vulnerable individuals by abducting and coercing them
into begging, making it difficult to escape the cycle.
For example: In 2023, Delhi police rescued 50 children forced into begging by a trafficking racket.

Key factors contributing to the persistence of begging in India

● Inadequate data and identification: The lack of a centralized database prevents targeted interventions to
rehabilitate those involved in begging.
For example: NHRC’s recommendation to create a national database using municipal records highlights the
absence of reliable data on beggars.
● Limited access to education: Children engaged in begging miss out on formal education, perpetuating
generational poverty and dependence on begging.
For example: Under the Right to Education Act, 2009, many children are still not enrolled due to lack of
outreach efforts.
● Health and addiction issues: Substance abuse and untreated mental health problems keep individuals trapped
in poverty and begging.
For example: Shelter homes under the SMILE scheme lack sufficient de-addiction and mental health
counseling services, as noted in NHRC's advisory.
● Urban migration and displacement: Rural-to-urban migration due to unemployment leads to overcrowding
in cities, pushing migrants to resort to begging.
● Weak legal frameworks: Laws addressing begging are either punitive or inadequate to tackle organized rackets
and rehabilitate individuals.
For example: The Bombay Prevention of Begging Act criminalizes beggars instead of addressing root causes,
failing to curb forced begging networks.

Policy Measures to Address Begging in India

● Centralized Database and Identification System: Create a nationwide database of individuals engaged in
begging, updated regularly, to enable targeted welfare interventions and monitor their rehabilitation.
For example: Municipal corporations can collaborate with NGOs to identify beggars, as recommended in
NHRC’s advisory on using standardized survey formats.
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● Strengthen Anti-Trafficking Laws: Introduce specific legal provisions to combat organized begging rackets,
penalize perpetrators, and rehabilitate victims.
For example: Enacting laws to criminalize forced begging, as suggested by NHRC, would curb exploitation
and trafficking networks.
● Expand Skill Development Programs: Provide skill-based vocational training in shelter homes to empower
individuals to secure dignified employment or pursue self-employment opportunities.
For example: Shelter homes can partner with programs like PMKVY to train beggars in tailoring, carpentry,
or other trades suited to their abilities.
● Accessible Healthcare and De-addiction Services: Set up mobile health units and mental health counseling
services in shelter homes to address addiction, disabilities, and untreated illnesses.
For example: NHRC recommends integrating Ayushman Bharat benefits with shelter homes to ensure health
coverage for rehabilitated individuals.
● Educational Access for Children: Enroll children involved in begging in schools under the Right to Education
Act, ensuring they receive proper nutrition, uniforms, and financial support.
For example: Special awareness campaigns targeting parents of child beggars can boost school enrollments,
especially in urban slums.
● Public Awareness and Almsgiving Reduction: Launch awareness campaigns to discourage the public from
giving alms and promote donations to rehabilitation programs instead.
For example: Cities like Hyderabad have successfully implemented campaigns asking citizens to donate to
government-run shelters rather than beggars.

Empowering lives is the key to eradicating begging. Strengthening social safety nets, ensuring inclusive
education, and promoting skill development can break the cycle of poverty. Strict enforcement of anti-begging
laws, coupled with community-driven rehabilitation, will create a self-reliant India, where every individual
contributes to the nation’s progress with dignity and purpose.

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troves/article69248701.ece

2. The growing pendency of cases in Indian courts is a major challenge to the justice delivery system. Analyze
the key factors contributing to judicial delays and suggest institutional and policy measures to address the
issue. (15 Marks, 250 Words)
Answer:
Core Demand of the Question
● Highlight how the growing pendency of cases in Indian courts is a major challenge to the justice delivery
system
● Analyze the key factors contributing to judicial delays
● Suggest institutional and policy measures to address the issue.

India's justice delivery system faces a severe challenge, with over 5 crore pending cases across courts, delaying
justice and eroding public trust. Nearly 50 lakh cases have been pending for more than 10 years. Niti Aayog
highlighted that at the current disposal rate, clearing backlogs in lower courts alone may take over 300 years,
necessitating urgent reforms.
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The growing pendency of cases in Indian courts is a major challenge to the justice delivery system

● Justice Denied Due to Delays: A prolonged legal process erodes public trust and denies justice, violating the
legal principle "justice delayed is justice denied."
For example: The Babri Masjid-Ram Janmabhoomi case took nearly 70 years to reach a verdict, affecting
social harmony and delaying resolution.
● Overburdened Judiciary: Courts handle an overwhelming number of cases, reducing efficiency and
increasing case backlogs, making timely justice nearly impossible.
For example: The Supreme Court has over 82,000 pending cases, while High Courts have over 62 lakh cases,
causing significant delays in adjudication.
● Economic and Social Costs: Litigation costs drain financial resources, discouraging businesses and individuals
from seeking legal redress, affecting economic growth.
For example: Judicial delays are estimated to cost India more than 2% of its GDP annually, hindering economic
growth and deterring foreign investment
● Human Rights Violations: Delayed trials lead to prolonged undertrial detention, violating fundamental
rights and overcrowding prisons with people awaiting justice.
For example: Over 70% of India’s prison population consists of undertrials, some awaiting trial for decades.
● Reduced Confidence in the Legal System: Lengthy trials push people toward extrajudicial settlements and
alternative dispute resolution, weakening faith in formal justice.
For example: In land disputes, families often resort to panchayat settlements, as seen in rural Haryana,
where courts are perceived as too slow.

Key factors contributing to judicial delays

● Low Judge-to-Population Ratio: India has only 21 judges per million people, significantly lower than
developed nations, leading to a slower judicial process.
● Excessive Government Litigation: The government is the largest litigant, responsible for nearly 50% of
pending cases, due to appeals in trivial matters.
● Inadequate Infrastructure: Many courts face challenges such as insufficient courtroom facilities and outdated
case management systems, leading to prolonged proceedings.
● Lack of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR): Mediation and arbitration remain underutilized, despite their
potential to resolve cases faster and cost-effectively.
For example: The Delhi High Court Mediation Centre successfully settled over 2 lakh cases in 15 years,
proving ADR’s efficiency in dispute resolution.
● Frequent Adjournments: Lawyers and litigants misuse adjournments, leading to multiple postponements
that stretch cases over years or decades.
● Procedural Complexities: Outdated legal procedures and reliance on manual documentation slow down case
disposal, creating unnecessary bureaucratic hurdles.

Institutional And Policy Measures To Address The Issue

Institutional Measures:
● Increase Judicial Strength: India needs more judges to match its vast case load, ensuring faster case resolution
and reducing backlog.
For example: The 245th Law Commission Report recommended increasing judges per million to at least
50, but implementation remains slow.
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● Expand and Modernize Infrastructure: Upgrading courtrooms, digitizing case records, and ensuring better
facilities can speed up hearings and reduce procedural delays.
For example: The E-Courts Project has digitized 3.9 crore pending cases, but many lower courts still rely
on paper-based documentation, slowing proceedings.
● Specialized Fast-Track Courts: Setting up courts for specific cases like commercial disputes, cheque bounce,
and gender crimes can ensure quicker resolution.
For example: High Courts, up to December 2023, 757 FTSCs including 411 exclusive POCSO (e-POCSO)
Courts are functional in States/UTs across the country which have disposed of more than 2,14,000 cases.

Policy Measures:
● Curb Excessive Government Litigation: Introducing pre-litigation assessment and penalties for frivolous
government appeals can significantly reduce case overload.
For example: The National Litigation Policy (2010) aimed to reduce government cases, but weak
enforcement has led to continued excessive litigation.
● Strict Adjournment Rules: Limiting adjournments to exceptional cases and imposing monetary penalties for
unnecessary delays can prevent case prolongation.
For example: The Commercial Courts Act (2015) mandates strict adjournment rules, ensuring faster
disposal of business disputes.
● Mandatory Mediation for Civil Cases: Encouraging Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) through
compulsory mediation before litigation can ease court burden.

For example: The Mediation Act (2023) promotes mandatory mediation in civil and commercial disputes,
aiming to reduce court congestion.

Swift and efficient justice delivery is the cornerstone of a vibrant democracy. Tackling judicial delays requires a
multi-pronged approach, enhancing judicial infrastructure, filling vacancies, integrating AI-driven case
management, and promoting alternative dispute resolution. A forward-thinking policy framework, coupled with
judicial accountability, can transform India's legal system into one that is accessible, time-bound, and equitable
for all.

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3. India has been striving for self-reliance in defence production through initiatives like 'Aatmanirbhar Bharat.'
Analyze the challenges faced by Defence PSUs like Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) and Defence
Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) in meeting the operational requirements of the Indian
Armed Forces. How can these challenges be addressed?

(15 Marks, 250 Words)

Answer:
Core Demand of the Question
● Highlight that India has been striving for self-reliance in defence production through initiatives like
'Aatmanirbhar Bharat.'
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● Analyze the challenges faced by Defence PSUs like Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) and Defence
Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) in meeting the operational requirements of the Indian
Armed Forces
● Examine how these challenges can be addressed

India’s drive for self-reliance in defence production has been significantly propelled by the Atma Nirbhar Bharat
initiative, emphasizing indigenous manufacturing and innovation. Recent policy reforms and enhanced defence
allocations in Budget 2024-25, about ₹6,21,940 crores, underscore a transformative shift, reinforcing strategic
autonomy and positioning India as a key global player in advanced defence technologies.

India’s Striving for Self-Reliance in Defence Production

● Vision of Aatmanirbhar Bharat: India’s ‘Aatmanirbhar Bharat’ initiative aims to reduce dependence on
foreign arms by fostering indigenous production of defence equipment.
For example: The Defence Acquisition Procedure (DAP) 2020 prioritizes ‘Buy Indian’ categories over
imported systems.
● Encouraging Domestic Manufacturing: Policies like the Defence Production and Export Promotion Policy
(DPEPP) 2020 are designed to promote Indian defence manufacturing capabilities and increase exports.
For example: In FY 2023-24, India's domestic defence production reached ₹1.27 lakh crore, marking a record
high, with an impressive increase of approximately 174% from ₹46,429 crore in 2014-15.
● Indigenization of Defence Projects: Projects like Tejas LCA and the Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft
(AMCA) emphasize indigenous technology to strengthen the defence ecosystem.
For example: The Tejas LCA has an indigenous content of about 50% and aims to increase it to 60% in future
variants.
● FDI Liberalization: Increasing the FDI limit in the defence sector from 49% to 74% through the automatic
route encourages private participation in domestic defence production.
For example: Companies like Airbus and Lockheed Martin have partnered with Indian firms for technology
transfers and joint production.
● Positive Indigenization List: The government has issued a list of over 500 defence items that will be banned
from import to encourage local manufacturing.
For example: The list includes items like light combat helicopters and communication equipment, pushing
HAL and DRDO to ramp up production.

Challenges Faced by Defence PSUs in Meeting Operational Requirements

● Delays in Project Execution: Defence PSUs like HAL and DRDO struggle with prolonged development
timelines, failing to deliver systems on time.
For example: The Tejas LCA project, conceptualized in 1983, saw its first flight in 2001 and is still facing
production delays hampering Squadron strength.
● Dependence on Foreign Technology: Critical components like engines and sensors often rely on imports,
undermining true indigenization efforts.
For example: HAL's delay in delivering LCA Mk-1A jets is due to General Electric’s failure to supply engines
on schedule.
● Resource Constraints: Inadequate funding and skilled manpower hinder innovation and scaling of defence
projects.
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For example: DRDO’s Ballistic Missile Defence (BMD) system faced delays due to resource shortages during
initial development stages.
● Lack of Accountability: PSUs lack effective accountability mechanisms for missed deadlines or technical
shortcomings.
For example: HAL’s failure to deliver aircraft on time has often left the Indian Air Force dependent on aging
MiG-21 squadrons.
● Limited Export Capabilities: Despite producing quality equipment, PSUs face challenges in competing in the
global defence market.

Addressing Challenges Faced by Defence PSUs

● Comprehensive Audits: Conduct periodic audits of HAL and DRDO to identify bottlenecks and fix
accountability for delays and inefficiencies.
For example: A proposed audit for the Tejas LCA program could analyze delays and ensure timely delivery of
Mk-1A variants.
● Enhanced Private Sector Participation: Collaborating with private firms can bring innovation, efficiency, and
competition to defence production.
For example: The Strategic Partnership model in DAP 2020 allows private firms to build systems like
submarines and fighter jets.
● Improved Resource Allocation: Boost funding and provide state-of-the-art facilities to PSUs to enhance their
R&D and production capabilities.
For example: The budgetary allocation to DRDO has been increased to Rs 26,816.82 crore in FY 2025-26 from
Rs 23,855.61 crore in FY 2024-25 which is 12.41% higher than the BE of 2024-25.
● Technology Transfer Agreements: Leverage offsets and partnerships with global firms to reduce reliance on
imports for critical technologies.
For example: The BrahMos missile, jointly developed with Russia, showcases effective international
collaboration for indigenous systems.
● Streamlined Procurement Processes: Simplify procurement and approval mechanisms to accelerate
production cycles and ensure timely delivery.
For example: The Fast Track Procurement (FTP) route has expedited the acquisition of critical defence
equipment like drones.

Empowering Defence PSUs is pivotal for achieving Aatmanirbhar Bharat. By promoting public-private
partnerships, boosting R&D funding, and embracing cutting-edge technologies, India can transform its defence
sector. Streamlining processes and cultivating a skilled workforce will ensure operational readiness, paving the way
for a future where India is not just self-reliant but a global defence hub and will help India in reaching the target of
Rs 50,000 crore of Defense exports by 2029.

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4. Examine how judicial interpretations and bureaucratic implementation have affected the Right to
Information Act's original intent. Analyze the challenges in balancing information transparency with privacy
concerns and suggest reforms to strengthen democratic accountability while addressing legitimate
exemptions. (15 Marks, 250 Words)
Answer:
Core Demand of the Question
● Examine how judicial interpretations and bureaucratic implementation have affected the Right to Information
Act's original intent.
● Analyze the challenges in balancing information transparency with privacy concerns
● Suggest reforms to strengthen democratic accountability while addressing legitimate exemptions.

The Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005, hailed as one of the strongest transparency laws, empowered citizens
to hold the government accountable. However, judicial rulings and bureaucratic resistance have diluted its
effectiveness. As of 2023, over 3.2 lakh cases were pending before Information Commissions, highlighting delays
that undermine the Act’s original intent of ensuring timely access to information.

Impact of Judicial Interpretations and Bureaucratic Implementation on the RTI Act

● Judicial dilution of Section 8: The CBSE & Anr. vs. Aditya Bandopadhyay (2011) case reinterpreted Section
8 by advocating a broader scope of exemptions, weakening transparency provisions.
For example: The Supreme Court warned against "indiscriminate" RTI usage, allowing authorities to deny
disclosures by citing administrative burden rather than statutory exemptions.
● Personal information exemption misuse: Girish Ramchandra Deshpande (2012) judgment expanded the
definition of personal information, restricting access to public servants’ records, limiting accountability.
For example: Information on public officials’ misconduct and financial dealings was denied under privacy
grounds, despite public interest concerns in exposing corruption.
● Inefficient Information Commissions: Retired bureaucrats dominate information commissions, often treating
positions as post-retirement sinecures, leading to delays and weak enforcement.
For example: While the RTI Act mandates responses within 30 days, many commissions have backlogs
exceeding a year, converting RTI into Right to History.
● Failure to impose penalties: The penal provisions meant to enforce compliance are rarely applied, reducing
accountability for wrongful denials and delays in providing information.
For example: Despite frequent RTI violations, penalties under Section 20 are imposed in less than 5% of
cases, encouraging bureaucratic inertia.
● Political and administrative interference: Governments have delayed appointments of information
commissioners, causing case backlogs and reducing the effectiveness of the appellate mechanism.
For example: In 2023, multiple State Information Commissions had vacant posts, leading to over 3 lakh
pending cases, undermining the Act’s implementation.

Challenges in Balancing Information Transparency with Privacy Concerns

● Ambiguity in defining ‘personal information’: The RTI Act’s provisions state that information accessible to
Parliament cannot be denied to citizens, yet authorities often deny legitimate requests.
For example: Public servants’ asset declarations are often withheld, even though they are mandatory
disclosures under service rules, enabling non-transparency in governance.
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● Misuse of privacy arguments: Authorities misuse Section 8(1)(j) to shield officials from scrutiny, even when
public interest is involved, weakening anti-corruption efforts.
For example: The Supreme Court denied disclosure of electoral bond donors' identities, citing privacy, despite
the potential impact on political transparency.
● Inconsistent judicial interpretations: Courts have varied in their rulings on privacy vs. public interest, leading
to uncertainty in RTI implementation.
For example: While RBI v. Jayantilal N. Mistry (2015) ruled that bank defaulters’ information should be
public, the Supreme Court in 2019 restricted such disclosures.
● Lack of privacy law framework: India lacks a comprehensive data protection law to define when privacy
should override transparency, leading to arbitrary denials.
For example: The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, amended the RTI Act, restricting access to
personal data of public officials without clear guidelines.
● Bureaucratic reluctance to disclose: Officials fear backlash for releasing information, leading to self-
censorship and overuse of exemptions, affecting public interest disclosures.
For example: In several corruption-related RTI cases, bureaucrats cited national security or personal privacy
to withhold information on public project irregularities.

Reforms to Strengthen Democratic Accountability While Addressing Legitimate Exemptions

● Strict timeline enforcement: Enforce maximum disposal timelines for Information Commissions, ensuring
appeals don’t extend beyond 90 days.
For example: The Uttarakhand HC (2022) directed the State Commission to clear RTI appeals within six
months, setting a precedent for time-bound transparency.
● Transparent appointment of commissioners: Mandate selection of transparency advocates, journalists, and
legal experts, reducing the dominance of retired bureaucrats.
● Revise ‘personal information’ exemption: Define personal data exemptions narrowly, ensuring that public
officials’ financial and disciplinary records remain accessible.
For example: Courts in the UK and USA allow disclosure of public officials' assets and misconduct records,
ensuring greater accountability.
● Increase penalties for wrongful denial: Strengthen Section 20 provisions to penalize officers who repeatedly
misuse exemptions, discouraging frivolous denials.
For example: Maharashtra’s Information Commission (2021) imposed ₹25,000 penalties on officers
deliberately withholding information, deterring future violations.
● Public awareness campaigns: Empower citizens and journalists through mass awareness programs, ensuring
greater demand for transparency and effective use of RTI.
For example: Organizations like Satark Nagrik Sangathan train citizens to file RTI requests effectively,
improving participatory democracy.

Progressive judicial interpretations have expanded the scope of RTI, reinforcing transparency and accountability,
while bureaucratic hurdles have often diluted its impact. Striking a balance between disclosure and privacy
demands clearer exemptions, digital reforms, and proactive disclosures. Strengthening whistleblower
protection, grievance redressal, and institutional autonomy will fortify citizen empowerment and uphold
democratic accountability.
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backlog/article69216579.ece

5. Critically analyze the recent Supreme Court's decision to appoint ad-hoc judges in High Courts. Do you think
it can effectively address India's judicial backlog while maintaining judicial independence and quality?
Discuss the challenges and suggest comprehensive reforms for the judiciary.
(15 Marks, 250 Words)
Answer:
Core Demand of the Question
● Analyze the positives of the recent Supreme Court's decision to appoint ad-hoc judges in High Courts.
● Discuss how it can effectively address India's judicial backlog while maintaining judicial independence
and quality
● Discuss the challenges of the recent Supreme Court's decision to appoint ad-hoc judges in High Courts,
to address India's judicial backlog
● Suggest comprehensive reforms for the judiciary.

Amid concerns over judicial backlog, the Supreme Court has reformed the appointment process under Article 224A
by introducing ad-hoc judges in High Courts, relaxing the 20% vacancy norm for their appointment. This revised
mechanism aims to enhance judicial efficiency and uphold judicial integrity.

Positives of the Recent Supreme Court's Decision to Appoint Ad-hoc Judges in High Courts

• Tackling the Judicial Backlog: Appointing ad-hoc judges directly addresses the immense backlog of over 62
lakh cases in High Courts by increasing the judiciary’s capacity.
For example: The Supreme Court in the Lok Prahari v. Union of India (2021) endorsed ad-hoc judges as a
temporary solution for clearing pending criminal appeals.
• Focused on Criminal Appeals: Ad-hoc judges being restricted to criminal appeals ensures expedited justice
for undertrials, reducing the overcrowding in jails(currently at 131% occupancy) and financial strain on the
government.
For example: The pending criminal appeals in the Allahabad High Court, which amount to over 3 lakh cases,
could be prioritized under this initiative.
• Minimal Impact on Seniority and Promotion: Since ad-hoc judges are retired or external appointees, they do
not affect the career progression of sitting High Court or district judges.
For example: As per Article 224A of the Constitution, ad-hoc judges do not compete for elevation or
promotions, preserving the hierarchy of the judiciary.
• Utilization of Experienced Judges: Leveraging the experience of retired judges ensures high-quality
adjudication while utilizing their expertise to expedite case disposal.
For example: Retired judges like Justice Madan B. Lokur, known for their judicial acumen, could handle
complex appeals, adding value to the judiciary.
• Flexibility in Appointments: The Constitution allows for ad-hoc appointments with limited tenure and
focused jurisdiction, ensuring quick scalability without altering the regular judicial structure.
For example: The Lok Prahari verdict suggests completing the appointment process within three months,
promoting a streamlined system.
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How It Can Effectively Address Judicial Backlog While Maintaining Judicial Independence and Quality
• Enhancing Judicial Bandwidth: By delegating criminal appeals to ad-hoc judges, sitting judges can dedicate
more time to intricate constitutional and civil matters, leading to a more balanced and effective judicial system.
• Safeguarding Judicial Independence: Ad-hoc judges are experienced professionals with proven integrity,
ensuring decisions remain unbiased despite their temporary tenure.
For example: Retired judges already vetted for judicial service under stringent standards mitigate concerns
about undue influence or partiality.
• Ensuring High-Quality Judgments: Their prior experience guarantees judgments of high quality, especially
in criminal appeals where fairness and precision are crucial.
For example: Justice V.S. Sirpurkar’s role in the Disha case inquiry showcased how retired judges bring
expertise and diligence to critical assignments.
• Budgetary Feasibility: Appointing ad-hoc judges is cost-effective compared to permanent additions to the
judiciary, ensuring optimal use of limited judicial resources.
• Proactive Leadership by Chief Justices: With Chief Justices driving the process of ad-hoc appointments, the
system benefits from leadership focus on integrity and technical competence.
For example: The three-month timeline mandated by the Supreme Court ensures transparency and
accountability in selecting the right candidates.

Challenges of the Supreme Court's Decision to Appoint Ad-Hoc Judges to Address Judicial Backlog
• Dependency on Government Approval: Ad-hoc judge appointments require presidential approval, relying
heavily on executive cooperation, which can delay or obstruct the process.
For example: The delay in regular judicial appointments due to government inaction, such as the standoff over
Collegium recommendations in 2023, demonstrates this issue.
• Limited Scope of Authority: Ad-hoc judges can only hear criminal appeals, which limits their impact on
addressing the overall backlog across various categories of cases.
• Lack of Incentives for Judges: Retired judges may prefer arbitration or independent practice due to better
financial prospects.
For example: Many senior advocates in 2024 rejected tribunal appointments due to concerns over restricted
practice and lower financial benefits.
• Strain on Judicial Infrastructure: High Courts often lack the necessary resources like personnel, courtrooms,
and support staff, impeding the effective functioning of ad-hoc judges.
For example: As of February 2025, there were 367 judge vacancies across High Courts, stretching the already
inadequate infrastructure.
• Risk of Judicial Independence: Ad-hoc judges' short tenure and potential return to the bar raise concerns
about bias or lack of complete detachment from external influences.
For example: Critics of ad-hoc appointments argue that judges may face undue influence due to prior
affiliations or aspirations in the legal profession.

Comprehensive Reforms for the Judiciary

• Streamline Judicial Appointment Processes: Simplify procedures by allowing High Court Chief Justices to
directly recommend candidates to the Collegium, minimizing dependency on government approval.
For example: The Lok Prahari verdict (2021) suggested a three-month timeline for appointments, which could
serve as a model for expedited processes.
• Expand Jurisdiction of Ad-Hoc Judges: Allow ad-hoc judges to preside over civil, commercial, and writ
cases to address the backlog comprehensively across all types of litigation.
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• Enhance Judicial Infrastructure: Increase budgetary allocations for courtrooms, staff, and technology, and
assign dedicated law researchers to assist ad-hoc judges.
For example: Delhi High Court utilized digital infrastructure effectively in 2023, which reduced delays
significantly during the pandemic.
• Introduce Case Management Systems: Implement AI-based tools for case scheduling and prioritization,
reducing unnecessary adjournments and improving the efficiency of case disposal.
For example: The Supreme Court of Singapore uses AI tools to manage case timelines, which reduced delays
by 30% within two years of implementation.
• Address Regular Judicial Vacancies: Expedite the appointment of permanent judges to reduce reliance on ad-
hoc measures and ensure consistent quality in the judicial process.

Justice delayed is justice denied, but with ad-hoc appointments, justice must not be compromised. To truly tackle
the judicial backlog, India needs a multi-pronged approach, strengthening the permanent judiciary, increasing
funding, leveraging technology like AI-driven case management, and promoting alternative dispute resolution
mechanisms, ensuring efficiency without sacrificing independence or quality.

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6. Despite the constitutional mandate, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) in India continue to function with
limited financial and administrative autonomy. Discuss the key challenges faced by PRIs in achieving true
decentralization and suggest measures to enhance their effectiveness in local governance.
(15 Marks, 250 Words)
Answer:
Core Demand of the Question
● Highlight how Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) in India continue to function with limited financial and
administrative autonomy, despite the constitutional mandate
● Discuss the key challenges faced by PRIs in achieving true decentralization
● Suggest measures to enhance their effectiveness in local governance

The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992, institutionalized Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) through
Articles 243 to 243 O to promote local self-governance. It mandated the devolution of 29 subjects under the
Eleventh Schedule, yet PRIs remain administratively constrained, limiting their ability to function as truly
autonomous institutions of governance at the grassroots level.

Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) in India continue to function with limited financial and administrative
autonomy
● Limited devolution of powers: The 73rd Amendment mandates devolution of 29 subjects to PRIs, but most
states have not transferred full control over planning and implementation.
For example: A 2022 report by the Ministry of Panchayati Raj showed that less than 20% of states have fully
devolved these functions, restricting local decision-making.
● Inadequate financial autonomy: PRIs rely heavily on central and state grants, as their own tax revenue
constitutes only 1% of their total income, limiting independent financial decision-making.
For example: The Fifteenth Finance Commission reduced untied grants to PRIs from 85% to 60%,
increasing dependence on centrally controlled schemes.
 14

● Bureaucratic dominance: State-appointed bureaucrats often control PRI funds and decision-making, limiting
elected representatives' authority and undermining local governance.
For example: In many states, Block Development Officers (BDOs) and District Magistrates (DMs) retain
significant control over resource allocation and project approvals.
● Politicization of local governance: PRIs have become an extension of state and national politics, where party
affiliations dictate resource allocation rather than local priorities.
For example: In West Bengal, panchayats controlled by opposition parties often receive less funding and face
bureaucratic hurdles compared to those aligned with the ruling government.
● Erosion of accountability: Many welfare schemes now use direct benefit transfers (DBTs) via the JAM
trinity, bypassing PRIs and reducing their role in grievance redressal and beneficiary selection.
For example: The PM-KISAN scheme provides ₹6,000 annually to farmers directly, eliminating gram
panchayats from the decision-making and accountability process.

Key challenges faced by PRIs in achieving true decentralization

● Lack of skilled personnel: PRIs often lack trained professionals for financial management, planning, and
implementation, leading to inefficiency in governance.
For example: In Bihar, a study found that nearly 50% of panchayats lacked trained accountants, leading to
delays in fund utilization and financial mismanagement.
● Urbanization reducing rural focus: As India urbanizes rapidly, development policies prioritize urban areas,
shifting attention and resources away from rural governance.
● Over-centralization of welfare schemes: Centrally sponsored schemes are designed with rigid guidelines,
limiting PRIs' flexibility to modify programs based on local needs.
For example: The MGNREGA wage rate and project selection process are centrally controlled, leaving little
room for panchayats to address local employment needs effectively.
● Weak fiscal capacity: PRIs lack strong revenue-generation mechanisms as they cannot effectively levy or
collect taxes, making them dependent on external funds.
For example: In Karnataka, despite legal provisions for property tax collection, only 7% of gram panchayats
successfully generate substantial revenue from local taxation.
● State reluctance to share power: Many state governments hesitate to give full control to PRIs due to political
and bureaucratic interests, keeping them structurally weak.
For example: The Kerala government introduced strong PRI reforms, but in many other states, governments
retain control over key subjects like education and health, limiting PRI influence.

Measures to Enhance the Effectiveness of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) in Local Governance
● Full devolution of powers: State governments should transfer all 29 subjects listed in the Eleventh Schedule,
along with adequate administrative control, to strengthen local governance.
For example: In Kerala, PRIs manage health, education, and water supply, allowing local bodies to plan
and execute projects efficiently without state interference.
● Increased untied funds: The share of untied grants should be raised to allow PRIs greater flexibility in
spending based on local needs rather than pre-defined schemes.
For example: The Thirteenth Finance Commission allocated 85% untied funds, enabling PRIs to invest in
critical local infrastructure, unlike the Fifteenth Finance Commission reduced it to 60%.
● Strengthening fiscal capacity: PRIs should be given greater tax-levying powers and trained in revenue
collection to enhance financial self-sufficiency.
 15

For example: In Maharashtra, gram panchayats successfully generate revenue through property tax and
local service fees, reducing dependence on central/state grants.
● Capacity-building programs: Regular training programs should be conducted for elected representatives and
staff to improve governance, financial management, and digital literacy.
For example: The Rajasthan Panchayati Raj Training Institute provides structured training, leading to
better planning and fund utilization at the village level.
● Leveraging technology for governance: Digital platforms should be expanded to improve transparency,
citizen participation, and grievance redressal in local governance.
For example: The eGramSwaraj portal launched by the Ministry of Panchayati Raj enables real-time
monitoring of funds and project implementation, ensuring better accountability.

Strengthening PRIs through enhanced financial autonomy and administrative reforms is essential for India’s
future. Modern training, transparent accountability, and capacity-building will foster true decentralization.
Investing in local leadership ignites sustainable, inclusive progress. Empower to Transform, harness grassroots
potential for resilient, innovative governance, building a self-reliant tomorrow.

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7. The imposition of President’s Rule under Article 356 has evolved from a tool of constitutional necessity to a
politically contentious provision. Examine its impact on Centre-State relations with reference to judicial
interventions and recent instances. (15 Marks, 250 Words)
Answer:
Core Demand of the Question
● Discuss how the imposition of President’s Rule under Article 356 has evolved from a tool of constitutional
necessity to a politically contentious provision.
● Examine its impact on Centre-State relations with reference to judicial interventions and recent instances.
● Suggest a way forward

Article 356 empowers the President to impose President’s Rule in a state when constitutional machinery collapses.
While the S.R. Bommai (1994) verdict restricted its misuse, recent instances like Maharashtra (2019) and Manipur
(2025) highlight its political contentiousness. These cases underscore ongoing tensions in Centre-State relations and
the role of judicial scrutiny.

Evolution from a Constitutional Necessity to a Politically Contentious Provision

● Constitutional Safeguard Against Breakdown: Originally, Article 356 was intended as a safeguard against
constitutional breakdown in states, ensuring governance in case of failure of law and order or political
instability.
For example: In 1951, President’s Rule was first imposed in Punjab after Chief Minister Gopi Chand Bhargava
resigned due to internal Congress party conflicts.
● Misuse for Political Gains: Over time, the provision became a tool for the Centre to dismiss state
governments controlled by opposition parties, undermining federal principles.
For example: In 1977, the Janata Party dismissed nine Congress-led state governments after winning the
general elections, citing loss of public mandate.
 16

● Frequent Use Before Judicial Oversight: Before judicial scrutiny, President’s Rule was frequently used,
with 100 instances between 1950 and 1994, averaging 2.5 times per year.
For example: In 1980, Indira Gandhi dismissed nine opposition-led governments, mirroring what had
happened to Congress governments in 1977.
● Bommai Judgment and Judicial Checks: The 1994 S.R. Bommai case imposed judicial limitations, allowing
courts to review the imposition of President’s Rule, reducing arbitrary dismissals.
For example: The Supreme Court reinstated the Karnataka government in 1989, ruling that the dismissal
was politically motivated and unconstitutional.
● Reduced Use Post-1994: After judicial checks, its usage declined, with only 30 instances since 1994 compared
to 100 before, reducing Centre’s unchecked power over states.
For example: In 2016, President’s Rule was revoked in Uttarakhand after the Supreme Court intervened,
restoring the Congress government

Impact on Centre-State Relations

● Weakening Federal Autonomy: The excessive use of Article 356 undermines federalism, allowing the Centre
to control states, reducing their autonomy.
For example: In Gujarat (1974), Karnataka (1990), and Manipur (2025), President’s Rule was imposed
despite the ruling party having a majority.
● Political Tensions and Trust Deficit: Imposing President’s Rule creates tensions between the Centre and
states, leading to political distrust and allegations of misuse.
For example: The 2019 J&K reorganization under President’s Rule was heavily criticized as a unilateral
decision affecting state rights.
● Suspended Animation Raises Constitutional Concerns: Keeping assemblies in suspended animation
instead of dissolving them raises concerns about Centre’s intentions to manipulate political outcomes.
For example: Manipur’s assembly remains in suspended animation (2025), despite the ruling BJP having a
majority, questioning the Centre’s motives.
● Use in Opposition-Led States: President’s Rule is often imposed in opposition-led states, reflecting a pattern
of political bias rather than genuine governance failure.
For example: In Uttarakhand (2016), the Centre dismissed the Congress government, but the Supreme Court
later reinstated it, calling the move unjustified.

Way Forward
● Strict Judicial Oversight: The judiciary should ensure Article 356 is used only in extreme circumstances,
preventing political misuse.
For example: The 2016 Uttarakhand case showed how judicial intervention can prevent Centre’s arbitrary
interference in state governance.
● Clear Guidelines for Imposition: There should be well-defined conditions for imposing President’s Rule,
reducing its discretionary misuse by the Centre.
For example: The Sarkaria Commission (1988) recommended using it only as a last resort, but its
recommendations remain partially implemented.
● Parliamentary Approval Mechanism: Stronger parliamentary scrutiny before approving President’s Rule can
prevent misuse and encourage debate on necessity.
For example: According to the Punchhi Commission, any such emergency should last no longer than three
months.
 17

● Empowering State Institutions: Strengthening state institutions, governance frameworks, and cooperative
federalism can reduce Centre’s need to invoke Article 356.
For example: If local law enforcement and governance are robust, law-and-order situations (as in Manipur) can
be managed without central intervention.
● Alternatives to President’s Rule: Instead of dismissing state governments, alternatives like judicial mediation,
central advisory committees, or emergency support mechanisms should be explored.
For example: Advisory panels during governance crises (as suggested for Manipur) could help resolve conflicts
without suspending democratic processes.

Advancing federalism with enhanced judicial oversight and proactive constitutional reforms can convert Article
356 into a mechanism for strengthening Centre-State synergy. Prioritizing transparent dialogue and accountability
fosters resilient governance. Smart reforms, strong future— empowering democratic values and setting a
sustainable course for India’s vibrant federal landscape. Driving inclusive progress and change.

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explained/article69223116.ece

8. The Immigration and Foreigners Bill, 2025 introduces stricter regulations on entry, stay, and deportation of
foreigners in India. Analyze its potential impact on national security and bilateral relations with neighboring
countries. (15 Marks, 250 Words)
Answer:
Core Demand of the Question
● Highlight how the Immigration and Foreigners Bill, 2025 introduces stricter regulations on entry, stay, and
deportation of foreigners in India.
● Analyze its potential impact on national security
● Analyze its potential impact on bilateral relations with neighboring countries.
● Suggest a way forward

Immigration laws govern the movement of foreign nationals, balancing national security, economic interests, and
humanitarian concerns. The Immigration and Foreigners Bill, 2025 aims to repeal all the four existing legislations
that deal with immigration and movement of foreigners to streamline regulations, replacing outdated laws to enhance
monitoring, enforcement, and deportation mechanisms.

The Immigration and Foreigners Bill, 2025: Stricter Regulations on Entry, Stay, and Deportation
● Clear Grounds for Inadmissibility: The Bill introduces explicit criteria for denying entry or stay, including
threats to national security, sovereignty, and relations with foreign states. Earlier, such decisions were
mostly based on executive discretion.
● Stringent Visa and Registration Rules: The Bill compels universities, hospitals, and medical institutions to
comply with specific foreigner registration norms, ensuring better tracking of long-term visitors.
For example: Many foreign students in India have been found overstaying beyond visa limits. In 2021, 400+
African students in Bengaluru were identified as visa violators.
● Higher Penalties for Violations: Unauthorized entry now results in 5 years’ imprisonment or ₹5 lakh fine,
while visa overstays lead to 3 years’ imprisonment or ₹3 lakh fine, significantly increasing penalties.
 18

● Stronger Carrier Liability Measures: Airlines and transport carriers must ensure proper travel documentation;
violations attract heavy fines (up to ₹10 lakh) and legal action, reducing illegal entry risks.
● State Authority for Detection and Deportation: States must identify and deport illegal migrants post-
sentence, with a Foreigners Identification Portal aiding in tracking, reducing delays in repatriation.
For example: Assam’s NRC exercise found over 19 lakh undocumented persons, but deportation remained
slow due to lack of a streamlined law. This Bill aims to speed up action.

Impact on National Security

● Prevention of Terrorist Infiltration: With strict entry restrictions and mandatory background verification, the
Bill prevents foreign extremists from entering India under false pretexts.
For example: In 2021, an ISIS-linked Sri Lankan national was caught in Tamil Nadu with fake Indian
documents. The Bill ensures better scrutiny at immigration points.
● Strengthened Border Security: The Bill empowers State police to monitor illegal foreign movements and
establish detention centers, preventing foreign operatives from using India as a transit hub.
For example: In 2022, Rohingya refugees were detained in Jammu for illegally crossing from Bangladesh. The
Bill formalizes state-level action against such infiltrations.
● Enhanced Digital Tracking: The Foreigners Identification Portal integrates biometric data with visa
databases, allowing law enforcement to track visa violators and potential threats in real time.
● Protection Against Espionage: Foreign nationals working in sensitive sectors, like defense and infrastructure,
will face greater scrutiny, reducing risks of espionage and intellectual property theft.
● Mitigation of Human Trafficking Risks: By penalizing transporters and ensuring visa authenticity, the Bill
curtails trafficking networks that exploit gaps in immigration laws to smuggle people into India.

Impact on Bilateral Relations with Neighboring Countries

● Strained Ties Over Deportation: Large-scale deportation of illegal migrants may create tensions, especially
with Bangladesh and Myanmar, as repatriation requires diplomatic cooperation.
For example: In 2019, India attempted to deport Rohingya refugees to Myanmar, but the lack of diplomatic
engagement resulted in prolonged humanitarian concerns.
● Border Disputes and Political Friction: The strict immigration rules may escalate border tensions, as
neighboring nations might view it as India tightening its stance on cross-border movement.
For example: Nepal raised concerns in 2020 when India introduced stricter border controls, affecting traditional
free movement under the Indo-Nepal Treaty of 1950.
● Impact on Trade and Tourism: Tighter visa regulations may reduce business travel and tourism, impacting
economic ties, especially with nations like Sri Lanka, Nepal, and Bhutan, which depend on Indian markets.
● Concerns Over Refugee Policies: Neighboring countries may object to India’s handling of refugees,
particularly those fleeing conflict, seeing it as a lack of regional humanitarian responsibility.
For example: Bangladesh opposed India’s deportation of Rohingya refugees in 2017, arguing it put additional
pressure on its already burdened refugee camps.
● Enhanced Security Cooperation: The Bill may strengthen regional counter terrorism efforts, as nations like
Bangladesh and Sri Lanka may see stricter immigration policies as a mutual security benefit.
For example: India and Bangladesh have cooperated on deporting terror suspects like members of Jamaat-ul-
Mujahideen Bangladesh (JMB), improving bilateral security ties.

Way Forward
 19

● Bilateral Agreements for Deportation: India should negotiate structured deportation agreements with nations
like Bangladesh and Myanmar to ensure smooth repatriation without diplomatic backlash.
For example: The 2019 India-Bangladesh MoU on illegal migration provided a framework for handling
undocumented migrants without straining relations.
● Regional Immigration Framework: A South Asian Immigration Framework can be developed under SAARC
or BIMSTEC, ensuring coordinated visa policies and tracking mechanisms.
For example: The European Schengen Information System allows member nations to share foreigner’s data,
preventing illegal overstays without affecting trade.
● Humanitarian Considerations for Refugees: India should create a clear refugee policy in line with UNHCR
guidelines while balancing security concerns, ensuring protection for genuine asylum seekers.
For example: India granted long-term visas to Afghan refugees post-2021 Taliban takeover while restricting
entry for security concerns.
● Ease of Business and Tourism Visas: While tightening immigration enforcement, India should simplify
business and tourism visa processes, ensuring diplomatic goodwill with friendly neighbors.
● Joint Security Task Forces: Collaborative border security task forces with Nepal, Bhutan, and Bangladesh can
monitor migration while preventing trafficking and security breaches.
For example: India and Nepal already conduct joint border patrols; expanding this model can help manage
illegal immigration effectively.

Embracing innovative legal reforms, India can significantly enhance national security while nurturing diplomatic
relations with neighbors. By streamlining entry and deportation protocols, the Immigration Bill fosters balanced
regional cooperation and sustainable progress. With prudent governance and proactive measures, a secure and
prosperous future awaits United Vision, United India for global stability.

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the-
concept/article69229696.ece#:~:text=Constitutional%20morality%20is%20a%20civic,the%20constitution's
%20rules%20are%20sacred

9. The Supreme Court of India has increasingly used ‘constitutional morality’ as a guiding principle in
adjudicating rights-based issues. Critically examine its role in balancing social morality and individual rights
with examples from recent judgments. (15 Marks, 250 Words)
Answer:
Core Demand of the Question
● Highlight how the Supreme Court of India has increasingly used ‘constitutional morality’ as a guiding
principle in adjudicating rights-based issues
● Examine its positive role in balancing social morality and individual rights with examples from recent
judgments.
● Examine its limitations in balancing social morality and individual rights with examples from recent
judgments.
● Suggest a way ahead
 20

Constitutional morality refers to the adherence to constitutional principles, rule of law, and institutional
integrity while balancing individual rights and societal norms. Rooted in George Grote's idea of reverence for
constitutional forms, it guides the Supreme Court of India. However, its subjective interpretation raises concerns
about judicial overreach and societal acceptance

The Supreme Court’s Use of ‘Constitutional Morality’ in Rights-Based Issues

• Striking Down Unconstitutional Laws: The Supreme Court has invoked constitutional morality to strike
down laws that violate fundamental rights, ensuring legal provisions align with the Constitution’s progressive
spirit.
For example: Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India (2018) decriminalized Section 377, recognizing
LGBTQ+ rights by upholding individual dignity over outdated public morality.
• Ensuring Gender Equality: The Court has used constitutional morality to uphold women’s rights,
dismantling gender-discriminatory practices based on societal traditions and religious beliefs.
For example: Indian Young Lawyers Association v. State of Kerala (2018) allowed women entry into
Sabarimala Temple, affirming gender equality over patriarchal religious customs.
• Protecting Marital Autonomy: By emphasizing constitutional morality, the Court has safeguarded individual
choice in marriage, overriding societal or religious norms that limit autonomy.
For example: Shafin Jahan v. Asokan K.M. (2018) upheld Hadiya’s right to marry a person of her choice,
rejecting forced state intervention in personal decisions.
• Expanding Freedom of Expression: The Court has applied constitutional morality to protect speech, ensuring
legal restrictions align with constitutional principles rather than majoritarian sentiments.
For example: Shreya Singhal v. Union of India (2015) struck down Section 66A of the IT Act, preventing
its misuse to suppress dissent and free speech.
• Upholding Personal Liberty: Constitutional morality has guided the Court in protecting privacy, ensuring
individual rights are not compromised under broad interpretations of state power.
For example: Justice K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India (2017) declared privacy a fundamental right,
safeguarding personal freedoms from unwarranted state surveillance.

Positive Role in Balancing Social Morality and Individual Rights

• Neutralizing Majoritarian Morality: By prioritizing constitutional values, the Court has ensured minority
rights are upheld, preventing laws based on shifting public sentiments.
• Reconciling Faith and Equality: The Court has used constitutional morality to balance religious freedoms
with the right to equality, ensuring faith-based practices do not violate fundamental rights.
• Curtailing Arbitrary State Action: It prevents state overreach in personal freedoms by ensuring laws adhere
to constitutional principles rather than populist pressures.
For example: Puttaswamy Judgment (2017) limited the government’s power to collect personal data without
consent, securing privacy rights.
• Strengthening Democratic Values: By emphasizing rule of law, the Court prevents misuse of power and
reinforces constitutional governance over mob rule or political expediency.
For example: Shreya Singhal Case (2015) ensured laws restricting free speech were scrutinized for their
constitutionality, preventing arbitrary criminalization.
• Balancing Reform and Stability: Constitutional morality ensures legal continuity and evolution, respecting
traditions while reforming practices that contradict fundamental rights.
For example: Joseph Shine v. Union of India (2018) decriminalized adultery, ensuring marriage is based on
equality rather than outdated gender biases.
 21

Limitations In Balancing Social Morality And Individual Rights

• Judicial Overreach Concerns: Courts may be seen as exceeding their mandate by invalidating laws based on
constitutional morality, bypassing legislative authority.
For example: Sabarimala Temple Entry Case (2018) allowed women of all ages to enter the temple, but
strong public opposition led to legal and political contestations, questioning judicial overreach.
• Ambiguity in Application: The lack of a precise definition allows subjective judicial interpretations, leading
to inconsistent verdicts and uncertainty in rights adjudication.
For example: Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India (2018) decriminalized same-sex relationships, but
subsequent rulings, like the marriage equality case (2023), denied same-sex marriage, showing inconsistency
in rights interpretation.
• Conflict with Religious Rights: Applying constitutional morality can override religious customs, creating
tensions between legal mandates and religious freedoms.
• Limited Social Acceptance: Legal recognition does not always translate into societal acceptance, leading to
resistance and ineffective implementation of progressive judgments.
For example: Despite the Triple Talaq Case (2019) declaring instant triple talaq unconstitutional, reports
indicate its continued practice in some communities, reflecting societal resistance.
• State's Reluctance in Enforcement: The executive may hesitate in enforcing judgments based on
constitutional morality due to political and social pressures.

Way ahead
• Clearer Judicial Framework: Courts should develop structured guidelines on applying constitutional morality
to ensure consistency and avoid subjective interpretations.
For example: A well-defined test, similar to the basic structure doctrine, could prevent contradictions seen in
cases like Navtej Singh Johar (2018).
• Legislative Backing for Reforms: Laws passed by Parliament on contentious issues can reinforce constitutional
morality, ensuring broader legitimacy and acceptance.
For example: The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019 provided legal backing for trans
rights after NALSA v. Union of India (2014) recognized self-identification of gender.
• Public Engagement and Awareness: Social acceptance requires dialogue and sensitization to align judicial
rulings with societal understanding.
• Gradual Social Reforms: Courts should encourage phased implementation of rulings to balance rights
enforcement with societal adaptation.
For example: In Shayara Bano v. Union of India (2017), the court suggested Parliament enact laws for
Muslim women’s rights rather than imposing immediate social change.
• Stronger Executive Role: Governments should proactively enforce verdicts while mitigating public backlash
through policy measures and dialogue.

Constitutional morality is the guardian of justice, ensuring a delicate balance between individual rights and
social morality. Strengthening judicial clarity, fostering public discourse, and embedding constitutional values
in governance will enhance its efficacy. A harmonious democracy thrives when progressive interpreters uphold
rights without alienating societal ethos, ensuring justice, liberty, and dignity for all.

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new-rule-explained-125021800125_1.html
 22

10. Critically examine the changes introduced by the Chief Election Commissioner and Other Election
Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service and Term of Office) Act, 2023. How do these changes
impact the independence and functioning of the Election Commission of India? (15 Marks, 250 Words)
Answer:
Core Demand of the Question
● Examine the positives of the changes introduced by the Chief Election Commissioner and Other Election
Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service and Term of Office) Act, 2023.
● Examine the shortcomings of the changes introduced by the Chief Election Commissioner and Other
Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service and Term of Office) Act, 2023.
● Mention how these changes impact the independence and functioning of the Election Commission of India
● Suggest a way forward

The Election Commission of India (ECI), a constitutional body under Article 324, ensures free and fair elections.
Its independence is crucial for democratic integrity. The Chief Election Commissioner and Other Election
Commissioners Act, 2023, redefined the appointment process, sparking debates over executive influence.

Positives of the changes introduced by the Chief Election Commissioner and Other Election Commissioners
(Appointment, Conditions of Service and Term of Office) Act, 2023
● Defined Selection Process: The Act establishes a structured process for selecting the CEC and ECs, ensuring
greater transparency compared to the earlier ad-hoc executive discretion.
● Eligibility Criteria Introduced: The Act mandates that appointees must have integrity, election management
experience, and prior government service at the Secretary level, ensuring qualified candidates.
For example: Earlier, there was no requirement for election-related experience. This change prevents the
appointment of individuals lacking relevant expertise, thereby enhancing administrative competence.
● Retains Fixed Tenure: The six-year term or retirement at 65 years remains unchanged, ensuring that
Commissioners cannot be arbitrarily removed or reappointed, preserving their independence.
For example: During tenure of T.N. Seshan (1990–96) demonstrated how a fixed tenure empowers a strong
CEC to resist political pressure and enforce election laws effectively.
● Codifies Salary and Service Conditions: By equating the salary of CEC and ECs with the Supreme Court
judge, the Act provides financial security, reducing external pressures on Election Commissioners.
● Retention of Removal Safeguards: The CEC's removal still follows the same process as a Supreme Court
judge, and ECs can only be removed upon the CEC’s recommendation, preventing undue interference.
For example: In 2009, EC Navin Chawla faced allegations of bias, but his removal required a CEC
recommendation, reinforcing institutional safeguards.

Shortcomings of the changes introduced by the Chief Election Commissioner and Other Election
Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service and Term of Office) Act, 2023
● Increased Executive Influence: Replacing the Chief Justice of India with a Union Minister in the selection
committee tilts control towards the ruling government, weakening impartiality.
For example: The Supreme Court’s 2023 Anoop Baranwal judgment had proposed a selection panel
including the CJI to ensure neutrality, which the Act reversed, raising concerns of political bias.
● Limited Diversity in Selection: By restricting candidates to current or former Secretaries, the Act excludes
experienced election officials, legal experts, or civil society representatives, limiting diverse expertise.
 23

For example: Former CEC T.N. Seshan (an IAS officer) revolutionized election management, but a broader
selection pool could bring fresh perspectives and reforms.
● No Parliamentary Oversight: The law does not include a parliamentary confirmation process, which could
have added a layer of democratic accountability and bipartisan scrutiny in appointments.
● Pending Supreme Court Challenge: The Act is under judicial review, with concerns that it contradicts the
principles set by the Supreme Court in Anoop Baranwal, creating uncertainty about its long-term validity.
For example: In Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973), the Supreme Court ruled that Parliament
cannot alter the Constitution’s basic structure, and judicial scrutiny may determine if this Act weakens
democracy.

Impact of the Changes on the Independence and Functioning of the Election Commission of India
● Reduced Institutional Autonomy: Replacing the CJI with a Union Minister in the selection panel gives the
Executive greater say in appointments, which may compromise the neutrality.
● Potential Political Bias in Decision-Making: A selection process dominated by the government may lead to
the appointment of Commissioners inclined towards the ruling party, impacting free and fair elections.
For example: During the Lok Sabha elections, CEC T.S. Krishnamurthy resisted pressures from the ruling
government, ensuring an impartial electoral process. A politically influenced EC might not do the same.
● Erosion of Public Trust: Any perception of government interference in the EC’s functioning can reduce voter
confidence in electoral outcomes, affecting democratic legitimacy.
For example: In 2019, concerns were raised when the EC gave a clean chit to ruling party leaders for Model
Code of Conduct violations, sparking debates on bias.
● Weaker Enforcement of Election Laws: An EC influenced by the Executive may hesitate to act against ruling
party violations, weakening accountability in electoral practices.
● Risk of Bureaucratic Influence: Equating the EC’s salary with a Cabinet Secretary’s status could reduce its
authority, making it more of an administrative body than an independent constitutional institution.

Way Forward to Strengthen the Election Commission’s Independence

● Restore Judicial Representation in Selection: Including the Chief Justice of India or a retired SC judge in
the selection committee would balance executive control and uphold judicial neutrality.
● Parliamentary Approval for Appointments: The selection process should involve parliamentary scrutiny
to enhance transparency and bipartisan consensus in appointing Election Commissioners.
● Expand the Eligibility Pool: Instead of restricting selection to government Secretaries, the pool should
include former Election Commissioners, legal experts, and public policy professionals.
For example: Former CEC S.Y. Quraishi had expertise in democratic governance, which helped improve voter
awareness and electoral reforms.
● Strengthen Financial Autonomy: The Election Commission should have independent budgetary powers,
rather than being financially dependent on the Executive, ensuring operational independence.
● Judicial Safeguards Against Arbitrary Decisions: Any appointment or removal of an EC member should be
subject to judicial review, preventing arbitrary decisions by the ruling government.
For example: In Indira Gandhi v. Raj Narain (1975), the Supreme Court upheld electoral fairness,
highlighting the need for a truly independent EC.

Fortifying independence through the 2023 reforms redefines the Election Commission's mandate and reinforces
transparency and accountability. Embracing proactive reforms and balanced governance cultivates a resilient
electoral framework that meets future challenges head-on. "Empower Democracy, Secure Tomorrow!" This
 24

forward-thinking approach ensures sustained fairness, preserving electoral integrity and strengthening our
democratic foundations for a vibrant future.

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n%20exceptional%20cases.

11. In light of the Supreme Court’s rulings, discuss the constitutional validity of the death penalty in India. How
does it conform with Article 21, which guarantees the right to life and personal liberty?
(15 Marks, 250 Words)
Answer:
Core Demand of the Question
● Discuss the constitutional validity of the death penalty in India, in light of the Supreme Court’s rulings
● Mention how it conforms with Article 21, which guarantees the right to life and personal liberty
● Mention how it does not conform with Article 21
● Suggest a way forward

The death penalty remains a contentious issue in India, where the judiciary balances retributive justice with the
right to life under Article 21. According to the 2023 Death Penalty India Report by Project 39A, 561 people
were on death row in India at the end of the year. The Court has consistently ruled that the death penalty must be
imposed only when alternative punishments, such as life imprisonment, are deemed inadequate.

Constitutional Validity of the Death Penalty in India

● Judicial Scrutiny Ensures Fair Process: The Supreme Court has upheld the death penalty as constitutional,
provided that due process is followed and mitigating circumstances are considered before sentencing.
For example: In Jagmohan Singh v. State of U.P., the Court ruled that capital punishment does not violate
fundamental rights if imposed through a fair legal procedure.
● Rarest of Rare Doctrine Limits Use: The introduction of the ‘rarest of rare’ doctrine ensures that capital
punishment is awarded only in extreme cases, preventing arbitrary application.
For example: In Bachan Singh v. State of Punjab, the Court upheld a death sentence but emphasized that life
imprisonment should be the norm, and death should be an exception.
● Guidelines for Consistency: The Supreme Court has laid down conditions for deciding when a case qualifies
as ‘rarest of rare’, ensuring some level of uniformity in sentencing.
For example: In Machhi Singh v. State of Punjab, the Court listed factors like brutality, motive, and victim
vulnerability to determine whether the death penalty is justified.
● Mandatory Death Penalty Struck Down: Any provision mandating automatic capital punishment without
judicial review has been declared unconstitutional, ensuring individual case assessment.
For example: In Mithu v. State of Punjab, the Court struck down Section 303 IPC, which imposed a
compulsory death sentence on life-term convicts committing murder.
● Judicial Review for Sentencing Reform: The Supreme Court has sought to improve sentencing procedures by
emphasizing a detailed hearing on mitigating factors before awarding the death penalty.
For example: In 2022, the Court referred the issue of mitigating circumstances to a Constitution Bench, aiming
to establish a uniform approach for capital sentencing.
 25

How the Death Penalty Conforms with Article 21

● Procedure Established by Law: Article 21 guarantees the right to life, but it also states that life can be
deprived only through due legal procedure. Courts ensure fair trials before sentencing.
For example: In Bachan Singh (1980), the Supreme Court ruled that the death penalty is constitutional if
imposed after a fair judicial process.
● Judicial Safeguards in Sentencing: The doctrine of rarest of rare ensures that only the most heinous crimes
result in a death sentence, preventing arbitrary deprivation of life.
● Provision for Clemency: Article 72 and 161 of the Constitution provide executive clemency powers, allowing
the President and Governors to commute death sentences, ensuring additional protection.
For example: In Shatrughan Chauhan v. Union of India (2014), the Supreme Court commuted multiple
death sentences due to delays in mercy petitions, upholding human rights.
● Scope for Review and Appeal: Death row convicts have access to multiple judicial reviews, including High
Courts, Supreme Court, and Curative Petitions, ensuring that no innocent person is wrongly executed.
For example: In Mohd. Arif v. Supreme Court of India (2014), the Court held that review petitions in death
cases must be heard in open court, improving transparency.
● Alternative Punishments Considered: Courts first evaluate life imprisonment as an option before imposing
the death penalty, ensuring it is used as an absolute last resort.
For example: In Swamy Shraddananda v. State of Karnataka (2008), the Supreme Court commuted a death
sentence to life imprisonment without parole, balancing justice and humanity.

How the Death Penalty goes against Article 21

● Arbitrariness in Sentencing: The lack of a clear definition for ‘rarest of rare’ results in inconsistent judicial
decisions, violating the principle of fairness under Article 21.
For example: In Rajendra Prasad v. State of U.P. (1979), the Supreme Court criticized the uncertainty in
capital sentencing, leading to subjective judicial interpretations.
● Disproportionate Impact on the Poor: The death penalty is often disproportionately imposed on marginalized
individuals who lack quality legal representation, violating their right to equal legal protection.
For example: The Death Penalty India Report (2016) found that over 74% of death row prisoners belonged
to economically or socially disadvantaged communities.
● Risk of Wrongful Execution: Judicial errors in death penalty cases are irreversible, violating the right to life
by punishing innocent individuals.
For example: In Santosh Bariyar v. State of Maharashtra (2009), the Supreme Court admitted that past cases
had been wrongly decided, highlighting the risk of wrongful executions.
● Mental Trauma from Death Row Delays: Prolonged imprisonment on death row results in psychological
suffering, which the Supreme Court has equated to inhuman and degrading treatment.
For example: In Triveniben v. State of Gujarat (1989), the Court acknowledged that delayed executions
violate Article 21, as prisoners suffer extreme anxiety and distress.
● Availability of Alternative Punishments: Life imprisonment without parole ensures punishment while
allowing for reform, making the death penalty an unnecessary deprivation of life.

Way Forward
● Standardized Sentencing Framework: A clear, uniform legal framework should be developed to define
‘rarest of rare’, ensuring consistent application of the death penalty.
● Stronger Legal Aid for Underprivileged Accused: The government should provide high-quality public
defenders to ensure fair trials for economically weaker death row convicts.
 26

For example: The National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) should expand its reach to ensure better legal
representation in capital cases.
● Expedited Review and Clemency Process: Courts should ensure timely disposal of death penalty appeals, and
the executive should decide mercy petitions within a fixed timeframe.
For example: In Shatrughan Chauhan v. Union of India (2014), the Supreme Court commuted multiple
death sentences due to excessive delays in mercy petitions.
● Greater Emphasis on Rehabilitation: The focus should shift toward reformative justice, considering life
imprisonment without parole as a more humane alternative.
● National Debate on Abolition: A structured public and legislative discussion should be initiated to consider
abolishing the death penalty in favor of life imprisonment without parole.
For example: Many countries, including the U.K. and Canada, have abolished capital punishment,
demonstrating that strict life sentences can serve justice without execution.

A progressive legal framework must balance justice and reformation while upholding constitutional morality.
Stricter sentencing guidelines, judicial safeguards, and alternative penal reforms can ensure a just system. India’s
evolving jurisprudence on human rights should steer towards a rare-use doctrine, aligning with Article 21’s
essence where justice is served without compromising the sanctity of life.

https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/a-process-where-free-and-fair-elections-will-be-a-
casualty/article69271419.ece

12. Critically examine the constitutional and governance implications of the new selection process for Election
Commissioners. Does the composition of the selection committee adequately safeguard electoral democracy?
Suggest reforms that balance executive prerogative with institutional autonomy while upholding
constitutional morality.
(15 Marks, 250 Words)
Answer:
Core Demand of the Question
● Examine the positive constitutional and governance implications of the new selection process for Election
Commissioners.
● Examine the negative constitutional and governance implications of the new selection process for Election
Commissioners.
● Discuss whether the composition of the selection committee adequately safeguard electoral democracy?
● Suggest reforms that balance executive prerogative with institutional autonomy while upholding
constitutional morality.

The Election Commission of India (ECI), a constitutional body under Article 324, ensures free and fair elections.
The recent Chief Election Commissioner and Other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service,
and Term of Office) Act, 2023 has replaced the Chief Justice of India with a Cabinet Minister in the selection panel,
raising concerns over executive influence in electoral autonomy.

Positive Constitutional and Governance Implications

• Legislative Backing to Selection Process: The new law provides a statutory framework for the appointment of
Election Commissioners, ensuring clarity and procedural consistency in appointments.
 27

For example: Earlier, CEC and ECs were appointed solely on the Prime Minister’s recommendation without
formal legislative oversight.
• Continuity in Electoral Management: A defined selection process ensures timely appointments, preventing
institutional vacancies and maintaining the smooth functioning of the Election Commission.
For example: The 2023 Act institutionalised a structured appointment mechanism, preventing disruptions
during elections.
• Increased Parliamentary Oversight: The process aligns with Article 324(5), as it was enacted by Parliament,
giving a democratic mandate to election-related appointments.
For example: The Supreme Court's 2023 judgment called for a law to regulate appointments rather than leaving
it to executive discretion.
• Executive Accountability through Selection Committee: The Leader of the Opposition’s (LoP) inclusion
ensures some degree of scrutiny over government-backed selections.
For example: The LoP’s dissent in the recent CEC appointment brought transparency to the selection process.
• Alignment with Global Practices: Many democracies allow executive discretion in appointing election
officials, ensuring policy continuity and administrative efficiency.
For example: While the U.S. President appoints election officials, many European democracies have
independent commissions, offering a more nuanced comparison.

Negative Constitutional and Governance Implications

● Majority Control with the Government: The Prime Minister and a nominated Cabinet Minister create a
permanent executive majority, reducing selection objectivity.
For example: In the recent CEC selection, the two government members outvoted the LoP’s dissent.
● Potential Violation of Article 14: The selection mechanism institutionalizes favoritism by ensuring
government-backed candidates always secure the position.
For example: Critics argue that the composition of the panel lacks a rational basis, making it challengeable
under Article 14.
● Risk to Free and Fair Elections: An executive-controlled Election Commission may lack independence,
undermining public trust in the electoral process.
For example: The 1993 Supreme Court judgment emphasized that ECI must remain impartial and independent
to uphold democracy.
● Erosion of the Basic Structure Doctrine: Electoral integrity is a part of the Constitution’s basic structure, and
any dilution may invite judicial intervention.
For example: In Kesavananda Bharati case (1973), the Court ruled that the basic structure cannot be altered
by Parliament.

Concerns of Selection Committee on Safeguarding Electoral Democracy

● Lack of Institutional Balance: With no independent member, the selection committee cannot ensure fair,
merit-based appointments.
For example: The LoP’s dissent in the recent appointment had no legal impact on the decision.
● Compromised Institutional Autonomy: A politically appointed Election Commission risks losing credibility
and public confidence in electoral processes.
For example: Allegations of partisan favoritism in electoral decisions can reduce voter trust.
 28

● Absence of Judicial Oversight: The removal of the CJI from the panel limits external checks on executive
overreach in EC appointments.
For example: The Supreme Court’s 2023 directive sought judicial representation to uphold neutrality.
● Predictable Government Dominance: The Cabinet Minister’s nomination by the PM ensures a permanent
majority for the ruling government.
For example: The 1991 EC Reforms Report recommended bipartisan selection panels to maintain credibility.
● Selective Transparency in Appointment Process: The Search Committee’s candidate list is undisclosed,
restricting public accountability in selection.
For example: Transparency advocates argue that public scrutiny of shortlisted candidates can prevent
favoritism.

Reforms to Balance Executive Prerogative with Institutional Autonomy

● Consensus-Based Selection Model: Introduce a three-fourths majority rule for selections, preventing
government unilateralism.
For example: The CIC (Chief Information Commissioner) selection process requires a majority consensus
among panel members.
● Public Disclosure of Shortlisted Candidates: Ensure greater transparency by publishing candidate lists and
inviting expert feedback.
For example: The UK Electoral Commission appointments involve a public nomination and review process.
● Fixed Tenure and Removal Safeguards: Grant CEC and ECs a secure tenure with removal protections, akin
to Supreme Court judges.
For example: The Goswami Committee Report (1990) recommended that ECs should not be removable at
executive discretion.
● Independent Search Committee for Shortlisting: Establish a non-partisan expert committee to propose
candidates to the selection panel.
For example: The Lokpal selection process involves a search committee independent of the government.

Democracy thrives when institutions remain beyond reproach. A transparent, bipartisan selection process,
backed by constitutional safeguards, can ensure institutional independence while respecting executive
prerogative. Strengthening parliamentary oversight, adopting a collegium model, and ensuring judicial review
will uphold constitutional morality and fortify electoral democracy against undue influence.

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census/article69271537.ece

13. The delimitation exercise in India, frozen since 1976, is set to be based on the first Census after 2026, raising
concerns about proportional representation, especially in southern states. Critically analyze its impact on
federalism and equitable political representation. (15 Marks, 250 Words)
Answer:
Core Demand of the Question
● Highlight the concerns about proportional representation, especially in southern states, raised by the
delimitation exercise in India that is set to be based on the first Census after 2026, frozen since 1976.
● Analyze its positive impact on federalism and equitable political representation.
● Analyze its negative impact on federalism and equitable political representation.
 29

● Suggest a way ahead.

Delimitation is the process of redrawing boundaries of parliamentary and assembly constituencies to ensure
equitable representation based on population changes. It is conducted by the Delimitation Commission under
Article 82 and Article 170 of the Constitution. The freeze on delimitation since 1976, based on the 1971 Census,
was extended till 2026 by 84th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2006 with the same objective of encouraging
population limiting measures.

Concerns About Proportional Representation in Southern States

● Demographic Disparity: Southern states with lower fertility rates and stable population growth may lose
parliamentary seats, reducing their voice in national decision-making.
For example: Tamil Nadu's population growth (1971-2024) is 171%, while Bihar's is 233%, risking a loss of
representation despite better demographic management.
● Penalizing Development: States with better health, education, and population control policies might be
disadvantaged, discouraging progressive governance.
For example: Kerala and Karnataka, with low birth rates, could lose seats, despite high human
development indices compared to states with high fertility rates.
● Shift in Political Power: Northern states with high population growth may dominate Parliament, altering
national policy priorities and governance models.
For example: Bihar and Uttar Pradesh’s seat share might increase, shifting focus toward issues affecting
them, potentially marginalizing concerns of other states.
● Economic Contribution vs. Representation: Southern states contribute higher per capita revenue to the
economy but might receive lesser political representation and lower fiscal devolution.
For example: The five southern states of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu
collectively account for 30% of India's GDP as of March 2024, yet could see a decline in parliamentary influence
due to population-based seat allocation.
● Federal Imbalance: The weightage of votes in densely populated northern states might increase, weakening
the voice of progressive southern states in federal decision-making.
For instance: According to data, we will have a 0% increase in seats for Kerala, only 26% for Tamil Nadu, but
a whopping 79% for both Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh.

Positive Impact on Federalism and Equitable Political Representation

● Better Representation for Growing Populations: High-growth states will gain representation proportional to
their demographic size, making democracy more reflective of actual numbers.
For example: UP’s population exceeds 230 million, yet its seat share remains unchanged since 1976, warranting
revision for true proportionality.
● More Legislators for Effective Governance: Increased Lok Sabha seats will ensure better representation for
citizens, reducing constituency size and improving governance.
For example: Expanding parliamentary seats from 543 to 800+ will allow MPs to cater effectively to voter
needs.
● Correction of Historical Imbalance: Northern states have been underrepresented due to frozen seat
allocations, making delimitation an opportunity to correct past discrepancies.
For example: Bihar’s representation remains based on 1971 numbers, despite significant population growth.
● Strengthening Democratic Legitimacy: Adjusting constituencies based on updated Census data will enhance
democratic fairness and avoid population discrepancies in electoral representation.
 30

For example: Jharkhand, carved out of Bihar in 2000, still follows old constituency patterns, reducing political
clarity.
● Boosting Regional Development: More MPs from populous states will bring attention to developmental
gaps, ensuring targeted policy interventions for backward regions.
For example: A higher MP count for states like MP and Rajasthan may lead to better infrastructure planning
and investment allocation.

Negative Impact on Federalism and Equitable Political Representation

● Reduced Influence of Progressive States: Southern states with efficient governance models may see their
influence wane, reducing incentives for effective policy management.
For example: Kerala’s literacy driven growth will not reflect in seat allocation, weakening incentives for others
to follow similar policies.
● Risk of Majoritarianism: Higher representation for populous states may encourage centralized policymaking,
limiting regional autonomy in governance.
For example: Legislative changes favoring agrarian states may overlook industrialized states' concerns,
affecting economic balance.
● Erosion of Fiscal Federalism:This political shift may influence the Finance Commission's tax distribution,
potentially benefiting states with higher representation. Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra, despite their strong
economic contributions, could face challenges in securing fiscal interests due to reduced representation.
● Potential for Political Polarization: Increased representation based purely on population may widen the North-
South divide, creating regional tensions.
For example: Tamil Nadu’s parties oppose delimitation, fearing loss of influence to Hindi-majority states,
intensifying political fragmentation.

Way Ahead
● Weighted Representation Model: Maintain current seat proportions while allocating additional seats to
populous states to balance representation.
For example: A hybrid model like Rajya Sabha's representation can ensure fairness without penalizing
progressive states.
● Decoupling Seats from Population Growth: Consider economic contribution, development indices, and
governance efficiency while reallocating seats.
For example: States meeting sustainable development goals (SDGs) could receive reserved political
representation, ensuring governance rewards.
● Constitutional Safeguards for Equitable Power Distribution: Implement legal provisions ensuring regional
balance, preventing dominance by high-growth states.
For example: A regional council within Parliament could advocate for underrepresented states' interests.
● Gradual Implementation with Consensus: Adopt a phased approach post-2031 Census, allowing for
stakeholder discussions and smooth adaptation.
For example: Delimitation should be preceded by a national commission report, evaluating impact and
recommending safeguards.
● Strengthening Federal Dialogue: Ensure state governments have an active role in delimitation discussions
through institutionalized mechanisms.
For example: Inter-State Council consultations should be mandatory before finalizing seat reallocations,
promoting cooperative federalism.
 31

A balanced delimitation can be the bridge between demographic reality and federal integrity. To prevent
regional imbalances, innovative solutions like a dual representation model, weighted voting, or increased Rajya
Sabha powers must be explored. Strengthening fiscal federalism and institutional mechanisms will ensure that
political equity complements demographic shifts, fostering a harmonious and united India.
 32

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
https://www.dailypioneer.com/2025/columnists/wto-at-a-crossroads--reform-or-
perish.html#:~:text=The%20WTO's%20inability%20to%20mediate,global%20trade%20rules%2Cwith%20other

1. The World Trade Organization (WTO) was established to facilitate free and fair trade. However, its influence
has been steadily declining due to rising economic nationalism and trade wars. Critically analyze the factors
contributing to the WTO’s diminishing role in global trade governance. Suggest measures to restore its
credibility and effectiveness. (15 Marks, 250 Words)
Answer:
Core Demand of the Question
● Highlight how the World Trade Organization (WTO) was established to facilitate free and fair trade
● Examine the steadily declining influence of WTO due to rising economic nationalism and trade wars
● Analyze the factors contributing to the WTO’s diminishing role in global trade governance.
● Suggest measures to restore its credibility and effectiveness

The World Trade Organization (WTO), founded in 1995, serves as the custodian of multilateral trade, promoting
predictability and reducing barriers. However, economic nationalism, driven by protectionist policies, and
trade wars, such as the US-China tariff dispute, challenge its authority. In a fragmented global economy,
revitalizing WTO’s role is critical to preserving rules-based trade governance.

WTO and its Role in Facilitating Free and Fair Trade

• Reduction of Trade Barriers: The WTO was established to lower tariffs and eliminate trade barriers, ensuring
goods and services move freely across borders.
For example: The Uruguay Round (1986-1994) successfully reduced average global tariffs on manufactured
goods by 40%, fostering smoother global trade.
• Dispute Resolution Mechanism: The WTO’s Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) ensured member nations could
resolve trade disputes transparently and efficiently.
For example: In 2002, the WTO resolved the US-EU steel tariff dispute, compelling the US to withdraw illegal
tariffs on imported steel.
• Promotion of Multilateral Agreements: The WTO enabled multilateral agreements to harmonize trade
policies, facilitating fair competition and fostering global economic integration.
For example: The Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement standardized IPR
regulations worldwide.
• Development Focus: The WTO addressed inequalities by initiating programs like the Doha Development
Agenda to improve market access for developing nations.
For example: Under the WTO's "Aid for Trade" initiative, countries like Rwanda received funding to build
export capabilities for coffee and tea.
• Ensuring Predictability in Trade Rules: The WTO established a framework of predictable and transparent
trade rules, fostering trust and stability in global commerce.

For example: The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) provided legal certainty for international
service providers.
 33

Declining Influence of WTO due to Economic Nationalism and Trade Wars

• Dysfunctional Dispute Settlement Mechanism: The US blocked judicial appointments to the WTO’s
Appellate Body, paralyzing its ability to resolve trade disputes since 2019.
• Rise of Trade Wars: Major economies like the US and China resorted to unilateral tariffs, sidelining the WTO’s
framework and escalating trade tensions.
For example: The US imposed tariffs on $360 billion worth of Chinese goods in the US-China trade war,
bypassing WTO mechanisms.
• Shift Toward Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs): The preference for RTAs like the RCEP has reduced the
WTO’s role in global trade liberalization.
For example: The RCEP, involving 15 nations, covers 30% of global GDP, undermining the WTO’s
multilateral approach.
• Manipulation of IPR Regulations: Developed nations used IPR rules under TRIPS to prioritize their industries,
often at the expense of developing nations.
For example: During the COVID-19 pandemic, delays in patent waivers for vaccines under TRIPS hindered
equitable vaccine distribution.
• Erosion of Trust Among Developing Nations: The WTO failed to address agricultural subsidies and non-tariff
barriers, creating an uneven playing field for developing countries.
For example: The EU's agricultural subsidies, amounting to $61 billion in 2021, hurt exporters from developing
nations like India and Brazil.

Factors Contributing to WTO’s Decline

• Failure in E-Commerce: The WTO has not developed comprehensive rules for digital trade, leaving significant
gaps in regulating the global digital economy.
For example: The WTO’s inability to regulate e-commerce disputes led to friction over India’s data localization
laws, affecting companies like Google and Amazon.
• Developed-Developing Divide: Conflicts between developed and developing nations on subsidies, labor, and
environment standards have led to a deadlock in trade negotiations.
For example: Doha Round negotiations collapsed as India and the US disagreed over market access and
agricultural subsidies.
• Consensus-Based Inefficiency: The WTO’s reliance on unanimous decision-making among 164 members has
led to slow reforms and gridlocks in negotiations.
For example: Disagreements over fisheries subsidies caused years of delays in reaching a global consensus on
overfishing rules.
• Weak Rule Enforcement: The WTO lacks punitive mechanisms for countries that violate trade rules,
undermining its authority.
• Declining Resources: Budget constraints have reduced the WTO’s ability to address emerging trade challenges
and fund operational needs.
For example: The WTO’s limited resources in 2022 curtailed its engagement in resolving global trade
imbalances compared to RTAs like RCEP.

Measures to Restore WTO’s Credibility and Effectiveness

• Reform Dispute Mechanism: Reinstating the Appellate Body and appointing judges would ensure the
enforcement of trade rules and restore trust in the system.
 34

For example: The WTO could resolve trade disputes like the US-China tariff conflict more effectively with a
functioning dispute mechanism.
• Inclusive Multilateral Negotiations: Encourage dialogue among member nations to prioritize global over
regional agreements, addressing the rise of economic nationalism.
For example: The WTO can mediate between the US and EU on digital trade taxation to prevent unilateral
measures.
• Address Developing Nations’ Concerns: Focus on completing the Doha Development Agenda to ensure fair
agricultural policies and reduce trade inequalities.
For example: The WTO could cap agricultural subsidies in developed nations like the EU to level the playing
field for exporters from developing nations.
• Responsiveness to Global Crises: Reform TRIPS agreements to allow faster action during emergencies like
pandemics for equitable access to essential goods.
For example: Expediting vaccine patent waivers during COVID-19 would have enabled broader distribution
in countries like India and South Africa.
• Cooperation on Emerging Trade Issues: Incorporate global challenges like climate change, digital trade, and
e-commerce into WTO’s agenda to remain relevant.
For example: The WTO can create frameworks for regulating cross-border e-commerce, addressing disputes
like India’s data localization policies and US tech giants.

Reviving the WTO demands global collaboration and a commitment to reforming outdated frameworks. By
addressing imbalances, promoting inclusivity, and adopting digital trade norms, the WTO can reclaim its role as
a beacon of fair trade and multilateralism. "Unite for trade, thrive together" must guide nations toward a future
of equitable global commerce.

2. Examine the evolving dynamics of India-EU relations with special emphasis on convergences and divergences
in their strategic priorities. Also analyze how this partnership can be leveraged for India's development while
maintaining strategic autonomy. (15 marks, 250 words)
Answer:
Core Demand of the Question
● Examine the evolving dynamics of India-EU relations with special emphasis on convergences in their
strategic priorities
● Examine the evolving dynamics of India-EU relations with special emphasis on divergences in their
strategic priorities
● Analyze how this partnership can be leveraged for India's development while maintaining strategic
autonomy.

The India-European Union (EU) Strategic Partnership, established in 2004, has evolved into a multifaceted
relationship encompassing trade, security, and sustainable development. The EU stands as India's third-largest
trading partner and second-largest export destination. Both entities uphold shared values like democracy and
human rights. However, divergences persist in areas such as trade negotiations and geopolitical perspectives. The
recent agreement to hold the inaugural Strategic Foreign Policy Dialogue highlights their commitment to
addressing global challenges together.

Convergences in India-EU Strategic Priorities

 35

• Rules-Based Global Order: Both India and the EU are committed to promoting effective multilateralism and
a rules-based international system.
For example: India and the EU collaborated at the Paris Agreement on Climate Change, showing a shared
dedication to sustainable global governance.
• Climate Change Mitigation: India and the EU share an interest in addressing climate change through
sustainable development while aligning on global climate protocols.
For example: The EU has supported India’s National Solar Mission with technological and financial
assistance under the International Solar Alliance.
• Trade and Economic Cooperation: The EU remains India’s largest trading partner, with both aiming to
diversify trade into emerging sectors like biotechnology and nano-technology.
For example: In 2023, trade in goods between India and the EU reached €124 billion, with significant Indian
exports like pharmaceuticals and IT services.
• Social Sector Cooperation: India and the EU collaborate on education and healthcare, fostering growth and
development in rural and underserved areas.
For example: The EU supports India’s Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) and National Rural Health Mission
(NRHM), advancing education and healthcare access.
• Energy Security and Sustainability: Both are major energy importers and emphasize the importance of
affordable, sustainable, and secure energy supplies through renewable sources and technological
collaboration.

Divergences in India-EU Strategic Priorities

• Political Organization and Security: India is a sovereign actor, whereas the EU represents 27 nations,
creating differences in addressing global security challenges.
For example: India maintains strategic autonomy, avoiding alliances, while the EU depends on NATO’s
transatlantic partnership for its security needs.
• Geopolitical Aspirations: India prioritizes South Asia's stability and domestic growth, while the EU focuses
on engaging with China for economic benefits.
For example: The EU’s proactive engagement with China, despite human rights concerns, contrasts with India's
guarded approach to Chinese influence.
• Human Rights Criticism: The EU has occasionally criticized India’s human rights record, leading to
tensions and undermining the strategic partnership.
For example: The EU Parliament's discussions on India’s Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) strained
bilateral relations in recent years.
• Trade Barriers: India faces non-tariff barriers in accessing the EU market, while the EU criticizes India’s
high tariff structure as lacking transparency.
For example: India has raised concerns about the EU’s Sanitary and PhytoSanitary (SPS) conditions,
complicating exports of agricultural products.
• Divergence on Democracy Promotion: India avoids exporting democracy as a policy, while the EU aligns
with the US on democracy promotion initiatives globally.
For example: India disagreed with the EU’s support for US-led intervention in Iraq, reflecting different
priorities in international governance.

Leveraging India-EU Partnership for India's Development While Maintaining Strategic Autonomy
• Boosting Trade and Investments: India can leverage EU expertise in bio-technology, nano-technology, and
clean energy to drive industrial innovation and sustainable growth while safeguarding domestic policies.
 36

For example: India's collaboration with Airbus, which supplies 80% of civilian aircraft, reflects strategic
autonomy while benefiting from European technology.
• Strengthening Research and Development: India can utilize EU support for R&D projects through joint
ventures, scholarships, and technology transfers to strengthen its scientific base and global competitiveness.
For example: India-EU programs like Horizon Europe promote joint research initiatives, particularly in
climate change and advanced technologies.
• Energy Transition and Climate Financing: The EU can assist India in financing and bridging the
technological gap in renewable energy, enhancing India's energy security and supporting sustainable
development.
For example: The EU-India Clean Energy and Climate Partnership provides funding and expertise for
renewable energy projects in India.
• Infrastructure and Skills Development: India can leverage EU investments to build critical infrastructure
and upskill its workforce, boosting employment and productivity while preserving its policy independence.
• Expanding Social Sector Collaboration: The EU's assistance in education and healthcare can support
India's development goals while ensuring policy autonomy in implementing welfare schemes.

To harness the India-EU partnership for a brighter future, promoting synergistic trade, technology, and green
energy collaborations is imperative. Addressing divergences through dialogue and mutual respect will strengthen
ties, ensuring India's strategic autonomy while unlocking shared growth. Together, India and the EU can script a
new chapter of global resilience and prosperity.

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to-a-
standstill/article69180204.ece#:~:text=Central%20banks%20of%20countries%20can,the%20import%20of%20for
eign%20goods.

3. Beggar-thy-neighbour policies, while promising short-term domestic benefits, often lead to global economic
instability. Analyze this statement in light of historical evidence and current trade tensions, discussing its
implications for developing economies and global trade architecture.
(15 Marks, 250 Words)
Answer:
Core Demand of the Question
● Highlight how Beggar-thy-neighbour policies promise short-term domestic benefits.
● Analyze how they lead to global economic instability in light of historical evidence.
● Analyze how they lead to global economic instability in light of current trade tensions.
● Discuss its implications for developing economies and global trade architecture

The term coined by Adam Smith in 1776, Beggar-thy-neighbour policies refer to protectionist economic policies
adopted by governments that are aimed at benefiting a country’s economy at the expense of other countries. A trade
war in which a government imposes heavy tariffs and strict quotas on the import of foreign goods into the country
is the most common example of beggar-thy-neighbour policies.

Beggar-thy-neighbour policies promise short-term domestic benefits:

• Boost Domestic Exports: These policies depreciate a nation’s currency, making domestic goods cheaper in
global markets, increasing exports and benefiting local manufacturers.
 37

For example: The Chinese government has been accused of devaluing the yuan to enhance the global
competitiveness of its export-dependent industries.
• Protect Nascent Industries: High tariffs and quotas shield fledgling domestic industries from foreign
competition, allowing them to grow and stabilize.
For example: The U.S. imposed tariffs on steel imports in 2018 to protect its domestic steel industry, benefiting
local producers and their employees.
• Preserve Domestic Jobs: Restricting imports encourages domestic production, safeguarding jobs in local
industries threatened by foreign competition.
For example: During Donald Trump’s presidency, tariffs on Chinese goods aimed to support American
manufacturing jobs, particularly in the automotive and electronics sectors.
• Achieve Trade Surplus: Policies reducing imports and increasing exports can create a trade surplus, which
strengthens the economy by increasing demand for domestically produced goods.
For example: Japan has long maintained a trade surplus by ensuring favorable currency valuations and
protecting key industries like automobiles and electronics.
• Enhance National Security: Restricting foreign imports in strategic sectors ensures the country’s independence
and reduces reliance on foreign nations during geopolitical tensions.
For example: India restricted the import of Chinese telecom equipment in 2020, citing national security concerns
and promoting domestic manufacturing under the "Make in India" initiative.

Beggar-thy-neighbour policies lead to global economic instability (Historical Evidence):

• Trigger Retaliatory Measures: Tit-for-tat tariffs escalate trade wars, reducing global trade and harming
economies.
For example: Retaliatory tariffs during the 1930s, like the U.S. Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act, led to a global trade
collapse, exacerbating the Great Depression.
• Competitive Currency Devaluations: Currency wars destabilize international markets and harm global
financial systems by reducing investment and trade flows.
For example: In the 1930s, competitive devaluations by European countries, including the UK, disrupted global
trade during the Great Depression.
• Global Trade Decline: Protectionist policies reduce the volume of international trade, negatively impacting
interconnected economies.
For example: The trade wars between the U.S. and China in 2018-2019 led to a decline in global trade growth,
affecting multiple economies.
• Economic Inefficiencies: Artificial trade barriers create inefficiencies by allocating resources to less competitive
domestic industries rather than more efficient global producers.
For example: The European Union’s Common Agricultural Policy has historically raised prices for consumers
and distorted global agricultural markets.
• Consumer Hardship: Domestic consumers face higher prices due to restricted imports and weakened
purchasing power, slowing overall economic growth.
For example: U.S. tariffs on Chinese imports led to higher consumer prices for electronics, clothing, and
household goods, burdening American families.

Beggar-thy-neighbour policies lead to global economic instability in light of current trade tensions
 38

• Escalation of trade wars: Beggar-thy-neighbour policies, such as retaliatory tariffs, escalate trade wars,
reducing global trade volumes and hampering economic growth.
For example: The U.S.-China trade war (2018-2019) saw both countries impose tariffs worth billions of dollars,
disrupting supply chains and slowing global GDP growth.
• Global supply chain disruptions: Protectionist measures and tariffs create uncertainties, causing firms to
restructure supply chains, increasing costs and leading to inefficiencies.
• Currency volatility: Competitive devaluations lead to instability in exchange rates, adversely affecting
businesses reliant on stable currency values for cross-border transactions.
For example: Japan's 2013-yen devaluation policy to boost exports caused currency fluctuations, impacting
emerging markets dependent on yen-denominated trade.
• Decline in investor confidence: Protectionism reduces global trade predictability, deterring investments,
especially in sectors relying on international cooperation and long-term stability.
For example: Uncertainty caused by Brexit trade negotiations (2016-2020) led to reduced foreign direct
investment in the UK.
• Risk of economic isolation: Prolonged use of protectionist policies can isolate economies, reducing market
access and opportunities for growth.
For example: Russia’s 2014 import bans in response to Western sanctions cut its trade ties, impacting GDP
growth and leading to domestic inflation.

Implications for developing economies and global trade architecture

• Adverse impact on export-driven growth: Developing economies reliant on exports face reduced market
access due to protectionist measures imposed by developed nations.
For example: U.S. tariffs on Indian steel and aluminum in 2018 affected Indian exporters, leading to a trade
deficit and impacting the steel industry.
• Vulnerability to currency devaluations: Depreciation of major currencies affects developing nations’ imports,
raising costs for essential goods like food and energy.
For example: The U.S. dollar's rise in 2022 led to a surge in import costs for countries like Sri Lanka, worsening
its economic crisis.
• Erosion of multilateral trade systems: Protectionism undermines global trade agreements, weakening
institutions like the WTO that promote fair trade practices.
For example: The U.S. blocking WTO appellate body appointments under Trump reduced its capacity to
resolve trade disputes effectively.
• Reduction in technology transfer: Barriers to trade discourage developed economies from investing in
developing countries, limiting technology and skill transfers critical for growth.
For example: U.S. restrictions on technology exports to China during the trade war slowed Chinese
advancements in AI and semiconductors.
• Shift in global trade dynamics: Protectionist policies cause regional trade blocs to emerge, fragmenting global
trade architecture and leaving smaller nations excluded.
For example: The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) excludes the U.S., shifting trade
dynamics in favor of Asia-Pacific economies.

Global economic stability hinges on cooperation, not competition. Developing economies must embrace
multilateralism and fair trade to ensure long-term prosperity. Moving away from beggar-thy-neighbour policies
 39

and fostering collaborative trade frameworks can create a future where everyone thrives. Stronger ties, stronger
economies—together, we build a more resilient world.

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last-9806566/

4. The India-China relationship has oscillated between cooperation and confrontation. Analyze the key structural
drivers influencing the recent easing of tensions in relations and assess whether this shift is sustainable in the
long run. (15 marks, 250 words)
Answer:
Core Demand of the Question
● Highlight how the India-China relationship has oscillated between cooperation and confrontation.
● Analyze the key structural drivers influencing the recent easing of tensions in relations
● Assess whether this shift is sustainable in the long run
● Provide a way ahead

The India-China relationship has oscillated between cooperation and confrontation, particularly since the 1988
India’s Prime minister visit that laid the foundation for diplomatic ties. Despite several border clashes, such as
Galwan in 2020, both nations have sought to ease tensions, driven by economic needs, military realities, and shared
concerns over regional security.

The India-China relationship has oscillated between cooperation and confrontation

Areas of Cooperation
• Economic Interdependence and Trade: Despite political tensions, India and China continue to maintain
strong trade relations, with India relying on Chinese imports for key sectors like pharmaceuticals and
electronics.
For example: India's pharmaceutical industry depends heavily on Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs)
from China, ensuring steady economic engagement even amid geopolitical tensions.
• Diplomatic Engagement and Summits: Regular high-level meetings between Indian and Chinese leaders have
facilitated diplomatic negotiations and conflict management, preventing minor disputes from escalating into
full-scale crises.
For example: The 1988 visit of Rajiv Gandhi to China helped establish mechanisms for continued diplomatic
dialogue, laying the foundation for economic and political cooperation.
• People-to-People (P2P) Ties: Thousands of Indian students’ study in China, and cultural and academic
exchanges continue despite diplomatic strains, fostering long-term understanding between the two societies.
For example: Indian medical students in China benefit from affordable and high-quality education, helping
maintain strong social and educational ties between both countries.

Areas of Confrontation
 40

● Border Disputes and Military Standoffs: Persistent territorial disputes along the Line of Actual Control
(LAC) have led to multiple military clashes, including recent confrontations at Galwan (2020) and Yangtse
(2022).
For example: The Galwan Valley clash in 2020 resulted in casualties on both sides, significantly straining
India-China relations and leading to heightened military deployments.
● Geopolitical Rivalry and Strategic Conflicts: China's increasing presence in the Indian Ocean and its
support for Pakistan challenge India’s strategic interests, causing friction between the two countries.
For example: China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) includes projects in Pakistan-occupied Kashmir
(PoK), which India strongly opposes as a violation of its sovereignty.
● Technological and Trade Restrictions: India has imposed restrictions on Chinese investments and banned
several Chinese apps due to security concerns, reflecting deep mistrust in the technology and business sectors.
For example: The Indian government banned TikTok and 58 other Chinese apps in 2020, citing national
security concerns amid rising border tensions.

Key Structural Drivers Influencing the Recent Easing of Tensions

● Economic Interdependence and Trade Necessity: Both India and China rely on each other for economic
growth, with India needing Chinese goods and China needing market diversification.
For example: Over 70% of India's Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) are sourced from China.
● Military Stalemate and Cost of Prolonged Deployment: The high cost of maintaining military positions in
harsh border regions has encouraged diplomatic engagement.
For example: The prolonged standoff in Eastern Ladakh has strained resources, making a full-scale military
confrontation undesirable for both sides.
● Shared Concerns Over US Foreign Policy: Both nations seek to enhance their bargaining power with the US,
given trade restrictions and geopolitical pressures from Washington.
For example: China faces US scrutiny over trade and technology, while India has tensions over immigration
and security concerns, pushing both toward strategic diplomacy.
● Need for Regional Stability Amid Global Challenges: With global economic uncertainties and regional
conflicts, stability in India-China relations benefits both nations.
For example: China’s focus on Taiwan and the South China Sea compels it to manage border tensions with
India to avoid multi-front conflicts.
● Diplomatic Frameworks for Normalization: Regular high-level meetings and agreements provide a structural
basis for easing tensions and managing disputes.
For example: The 2023 BRICS summit saw India and China engage in diplomatic talks, signaling a willingness
to restore normalcy in relations.

Assessment of Whether This Shift Is Sustainable in the Long Run

Sustainable in the Long Run
● Mutual Economic Dependencies: Both India and China rely on each other for trade, ensuring economic
cooperation despite political tensions, making a complete breakdown unlikely.
For example: In the fiscal year 2024, bilateral trade between India and China reached US$118.4 billion.
● Military Stalemate and Conflict Avoidance: Given the high cost of military deployments at the border, both
countries have incentives to maintain stability and avoid prolonged confrontations.
 41

For example: The 2020 Galwan clash led to heavy military buildup, but both sides soon re-engaged
diplomatically to de-escalate tensions.
● Shared Strategic Interests in a Multipolar World: Both nations seek to balance Western influence, making
pragmatic cooperation a viable long-term strategy.
For example: India and China’s participation in BRICS and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)
shows their willingness to collaborate on global platforms.

Not Sustainable
● Unresolved Border Disputes and Nationalism: The recurring nature of border clashes and nationalist rhetoric
in both countries make long-term peace fragile.
For example: The Doklam standoff in 2017 and subsequent clashes indicate that territorial disputes can reignite
tensions at any time.
● Geopolitical Rivalries and Military Alliances: India’s growing ties with the US and participation in the Quad
and increasing presence in Indo-pacific challenge China’s regional dominance, increasing strategic distrust.
For example: China views QUAD as a threat to its dominance in the region often terming it as Asian NATO.
● Economic and Technological Conflicts: India’s restrictions on Chinese investments and security concerns
over technology create long-term friction in economic relations.
For example: The banning of Chinese apps curbs on Huawei’s participation in India’s 5G network reflects
deep-rooted strategic mistrust.

Way Ahead
● Strengthening Diplomatic Channels for Crisis Management: Regular high-level talks and diplomatic
engagements should be institutionalized to prevent misunderstandings and manage conflicts effectively.
For example: Reviving the Special Representatives’ dialogue on border issues can help maintain open
communication and prevent future escalations.
● Enhancing Economic Cooperation with Safeguards: While trade remains essential, India should diversify
supply chains while allowing controlled Chinese investments in non-sensitive sectors.
For example: Encouraging joint ventures in sectors like green energy and infrastructure can promote economic
ties without compromising national security.
● Confidence-Building Measures (CBMs) Along the Border: Strengthening border protocols, increasing
military communication, and reinforcing disengagement mechanisms can prevent future clashes.
For example: Establishing hotline communication between local military commanders can help defuse tensions
quickly in case of border incidents.
● Leveraging Multilateral Platforms for Stability: Both countries should collaborate in regional and global
forums to align interests and reduce hostilities.
For example: Joint initiatives in BRICS and SCO can facilitate dialogue on trade, security, and climate change,
fostering mutual trust.
● Promoting People-to-People (P2P) Engagement: Increasing educational, cultural, and business exchanges
can strengthen societal-level understanding and reduce negative perceptions.
For example: Expanding student exchange programs and cultural festivals can help counter hostility and build
long-term goodwill between the two nations.
 42

Diplomatic engagement, economic interdependence, and strategic recalibration are key drivers behind the
recent signs of ease in India-China relations. However, long-term stability will depend on sustained mutual trust,
careful management of border issues, and global geopolitical dynamics. A focus on conflict resolution and
cooperation can shape a balanced future.

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trumperica/article69164775.ece

5. The weaponization of tariffs and trade barriers by the Trump administration presents new challenges for
India's trade policy. Evaluate the impact of such protectionist policies on India’s trade interests and suggest
measures to safeguard its economic engagement with the U.S.
(15 marks, 250 words)
Answer:
Core Demand of the Question
● Discuss the challenges for India's trade policy presented by the weaponization of tariffs and trade barriers by
the Trump administration.
● Evaluate the impact of such protectionist policies on India’s trade interests.
● Suggest measures to safeguard its economic engagement with the U.S.

The weaponization of tariffs refers to the use of trade barriers and tariffs as tools to exert economic pressure or
influence. Under the Trump administration, this strategy became central to America First trade policies. These
protectionist measures pose significant challenges for India's trade policy, especially concerning tariffs, market
access, and export growth.

Challenges for India's Trade Policy Due to the Weaponization of Tariffs and Trade Barriers
• Increased Trade Uncertainty: India's trade negotiations with the U.S. will face unpredictability due to the
America First Trade Policy, which prioritizes domestic interests over global partnerships.
For example: During Trump's first term, India lost its Generalised System of Preferences (GSP) status,
affecting exports like textiles and handicrafts, which had previously benefited from tariff-free access to U.S.
markets.
• Higher Tariffs on Key Exports: The imposition of tariffs on Indian goods could make exports less competitive
in the U.S. market, reducing trade volumes and profitability for Indian businesses.
For example: Trump’s administration-imposed tariffs on Indian steel and aluminum in 2018, leading to
retaliatory tariffs from India on U.S. agricultural products like apples and almonds.
• Reduced Policy Leverage in Trade Agreements: The U.S. is expected to use tariffs as a bargaining tool to
extract concessions, reducing India's ability to negotiate favorable terms in trade agreements.
• Disruptions in Energy Trade: Trump's exit orders targeting Iran and Venezuela oil imports limit India's
energy diversification options, increasing reliance on costlier alternatives from the U.S. or Gulf nations.
For example: In 2019, India had to stop importing oil from Iran due to U.S. sanctions, forcing it to shift to more
expensive crude imports from Saudi Arabia and the U.S.
• Pressure to Align with U.S. Policies Against China: India’s strategy of benefiting from U.S.-China trade
tensions may be disrupted if Trump’s administration re-engages China strategically, impacting investments and
trade incentives.
 43

For example: Trump’s recent outreach to Xi Jinping, despite past hostilities, signals a potential shift in the U.S.-
China trade war, which could impact India's positioning in global supply chains.

Impact of Protectionist Policies on India’s Trade Interests

• Decline in Export Revenue: Increased tariffs on Indian IT services, pharmaceuticals, and textiles will reduce
India's export earnings, particularly in sectors heavily reliant on U.S. markets.
For example: India was the largest beneficiary of the GSP program until its withdrawal in June 2019, impacting
1,945 Indian products. The tariff concessions lost amounted to over $241 million, increasing India's trade costs.
• Threat to India’s IT-BPM Industry: The rise of AI-driven automation and restrictions on H-1B visas could
shrink job opportunities for Indian tech professionals, affecting the IT sector's foreign revenue.
For example: Google CEO Sundar Pichai stated that 25% of new code is already AI-generated, indicating a
future decline in demand for human software engineers.
• Higher Cost of U.S. Imports: The imposition of tariffs on Indian pharmaceuticals, auto parts, and engineering
goods could increase the cost of essential U.S. imports, affecting domestic industries.
• Weakening of India’s Manufacturing Competitiveness: The U.S.’s withdrawal from global tax agreements
and protectionist trade policies will limit investment inflows, making Indian manufacturing less competitive
globally.
For example: The freezing of USAID funding and exit from the Paris Agreement may cut U.S. investments in
India's renewable energy sector, slowing down India's green transition.
• Strategic Shifts in Global Trade Alliances: India may have to diversify trade partnerships with Europe, Japan,
and ASEAN nations to counterbalance reduced trade benefits with the U.S.
For example: India’s recent efforts to negotiate free trade agreements (FTAs) with the UK and EU highlight
its attempt to mitigate losses from U.S. trade disruptions.

Measures to Safeguard India's Economic Engagement with the U.S.

• Strengthening Bilateral Trade Agreements: India should negotiate a comprehensive trade deal with the U.S.
to secure preferential tariffs, ensure market access, and reduce trade-related uncertainties.
For example: A potential India-U.S. mini trade deal was discussed in 2020, focusing on restoring GSP benefits
and lowering tariffs on key exports like pharmaceuticals and textiles.
• Diversifying Export Markets: India must reduce over-dependence on the U.S. by expanding its trade
partnerships with Europe, Japan, ASEAN, and Africa to minimize the impact of U.S. trade restrictions.
• Enhancing Domestic Manufacturing & Self-Reliance: By promoting initiatives like Make in India and PLI
schemes, India can reduce reliance on U.S. imports and strengthen its domestic industrial base.
For example: The Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme for electronics and pharmaceuticals has already
attracted global players like Apple and Samsung to manufacture in India.
• Strategic Engagement on AI & Technology: India should collaborate with U.S. tech firms in AI,
semiconductor manufacturing, and emerging technologies while ensuring that its skilled workforce remains
relevant.
For example: India-U.S. discussions on semiconductor manufacturing, such as the Micron Technology
investment in Gujarat, indicate efforts to deepen tech cooperation.
• Negotiating Favorable Visa & Immigration Policies: India must push for fairer H-1B visa policies and work
with U.S. policymakers to protect the interests of Indian professionals and businesses.
For example: During Trump's first term, India engaged in diplomatic talks to ease H-1B restrictions, benefiting
thousands of Indian IT professionals.
 44

To safeguard its economic engagement with the U.S., India must adopt a diversified trade strategy, focusing on
multilateral trade agreements, strengthening domestic industries, and investing in innovation. Additionally,
strategic diplomacy and proactive trade negotiations will help mitigate the effects of protectionist policies while
maintaining robust trade relations.

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conversations/article69193317.ece#:~:text=responsible%20AI%20development.-
,In%20a%20world%20where%20AI%20is%20increasingly%20at%20the%20centre,table%2C%20or%2
0on%20the%20menu.

6. The borderless nature of AI necessitates global cooperation. Evaluate India's role in shaping international
AI safety standards and the challenges it faces in becoming a leading voice in this domain.
(15 marks, 250 words)
Answer:
Core Demand of the Question
● Examine how the borderless nature of AI necessitates global cooperation.
● Evaluate India's role in shaping international AI safety standards.
● Highlight the challenges it faces in becoming a leading voice in this domain.
● Suggest a way forward

Artificial Intelligence (AI), often termed the "fourth industrial revolution”, transcends borders, impacting
nations universally. Its borderless nature demands cohesive global governance to mitigate risks like bias, misuse,
and ethical dilemmas. Recently, India has boosted its AI ambitions by allocating over Rs 10300 crore to IndiaAI
and hosting summits with 2,000+ experts, aiming to shape AI safety standards.

Borderless AI and the Need for Global Cooperation

• Ethical Concerns and Bias: The borderless nature of AI requires unified standards to address ethical misuse,
biases, and unintended consequences across nations.
For example: The 2024 International Network of AI Safety Institutes collaborates to create ethical AI guidelines
applicable across borders.
• Cross-border Data Flow: Global cooperation ensures secure data transfer and interoperability of AI systems,
essential for seamless functionality worldwide.
For example: India’s UPI system partners globally to facilitate secure cross-border payments.
• Emerging Risks and Weaponization: Unified governance frameworks are necessary to counter threats like AI
weaponization and misinformation, which transcend borders.
For example: The Seoul Statement of Intent (2024) promotes collective action to address AI-related security
risks.
• Innovation and Transparency: Collaborative efforts foster responsible AI innovation by promoting
transparency, fairness, and accountability in development and deployment.
For example: The EU’s AI Act sets a global precedent for ethical AI innovation and governance through
international cooperation.
• Accessibility and Equity: International partnerships ensure equitable access to AI tools, reducing global
inequalities between nations.
 45

For example: UNESCO’s 2021 AI guidelines advocate inclusive AI access, aiding developing nations like India.

India’s Role in Shaping AI Safety Standards

• High Adoption Rate: India’s significant AI adoption positions it as a key player in shaping global safety
standards.
For example: India accounts for 10% of ChatGPT users globally, reflecting its prominent role in AI adoption.
• Scalable Systems and Expertise: India’s experience with scalable systems like Aadhaar demonstrates its ability
to lead global AI safety frameworks.
For example: India’s Aadhaar and UPI systems are renowned globally for secure, scalable digital infrastructure.
• Institutional Gaps: The lack of a national AI safety institute limits India’s participation in key global forums.
For example: India missed the 2024 International Network of AI Safety Institutes, reducing its influence in AI
safety discussions.
• Geopolitical Barriers: Export controls on AI tools threaten to restrict India’s access to advanced technologies.
For example: The U.S. 2024 AI export restrictions could indirectly impact India’s AI ecosystem development.
• Startups and Global Innovation: Proactive global engagement can help India position its startups and AI
ecosystem as leaders in innovation.
For example: India’s IT sector thrives internationally by aligning with global standards, a model AI startups can
emulate.

Challenges India Faces in Becoming a Leading Voice in AI Safety

• Geopolitical Constraints: Export restrictions on advanced AI tools by countries like the U.S. can impact India’s
access to cutting-edge AI technologies.
For example: The U.S. export controls on AI software, aimed at China, could indirectly restrict India’s
technological advancements.
• Fragmented Policy Framework: India lacks a unified regulatory framework for AI safety, creating
inconsistencies in its domestic and international AI policies.
For example: Unlike the EU’s AI Act, India has yet to implement comprehensive AI regulations.
• Resource Limitations: Limited R&D funding and infrastructure for AI safety research hinder India’s ability to
lead in this domain.
For example: India’s AI R&D spending is significantly lower than countries like the U.S. and China, affecting
its global competitiveness.
• Talent Drain: The migration of skilled AI professionals to better-funded global institutions reduces India’s
ability to build a strong AI safety ecosystem.
For example: Many Indian AI researchers and engineers work for international firms like Google and OpenAI
rather than domestic institutions.
• Lack of Dedicated Institutions: The absence of a national AI safety institute hampers India's ability to
contribute meaningfully to global AI safety dialogues.

Way Forward for India to Lead in AI Safety

• Establish a National AI Safety Institute: Create a dedicated institute to focus on AI safety research,
policymaking, and participation in global forums.
For example: India can emulate the U.S. initiative of the International Network of AI Safety Institutes to
coordinate research and policy efforts.
 46

• Increase AI R&D Funding: Allocate substantial funding for AI research, fostering innovation and development
in AI safety.
• Develop Comprehensive AI Regulations: Formulate a robust policy framework to address AI ethics, safety,
and accountability while aligning with global standards.
For example: India could draft an AI Act similar to the EU’s, addressing safety and ethical concerns.
• Strengthen International Alliances: Actively join global AI safety forums and foster partnerships to shape
equitable international standards.
• Support Domestic Talent Retention: Offer incentives and funding opportunities to retain AI professionals and
researchers in India.
For example: Government-backed initiatives like "Startup India" could extend to AI startups, preventing talent
migration.

AI without borders needs ethics without borders. India, with its growing tech prowess and commitment to
inclusive innovation, can drive global AI safety standards by fostering international partnerships and
strengthening domestic AI regulations. Overcoming data infrastructure gaps and promoting transparent AI
governance will position India as a global AI leader for a safer, smarter future

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7. India's co-chairmanship of the AI Action Summit reflects its growing tech diplomacy. Analyze how India can
leverage this position to balance Global South's interests with Al safety concerns while maintaining its
strategic autonomy in the emerging Al-driven world order. (15 Marks, 250 Words)
Answer:
Core Demand of the Question
● Examine how India's co-chairmanship of the AI Action Summit reflects its growing tech diplomacy.
● Analyze how India can leverage this position to balance Global South's interests with Al safety concerns
● Analyze how India can maintain strategic autonomy in the emerging Al-driven world order.

Artificial Intelligence (AI), the simulation of human intelligence by machines, is reshaping global dynamics. India's
prominent role at the AI Action Summit in Paris highlights its commitment to influencing international AI policies.
This leadership provides a platform to advocate for the interests of Global South, ensuring that AI advancements
are inclusive and address the unique challenges faced by these countries.

India’s Co-chairmanship and Growing Tech Diplomacy

• Leadership in AI Governance: India's co-chairmanship signifies its emerging leadership in shaping global AI
governance by actively participating in multilateral AI safety frameworks while promoting innovation.
For example: India’s role in the Global Partnership on AI (GPAI) emphasizes the need for equitable AI access
and responsible governance frameworks.
• Bridging Global North and South: India acts as a crucial intermediary, balancing the Global North’s AI
regulatory priorities with the Global South’s need for AI-driven development solutions.
For example: India’s G20 presidency (2023) led to a pro-innovation AI governance approach, integrating safety
concerns with development needs.
 47

• Advancing AI Diplomacy: India strengthens bilateral and multilateral AI partnerships, ensuring AI access and
collaboration in frontier technologies with key global players.
For example: India’s AI partnerships with the EU, U.S., and France focus on both AI safety and enabling AI-
driven digital transformation.
• Shaping Ethical AI Frameworks: India’s advocacy for ethically responsible AI places it at the center of
developing global norms that cater to diverse socio-economic realities.
For example: The Bhashini initiative promotes linguistic diversity in AI, ensuring inclusivity for non-English
speakers and enhancing AI accessibility in India.
• Strengthening Digital Public Infrastructure: India showcases its Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) success,
setting an example for scalable AI-driven solutions in governance and public services.
For example: India’s Aadhaar and UPI models demonstrate how AI-driven innovations can enhance financial
inclusion and public service efficiency.

Balancing Global South’s Interests with AI Safety Concerns

• Democratizing AI Access: India must ensure equitable access to AI computing resources, data, and foundational
AI models for the Global South’s development needs.
For example: India’s initiative to establish an AI computing facility with 18,000 GPUs demonstrates its
commitment to democratising AI access.
• Developing AI for Local Needs: India should prioritize AI applications tailored to Global South contexts,
addressing developmental gaps in healthcare, education, and agriculture.
For example: AI-powered early disease detection tools customized for rural Indian healthcare highlight AI’s
transformative potential in underserved areas.
• Ensuring AI Safety through Contextualized Regulation: AI safety regulations must be adapted to the Global
South’s realities, rather than imposing Western AI risk frameworks.
For example: India’s focus on AI’s cultural impact ensures that local languages and traditions are not eroded
by Western-trained AI models.
• Promoting Open-Source AI Models: Encouraging open-source AI fosters collaboration and innovation,
reducing dependency on Western AI monopolies.
For example: The success of DeepSeek, an open-source AI model, highlights the importance of reducing
restrictions on AI model exports.
• Advocating Ethical AI Development: India must lead discussions on bias mitigation, ethical AI use, and
human-centric AI to safeguard the Global South’s interests.
For example: India’s push for global AI transparency frameworks ensures that developing countries are not
subjected to biased AI decision-making.

Maintaining Strategic Autonomy in the AI-Driven World Order

• Building Indigenous AI Capabilities: India must reduce AI dependency on global tech giants by investing in
indigenous AI research, infrastructure, and talent development.
For example: India’s AI mission and start-up ecosystem support homegrown AI firms, reducing reliance on
foreign AI technologies.
• Developing AI Safety Institute: Establishing an AI Safety Institute allows India to set its AI regulatory
standards rather than fully adopting Western AI frameworks.
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For example: India’s upcoming AI Safety Institute will shape risk mitigation strategies based on Indian and
Global South priorities.
• Enhancing AI-driven Digital Sovereignty: Strengthening domestic cloud computing, semiconductor
manufacturing, and AI chip production ensures autonomy in critical AI infrastructure.
For example: India’s push for semiconductor manufacturing under the “India Semiconductor Mission” is a step
toward digital self-reliance.
• Strategic AI Alliances Without Overdependence: India should collaborate with global AI leaders while
maintaining autonomy in AI policymaking and data governance.
For example: India’s AI cooperation with both the U.S. and France ensures access to advanced AI technologies
while retaining policy independence.
• Developing an AI Ethical Charter for the Global South: India can spearhead an AI ethical charter that reflects
its governance model and Global South concerns.
For example: The GPAI summit hosted by India highlighted the need for responsible AI development with
equitable resource access.

By championing inclusive AI frameworks, India can bridge the Global South's aspirations and AI safety
imperatives. Promoting ethical AI policies, fostering South-South cooperation, and driving indigenous
innovation will ensure a just AI landscape. With strategic autonomy as its compass, India can lead the world
towards "AI for All, Safety for Sure."

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lens/article69248658.ece

8. The India-U.S. economic partnership has evolved significantly, with an emphasis on trade, technology, and
defense collaboration. Critically analyze the impact of the proposed Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA) on
India's economic growth and integration into global supply chains. (15 Marks, 250 Words)

Answer:
Core Demand of the Question
● Evaluate how the India-U.S. economic partnership has evolved significantly, with an emphasis on trade,
technology, and defense collaboration.
● Analyze the positive impact of the proposed Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA) on India's economic growth
and integration into global supply chains.
● Analyze the negative impact of the proposed Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA) on India's economic growth
and integration into global supply chains.
● Suggest a way ahead

The India-U.S. economic partnership has witnessed remarkable growth, with bilateral trade reaching $191 billion
in 2023, making the U.S. India’s largest trading partner. Strategic initiatives like the U.S.-India Initiative on
Critical and Emerging Technology (iCET) and the Major Defense Partnership highlight deepening ties in trade,
technology, and defense, reinforcing India's role in global supply chains.

Evaluation of the Evolving India-U.S. Economic Partnership

 49

• Trade expansion and market access: The India-U.S. partnership has evolved with a focus on reducing trade
barriers, boosting exports, and facilitating easier cross-border transactions.
For example: The Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA) aims to reduce tariffs on labour-intensive Indian exports
like textiles while increasing U.S. industrial goods exports to India, fostering balanced trade.
• Technology-driven collaboration: The partnership now emphasizes technology transfers and joint R&D in
emerging fields such as AI, quantum computing, and semiconductors.
For example: The U.S.-India Transforming the Relationship Utilizing Strategic Technology (TRUST) initiative
enhances cooperation in sectors like biotechnology and energy, helping Indian industries access cutting-edge
technology and drive domestic innovation.
• Strengthened defense cooperation: India and the U.S. are co-producing defense systems, leading to indigenous
manufacturing, skill development, and economic growth.
For example: The 10-year U.S.-India Major Defense Partnership includes joint production of critical defense
equipment, boosting India’s self-reliance in defense manufacturing.
• Energy security and diversification: India is collaborating with the U.S. to develop small modular reactors
(SMRs), ensuring access to clean and stable energy.
For example: The India-U.S. energy partnership enables India to source natural gas from the U.S., strengthening
its energy security while advancing towards net-zero goals.
• Infrastructure development and connectivity: The India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC)
enhances connectivity through railways, roadways, and undersea cables, benefiting trade and digital
infrastructure.
For example: Under the IMEC initiative, both nations plan to develop undersea cables connecting India and the
U.S., strengthening India's digital economy and global services exports.

Positive Impact of the Proposed Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA)

On India's Economic Growth:

• Boosting foreign investments: The BTA will attract greenfield investments from U.S. firms, enhancing
domestic industrial capacity and economic expansion.
For example: Major U.S. firms like Tesla and Apple are considering setting up production units in India,
strengthening India's position as a manufacturing hub and meeting USD 500 billion trade target by 2030.
• Incentivizing domestic production: The agreement promotes technology transfers and joint ventures, fostering
domestic production and innovation.
For example: The Boeing-Tata collaboration in manufacturing aircraft components reflects how the BTA can
drive Make in India initiatives and create high-value jobs.
• Job creation and skill development: Increased U.S. investments will generate employment opportunities and
enhance the skill sets of the Indian workforce.
For example: The Google India AI investment is funding AI training programs, upskilling Indian professionals
to meet the rising demand for AI-driven jobs.

On India's Integration into Global Supply Chains:

• Enhancing manufacturing exports: By reducing trade barriers, Indian industries can integrate into global
production networks and export high-value goods.
 50

For example: The PLI scheme for electronics has attracted companies like Foxconn, making India a key supplier
in the smartphone and semiconductor supply chain.
• Strengthening logistics and trade infrastructure: Streamlined regulations and cross-border procedures will
improve supply chain efficiency, reducing delays and costs.
For example: The U.S.-India Logistics Exchange Agreement (LEMOA) facilitates smooth movement of
military and commercial cargo, optimizing supply chain operations.
• Diversifying global supplier base: The BTA helps India become an alternative manufacturing destination,
reducing reliance on a single supply source.
For example: Due to China+1 strategy, U.S. companies like Nike and Dell are shifting their supply chains to
India, reducing dependency on Chinese manufacturers.

Challenges of the Proposed Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA)

On India's Economic Growth:

• Increased competition for domestic industries: The BTA could lead to an influx of U.S. industrial goods,
making it difficult for Indian manufacturers to compete, particularly in sensitive sectors.
For example: The Indian dairy industry may face pressure as cheaper U.S. dairy products enter the market,
affecting local producers reliant on government protections.
• Potential loss of tariff revenue: Reducing tariffs on U.S. imports could lower government revenue, impacting
funding for infrastructure and social welfare programs.
• Dependence on U.S. investments: Increased reliance on U.S. capital and technology may limit India's economic
autonomy, making it vulnerable to policy shifts in the U.S.
For example: If U.S. trade policies change or sanctions are imposed, India's IT and pharmaceutical sectors,
which depend on U.S. markets, could face disruptions.

On India's Integration into Global Supply Chains:

• Risk of overdependence on the U.S.: Strengthening trade ties with the U.S. may divert focus from
diversification efforts, reducing India's trade relations with other major economies.
For example: Over-reliance on the U.S. semiconductor supply chain may limit India's partnerships with Japan,
South Korea, and Taiwan, slowing technological advancements.
• Unequal market access concerns: The agreement might favor U.S. firms, allowing them easier access to India’s
growing markets, while Indian businesses struggle with non-tariff barriers in the U.S.
For example: Indian pharmaceutical exports often face strict U.S. regulatory approvals, making market entry
harder compared to U.S. firms entering India’s healthcare sector.

Way Ahead for India

• Strengthening domestic industries: India must enhance its manufacturing base to compete with U.S. imports
by providing targeted incentives and investing in R&D and skill development.
• Ensuring fair trade terms: India should negotiate reciprocal market access, addressing non-tariff barriers faced
by Indian exporters in the U.S. market.
For example: Pushing for easier FDA approvals for Indian generic medicines will ensure that Indian
pharmaceutical companies benefit equally under the agreement.
 51

• Diversifying trade partnerships: While strengthening ties with the U.S., India should continue to expand trade
agreements with the EU, ASEAN, and African nations to avoid overdependence.
For example: The India-EU Free Trade Agreement (FTA) can help India access European markets, balancing
its global supply chain integration.
• Developing resilient supply chains: India must invest in logistics, ports, and digital infrastructure to enhance
its global trade competitiveness and prevent supply chain disruptions.
For example: Initiatives like PM Gati Shakti focus on multi-modal connectivity, reducing transit costs and
improving India’s export competitiveness.
• Balancing foreign investments with local growth: While attracting U.S. investments, India should promote
domestic innovation and self-reliance to reduce dependency.
For example: Encouraging Indian startups in AI, semiconductors, and renewable energy will ensure that foreign
collaborations do not overshadow local industry growth.

Strengthening the India-U.S. economic partnership through a well-calibrated Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA)
can unlock new growth avenues, bolster manufacturing competitiveness, and enhance global supply chain
integration. A forward-looking approach—leveraging technology transfers, market access, and trade
diversification—will ensure India’s emergence as a resilient economic powerhouse, driving sustainable and
inclusive development in the evolving global order.

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bring#:~:text=Beyond%20academics%2C%20female%20teachers%20act,gap%20in%20education%20is
%20immense

9. Despite the increasing participation of women in India’s teaching workforce, as highlighted by the Unified
District Information System for Education (UDISE+) 2023-24, significant gender disparities persist in higher
education faculty positions. Analyze the key factors contributing to the underrepresentation of women in
higher education and suggest policy measures to ensure gender parity in academia.
(15 Marks, 250 Words)
Answer:
Core Demand of the Question
● Highlight the significant gender disparities persist in higher education faculty positions, despite the increasing
participation of women in India’s teaching workforce, as highlighted by the UDISE+ 2023-24
● Analyze the key factors contributing to the underrepresentation of women in higher education
● Suggest policy measures to ensure gender parity in academia.

The UDISE+ 2023-24 report reveals that women now constitute 53.34% of school teachers in India, reflecting
their growing role in education. However, in higher education, women make up only 43% of faculty (AISHE
2021-22), with even lower representation in leadership and STEM fields. Deep-rooted biases, career barriers,
and institutional challenges continue to hinder gender parity in academia.

Significant Gender Disparities in Higher Education Faculty Positions

 52

• Lower Female Faculty Representation: Women constitute only 43% of faculty members in higher education,
as per the 2021-22 All India Survey on Higher Education (AISHE), despite surpassing men in school teaching
roles.
For example: In IITs and NITs, female faculty representation remains below 20%, reflecting gender imbalances
in STEM fields and elite institutions.
• Declining Representation at Higher Levels: The proportion of women drops sharply at the associate professor
and professor levels, limiting their role in academic leadership.
For example: As per AISHE 2021-22, women make up less than 25% of full professors in most public
universities, hindering their influence in decision-making.
For example: In India’s top 50 universities, less than 10% of vice-chancellors are women, limiting gender-
sensitive governance in academia.
• Regional Disparities in Female Faculty representation: Southern states like Kerala and Tamil Nadu show
higher female participation, while North Indian and rural universities lag due to socio-cultural barriers.
For example: Women make up over 50% of faculty in Kerala’s public universities, whereas Bihar and
Rajasthan report female faculty percentages below 30%.

Key Factors Contributing to Women's Underrepresentation in Higher Education

• Structural Barriers & Glass Ceiling Effect: Women face implicit biases in recruitment and promotions,
limiting their access to leadership positions.
• Lack of Mentorship and Networks: Women in academia often lack strong professional networks and
mentorship, which are crucial for research opportunities and career progression.
• Household Responsibilities and Career Breaks: The dual burden of domestic work forces many women to
take career breaks, affecting their promotion prospects and research productivity.
For example: According to NITI Aayog, women faculty in India take longer career gaps post-maternity,
reducing their chances of tenure-track appointments.
• Limited Access to Research Grants and Leadership Training: Women receive fewer research grants and
leadership training opportunities, limiting their ability to excel in academia.
For example: As per ICSSR data, only 30% of research grants in social sciences are awarded to female scholars,
reducing their research output.
• Workplace Harassment and Institutional Barriers: The lack of safe working environments and gender-
sensitive policies deter women from pursuing long-term academic careers.
For example: A 2019 UGC report highlighted that over 50% of universities lacked an active Internal
Complaints Committee (ICC) to handle workplace harassment cases.
• Male-Dominated Research and Administration: Leadership roles in academic research and administration
remain heavily male-dominated, restricting female faculty from shaping institutional policies.
• Disparity in STEM Fields: Women’s representation in humanities and social sciences is relatively balanced,
but STEM fields remain largely male-dominated, reducing gender inclusivity in technical education.
For example: As per AISHE 2021-22, women make up less than 15% of engineering faculty, limiting female
role models for aspiring students.

Policy Measures to Ensure Gender Parity in Academia

 53

• Transparent Hiring and Promotion Policies: Implement gender quotas, ensure bias-free selection
committees, and enforce transparent promotion criteria to provide equal career advancement opportunities.
For example: Germany’s DFG Program mandates 40% female representation in academic hiring panels,
increasing women's participation in higher education institutions.
• Enhancing Mentorship and Networking Opportunities for Women in Academia: Implement structured
mentorship programs to connect women faculty with senior academicians, providing guidance on research,
leadership development, and funding opportunities.
For example: The "Women in Science and Engineering (WISE)" initiative in the US has played a pivotal role
in increasing female representation in STEM leadership positions, demonstrating the impact of targeted
mentorship and support systems.
• Maternity Benefits and Flexible Work Policies: Extend paid maternity leave, provide on-campus childcare
facilities, and introduce flexible tenure tracks to support work-life balance.
For example: IISc Bangalore offers a one-year tenure extension for female faculty post-maternity, helping them
sustain their research careers.
• Increased Research Funding and Leadership Training: Allocate dedicated grants and conduct leadership
training programs for women to enhance their academic and administrative presence.
For example: India’s "Women Scientists Scheme (WOS)" provides funding to women researchers post-career
break, facilitating their return to academia.
• Stronger Anti-Harassment and Institutional Safety Measures: Enforce strict anti-harassment policies,
ensure functional Internal Complaints Committees (ICCs), and establish anonymous grievance redressal
systems in all universities.
For example: UGC’s 2023 directive mandates ICCs in universities, but implementation gaps remain, especially
in smaller and rural institutions.

Bridging the gender gap in academia demands a multi-pronged approach, institutional reforms, inclusive hiring
policies and robust mentorship programs. Strengthening anti-discrimination laws, ensuring transparent
promotions, and fostering family-friendly workplaces can empower women in higher education. A paradigm shift
towards merit-driven yet gender-sensitive policies will not only enhance representation but also enrich India's
academic excellence.

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deals-9830790/

10. India and the United States have deepened their engagement in trade, defence, and technology. Analyze the
key challenges and opportunities in Indo-US trade negotiations, particularly in light of the changing global
economic order. (15 Marks, 250 Words)
Answer:
Core Demand of the Question
● Highlight that India and the United States have deepened their engagement in trade, defence, and technology.
● Analyze the key challenges in Indo-US trade negotiations, particularly in light of the changing global
economic order
 54

● Analyze the key opportunities in Indo-US trade negotiations, particularly in light of the changing global
economic order

Global alliances continuously redefine economic and strategic landscapes. India's rising innovation and the United
States' technological prowess converge in various sectors. In 2023-24, bilateral trade exceeded $118 billion, with
India enjoying a $45 billion surplus. This partnership fuels mutual growth, enhances security, and reshapes
international cooperation through progressive economic ties.

India and the United States have deepened their engagement in trade, defence, and technology:
• Strengthened Defence Cooperation: India and the US have signed key agreements like COMCASA and
BECA, ensuring closer collaboration in technology transfers and defense logistics.
For example: The 2020 BECA agreement enabled India to access US geospatial intelligence for precise military
operations, enhancing situational awareness in the Indian Ocean region.
• Technology Collaboration: Initiatives like iCET have bolstered partnerships in critical technologies, including
artificial intelligence, quantum computing, and semiconductors.
For example: In 2023, India partnered with Micron Technology for a $2.75 billion semiconductor plant to
strengthen supply chain resilience.
• Energy Collaboration: India is a major importer of US hydrocarbons, supporting the transition to cleaner
energy sources.
For example: The United States of America was the fifth-largest supplier of oil in 2024, with $413.61 million
worth of imports.
• Supply Chain Resilience: Both nations aim to reduce reliance on China by creating secure and resilient supply
chains, particularly for critical goods.
For example: The Quad nations, including India and the US, initiated partnerships for semiconductor supply
chains in 2023.

Key Challenges in Indo-US Trade Negotiations:

• Tariff Disputes: India’s high tariffs on US goods, especially in agriculture and technology, often hinder
negotiations and impact trade balance.
For example: The US has criticized India’s 150% tariff on alcoholic beverages, limiting market access for
American exporters.
• Intellectual Property (IP) Rights Issues: The US seeks stronger IP protections, while India’s generic drug
industry prefers a more balanced approach to ensure affordable medicine.
For example: The US Trade Representative listed India on its “Priority Watch List” in 2023 over IP protection
concerns.
• Digital Trade Regulations: India’s proposed data localization laws and differing stances on e-commerce
regulations clash with US interests.
For example: US companies like Amazon and Google expressed concerns over India’s Personal Data
Protection Bill restricting cross-border data flows.
• Trade Deficit Concerns: The US trade deficit with India, at $45 billion in 2023, drives American pressure for
greater market access and tariff reductions.
 55

For example: The US demanded lower tariffs on medical devices like stents and knee implants to reduce the
trade imbalance.
• Agricultural Market Access: India’s restrictions on US agricultural products due to phytosanitary norms limit
bilateral trade growth in this sector.
For example: India restricts US dairy imports due to concerns over animal feed containing blood meal, an issue
unresolved in trade talks.

Key Opportunities in Indo-US Trade Negotiations:

• Expanding Energy Trade: India’s growing energy needs and the US’s role as a major producer create room
for collaboration in LNG and renewable energy sectors.
For example: Such collaboration will support India in achieving its target of increasing the share of natural gas
in the energy mix to 15%, up from the current 6% of the total primary energy mix.
• Boosting Defence Manufacturing: Co-production of defense equipment under favorable terms can deepen
strategic ties while reducing India’s reliance on other nations.
For example: General Electric signed an MoU with Hindustan Aeronautics Limited in 2023 to co-produce
fighter jet engines in India.
• Technology Transfers and AI Collaboration: Closer ties in critical technologies, such as AI, quantum
computing, and space exploration, offer avenues for shared innovation.
For example: The Artemis Accords welcomed India as a partner for collaborative space exploration and lunar
missions.
• Supply Chain Diversification: India’s initiatives to boost domestic manufacturing align with the US’s
“China+1” strategy, fostering shared goals in resilient supply chains.
For example: Apple and Samsung expanded manufacturing in India under the Production-Linked Incentive
Scheme, reducing dependence on Chinese factories.
• Trade Agreement Potential: A limited trade deal focusing on resolving tariff disputes and enhancing market
access can pave the way for a broader agreement.
For example: In 2024, India and the US reached agreements on tariff reductions for certain agricultural and
industrial goods, signaling potential for a comprehensive deal.

A resilient Indo-US partnership can be the cornerstone of global stability. By addressing trade imbalances,
promoting technology transfers, and creating mutual growth opportunities, both nations can shape a future-
ready alliance. Together, they must embrace collaborative frameworks to lead in a dynamic global economy,
Stronger Together, Smarter Tomorrow.
 56

INDIA AND ITS NEIGHBOURHOOD

RELATIONS
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india-9855356/

1. Examine how the growing Pakistan-Bangladesh relationship impacts India's strategic interests in South Asia.
Analyze this development through strategic, economic, and geopolitical dimensions while suggesting a
comprehensive framework for India's response. (15 Marks, 250 Words)

Answer:
Core Demand of the Question
● Examine how the growing Pakistan-Bangladesh relationship impacts India's strategic interests in South
Asia.
● Analyze this development through strategic, economic, and geopolitical dimensions.
● Suggest a comprehensive framework for India's response.

The evolving Pakistan-Bangladesh relationship reflects shifting regional alignments, marked by renewed
diplomatic outreach and trade cooperation. As Bangladesh emerges as one of South Asia’s fastest-growing
economies and Pakistan pursues stronger ties, India's strategic interests ranging from regional stability to economic
influence are increasingly influenced by these evolving geopolitical dynamics.

Impact on India's Strategic Interests

• Revival of Anti-India Elements: Pakistan’s deepening ties with Bangladesh may reactivate dormant anti-India
militant networks, leading to security threats in India’s northeastern states.
For example: ISI-backed insurgent groups like ULFA and NSCN previously used Bangladesh as a base for
infiltration into India.
• Naval Presence in Bay of Bengal: Joint military cooperation between Pakistan and Bangladesh could challenge
India’s maritime dominance in the region and create vulnerabilities.
For example: Bangladesh's naval participation in Pakistan-led AMAN-23 exercise in the Northern Arabian Sea
signals potential maritime collaboration that could undermine India's strategic positioning.
• Border Security Challenges: Increased cooperation between Dhaka and Islamabad may weaken counter-
terrorism coordination with India, exacerbating infiltration and illegal migration.
For example: Porous Indo-Bangladesh borders have historically facilitated ISI operations, making border
fencing and surveillance crucial.
• Weakening BIMSTEC’s Influence: Pakistan’s strategic outreach aims to dilute India-led regional cooperation
initiatives like BIMSTEC, indirectly reviving SAARC where Pakistan plays a key role.
For example: Bangladesh’s closer economic and defense ties with Pakistan could reduce its reliance on India-
led multilateral platforms.
• Potential Arms Transfers: Islamabad could supply ballistic missiles or advanced weapons to Dhaka, altering
the regional military balance and pressuring India’s eastern security posture.
 57

For example: Speculations about Pakistan’s Abdali missile sale to Bangladesh raise concerns over regional
arms escalation.

Strategic, Economic, and Geopolitical Analysis

Strategic Dimension
• Cross-Border Infiltration: Bangladesh’s growing defense cooperation with Pakistan may embolden radical
elements, worsening insurgency threats along India’s eastern border.
For example: ULFA and Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen have historically used Bangladesh as a safe haven, receiving
logistical support from Pakistan-based handlers.
• Threat to India's Defense Superiority: Military collaboration between Bangladesh and Pakistan could
neutralize India's technological edge, leading to an arms race in the region.
For example: Bangladesh’s recent naval expansion, backed by Chinese and Pakistani defense exports, threatens
India’s dominance in the Bay of Bengal.

Economic Dimension
• Trade Diversion Risks: Bangladesh’s diversification of trade partnerships with Pakistan and China could
reduce its dependence on India, affecting bilateral trade.
For example: Bangladesh’s exports to India are valued at $15 billion, but deeper ties with Pakistan could divert
trade flows, impacting Indian businesses.
• Infrastructure Rivalry: Increased Chinese Pakistani investments in Bangladeshi infrastructure could challenge
India’s regional connectivity projects.
For example: China’s involvement in Bangladesh’s Payra Port competes with India-backed infrastructure,
affecting Indian access to maritime trade routes.

Geopolitical Dimension
• Strategic Realignment in South Asia: A Bangladesh-Pakistan partnership, backed by China, could undermine
India's regional leadership and diplomatic standing.
For example: Bangladesh’s growing proximity to China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) may reduce India’s
strategic influence in South Asia.
• Impact on India's Foreign Policy: Stronger Bangladesh-Pakistan ties might force India to reassess its
neighborhood-first policy, increasing engagement with other regional players.
For example: India’s outreach to Myanmar and Sri Lanka could serve as a counterbalance to shifting alliances
in South Asia.

Comprehensive Framework for India’s Response

• Strengthening Border Security: Enhance surveillance, fencing, and counter-infiltration measures to prevent
ISI-linked activities in India’s northeastern region.
For example: Use of AI-driven surveillance drones along the Indo-Bangladesh border can curb illegal
movements and intelligence leaks.
• Deepening Economic Engagement: Offer bilateral preferential trade agreements and investment incentives to
ensure Bangladesh remains economically aligned with India.
 58

For example: Expanding duty-free access for Bangladeshi goods and infrastructure funding can reinforce
India’s economic leverage.
• Diplomatic Outreach: Engage Bangladesh’s political and military leadership to counteract growing Pakistani
influence and reinforce shared security interests.
For example: Regular high-level India-Bangladesh defense dialogues can neutralize Pakistan’s diplomatic
efforts.
• Maritime Security and Naval Expansion: Strengthen India's naval presence in the Bay of Bengal through
joint exercises with Bangladesh, ensuring maritime dominance.
For example: India-Bangladesh naval drills under SAGAR doctrine can maintain Indian influence in regional
waters.
• Leveraging Global Alliances: Coordinate with the US, EU, and Japan to limit Chinese and Pakistani influence
in Bangladesh through strategic investments.
For example: Quad-backed infrastructure and defense cooperation can counteract China-Pakistan influence in
Dhaka.

"Bridging Gaps, Strengthening Bonds" India must adopt a proactive engagement strategy by deepening
regional connectivity, trade, and diplomatic outreach. Strengthening BIMSTEC, leveraging economic corridors,
and fostering people-to-people ties will counterbalance shifting alliances. A calibrated mix of realpolitik and
neighborhood-first diplomacy will ensure India's strategic primacy while fostering a stable, cooperative South
Asia.
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2. "The Indian Ocean Region (IOR) is emerging as the new centre of global geopolitics due to its strategic
significance and economic potential." In this context, analyze India's role in ensuring regional stability and
securing its national interests amidst rising global power competition.
(15 Marks, 250 Words)
Answer:
Core Demand of the Question
● Discuss how the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) is emerging as the new centre of global geopolitics due to its
strategic significance and economic potential.
● Highlight the rising global power competition in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR)
● Analyze India's role in ensuring regional stability amidst rising global power competition.
● Analyze India's role in securing its national interests amidst rising global power competition.

The Indian Ocean Region (IOR), covering 20% of the Earth's surface and connecting 26 nations, is a critical
trade artery handling 70% of global container traffic and 80% of India's external trade. With China’s expanding
naval presence, the QUAD alliance strengthening security ties, and rising competition over maritime resources, the
IOR has become a geopolitical hotspot shaping global power dynamics.

The Indian Ocean Region (IOR) is emerging as the new centre of global geopolitics due to its strategic significance
and economic potential:
 59

Strategic Significance
• Key Sea Lanes for Trade: The IOR connects major global economies, with key chokepoints like the Strait of
Hormuz, Malacca Strait, and Bab el Mandeb facilitating crucial energy and trade flows.
For example: Over 80% of India's external trade and 90% of its energy imports pass through the Indian Ocean,
making its security a strategic necessity.
• Major Military Presence: The US, UK, France, and China have established military bases in the region,
enhancing their naval presence and securing strategic maritime routes.
For example: The US maintains its Diego Garcia military base, while China has built its first overseas military
base in Djibouti, expanding its influence in the IOR.
• Rising Maritime Security Threats: Piracy, sea-borne terrorism, illegal fishing, and arms smuggling have
turned the region into a hotspot for maritime security concerns requiring coordinated international action.
For example: The Indian Navy launched ‘Operation Sankalp’ in 2019 to ensure the safe passage of oil tankers
amidst tensions in the Strait of Hormuz.

Economic Potential
• Crucial Energy Trade Route: The IOR is the primary transit route for oil shipments from the Middle East to
Asia, Europe, and the Americas, making it indispensable for global energy security.
For example: Nearly 20% of the world’s oil supply passes through the Strait of Hormuz, a critical chokepoint
in the Indian Ocean.
• Thriving Blue Economy: The region supports a thriving blue economy, including fisheries, aquaculture, and
deep-sea mining, contributing significantly to national and regional economies.
For example: The Indian Ocean is home to some of the most important fisheries on Earth, accounting for over
14% of global wild-caught fish.
• Strategic Ports and Trade: Ports like JNPT (India), Chabahar (Iran) and Colombo (Sri Lanka) are emerging
as key trade hubs, enhancing the region’s economic relevance.
For example: India is developing Chabahar Port in Iran as a strategic trade route to bypass Pakistan and access
Central Asia, boosting regional connectivity.

Rising Global Power Competition in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR):

• China’s Expanding Naval Presence: China is aggressively expanding its military and economic influence
through naval bases, port acquisitions, and maritime patrols in the IOR.
For example: China established its first overseas military base in Djibouti and controls key ports like Gwadar
(Pakistan) and Hambantota (Sri Lanka) under its Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).
• European Powers Expanding Presence: France, with its territories like Réunion and Mayotte, is deepening
security and trade partnerships, while the EU is increasing engagement in maritime security.
For example: France stationed permanent naval forces in the Indian Ocean and launched the EU’s Indo-Pacific
Strategy to counter China's maritime expansion.
• US Strengthening Indo-Pacific Strategy: The US, UK, Japan, and Australia are increasing their military
cooperation and strategic deployments to counter China's growing dominance in the region.
For example: The AUKUS pact (Australia, UK, US) enhances nuclear submarine capabilities, while the QUAD
alliance conducts joint naval drills like Malabar to maintain regional balance.
 60

• Competition Over Undersea Resources: Nations are competing to control undersea communication cables,
rare-earth mineral deposits, and deep-sea energy reserves in the Indian Ocean.
For example: Chinese firm Huawei is laying undersea internet cables in the IOR, raising security concerns for
India and Western powers over data control and surveillance.

India's Role In Ensuring Regional Stability Amidst Rising Global Power Competition:
• SAGAR for Maritime Cooperation: India launched Security and Growth for All in the Region (SAGAR) to
enhance maritime security, economic cooperation, and sustainable development in the IOR.
For example: Under SAGAR, India provided naval assistance to Mozambique and Madagascar during natural
disasters, strengthening regional security cooperation.
• Naval Exercises & Patrols: The Indian Navy conducts joint exercises like Malabar, Milan, and SIMBEX to
enhance maritime security and regional cooperation against threats like piracy and terrorism.
For example: Malabar Exercise (with the US, Japan, and Australia) strengthens India’s QUAD partnership,
ensuring a free and open Indo-Pacific.
• Countering China’s Influence: India is enhancing its naval bases, developing strategic partnerships, and
increasing investments in IOR countries to counter China’s growing influence.
For example: India developed Agalega Island (Mauritius) and Assumption Island (Seychelles) naval facilities
to counterbalance China’s military expansion.
• Economic & Development Ties: India offers financial aid, infrastructure development, and trade agreements
to enhance its influence and goodwill in the region.
For example: India invested $500 million in Colombo Port’s West Container Terminal to counter China’s Belt
and Road Initiative projects in Sri Lanka.
• Humanitarian & Disaster Relief (HADR): India actively provides relief aid, medical support, and rescue
operations in the region, enhancing its credibility as a responsible regional power.
For example: Operation Vanilla (2020) saw the Indian Navy providing relief to Madagascar after a devastating
cyclone Diane, reinforcing India's role as a first responder.

India's Role in Securing Its National Interests Amidst Rising Global Power Competition:
• Strengthening Maritime Security: India is expanding its naval capabilities and securing key chokepoints to
protect its trade routes and counter threats like piracy and sea-borne terrorism.
For example: The Indian Navy’s Mission-Based Deployments (MBDs) ensure continuous presence in strategic
locations like the Malacca Strait and Gulf of Aden to safeguard Indian interests.
• Strategic Military Alliances: India collaborates with like-minded nations through military exercises and
defense agreements to enhance its strategic positioning in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR).
For example: The QUAD grouping (India, US, Japan, Australia) strengthens India's position in the Indo-
Pacific, countering China’s aggressive expansion.
• Countering China’s String of Pearls: India is developing strategic partnerships (Necklace of Diamond
Strategy) and naval bases in IOR nations to prevent Chinese encirclement through its Belt and Road Initiative
(BRI).
For example: India developed Chabahar Port in Iran to bypass Pakistan and counter China’s Gwadar Port in
Pakistan under BRI.
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• Boosting Defense Infrastructure: India is modernizing its naval fleet, commissioning new aircraft carriers,
and increasing defense spending to maintain a strong maritime presence.
For example: The INS Vikrant, India’s first indigenous aircraft carrier, strengthens India's blue-water
capabilities in the IOR.

India's role in the Indian Ocean Region is pivotal. By strengthening maritime security, fostering regional
cooperation, and enhancing economic partnerships, India can ensure national security, stability, and prosperity
while securing its position in global geopolitics. "To be secure on land, we must be supreme at sea" – Jawaharlal
Nehru.

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chains/article69220389.ece

3. China's recent restrictions on tech workers and equipment exports to India highlight the vulnerabilities in
global supply chains. Analyze how India can balance its manufacturing ambitions while managing economic
interdependence with China. Discuss the role of domestic capacity building and international partnerships in
achieving strategic autonomy. (15 Marks, 250 Words).
Answer:
Core Demand of the Question
● Discuss how China's recent restrictions on tech workers and equipment exports to India highlight the
vulnerabilities in global supply chains.
● Analyze how India can balance its manufacturing ambitions while managing economic interdependence with
China.
● Discuss the role of domestic capacity building and international partnerships in achieving strategic autonomy.

China imposed export restrictions on critical materials such as gallium, germanium, and antimony, essential for
semiconductors and defense technologies. This action underscores the vulnerabilities in global supply chains and
challenges India's manufacturing ambitions, given the $57.83 billion trade deficit with China during April-October
2024.

China's Restrictions and Global Supply Chain Vulnerabilities

• Skilled Workforce Disruption: China’s travel ban on engineers has created a knowledge gap, slowing
production efficiency and technology transfer.
For example: Foxconn had to replace Chinese engineers with Taiwanese workers, affecting assembly line
productivity and knowledge transfer.
• Monopoly on Equipment: China's control over specialized machinery exports hinders India’s electronics
production, delaying product launches and impacting supply chains.
For example: The curbs on specialized Foxconn machinery disrupted iPhone 16 Pro assembly in India.
• Dependence on Chinese Components: India relies heavily on China for key smartphone parts like circuit
boards and camera modules, making domestic production vulnerable.
For example: 75% of mobile components used in India are imported, with China as the primary supplier.
• Impact on Global Firms: China’s actions disrupt Apple’s India expansion, forcing firms to reconsider their
diversification under ‘China Plus One.’
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• Trade Negotiation Leverage: By restricting supply chains, China seeks to retain its dominance, influencing
trade negotiations on favorable terms.

Balancing Manufacturing Ambitions and Economic Interdependence

• Supply Chain Diversification: Expanding supplier networks beyond China by sourcing from Vietnam,
Taiwan, South Korea, and Japan ensures resilience.
For example: PLI scheme incentives attract global suppliers to set up operations in India.
• Strengthening Domestic Industry: Developing local component industries reduces reliance on Chinese
imports and enhances resilience.
For example: The National Manufacturing Mission supports small and medium enterprises in electronics
production.
• Foreign Investment Attraction: Encouraging Taiwanese and Western firms to manufacture critical parts in
India reduces dependency on China.
For example: Tata Electronics’ partnership with Apple is a step toward localized component manufacturing.
• Strategic Trade Diplomacy: Engaging in negotiations with China and leveraging multinational corporations
like Apple can ease restrictions.
For example: Apple and Foxconn’s involvement in negotiations could help ease China’s export curbs.
• Investment in R&D: Focusing on indigenous research and innovation ensures long-term technological self-
sufficiency.
For example: ISRO’s indigenous cryogenic engine development shows India's ability to overcome technology
denials.

Role of Domestic Capacity Building and International Partnerships

• Workforce Development: Industry-specific training programs in chip design, robotics, and automation will
enhance workforce competence.
For example: PLI beneficiaries must train Indian engineers to bridge skill gaps left by foreign workers in India.
• Semiconductor and Component Ecosystem: Encouraging semiconductor fabs and component plants will
localize critical supply chains.
For example: Vedanta’s semiconductor plant in Gujarat is a step towards chip self-sufficiency.
• International Tech Collaborations: Strengthening ties with the US, Japan, and the EU can facilitate
technology transfer and supply chain resilience.
For example: India-US CHIPS Act collaboration can boost semiconductor manufacturing.
• Promotion of Indigenous Brands: Supporting Indian brands like Lava and Micromax will reduce dependency
on foreign contract manufacturers.
For example: Government incentives for Indian smartphone brands can increase their global competitiveness.
• Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs): Encouraging joint ventures between global firms and Indian companies
will strengthen supply chain security.

By enhancing domestic manufacturing capabilities, diversifying import sources, and forging international
partnerships, India can reduce its economic dependence on China. Initiatives like the "Self-Reliant India"
campaign aim to bolster local industries. Collaborations with nations such as the United States and South Korea
in technology and defense sectors further support India's pursuit of strategic autonomy.
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4. The Balakot airstrikes, 2019 marked a shift in India's military response to cross-border terrorism. Analyze
how this event has influenced India's conventional military doctrine and its implications for regional security.
(15 Marks, 250 Words)
Answer:
Core Demand of the Question
● Highlight how the Balakot airstrikes, 2019 marked a shift in India's military response to cross-border
terrorism.
● Analyze how this event has influenced India's conventional military doctrine.
● Discuss its implications for regional security.
● Suggest a way ahead.

In February 2019, India launched airstrikes in Balakot, Pakistan, targeting Jaish-e-Mohammed terror camps
in response to the Pulwama attack, which killed 40 CRPF personnel. Airstrikes, a preemptive military action
using aerial assets, marked a shift from strategic restraint to offensive deterrence, reshaping India's military
doctrine against cross-border terrorism.

Balakot Airstrikes Marked a Shift in India's Military Response to Cross-Border Terrorism

• Expanded Military Options: India moved beyond ground-based strikes, using air power for the first time to
target terrorist camps deep inside Pakistan’s territory, breaking past self-imposed operational limitations.
For example: The Balakot strike hit a JeM camp in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, over 80 km inside Pakistan, unlike
the 2016 surgical strikes along the LoC, demonstrating a shift in engagement depth.
• Changed Rules of Engagement: The pre-emptive nature of the strike signaled that India would not wait for an
attack but act proactively to neutralize threats, redefining deterrence dynamics.
For example: India justified the strike as a "non-military pre-emptive action," emphasizing the doctrine of
preventive counterterrorism, making it clear that terror infrastructure would not be tolerated.
• Challenging Nuclear Deterrence: India demonstrated that limited conventional strikes could be conducted
without escalating to nuclear conflict, eroding Pakistan’s strategic blackmail leverage.
For example: Despite Pakistan’s nuclear posturing, India executed the strike without facing nuclear retaliation,
weakening Pakistan's deterrence claims and encouraging assertive policy shifts.
• Higher Escalation Threshold: By using fighter jets and precision strikes, India raised the conflict threshold,
signaling its readiness for direct aerial engagements beyond traditional land-based responses.
For example: The air battle on February 27, 2019, saw an Indian MiG-21 and a Pakistani F-16 being downed,
indicating a shift to aerial confrontations and expanded warfighting domains.
• Stronger Political and Diplomatic Messaging: The airstrikes were accompanied by strong diplomatic efforts,
reinforcing India’s stance against cross-border terrorism and shifting global narratives.
For example: Major global powers, including the U.S. and France, supported India’s right to self-defense,
isolating Pakistan diplomatically and pressuring it to curb terror financing.

Influence of Balakot on India's Conventional Military Doctrine

• Integration of Air Power: Balakot established air strikes as a viable response to terrorism, expanding India’s
military toolkit beyond ground operations, enabling deep-strike capabilities.
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For example: Then IAF Chief RKS Bhadauria stated that Balakot proved air power can be used with “escalation
control,” reinforcing its role in future counterterrorism responses.
• Focus on Stand-off Weapons: The use of precision-guided bombs from Mirage-2000s showcased the
preference for stand-off strikes over cross-border ground raids, minimizing risk to personnel.
For example: Balakot’s success led to increased procurement of SPICE-2000 bombs, Rafale jets, and better
target acquisition technology to refine long-range precision strikes.
• Shift to Deterrence through Punishment: India moved from strategic restraint to imposing direct costs on
Pakistan, deterring future terrorist activities through proactive military engagements.
For example: The 2016 surgical strikes targeted terror launch pads, while Balakot extended strikes into
Pakistan’s mainland, indicating a more offensive-defensive stance.
• Enhanced Real-time Intelligence: The strikes emphasized the importance of satellite imagery, drones, and
surveillance for high-precision targeting, improving battlefield awareness.
For example: ISRO satellites provided critical intelligence, helping IAF pilots strike designated targets with
precision, reinforcing India’s reliance on technological superiority.
• Greater Joint Force Coordination: Balakot reinforced the need for better synergy between intelligence,
diplomacy, and military operations, ensuring quicker and more effective responses.
For example: Post-Balakot, India's defense establishment enhanced inter-agency coordination, leading to a
more integrated security response, reducing reaction time to security threats.

Implications for Regional Security

• Higher Military Readiness: Both India and Pakistan have improved early warning systems, air defenses, and
rapid response capabilities post-Balakot, increasing strategic preparedness.
For example: Pakistan upgraded its radar network, while India strengthened air surveillance along the western
border by procuring S-400 defense system, improving detection and interception capabilities.
• Increased Risk of Escalation: The acceptability of air strikes has raised the likelihood of future aerial conflicts,
increasing risks of miscalculation and unintended confrontations.
For example: Public pressure and strong political rhetoric could push both sides toward aggressive military
responses, intensifying regional volatility.
• Weakening of Nuclear Deterrence: India's success challenged Pakistan’s nuclear strategy, proving limited
military responses are feasible without triggering nuclear war, shifting escalation calculations.
For example: Despite nuclear threats, India carried out Balakot, showing nuclear deterrence is not absolute,
encouraging more direct military engagements.
• Global Diplomatic Shifts: India's firm stance on cross-border terrorism has gained wider international backing,
isolating Pakistan and altering global counterterrorism dynamics.
• Encouragement of Proxy Warfare: With direct conflict becoming riskier, Pakistan may increase support for
terrorist proxies and asymmetric warfare, leading to unconventional security threats.
For example: Post-Balakot, terror infiltration attempts rose, suggesting a shift to low-intensity conflicts,
complicating counterterrorism efforts for India.

Way Forward
• Enhancing Air and Missile Defense: Upgrade integrated air defense systems, missile shields, and early
warning mechanisms to prevent potential retaliatory strikes and enhance security preparedness.
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For example: Deployment of S-400 missile defense systems along critical borders can neutralize aerial threats
and deter Pakistani retaliation.
• Strengthening Diplomatic Leverage: Engage global forums like the UN, FATF, and QUAD to pressure
Pakistan on counterterrorism commitments and prevent cross-border terrorism.
For example: India’s lobbying led to Pakistan's FATF grey listing, impacting its economic stability and forcing
partial compliance on terror financing.
• Developing Asymmetric Capabilities: Invest in cyber warfare, electronic intelligence (ELINT), and drone
technology to neutralize threats through non-traditional, cost-effective means.
For example: AI-driven surveillance and drone strikes can target terror hubs in Pakistan-occupied Kashmir
(PoK) without direct military engagement.
• Crisis Communication Mechanism: Establish a military-to-military hotline and regional de-escalation
protocols to prevent miscalculations that could trigger unintended escalation.
For example: A dedicated Indo-Pak crisis hotline at the highest military level can facilitate real-time
communication during crises, reducing risks of accidental conflicts.

The Balakot airstrikes established a new threshold for military responses, reinforcing India’s right to self-defense
while altering regional security dynamics. However, this shift necessitates diplomatic engagement, intelligence
coordination, and military preparedness to balance deterrence with long-term stability in South Asia.

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bonhomie/article69238996.ece

5. The geopolitical complexities of West Asia require India to maintain a delicate balance in its foreign policy.
Examine the challenges and opportunities for India in deepening ties with Qatar while managing its
relationships with other Gulf nations and regional players. (15 Marks, 250 Words)
Answer:
Core Demand of the Question
● Highlight how the geopolitical complexities of West Asia require India to maintain a delicate balance in its
foreign policy
● Examine the challenges for India in deepening ties with Qatar
● Examine the opportunities for India in deepening ties with Qatar
● Discuss how relationships with other Gulf nations and regional players can be managed by India simultaneously

West Asia, a region marked by strategic rivalries, energy wealth, and political instability, plays a crucial role in
India’s foreign policy. With over 8 million Indian expatriates, trade exceeding $240 billion with the Gulf
Cooperation Council (GCC), and heavy reliance on Qatari LNG and Saudi oil, India must navigate regional
conflicts while safeguarding its economic and strategic interests.

Geopolitical Complexities of West Asia and India’s Foreign Policy Balance

• Managing Rivalries Among Gulf Powers: India must navigate the complex relations among Saudi Arabia,
UAE, and Qatar, which have experienced diplomatic rifts, such as the 2017 Qatar blockade by its Gulf
neighbors.
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For example: India maintained neutrality during the Gulf crisis (2017-2021), ensuring continued trade and
labor cooperation with both Qatar and the Saudi-UAE bloc.
• Balancing Energy Security and Strategic Interests: India depends on Qatar for 45% of its LNG while also
engaging with Iran, Saudi Arabia, and UAE for oil and gas, requiring a delicate energy diplomacy.
For example: India signed a long-term LNG supply agreement with Qatar while simultaneously securing oil
imports from Saudi Arabia and Iran despite U.S. sanctions on Tehran.
• Aligning with Global Powers in the Region: The U.S. maintains a military base in Qatar, while Russia and
China expand their influence in West Asia, forcing India to engage diplomatically with all key players.
For example: India strengthened defense ties with the U.S. and France, both of which operate in the Gulf, while
also participating in the China-led Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO).
• Positioning on Israel-Palestine Conflict: India has historic ties with Palestine but has recently deepened
relations with Israel, creating tensions in its engagement with Arab nations.
For example: While India voted for Palestinian aid at the UN, it also expanded defense cooperation with Israel,
showcasing the De-hypenation policy of India in the Israel Palestine Issue.
• Engaging with Non-State Actors: Qatar has hosted groups like Hamas and the Taliban, requiring India to
engage cautiously without alienating Israel, the U.S., or Gulf allies.
For example: India leveraged Qatar’s mediation role in Afghanistan to reopen diplomatic channels with the
Taliban while ensuring that it does not harm ties with the West.

Challenges for India in Deepening Ties with Qatar

• Gulf Rivalries Impacting Bilateral Relations: Qatar’s uneasy relations with Saudi Arabia and UAE could
complicate India’s broader engagement with the GCC as a collective bloc.
For example: India signed a strategic partnership with UAE in 2017, requiring careful diplomacy to avoid
appearing biased toward either side.
• Dependence on Qatari LNG Imports: While India relies on Qatar for nearly half of its LNG, overdependence
on a single supplier creates vulnerabilities in case of political instability or pricing issues.
For example: In 2015, India renegotiated its LNG contract with Qatar’s RasGas, reducing prices to shield its
economy from energy cost fluctuations.
• Legal and Labor Issues of Indian Workers: Qatar hosts over 700,000 Indian expatriates, who face labor rights
issues, legal challenges, and dependence on Qatari government policies.
For example: The 2023 pardon of eight Indian naval personnel on death row highlighted India’s need for strong
diplomatic leverage in Qatar.
• Differing Stances on Global Conflicts: Qatar’s open engagement with the Taliban and Hamas contrasts with
India’s counterterrorism policies, creating diplomatic friction in sensitive global matters.
• U.S. Influence on Qatar-India Relations: Qatar hosts U.S. military bases, making its policies subject to
Washington’s influence, which can affect India’s strategic autonomy in dealing with Doha.

Opportunities for India in Deepening Ties with Qatar

• Expanding Energy Cooperation: Qatar supplies 45% of India’s LNG, and strengthening ties can lead to long-
term, stable energy agreements and potential investments in India's energy infrastructure.
For example: India and Qatar signed a long-term LNG supply contract in 2021, ensuring stable pricing and
uninterrupted gas supply for Indian industries.
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• Increasing Qatari Investments in India: Qatar’s $10 billion investment plan in India's infrastructure and
manufacturing can boost economic growth and create new opportunities for trade and employment.
For example: The Qatar Investment Authority (QIA) invested in Adani Electricity Mumbai Limited,
strengthening economic ties between the two nations.
• Strengthening the Indian Workforce Presence: Over 700,000 Indians live in Qatar, and stronger bilateral ties
can improve labor rights, remittances, and employment opportunities for Indian expatriates.
For example: India's engagement led to labor law reforms in Qatar, improving working conditions ahead of the
2022 FIFA World Cup for migrant workers, including Indians.
• Enhancing Bilateral Trade and Economic Growth: The decision to double bilateral trade by 2030 can expand
sectors like IT, pharmaceuticals, and agriculture, benefiting Indian exporters.
For example: Indian companies like Tata and Wipro have expanded operations in Qatar, capitalizing on its
growing economy and investment-friendly policies.
• Leveraging Qatar’s Mediation Role for Regional Diplomacy: Qatar has acted as a mediator in West Asian
conflicts, and deeper engagement can help India in regional crisis management and counterterrorism
cooperation.
For example: India used Qatar’s diplomatic channels to engage with the Taliban after the 2021 Afghanistan
crisis, ensuring security and economic interests were protected.

Managing Relationships with Other Gulf Nations and Regional Players

• Diversifying Energy Partnerships: While Qatar is a major LNG supplier, India must strengthen oil and gas
ties with Saudi Arabia, UAE, and Iran to reduce dependency on any single country.
For example: India imports oil from Saudi Arabia and UAE, while also investing in Iran’s Chabahar Port to
ensure alternative energy routes.
• Enhancing Defense and Security Cooperation: India must engage in joint military exercises, intelligence-
sharing, and counterterrorism efforts with all key Gulf nations to ensure regional stability.
For example: India conducts joint naval exercises with UAE and Oman, while also increasing defense
cooperation with Qatar through high-level military engagements.
• Balancing Relations with Israel and Arab Nations: India has strong defense and technology ties with Israel,
while also maintaining historical and strategic partnerships with Arab countries.
• Leveraging Trade and Investment Agreements: Strengthening India’s Comprehensive Economic Partnership
Agreements (CEPAs) with UAE and GCC nations can increase trade while maintaining balanced economic
diplomacy.
• For example: India signed a CEPA with UAE in 2022, boosting bilateral trade without affecting its growing
economic relations with Qatar.

Navigating West Asia’s geopolitical maze demands India’s strategic agility and diplomatic finesse. Strengthening
ties with Qatar through energy security, investment, and technology collaborations must align with broader Gulf
interests. A foreign policy, leveraging economic interdependence and cultural diplomacy, will ensure regional
stability, safeguard India’s interests, and position it as a trusted global player in the evolving world order.
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borders/article69237984.ece#:~:text=Focus%20Manipur,-
President's%20Rule%20and&text=Recognising%20these%20ethnic%20interactions%2C%20the,subsequently%2
0reduced%20to%2016%20km.

6. The political instability in Myanmar has had significant spillover effects on Northeast India, particularly in
Manipur and Mizoram. Discuss the security, demographic, and economic implications of the Myanmar refugee
influx in India’s northeastern states. (15 Marks, 250 Words)
Answer:
Core Demand of the Question
• Highlight how the political instability in Myanmar has had significant spillover effects on Northeast India,
particularly in Manipur and Mizoram.
• Discuss the security implications of the Myanmar refugee influx in India’s northeastern states.
• Discuss the demographic implications of the Myanmar refugee influx in India’s northeastern states.
• Discuss the economic implications of the Myanmar refugee influx in India’s northeastern states.
• Suggest a way ahead

Myanmar’s political turmoil since the 2021 military coup has had profound spillover effects on Northeast India,
particularly in Manipur and Mizoram. Widespread violence has triggered a refugee influx, straining border
security, fueling ethnic tensions, and disrupting cross-border trade. Since then the demographic shifts in these
states have significantly impacted their socio-political and economic landscape, adding to existing regional
complexities.

Implications of the Myanmar refugee influx in India’s northeastern states

Security Implications
• Rise in Insurgent Activities: Insurgent groups like the People’s Defence Forces (PDFs) and Ethnic Armed
Organisations (EAOs) often use refugee movements as cover to infiltrate Indian territory.
For example: In November 2023, arms smuggling networks from Myanmar were intercepted in Manipur,
revealing links between insurgents and cross-border refugee movement.
• Proliferation of Arms and Drugs: The influx has increased cross-border smuggling of arms and narcotics,
threatening India’s internal security and public health.
For example: Manipur has witnessed a surge in drug trafficking from Myanmar’s Golden Triangle, with heroin
seizures rising significantly in 2024.
• Challenges in Border Management: The ongoing influx of refugees has put pressure on India’s border security
infrastructure. While Mizoram has welcomed refugees due to ethnic ties, Manipur has seen tensions, leading to
border fencing efforts and restrictions on the Free Movement Regime (FMR) in 2024.
• Ethnic Tensions in Manipur: The influx of Myanmar refugees, mainly from the Chin-Kuki-Zomi community,
has intensified the Meitei-Kuki conflict, worsening ethnic tensions and communal violence.

Demographic Implications
• Population Pressure in Mizoram: With a sudden rise in refugee numbers, Mizoram’s small population faces
increased demand for housing, healthcare, and food, straining public resources.
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For example: By December 2024, over 35,000 Myanmar refugees settled in Mizoram, increasing urban
congestion in Aizawl and nearby districts.
• Risk of Statelessness and Identity Conflicts: Many refugees lack official documentation, making them
vulnerable to exploitation while complicating India’s citizenship policies and governance.
For example: Refugees in Mizoram often live in temporary shelters with no clear legal status, making them
dependent on local communities for survival.
• Inter-community Tensions: The long-term settlement of refugees may create social rifts between locals and
migrants, fueling concerns over land rights and job competition.
• Challenges in Law and Order: The unchecked movement of refugees through porous borders hampers crime
monitoring, escalating security risks.
For example: Insurgents and drug traffickers from Myanmar exploit the crisis for illegal trade and smuggling.

Economic Implications
• Strain on Public Services: The sudden increase in population has put pressure on healthcare, education, and
welfare programs, diverting funds from local development projects.
For example: Mizoram had to reallocate state funds to provide food and medical aid to refugees, delaying key
infrastructure projects in the state.
• Decline in Cross-Border Trade: Violence in Myanmar has disrupted border markets and cross-border trade,
hurting businesses in Manipur and Mizoram.
For example: Moreh, a major border town, saw a sharp drop in trade volume, forcing many traders to shut
down shops and look for alternative incomes.
• Increase in Informal Labor Market: Refugees, unable to find formal employment, are often forced into low-
paying informal jobs, creating competition with local laborers.
• Rising Costs of Housing and Essentials: The increased demand for food, shelter, and essential goods has led
to higher prices, affecting the local population’s cost of living.
• Threat to Connectivity Projects: Political turmoil in Myanmar has hindered key regional infrastructure
projects, affecting cross-border trade and economic integration.
For example: The India-Myanmar-Thailand Trilateral Highway and Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport
Project, crucial for enhancing Northeast India’s trade with Southeast Asia, remains stalled due to conflict and
security threats along the route.

Way Ahead
• Strengthening Border Management: India should implement better border monitoring while ensuring that
genuine asylum seekers receive humanitarian aid.
For example: The introduction of a biometric-based refugee registration system can help track and manage
Myanmar migrants more effectively.
• Enhancing Humanitarian Assistance: India should collaborate with international agencies to set up relief
camps and provide food, medical aid, and education for refugees.
For example: Partnering with UNHCR could help establish temporary shelters with basic healthcare and
schooling facilities near border regions.
• Reviving Economic Opportunities: Restarting border trade and haats can help both refugees and locals by
creating jobs and stabilizing the economy in border towns.
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For example: India can reopen Moreh’s border trade market, allowing regulated trade with Myanmar under
stricter security oversight.
• Diplomatic Engagement with Myanmar: India should push for stability in Myanmar by working with regional
partners to support democratic transition and peace-building efforts.
For example: India can engage ASEAN and Myanmar’s neighbors to encourage political dialogue and conflict
resolution in Myanmar.
• Community Integration Programs: Implementing vocational training and skill development programs for
refugees can reduce economic strain and promote social harmony.
For instance: The government can introduce agriculture and handicraft training initiatives, enabling refugees
to contribute productively without displacing locals.

India must adopt a balanced approach that ensures national security while upholding its humanitarian
commitments. Strengthening border management, diplomatic engagement, and livelihood opportunities for
refugees can mitigate challenges. A cooperative regional framework with ASEAN and Myanmar’s neighbors is
crucial for long-term stability, economic resilience, and demographic harmony in Northeast India.

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each-other-9856313/

7. In the wake of shifting global power dynamics, particularly following the outcome of the U.S. Presidential
election, discuss the significance of strengthening the India-European Union strategic partnership. What areas
of cooperation should India prioritize to enhance its global positioning? (15 Marks, 250 Words)
Answer:
Core Demand of the Question
• Highlight the shifting global power dynamics, particularly following the outcome of the U.S. Presidential
election.
• Discuss the significance of strengthening the India-European Union strategic partnership, in the wake of
shifting global power dynamics
• Examine the areas of cooperation that India should prioritize to enhance its global positioning

The global power dynamics are in flux, influenced by economic shifts, geopolitical rivalries, and strategic alliances.
The U.S. Presidential election plays a pivotal role, shaping global policies on trade, security, and diplomacy. For
instance, the 2024 U.S. elections may impact NATO commitments, Indo-Pacific strategies, and global economic
policies amid rising multipolarity.

Shifting Global Power Dynamics Following the U.S. Presidential Election

• U.S. Foreign Policy Uncertainty: The return of Donald Trump has resulted in unpredictable U.S. policies,
affecting global alliances, NATO’s future, and security commitments.
For example: Trump's withdrawal of support for Ukraine has left Europe vulnerable, forcing it to reassess its
security framework.
• U.S.-Russia Realignment: Trump’s willingness to engage with Russia has raised concerns about a potential
U.S.-Russia rapprochement, altering power balances.
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For example: Washington's direct talks with Moscow in Riyadh excluded European and Ukrainian
participation, weakening their strategic position.
• China’s Economic Expansion: While the U.S. reorients its focus, China is aggressively expanding its economic
influence, filling strategic voids left by the West.
For example: India’s trade deficit with China nears $100 billion, reinforcing economic dependency despite
security concerns.
• Europe’s Shift Towards Strategic Autonomy: The EU is reducing reliance on the U.S., prioritizing
independent policies in defense, trade, and climate change.
For example: Germany's CDU leader vowed to reduce dependence on the U.S., signaling Europe’s pivot to
self-reliance.
• Rise of Protectionism and De-Globalization: Trump's "America First" policies challenge the global economic
order, forcing nations to seek alternative trade partners.
For example: Trump’s push for reciprocal tariffs complicates India-U.S. trade negotiations, making India-EU
trade ties more critical.

Significance of Strengthening the India-European Union Strategic Partnership

• Diversifying Strategic Alliances: Strengthening EU ties reduces dependence on U.S. stability, enhancing
India's bargaining power in a multipolar world.
For example: The India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) aims to counter China’s Belt and
Road Initiative (BRI).
• Countering China’s Influence: A robust India-EU partnership balances China’s growing geopolitical
dominance in the Indo-Pacific and beyond.
For example: The EU’s Indo-Pacific strategy aligns with India’s Act East Policy, fostering regional stability.
• Strengthening Economic Cooperation: India-EU economic engagement can mitigate supply chain
disruptions, ensuring trade resilience.
For example: India-EU Free Trade Agreement (FTA) negotiations aim to boost bilateral trade beyond $500
billion by 2030.
• Enhancing Defense and Security Cooperation: Europe seeks greater self-reliance in defense, offering India
an opportunity to collaborate on arms production and technology.
For example: India-France Rafale deal showcases Europe's role in modernizing India’s military capabilities.
• Technology and Climate Collaboration: EU’s leadership in renewable energy and advanced technology
complements India's sustainable development goals.
For example: The India-EU Trade and Technology Council (TTC) fosters cooperation in AI, cybersecurity,
and green energy.

Areas of Cooperation India Should Prioritize to Enhance Global Positioning

• Trade and Investment Expansion: Prioritizing an India-EU Free Trade Agreement (FTA) will strengthen
India’s position as a global manufacturing hub.
For example: The Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme encourages European investment in India's
semiconductor and automobile industries.
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• Defense and Security Partnership: Boosting defense ties with the EU enhances India's military preparedness
and reduces reliance on Russian defense imports.
For example: India-Italy defense cooperation promotes joint naval exercises and defense production.
• Strategic Infrastructure Development: Collaboration in infrastructure will improve regional connectivity,
ensuring trade diversification and supply chain resilience.
For example: IMEC’s development strengthens India-EU connectivity via the Middle East, reducing
dependency on China-led routes.
• Technology and Innovation: India must focus on AI, space technology, and cybersecurity partnerships with
the EU to remain competitive in the digital age.
For example: ISRO-ESA cooperation in satellite navigation and space exploration bolsters India's scientific
advancements.
• Sustainable Development and Green Energy: Strengthening climate-focused collaboration with Europe
accelerates India’s transition to clean energy.
For example: EU’s Global Gateway initiative supports India's renewable energy expansion, promoting green
hydrogen and solar power projects.

A robust India-EU partnership can serve as a geopolitical stabilizer in an era of shifting global power dynamics.
By prioritizing trade diversification, resilient supply chains, digital innovation, and green technologies, India
can hedge strategic uncertainties and amplify its global influence. Leveraging initiatives like Global Gateway
and Trade and Technology Council (TTC) will ensure a future-ready alliance anchored in mutual growth and
democratic values.
 73

ECONOMY
https://www.business-standard.com/economy/analysis/how-india-can-achieve-rapid-growth-to-achieve-viksit-
bharat-2047-goal-125020900138_1.html

1. India aims to achieve a status of Viksit Bharat by 2047, requiring an annual growth rate of 8% or higher.
Analyze the feasibility of this target in light of historical economic growth trends and global economic
challenges. Suggest policy measures to sustain such high growth rates. (15 Marks, 250 Words)
Answer:
Core Demand of the Question
• Discuss the aim of India to achieve a status of Viksit Bharat by 2047, requiring an annual growth rate of
8% or higher
• Analyze the feasibility of this target in light of historical economic growth trends and global economic
challenges.
• Suggest policy measures to sustain such high growth rates.

Viksit Bharat 2047, a vision of a developed India, aligns with the aspirations of a nation transitioning from an
emerging to a global economic leader. With a demographic dividend projected to last two decades and initiatives
like Make-in-India, India's economic potential is immense. However, achieving consistent 8%+ growth demands
navigating global uncertainties.

Aim of India to achieve a status of Viksit Bharat by 2047

• Objective of Per Capita Income Growth: India aims to raise its per capita income from $2,540 in 2023 to
$14,005 by 2047 through an annual growth rate of 8%.
For example: The World Bank defines developed nations by per capita incomes exceeding $14,005 in 2024,
making India's target aligned with global benchmarks.
• Focused 25-Year Policy Framework: India is implementing long-term strategies to ensure steady economic
growth, with clear milestones and sector-specific plans like "Make-in-India" and "Digital India."
• Leveraging Demographic Dividend: With a young workforce of over 1 crore entering annually, India's
policies aim to harness their potential through education, skilling, and health programs.
For example: The Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) has trained over 13 million individuals
since its inception in 2015.
• Strengthening MSME Growth: A growth-oriented approach prioritizes industries, MSMEs, and supply chains
to boost production and forward-backward linkages for high-value goods and services.
For example: India's MSMEs contributed nearly 30% of the GDP and 49% of exports in FY 2022, showing
their potential as growth drivers.
• Integrated Governance Approach: By aligning central and state policies through institutions like NITI Aayog,
India is ensuring coordination in resource allocation and balanced regional growth.

Feasibility of Target in Light of Historical Trends and Global Challenges

 74

Historical Trends
• Steady Growth Record: India has achieved an average annual growth rate of 6-7% in the last decade,
showcasing potential for sustained growth.
For example: India recorded 7.2% GDP growth in FY 2022-23, making it one of the fastest-growing major
economies in the world.
• Demographic Dividend Utilization: With a median age of 28, India can leverage its demographic dividend by
developing a workforce with industry-relevant skills and enhancing employability.
For example: To date, the PMKVY has successfully trained 1.42 crore individuals, with 1.13 crore received
certification across its Short-Term Training (STT), Special Projects (SP), and Recognition of Prior Learning
(RPL) components.
• Manufacturing Sector Potential: India's manufacturing contribution to GDP is only 15-17%, presenting an
opportunity for expansion under initiatives like Make-in-India.
For example: India’s FDI inflows into the manufacturing sector increased by approximately 70% over the last
decade (2014-2024) compared to the period from 2004-2014.

Global Challenges
• Global Slowdown Impact: Rising inflation and slowing global trade could affect export-led growth, especially
given India's reliance on global markets for technology and capital.
For example: In 2023, the World Trade Organization (WTO) predicted a decline in global trade growth to
1.7%, impacting India's export targets.
• Energy Transition Costs: Global shifts toward renewable energy could strain India’s resources as it transitions
from fossil fuels to sustainable energy sources to meet international commitments.
For example: India’s solar energy production target for 2022 fell short by 27%, reflecting challenges in scaling
up renewable energy infrastructure.
• Geopolitical Tensions: Trade disruptions due to geopolitical issues, like the Russia-Ukraine war, can increase
commodity prices and impact India's imports and fiscal stability.
For example: Crude oil imports, vital to India’s economy, spiked in cost by 51% in FY 2022-23 due to global
geopolitical tensions.

Policy Measures to Sustain High Growth Rates

• Enhance Infrastructure Development: Invest in physical infrastructure like roads, railways, ports, and digital
infrastructure to improve logistics efficiency and attract private investment.
For example: The National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP) aims to invest ₹111 lakh crore by 2025 in
infrastructure projects across sectors.
• Promote Skilling and Education: Expand vocational training and align education with industry needs to
improve workforce productivity and leverage the demographic dividend.
For example: The New Education Policy (NEP) 2020 focuses on skill-based learning, integrating vocational
training into school curricula.
• Strengthen Financial Sector: Encourage financial inclusion and ensure credit flow to key sectors like MSMEs,
startups, and rural enterprises through reforms in banking and non-banking sectors.
For example: The ECLGS scheme provided ₹4.5 lakh crore in collateral-free loans to MSMEs during the
pandemic, boosting their recovery.
 75

• Expand Renewable Energy Capacity: Invest in renewable energy infrastructure and incentivize private sector
participation to meet growing energy demands sustainably.
For example: India aims to achieve 500 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2030 under its National Solar
Mission.
• Encourage Research and Development (R&D): Incentivize innovation in advanced technologies like AI,
biotechnology, and 5G to increase productivity and global competitiveness.
For example: The Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme offers ₹1.97 lakh crore incentives to boost
domestic manufacturing in high-tech sectors.

Achieving Viksit Bharat by 2047 demands bold reforms and resilient strategies. By fostering innovation, ensuring
inclusive growth, and bolstering infrastructure and green energy, India can rise above global challenges.
"Reform, Perform, transform" should guide policies, emphasizing skilled manpower, ease of business, and
export competitiveness to sustain the needed 8%+ growth trajectory.

https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/c-raja-mohan-writes-the-story-of-indias-atomic-slide-and-an-
opportunity-to-bounce-back-9817764/

2. India’s nuclear power sector has lagged behind its potential due to policy bottlenecks and legal constraints.
Critically examine the impact of the Atomic Energy Act (1962) and the Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act
(2010) on the growth of nuclear energy in India. What reforms are needed to enhance India’s nuclear capacity?
(15 Marks, 250 Words)
Answer:
Core Demand of the Question
• Discuss how India’s nuclear power sector has lagged behind its potential due to policy bottlenecks and legal
constraints
• Examine the positive and negative impact of the Atomic Energy Act (1962) on the growth of nuclear energy
in India
• Examine the positive and negative impact of the Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act (2010) on the growth
of nuclear energy in India
• Suggest the reforms needed to enhance India’s nuclear capacity

India, once a pioneer in nuclear energy in Asia, has struggled to realize its potential due to restrictive legal
frameworks. Despite early nuclear ambitions, including the goal to generate 10,000 MW by 2000, India’s nuclear
capacity today remains far below expectations, with China and South Korea leading the global nuclear race.

India’s Nuclear Power Sector Has Lagged Behind Its Potential Due to Policy Bottlenecks and Legal
Constraints
• Lack of private sector participation: The Atomic Energy Act (1962) established a government monopoly,
barring private sector involvement in power plant operations.
For example: Private companies like L&T and Godrej have only supplied equipment but were never allowed
to operate or manage nuclear plants.
 76

• Restrictive liability laws: The Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act, 2010 (CLNDA, 2010) made plant
operators liable for accidents but allowed possible course of action against suppliers, discouraging both domestic
and foreign investment.
For example: Companies like GE and Westinghouse hesitated to enter India’s nuclear market due to liability
risks under the CLNDA.
• Dependence on government funding: DAE's reliance solely on government budgets has limited capital for
scaling nuclear power capacity and delayed the adoption of advanced technologies.
For example: India’s nuclear capacity stagnated at 8,200 MW despite earlier projections of 10,000 MW by
2000.
• Failure to align with global norms: India’s liability framework conflicts with international norms that channel
all liabilities to operators, deterring global collaborations.
For example: The UAE’s successful partnership with South Korea for nuclear reactors contrasts India’s
inability to finalize foreign deals.
• Delayed modernization: Regulatory hurdles and over-reliance on legacy technologies have stalled the
transition to newer and safer reactor designs.
For example: While China deployed third-generation nuclear reactors, India still primarily uses Pressurized
Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs).

Impact of the Atomic Energy Act (1962) on the Growth of Nuclear Energy in India

Positive Impact

• Early foundation for nuclear research: The Act facilitated the establishment of institutions like the Bhabha
Atomic Research Centre (BARC), fostering domestic R&D in nuclear science.
For example: India built its first nuclear reactor, Apsara, in 1956, demonstrating early leadership in atomic
energy research in Asia.
• Initial partnerships with global players: The Act enabled foreign collaborations, such as the Tarapur nuclear
plant in 1969, built with US assistance, boosting India’s nuclear capabilities.
For example: The Tarapur Atomic Power Station (TAPS) was Asia’s first nuclear power plant and remains
operational today.
• Secured India's strategic autonomy: By prioritizing domestic capacity building, the Act helped India maintain
strategic autonomy in developing its civilian and military nuclear programs.
For example: India developed a self-reliant reactor fleet, including PHWRs, reducing dependence on foreign
technologies post-1974 nuclear sanctions.

Negative Impact
• Centralized monopoly: The Act reserved all nuclear activities for government entities, hindering the
development of a broader nuclear ecosystem and limiting innovation.
For example: Private companies like Tata and BHEL, despite technical expertise, were restricted to equipment
supply roles, excluding them from power plant operations.
• Limited funding for expansion: Government monopoly meant nuclear power expansion depended solely on
public funds, which constrained capacity growth.
 77

For example: In comparison, South Korea, with public-private collaboration, achieved 32,000 MW of nuclear
capacity, far ahead of India’s 8,200 MW.
• Inflexibility in adapting to global changes: The Act's rigid framework prevented India from leveraging
emerging international opportunities and technologies in the nuclear sector.
For example: India could not join global supply chains for advanced reactors like China, which exports nuclear
technology to countries like Pakistan.

Impact of the Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act (2010) on the growth of nuclear energy in India:

Positive impact:
• Enhanced Victim Compensation: The CLNDA ensures accountability by requiring operators to provide
compensation to victims swiftly in case of nuclear accidents.
For example: The liability provision ensures that a disaster similar to Chernobyl would not leave victims
uncompensated in India.
• Focus on Safety Standards: By holding operators and suppliers accountable, the CLNDA indirectly
emphasizes stringent safety protocols in plant operations and supplier quality.
For example: Post-CLNDA, operators like NPCIL have adopted advanced safety technologies for reactors,
ensuring better compliance with global safety benchmarks.
• Deterrence Against Substandard Components: The law disincentivizes suppliers from providing faulty
components, ensuring robust supply chains and reliable equipment for nuclear installations.
For example: The increased focus on supplier accountability helped improve standards for indigenous
components used in the Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant.

Negative impact:
• Hindered Foreign Investments: The right of recourse against suppliers discouraged major foreign firms like
GE and Areva from investing in India's nuclear energy projects.
For example: Westinghouse withdrew negotiations for supplying reactors to India due to liability concerns
under CLNDA.
• Increased Project Costs: Suppliers increased costs to offset potential liabilities, raising the overall expense of
nuclear power projects in India.
For example: The Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project's costs rose significantly due to liability-related concerns
raised by French supplier EDF.
• Delayed Reactor Construction: Legal ambiguities and prolonged negotiations due to liability clauses caused
delays in nuclear projects, slowing the expansion of nuclear capacity.

Reforms needed to enhance India’s nuclear capacity:

• Amend the CLNDA: Align liability norms with global standards by limiting supplier liability to encourage
foreign investment and streamline reactor construction.
For example: The UAE's Barakah Nuclear Plant succeeded by adopting global liability norms, attracting
foreign collaborations and suppliers.
• Liberalize the Atomic Energy Act (1962): Allow private-sector participation to mobilize capital and foster
innovation in reactor construction and management.
 78

For example: India's space sector reforms enabled private companies like Skyroot Aerospace to innovate and
build satellite launch vehicles.
• Establish a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) Framework: Facilitate collaboration between government
agencies like NPCIL and private companies to share costs, expertise, and risks in nuclear projects.
For example: South Korea's PPP model in nuclear energy allowed private firms like KHNP to develop
advanced reactors for domestic and export markets.
• Promote Indigenous Nuclear Technology: Invest in R&D for domestic reactor designs like AHWR
(Advanced Heavy Water Reactor) to reduce dependence on foreign suppliers.
For example: India’s indigenous PHWR reactors have significantly contributed to the existing nuclear power
capacity without external dependency.
• Set up a Nuclear Energy Fund: Create a dedicated fund with contributions from government and private
players to support new nuclear projects and ensure uninterrupted financing.
For example: The French Nuclear Industry Fund supported EDF’s reactor projects, facilitating consistent
growth in nuclear energy capacity.

To unlock India's nuclear potential, we must revamp the Atomic Energy Act to foster private investment and
streamline approvals while addressing ambiguities in the Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act to ensure
investor confidence. "Empowered policies fuel empowered atoms"—with robust reforms, India can lead a clean
energy revolution and meet its growing energy demands sustainably.

https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/india-needs-a-law-to-protect-domestic-workers-rights-
9813906/

3. The Supreme Court has recently directed the Union government to explore the need for a separate law for
domestic workers. Analyze the challenges faced by domestic workers in India and discuss how a dedicated
legal framework can address their vulnerabilities. (15 Marks, 250 Words)
Answer:
Core Demand of the Question
• Examine the need for a separate law for domestic workers as directed by Supreme Court to the Union
government
• Analyze the challenges faced by domestic workers in India
• Discuss how a dedicated legal framework can address their vulnerabilities.

Domestic workers in India, predominantly women, constitute a significant portion of the informal workforce.
Recent estimates suggest that the number of domestic workers ranges from official figures of 4.2 million to unofficial
estimates exceeding 50 million. In January, 2025, the Supreme Court directed the Union government to explore the
feasibility of enacting a separate law to protect domestic workers' rights, highlighting their widespread exploitation
and lack of legal safeguards.

Need for a separate law for domestic workers as directed by Supreme Court to the Union government:

• Lack of regulation: Domestic workers are not covered under existing labor laws like the Minimum Wages Act
or Equal Remuneration Act. A separate law can provide structured regulation.
For example: Domestic workers often work without a fixed wage, facing arbitrary treatment due to the absence
of a formal framework.
 79

• Vulnerability due to informality: Domestic work is largely informal and unregulated, with employers not
recognizing themselves as “employers” or their homes as “workplaces.”
For example: Workers may be denied basic rights like minimum wages or social security, as their employment
is not formally documented.
• Gendered occupation: Domestic work is feminized, with women predominantly employed, and such labor is
undervalued in society. A specific law can address this gender-based disparity.
For example: Women in domestic work are often paid less than men in similar jobs, reflecting social
devaluation.
• Regional and local variations: Domestic work conditions differ across regions. A dedicated law can
incorporate local challenges and solutions.
For example: Kerala and Delhi’s regulatory attempts have varied in addressing regional concerns such as
employment registration and wage rates.
• Enforcement of rights: A separate law can mandate clear procedures for enforcing workers' rights and
providing legal recourse in cases of violations.
For example: Domestic workers may struggle to claim wages without proof of employment, leading to
exploitation.

Challenges Faced by Domestic Workers in India:

• Exploitation through Low Wages: Domestic workers often receive low wages, inadequate for their labor-
intensive work. The lack of minimum wage standards exacerbates this issue.
For example: A domestic worker in Mumbai might earn below the minimum wage, struggling to meet basic
living expenses despite long working hours.
• Absence of Legal Protections: Domestic workers do not have legal protection against harassment or unfair
treatment, making them vulnerable to abuse.
For example: A Delhi worker may face verbal abuse or physical mistreatment but lacks access to legal recourse
due to absence of formal contracts.
• Workplace as Private Space: Domestic work takes place in private homes, complicating regulation and
increasing the power imbalance between employer and employee.
• Job Insecurity: The sector lacks job security, with workers often fired without notice or severance, contributing
to financial instability.
For example: A worker might be suddenly dismissed without compensation after years of service, leaving them
without support or recourse.
• Social and Gender Stigma: Domestic work is socially devalued as “women’s work” and often tied to
marginalized communities, making workers invisible and voiceless.
For example: A migrant woman from a rural area may face social stigma and struggle for recognition as a
legitimate worker.

Dedicated Legal Framework Can Address Vulnerabilities:

• Minimum Wage Enforcement: A dedicated law can establish minimum wages, ensuring fair compensation
for workers in line with their work hours and tasks.
 80

For example: A national law can set a fixed minimum wage for workers across states, ensuring consistent pay
for cleaning, cooking, and caregiving jobs.
• Legal Protections Against Abuse: A clear legal framework would allow workers to seek protection from abuse
and harassment, offering mechanisms for grievances redressal.
For example: The law could introduce mandatory employment contracts to prevent exploitation, giving
workers a legal foundation to challenge mistreatment.
• Social Security Measures: A national framework can provide health insurance, pensions, and other social
benefits, improving workers' financial and health security.
For example: Workers in Kerala already enjoy some benefits, but national laws could ensure that every
domestic worker across India has similar access to social security.
• Formal Employment Registration: A law could mandate employer registration of workers, ensuring both
parties are aware of their rights and responsibilities, reducing exploitation.
For example: Domestic worker unions have advocated for registration to protect workers from dismissal and
facilitate legal aid when needed.
• Acknowledging Housework and Care Work: A dedicated legal framework could acknowledge and value
housework and care work, raising social recognition for domestic workers.
For example: Legislation could mandate respectful working conditions and ensure that domestic work is not
only fairly compensated but also socially valued.

Implementing a dedicated legal framework for domestic workers, in line with schemes such as Pradhan Mantri
Shram Yogi Maan-Dhan Yojana and Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana, would provide essential social
security, ensuring minimum wage enforcement and better workplace safety. This legislation would empower
domestic workers by addressing power imbalances, improving their working conditions, and ultimately
enhancing their human dignity and economic stability.

https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/some-wind-behind-the-sails-of-indias-shipping-
industry/article69177102.ece#:~:text=The%20government%20has%20announced%3A%20a,credit%20inc
entives%20for%20shipbreaking%20in

4. Despite significant investments in maritime infrastructure through Sagarmala and robust GDP growth, India's
shipping industry remains stagnant. Analyze the challenges faced by the sector and suggest comprehensive
measures needed to transform India into a global maritime power while ensuring sustainable development. (15
Marks, 250 Words)
Answer:
Core Demand of the Question
• Highlight the significant investments in maritime infrastructure through Sagarmala and robust GDP growth
• Discuss how despite this significant investment India's shipping industry remains stagnant
• Analyze the challenges faced by India's shipping industry
• Suggest comprehensive measures needed to transform India into a global maritime power while ensuring
sustainable development.
 81

India's maritime sector has received significant attention with the launch of the Sagarmala Programme in 2015,
aiming to modernize port infrastructure and Port led development. The Sagarmala Programme has identified
1,049 projects with an estimated cost of ₹3.62 lakh crore, to boost economic growth.

Recent developments in maritime infrastructure through Sagarmala and GDP growth

• Massive Investment in Sagarmala: The Sagarmala program has outlined 839 projects requiring an investment
of ₹5.8 lakh crore by 2035, with over ₹3 lakh crore already invested in port modernisation and connectivity.
For example: ₹2.91 lakh crore is allocated for port modernisation, and ₹2.06 lakh crore for port connectivity
to enhance cargo movement.
• Strong GDP Growth: India’s GDP rose from ₹153 trillion (2016-17) to ₹272 trillion (2022-23), growing at a
CAGR of 7%, despite COVID-19 disruptions.
For example: The Indian economy is projected to reach $5 trillion by 2027 and $7 trillion by 2030,
strengthening trade prospects.
• Expansion of EXIM Trade: India's export-import (EXIM) trade increased by 77%, from $66 billion (2016-17)
to $116 billion (2022), with an aim to reach $2 trillion by 2030.
For example: Government targets port-led industrialisation with ₹55,800 crore investment, boosting India's
position in global trade.
• Port Development and Modernisation: 241 projects (₹1.22 lakh crore) completed, and 234 projects (₹1.8 lakh
crore) under implementation, focusing on modernising ports and increasing cargo capacity.
For example: Major ports like JNPT and Paradip have undergone capacity expansion to handle higher cargo
volumes efficiently.
• Infrastructure for Coastal & Inland Shipping: ₹55,800 crore allocated for port-led industrialisation, ₹2,900
crore for inland waterways, and new logistics hubs to integrate shipping with rail and road transport.
For example: National Waterway-1 (Ganga) and National Waterway-2 (Brahmaputra) are being developed to
promote inland water transport.

Despite significant investment, India’s shipping industry remains stagnant

• Slow Cargo Growth at Major Ports: Cargo handled at major ports increased only by 14.26% (2016-21), with
an annual growth rate of just 2.85%, despite high investments.
For example: Cargo volume grew from 1,071 million tons (2016-17) to 1,249 million tons (2020-21), far below
expectations.
• Declining Number of Vessels: Despite increased EXIM trade, the number of vessels handled fell by 5.93%,
from 21,655 (2016-17) to 20,371 (2020-21), showing inefficiency.
For example: Indian ports continue to rely on foreign vessels for cargo movement, reducing domestic shipping
opportunities.
• Minimal Growth in Indian Ship Ownership: Indian-registered ships increased from 1,313 (2016-17) to 1,526
(2024), with an average growth of only 2.4% per year.
For example: India’s global ranking in ship ownership fell from 17th to 19th, losing market share to foreign
players.
• Aging Fleet Reducing Competitiveness: The average ship age was 26 years (2022-23), now improved to 21
years, but still higher than global standards.
For example: Recently added 34 younger vessels (average 14 years old) are insufficient to replace aging fleets.
 82

• Foreign Ships Dominate Indian Trade: Foreign-flagged ships carry over 90% of India’s EXIM cargo, benefiting
from lower taxation, cheaper capital, and regulatory advantages.
For example: Foreign vessels operate tax-free in Indian waters, while Indian ships pay 5% IGST, making them
uncompetitive.

Challenges faced by India's shipping industry

• High Borrowing Costs and Limited Capital: Indian shipowners face high interest rates, short loan tenures,
and rigid collateral requirements, restricting expansion.
For example: Indian banks demand additional security instead of accepting ships as collateral, limiting access
to finance.
• Unfavourable Taxation: Indian-flagged ships pay 5% IGST on ship acquisition, while foreign ships operate
tax-free in Indian waters, making them more competitive.
For example: Indian seafarers face TDS deductions, whereas foreign ships hiring Indian crew have no such tax
burden.
• Infrastructure and Shipbuilding Gaps: Indian shipyards lack capacity to build large vessels, face high steel
costs, and depend on imported machinery.
For example: Customs duties on imported parts increase costs, forcing shipowners to prefer foreign-built
vessels.
• Regulatory Burden & Delayed Reforms: The shipping sector suffers from rigid regulations, slow fund
repatriation, and complex licensing procedures.
For example: Obtaining approvals for new ship acquisitions takes longer in India than in tax haven-registered
countries.
• Declining Competitiveness Against Foreign Ships: Foreign-flagged ships enjoy lower costs, relaxed rules,
and easier financing, outcompeting Indian vessels.
For example: Panama and Liberia-registered ships dominate the Indian trade route, due to their cost advantages.

Measures to transform India into a global maritime power while ensuring sustainable development
• Financial Reforms & Cheaper Credit: Lower interest rates, longer loan repayment periods (7-10 years), and
acceptance of ships as collateral to boost ship acquisition.
For example: Maritime Development Fund (₹25,000 crore) should be expanded to provide low-cost financing
for fleet expansion.
• Tax Rationalisation & Incentives: Remove 5% IGST on ship acquisition, provide TDS exemption for Indian
seafarers, and offer tonnage tax benefits to boost competitiveness.
• Boost Domestic Shipbuilding & Green Technology: Expand shipbuilding clusters, modernise shipyards, and
incentivise green shipping technology for sustainability.
For example: The government should subsidise eco-friendly fuel adoption and promote low-emission vessel
construction.
• Infrastructure & Port-Led Growth: Develop deep-draft ports, improve coastal shipping integration, and
increase multi-modal transport connectivity to lower logistics costs.
For example: Sagarmala must prioritise inland waterways, integrating rail-road-shipping for cost-efficient
transport.
 83

• Strategic Global Engagement & Competitiveness: Strengthen global shipping alliances, simplify flagging
policies, and streamline regulatory approvals for Indian-registered ships.
For example: India should negotiate favourable trade agreements with ASEAN, EU, and US for preferential
shipping access.

To elevate India as a global maritime power, a multifaceted approach is required. This includes structural
reforms, enhanced regulatory streamlining, and a pivot towards green technologies to future-proof the sector.
Leveraging the Sagarmala Programme’s investment, India must focus on capacity augmentation, strategic port
connectivity, and financing innovation to unlock its maritime potential and meet its growth targets.

https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-kind-of-jobs-needed-for-the-viksit-bharat-
goal/article69177044.ece#:~:text=Long%2Dterm%20structural%20reforms%20must,resilient%20and%20
aspiration%2Dcentric%20jobs&text=The%20Union%20Budget%20has%20been,writer%20believes%20I
ndia%20must%20create

5. India aims to create climate-resilient, AI-resilient, and aspiration-centric jobs. Analyze how integrating
environmental sustainability, technological adaptation, and youth aspirations can transform India's
employment landscape while addressing challenges of rural-urban divide, gender inclusivity, and economic
self-reliance. Suggest innovative solutions. (15 Marks, 250 Words)
Answer:
Core Demand of the Question
• Highlight that India aims to create climate-resilient, AI-resilient, and aspiration-centric jobs
• Analyze how integrating environmental sustainability, technological adaptation, and youth aspirations can
transform India's employment landscape.
• Discuss the challenges of rural-urban divide, gender inclusivity, and economic self-reliance in transforming
India’s employment landscape.
• Suggest innovative solutions.

India's vision of becoming a $5 trillion economy depends on fostering a workforce prepared for future challenges,
driven by innovation and sustainability. The Union Budget 2024 introduced Employment Linked Incentives
(ELI) aiming to generate over 4 crore jobs in five years with a ₹2 lakh crore outlay. This strategy aligns with global
trends emphasizing sustainable and technologically adaptive employment.

India's Aim to Create Climate-Resilient, AI-Resilient, and Aspiration-Centric Jobs

Climate-Resilient Jobs:
• Green Energy Expansion: Accelerating the transition to 500GW non-fossil energy capacity will generate one
million jobs, particularly in decentralized solar and wind projects, ensuring sustainable livelihoods.
For example: Expanding rooftop solar in urban areas can create local installation and maintenance jobs,
reducing reliance on fossil fuels and improving energy security.
• Sustainable Rural Mobility: Providing state-subsidized e-rickshaws in 6,00,000 villages can generate two
million jobs for women, enhancing rural last-mile connectivity and reducing emissions.
For example: Rural women e-rickshaw drivers in Bihar have improved mobility for children and elderly,
increasing economic participation and household income.
 84

AI-Resilient Jobs:

• Human-Centric Service Expansion: Prioritizing education and healthcare jobs ensures employment in AI-
resistant sectors, bridging existing gaps in teacher-student ratios and doctor availability.
For example: India needs two million more nurses, and training rural youth for these roles can ensure
employment security and improved healthcare.
• Digital Inclusion for Rural Entrepreneurs: Financing the National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM) to link
local products, crafts, and farmers to global markets will make rural jobs AI-resilient.
For example: E-commerce platforms like Amazon Saheli and Flipkart Samarth empower rural artisans by
connecting them to urban markets, ensuring better income and visibility.

Aspiration-Centric Jobs:

• Modernizing Agricultural Processing: Developing 70,000 integrated pack-houses can create two million jobs,
reducing food wastage and improving supply chains for farm produce.
For example: The success of Mega Food Parks in Punjab and Karnataka has shown improved farmer incomes
and better price realization through efficient logistics.
• Youth-Led Tech Startups in Rural Areas: Promoting rural business incubators will help youth engage in
agritech, fintech, and local manufacturing, reducing dependency on government jobs.
For example: DeHaat, a rural agritech startup, provides farmers with AI-driven crop advisory and access to
markets, increasing farm yields and income stability.

Integrating Environmental Sustainability, Technological Adaptation, and Youth Aspirations to Transform

India’s Employment Landscape:
• Sustainable Infrastructure Expansion: Large-scale investments in eco-friendly urban planning, renewable
energy, and water conservation projects can create diverse jobs while ensuring environmental protection.
For example: Smart Cities Mission integrates green transport & waste management, generating employment
in waste recycling, solar energy, and smart grids.
• AI-Enabled Traditional Sectors: AI integration in agriculture, healthcare, and manufacturing can enhance
efficiency while retaining human-centric jobs.
For example: AI-powered precision farming is reducing water & fertilizer waste, increasing farmer incomes
while maintaining traditional employment avenues.
• Entrepreneurship in Sustainable Sectors: Government-backed eco-friendly businesses can create self-reliant
employment while supporting environmental goals.
For example: Cold-pressed oil startups supported by the National Mission on Edible Oils are reducing import
dependence and reviving local rural employment.
• Expansion of Digital & E-commerce Infrastructure: Digital marketplaces for handicrafts, agricultural goods,
and small businesses can connect rural workers with global markets.
For example: GeM (Government e-Marketplace) helps rural artisans sell products online, ensuring better
market access and fair prices.
• Customized Vocational Training Programs: Courses tailored to future job demands—including climate
technology, AI, and sustainable business—can enhance employability.
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For example: NSDC’s AI-Skilling Initiative is training youth in data analytics, automation, and software
development, future-proofing their careers.

Challenges in Transforming India’s Employment Landscape:

Rural-Urban Divide:
• Limited Access to Opportunities: Skill training centers, IT hubs, and business incubation facilities are
concentrated in urban areas, limiting rural employment opportunities.
For example: 80% of IT jobs in India are in Tier-1 cities, creating a migration burden on urban infrastructure.
• Inadequate Rural Infrastructure: Poor transport, power supply, and digital connectivity hinder rural
employment growth and business expansion.
For example: Only 51% of rural households have internet access, restricting participation in e-commerce and
remote jobs.

Gender Inclusivity:
• Low Female Workforce Participation: Cultural barriers and safety concerns restrict women’s access to
employment, particularly in STEM, transportation, and heavy industries.
For example: Despite the high proportion of female STEM graduates, women account for less than a third of
the STEM workforce in India at 27 percent.
• Limited Support for Women Entrepreneurs: Lack of financial support and mentorship hinders female-led
businesses, especially in rural areas.
For example: As per RBI report, Women-led MSMEs receive only 7% of total business loans, limiting their
growth and employment generation capacity.

Economic Self-Reliance:
• High Import Dependence: India imports 57% of its edible oils, 85% of solar modules, and 75% of
semiconductors, affecting domestic manufacturing jobs.
For example: The PLI scheme for semiconductors aims to boost local chip production, reducing dependence
on foreign manufacturers.
• Slow Growth in Non-Farm Jobs: Agriculture employs 42% of the workforce but contributes only 18% to
GDP, highlighting the need for diversified employment options.
For example: Integrated pack-houses can improve food processing and create over 2 million jobs by reducing
post-harvest losses.

Innovative Solutions for Job Creation:

• Decentralized Renewable Energy Jobs: Promote rooftop solar, microgrid management, and biomass energy
generation to increase rural employment and reduce power shortages.
For example: Decentralized solar power plants in Rajasthan have created more than 20,000 rural jobs, while
reducing reliance on coal energy.
• AI-Powered Local Manufacturing: Invest in AI-driven automated production of agricultural tools,
handicrafts, and medical equipment to boost domestic manufacturing.
For example: 3D-printed prosthetic limbs are being developed in India, reducing costs and creating local tech
jobs.
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• Women-Centric Mobility Solutions: Provide state-subsidized e-rickshaws and women-only transport services
to enhance female employment in mobility sectors.
For example: Delhi’s Pink Auto initiative has provided employment to thousands of women drivers, improving
safety and financial independence.
• Tech-Enabled Agri-Processing Units: Establish smart cold storage, digital supply chains, and blockchain-
based agri-marketplaces to enhance rural job creation.
For example: E-NAM (National Agriculture Market) is helping farmers sell directly to consumers, cutting
middlemen costs and boosting profits.
• Gig Economy Expansion in Rural Areas: Enable platform-based gig work in teaching, health advisory, and
business consultancy to create self-employment in rural regions.
For example: AI-powered telemedicine platforms provide remote healthcare jobs, allowing doctors and nurses
to serve patients in underserved areas.

Integrating environmental sustainability, technological adaptation, and youth aspirations can transform India's
employment landscape, addressing challenges like the rural-urban divide, gender inclusivity, and economic self-
reliance. By fostering green energy, AI-integrated skill development, and aspiration-driven opportunities,
India can achieve a Viksit Bharat with a resilient and inclusive workforce.

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budget/article69173394.ece

6. The Budget has introduced significant tax cuts by exempting incomes up to ₹12 lakh from taxation, aiming to
boost disposable income, but at the cost of a revenue loss. Discuss the long-term implications of such tax cuts
on fiscal sustainability, public investment, and economic growth. (15 Marks, 250 Words)
Answer:
Core Demand of the Question
• Highlight how the Budget has introduced significant tax cuts by exempting incomes up to ₹12 lakh from
taxation, aiming to boost disposable income, but at the cost of a revenue loss.
• Discuss the long-term implications of such tax cuts on fiscal sustainability
• Discuss the long-term implications of such tax cuts on public investment
• Discuss the long-term implications of such tax cuts on economic growth.

The Budget is an annual financial statement presented by the government, outlining revenue and expenditure plans.
According to Article 112 of the Indian Constitution, it aims to ensure financial stability. A tax cut refers to a reduction
in the amount of taxes individuals or businesses are required to pay, often aimed at increasing disposable income and
stimulating economic activity. The recent Budget's decision to exempt incomes up to ₹12 lakh from taxation seeks
to enhance consumer spending.

Current Scenario after exempting incomes up to ₹12 lakh in Budget 2025-26

• Exemption of incomes up to ₹12 lakh from taxation: The Budget has significantly altered the personal income
tax structure by exempting incomes up to ₹12 lakh, offering substantial relief to middle-income taxpayers and
increasing their disposable income.
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• Reduction in tax liabilities across various income brackets: The revised tax slabs have lowered tax liabilities
for a wide range of taxpayers, ensuring that individuals at different income levels benefit from these changes.
For example: A taxpayer with an annual income of ₹15 lakh will see their tax outgo reduced significantly,
allowing for greater financial flexibility and increased household consumption.
• Revenue loss of ₹1 lakh crore due to tax cuts: While these changes provide relief to taxpayers, they result in
a direct tax revenue loss of ₹1 lakh crore, potentially constraining the government's ability to fund
developmental initiatives.
For example: The government may struggle to finance infrastructure projects like roads and railways if tax
revenues fall short, delaying economic growth and job creation.
• Tax-base erosion amid declining household savings: The decline in household savings (down to 18.4% of
GDP in FY23, as per Economic Survey 2024-25) raises concerns about the sustainability of these tax cuts, as
lower savings can affect long-term capital formation.
For example: A continued reduction in household savings can limit capital available for bank lending,
impacting sectors like housing and small businesses that rely on credit availability.

Long-term implications of such tax cuts on fiscal sustainability

• Increased fiscal deficit risk due to revenue loss: The ₹1 lakh crore revenue loss weakens fiscal consolidation
efforts, making it harder for the government to achieve the 4.4% fiscal deficit target in FY26.
For example: If tax revenue falls short, the government may be forced to increase borrowing, crowding out
private investment and leading to higher interest rates in the long run.
• Reduced capacity for welfare and social programs: The reduction in tax revenues could restrict the
government’s ability to fund social welfare programs such as healthcare, subsidies, and poverty alleviation,
which are vital for equitable growth.
For example: Programs like the PM-KISAN scheme or healthcare initiatives may face budget cuts, affecting
vulnerable populations and widening the inequality gap in rural and economically weaker areas.
• Potential increase in government borrowing and debt servicing burden: To compensate for revenue loss,
the government may need to borrow more, increasing the debt-to-GDP ratio and diverting funds towards interest
payments instead of productive investment.
For example: India's net market borrowings of ₹11.54 lakh crore could crowd out private capital, reducing
corporate investments in key sectors like manufacturing and technology.
• Risk of unsustainable consumption-driven growth: While tax cuts boost consumption, they may not
necessarily translate into higher long-term economic growth, especially if investment in innovation and
productivity remains low.

Long-term Implications of Tax Cuts on Public Investment

• Reduced Fiscal Space for Infrastructure Development: Lower tax revenues reduce the government’s ability
to fund infrastructure projects like roads, railways, and energy, which are crucial for economic growth and job
creation.
For example: India’s fiscal deficit widened in FY21 due to lower tax revenues and pandemic-related spending,
forcing the government to delay infrastructure projects under the National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP).
• Strain on Social Welfare Expenditure: Public investment in healthcare, education, and social security may
face budgetary constraints, affecting long-term human capital development and social mobility.
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For example: Similar to Brazil’s 2016 constitutional amendment that froze public spending on healthcare and
education for 20 years, India’s fiscal challenges in recent years have led to restrictions on state spending for
social welfare programs.
• Increased Dependence on Borrowing: A shortfall in tax revenue forces the government to borrow more,
leading to rising public debt, higher interest payments, and limited funds for future investments.
For example: The U.S. tax cuts in 2017 led to an increase in the fiscal deficit, constraining future federal
spending on infrastructure and welfare.
• Pressure on State Finances: Lower central tax collections mean lower tax devolution to states, affecting their
ability to fund local development projects and welfare schemes.
For example: India’s GST revenue shortfall in 2020 forced states to borrow from the market to fund
expenditures, affecting social sector schemes like PM-KISAN and rural employment programs.

Long-term Implications on Economic Growth

• Lower Public Investment Reducing Productivity: Public investment in research, innovation, and
infrastructure boosts long-term economic productivity. Reduced tax revenues limit such investments, affecting
future growth.
For example: India’s low R&D spending (0.64% of GDP) compared to Germany’s 3.1% has contributed to
weaker manufacturing competitiveness and slower industrial innovation.
• Higher Inflation and Interest Rates: If the government compensates for revenue losses by borrowing, it
increases public debt, potentially leading to higher inflation and interest rates, discouraging private investment.
For example: Argentina’s fiscal deficits and reliance on external borrowing led to high inflation and currency
devaluation in 2018, worsening economic instability.
• Lower Household Savings Affecting Capital Formation: Tax cuts increase consumption in the short term,
but if they reduce household savings, they can limit domestic capital formation and investment.
• Trade Deficit Due to Weak Industrial Growth: Lower tax revenues limit government support for export-
oriented industries, affecting competitiveness and increasing trade deficits.
For example: South Africa’s underinvestment in manufacturing due to fiscal constraints led to a decline in
industrial output, reducing its global trade competitiveness and widening the trade deficit.

Balancing fiscal sustainability and economic growth requires strategic measures. To offset revenue loss, the
government must broaden the tax base, curb tax evasion, and enhance compliance. Redirecting resources toward
high-impact public investments in infrastructure and human capital can drive sustainable growth, ensuring that
increased disposable income translates into long-term prosperity.

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budget/article69173394.ece

7. Initiatives such as the Prime Minister Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana and the enhancement of the Kisan Credit
Card (KCC) loan limit have been introduced in the recent Budget to strengthen the agricultural sector.
Analyze the potential impact of these measures while also evaluating their effectiveness in tackling structural
challenges in India's agricultural markets. (15 Marks, 250 Words)
Answer:
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Core Demand of the Question

• Mention the initiatives such as the Prime Minister Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana and the enhancement of
the Kisan Credit Card (KCC) loan limit that have been introduced in the recent Budget to strengthen the
agricultural sector.
• Analyze the potential impact of these measures.
• Evaluate their effectiveness in tackling structural challenges in India's agricultural markets.
• Evaluate their ineffectiveness in tackling structural challenges in India's agricultural markets.
• Suggest a way ahead

Agriculture, the backbone of India's economy, faces structural challenges such as fragmented landholdings,
inadequate credit access, and market inefficiencies. The recent Budget introduced initiatives like the Prime
Minister Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana and enhancements in the Kisan Credit Card (KCC) loan limit to boost
farmers' financial resilience. Their success will determine progress in overcoming inefficiencies in agricultural
markets.

Initiatives Introduced in the Recent Budget to Strengthen the Agricultural Sector

• Prime Minister Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana: This initiative aims to enhance agricultural productivity and
climate resilience, ensuring food security through improved farming practices and sustainable techniques.
For example: Precision farming techniques like drip irrigation and AI-driven soil analysis under similar
schemes have boosted productivity in states like Maharashtra and Karnataka.
• Increase in Kisan Credit Card (KCC) Loan Limit: The loan limit has been raised from ₹3 lakh to ₹5 lakh,
allowing farmers greater financial flexibility to invest in seeds, fertilizers, and modern farming equipment.
For example: In Punjab and Haryana, higher credit limits have enabled small farmers to adopt mechanized
tools, reducing dependency on manual labor and improving efficiency.
• Targeted Interventions in Low-Productivity Districts: The Budget focuses on 100 low-productivity districts,
providing region-specific solutions such as improved irrigation facilities, high-yield seeds, and better storage
infrastructure to enhance yield and profitability.
For example: A similar district-focused approach in Gujarat’s Saurashtra region led to a significant increase in
cotton yield through better irrigation and soil management.
• Emphasis on High-Yielding Seeds: A National Mission on High-Yielding Seeds is introduced to improve seed
quality and reduce crop failures due to unpredictable weather patterns and soil degradation.
For example: The introduction of climate-resilient wheat varieties in Uttar Pradesh has helped mitigate yield
losses during extreme temperature fluctuations in recent years.
• Shift from Blanket Subsidies to Precision Support: The Budget prioritizes financial support over direct
subsidies, ensuring that farmers receive customized assistance based on regional and crop-specific needs, rather
than generic subsidies.
For example: In Telangana, targeted support for paddy farmers through soil health monitoring and digital
advisory services has resulted in higher crop yields and better market prices.

Potential Impact of These Measures

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• Enhanced Productivity through High-Yielding Seeds: The focus on high-yielding seeds and better irrigation
will increase per-acre output, ensuring higher farmer incomes and improve national food security.
For example: The adoption of hybrid maize varieties in Madhya Pradesh under a similar program led to an
increase in production within three years.
• Improved Financial Access for Small Farmers: The enhanced KCC loan limit allows small and marginal
farmers to access larger credit amounts, reducing dependency on informal moneylenders who charge exorbitant
interest rates.
• Greater Climate Resilience: The Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana promotes sustainable agriculture, ensuring
farmers adopt water-efficient and climate-smart farming practices, reducing risks posed by unpredictable
monsoons and climate change.
For example: In Rajasthan, the promotion of drought-resistant millet varieties has helped farmers sustain
production despite declining rainfall trends.
• Higher Farmer Incomes and Rural Prosperity: With increased access to credit and better infrastructure,
farmers can invest in modern technology, reducing post-harvest losses and securing better market prices.
• Reduced Farm Distress and Debt Trap: The focus on credit enhancement and targeted interventions in
struggling districts will help alleviate financial distress, reducing the incidence of farmer suicides due to debt
burdens.
For example: In Vidarbha, Maharashtra, a loan restructuring scheme helped farmers stabilize incomes,
leading to a decline in debt-related distress cases over time.

Effectiveness in Tackling Structural Challenges

• Improving Access to Credit for Farmers: The increase in the KCC loan limit provides greater financial
flexibility to farmers, reducing their reliance on informal moneylenders.
For example: Small and marginal farmers, who form nearly 86% of India's farming community, often struggle
to obtain formal credit. This measure can help them invest in quality seeds and machinery.
• Enhancing Productivity and Climate Resilience: The Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana promotes high-yielding
seeds and climate-resilient farming, which are crucial for sustaining food security amid climate change.
For example: In states like Punjab and Haryana, where erratic monsoons impact yields, access to high-yielding
and drought-resistant seeds can stabilize output.
• Reducing Overdependence on Subsidies: The focus on targeted credit support instead of blanket subsidies
aims to encourage more efficient resource allocation and reduce wasteful expenditure.
For example: Direct cash transfers under PM-KISAN have improved income security for farmers without
distorting the input market like excessive fertilizer subsidies do.
• Strengthening Farm Mechanization and Input Usage: Increased credit availability allows farmers to invest
in modern equipment, irrigation systems, and storage facilities, reducing post-harvest losses and improving
productivity.
• Supporting Marginal and Small Farmers: Enhanced financial aid empowers marginal farmers, enabling them
to adopt better technologies and transition towards sustainable farming practices.
For example: Odisha's Millet Mission, which supports small farmers in millet production, shows how targeted
credit can boost production of climate-resilient crops.

Ineffectiveness in Tackling Structural Challenges

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• Failure to Address Price Volatility: While credit access is improved, farmers still lack assured pricing
mechanisms, making them vulnerable to market fluctuations.
For example: Tomato farmers in Karnataka suffered heavy losses in 2023 despite bumper yields, as prices
crashed due to oversupply.
• No Structural Reform in Agricultural Markets: Credit support alone does not fix inefficiencies in
agricultural marketing and supply chains, which result in farmers getting low prices for their produce.
For example: APMC market restrictions prevent farmers from directly selling to buyers at competitive prices.
• Dependence on Short-Term Debt: Increasing credit limits without improving income diversification risks
trapping farmers in a cycle of debt, especially in regions prone to climate shocks.
For example: Vidarbha farmers take short-term loans for inputs but struggle with repayments due to
unpredictable monsoons, leading to rising indebtedness.
• Lack of Focus on Agricultural Exports: The measures do not address India’s low agricultural exports (2-3%
of World agriculture trade), limiting opportunities for farmers to access global markets and premium pricing.
For example: India leads in millet production, but without strong export policies, farmers struggle to sell at
competitive prices internationally.
• Ignoring the Role of Post-Harvest Infrastructure: Increased credit may help farmers produce more, but
without storage and processing facilities, they suffer from post-harvest losses.

Way Aead
• Strengthening Market Linkages and Price Stability: The government must expand MSP coverage and
promote contract farming to ensure better price realization for farmers.
For example: The success of AMUL’s dairy model in Gujarat shows how cooperative farming and assured
pricing can improve farmer income.
• Developing Robust Post-Harvest Infrastructure: Investments in cold storage, warehousing, and food
processing units can reduce post-harvest losses and stabilize prices.
For example: Maharashtra’s cold storage network for mangoes has helped farmers extend the shelf life of
produce and fetch better prices in export markets.
• Encouraging Crop Diversification and Sustainable Farming: Farmers should be incentivized to grow high-
value and climate-resilient crops instead of being dependent on water-intensive crops.
For example: Telangana’s push for oilseed cultivation has helped farmers shift from water-intensive paddy to
more sustainable alternatives.
• Facilitating Agricultural Export Growth: Policies should focus on enhancing agricultural exports by
improving quality standards and market access.
• Implementing Digital Agricultural Reforms: Adoption of AI-driven precision farming, digital land records,
and real-time price discovery platforms can reduce inefficiencies in the agricultural value chain.
For example: E-NAM (Electronic National Agriculture Market) has helped farmers access better prices by
connecting them directly with buyers across India.

Strengthening the agricultural sector requires focused efforts on financial inclusion, market access, and
technology integration. Measures like the Prime Minister Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana and enhanced KCC
limits can drive immediate relief, but addressing structural market challenges will need a more comprehensive
approach, including sustainable farming practices and improved infrastructure.
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budget/article69173394.ece

8. The Budget has introduced enhanced credit facilities for MSMEs, including revised classification criteria and
increased investment limits. Critically analyze how these measures can impact the growth and
competitiveness of MSMEs while addressing the challenges of credit accessibility and financial sustainability.
(15 Marks, 250 Words)
Answer:
Core Demand of the Question
• Highlight the enhanced credit facilities for MSMEs, including revised classification criteria and increased
investment limits introduced in budget 2025.
• Analyze the positive impact of these measures on the growth and competitiveness of MSMEs
• Analyze the negative impact of these measures on the growth and competitiveness of MSMEs
• Mention the challenges faced by MSMEs related to credit accessibility and financial sustainability.
• Suggest a way forward.

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) play a crucial role in India's economy, contributing significantly
to employment. MSMEs account for nearly 30% of India's GDP and employ over 110 million people, making up
to 45% of total exports are key drivers of economic growth and job creation. Their resilience and innovation also
contribute to regional development, promoting inclusive growth across urban and rural areas.

Enhanced Credit Facilities for MSMEs in Budget 2025

• Increased Investment Limits and Turnover Thresholds: The investment limits for MSMEs have been
increased by 2.5 times, and turnover thresholds have been doubled, allowing businesses to scale up operations.
For instance: A small textile manufacturing unit that previously struggled to qualify as an MSME due to
investment limits can now expand its production capacity without losing its benefits.
• Expansion of Credit Facilities: Enhanced credit facilities for MSMEs include easier access to low-interest
loans, collateral-free credit, and extended repayment tenures to reduce financial stress.
For instance: A food processing startup can now secure loans at lower rates, enabling it to invest in modern
machinery and improve efficiency without immediate financial burden.
• Launch of National Manufacturing Mission: This initiative aims to improve the ease of doing business by
reducing bureaucratic hurdles, offering financial support, and fostering technological upgradation.
• Targeted Support for MSMEs in High-Growth Sectors: The Budget prioritizes financial incentives for
MSMEs in clean-tech, renewable energy, and export-oriented manufacturing, promoting industry
diversification.
For example: A lithium battery recycling MSME will now receive duty exemptions and incentives, helping it
become globally competitive.
• Integration of MSMEs into Global Supply Chains: Revised criteria and incentives focus on making MSMEs
globally competitive by boosting exports and technology adoption.
For example: A pharmaceutical MSME producing Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) can now expand
operations and enter international markets with financial backing.

Positive Impact of These Measures on MSME Growth and Competitiveness

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• Improved Access to Finance: Enhanced credit facilities will enable MSMEs to invest in capacity expansion,
technology upgrades, and infrastructure, improving their overall competitiveness.
For example: A solar panel MSME can now install advanced manufacturing equipment, improving
productivity and reducing production costs.
• Greater Scale and Efficiency: With increased investment limits, MSMEs can expand operations without losing
incentives, allowing them to achieve economies of scale and lower unit costs.
For example: An agro-processing MSME that previously operated at a small scale can now expand and compete
with larger firms in the domestic and international markets.
• Boost to Employment and Innovation: Financial support for MSMEs in high-growth sectors will encourage
job creation, skill development, and technological innovations, strengthening India's industrial base.
• Improved Export Competitiveness: MSMEs integrated into global supply chains can access international
markets, benefiting from trade facilitation programs like Bharat Trade Net (BTN).
For example: An organic food MSME producing millet-based products can now enhance exports due to
easier trade compliance and better financing.
• Strengthening of Strategic Sectors: MSMEs in renewable energy, electronics, and pharmaceuticals will gain
financial support, helping India reduce import dependence and enhance self-sufficiency.

Negative Impact of These Measures on MSME Growth and Competitiveness

• Risk of Over-Leveraging and Default: Easy access to credit may increase MSME debt burdens, leading to
financial distress if revenues do not grow as expected.
• Limited Focus on Core Competitiveness Issues: Credit availability alone does not solve regulatory
inefficiencies, infrastructure bottlenecks, or low R&D spending, which are critical for global competitiveness.
For example: An automobile parts MSME may still face high compliance costs and weak IP protection, making
it difficult to compete with global firms.
• Erosion of Fiscal Resources: The government faces a ₹1 lakh crore revenue loss due to tax cuts, which might
lead to reduced public investment in infrastructure, affecting MSMEs.
• Short-Term Growth Without Long-Term Sustainability: Increased loans focus on immediate expansion
rather than fostering long-term innovation and productivity improvements.
For example: A garment MSME investing in machinery using a loan may not sustain growth if it lacks product
innovation and market differentiation strategies.
• Unequal Benefit Distribution: Larger MSMEs with better financial records will gain more from the revised
classification, while smaller businesses may still struggle with credit accessibility.
For example: A tech MSME with strong financial backing can secure large loans, whereas a small handicrafts
MSME might face bureaucratic delays in loan approval.

Challenges Faced by MSMEs in credit accessibility and Financial sustainability

• Limited Access to Formal Credit: MSMEs often struggle to obtain loans from banks due to a lack of collateral,
high perceived risk, and stringent documentation requirements, pushing them towards costly informal
borrowing.
For example: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has acknowledged a substantial credit gap in the MSME sector,
estimated between ₹20 to ₹25 lakh crore as per the U.K. Sinha Committee Report.
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• High Cost of Credit: Despite government schemes, many MSMEs face high interest rates and processing fees,
making credit expensive and affecting their working capital management and profitability.
• Delayed Payments and Cash Flow Issues: MSMEs often face delayed payments from large corporations and
government projects, leading to liquidity crunches that affect their ability to pay salaries, procure raw materials,
and sustain operations.
• Lack of Financial Literacy and Credit Awareness: Many MSMEs are unaware of credit schemes, subsidies,
and formal financial tools, limiting their ability to access affordable credit, especially among micro-enterprises
and rural businesses.
For example: The RBI's initiatives, such as the NAMCABS program, aim to improve bankers' understanding
of MSME credit needs, highlighting the need for increased financial literacy.
• Vulnerability to Economic Shocks: Due to their small scale, MSMEs are highly vulnerable to economic
downturns, inflation, and policy changes, and without financial reserves, many businesses shut down during
crises.
For example: During the COVID-19 pandemic, a significant number of Indian MSMEs faced severe financial
distress, leading to closures, as reported by various industry bodies.

Way Forward
• Simplified and Faster Loan Disbursal Process: The government should push for digitization of loan
applications, reduced paperwork, and quicker loan approvals under schemes like MUDRA and CGTMSE,
ensuring faster access to funds.
For example: The RBI's Unified Lending Interface (ULI), launched as a pilot program in August 2023, aims
to provide MSMEs with tailored, frictionless credit using digital data.
• Reduction in Interest Rates for MSMEs: To improve financial sustainability, special interest rate subsidies
or differentiated banking rates should be introduced, ensuring cheaper credit for MSMEs compared to large
firms.
• Strict Implementation of MSME Payment Deadlines: Enforcing penalties on delayed payments by large
firms and government departments can ensure timely cash flows for MSMEs, reducing their reliance on external
borrowing.
For example: The implementation of the Trade Receivables Discounting System (TReDS) by the RBI
facilitates MSMEs' trade receivable financing through electronic platforms, aiming to address delayed
payments.
• Financial Literacy and Awareness Campaigns: The government should conduct nationwide financial literacy
programs to educate MSMEs about formal credit systems, risk management, and available financial assistance
programs.
• Encouraging Alternative Financing Methods: MSMEs should be encouraged to explore invoice discounting,
venture capital, and crowdfunding to reduce dependency on traditional bank loans and improve financial
resilience.

Strengthening credit accessibility and financial sustainability through enhanced facilities can drive MSME
growth and competitiveness. To maximize impact, efficient policy implementation, streamlined loan
disbursement, and digital financial integration are crucial. Future reforms must ensure inclusive financing, foster
innovation, and create a resilient MSME ecosystem, catalyzing sustained economic development and job creation.
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bharat/article69211937.ece#:~:text=Gender%20budget%20allocation,49%20Union%20Ministries%20and
%20departments.

9. India's vision of Viksit Bharat emphasizes women-led development through increased gender budgeting and
various initiatives. However, challenges like informal sector dominance and gender gap in labor force
participation persist. Critically analyze the effectiveness of current measures and suggest comprehensive
reforms for achieving 70% of women’s economic participation by 2047. (15 Marks, 250 Words)
Answer:
Core Demand of the Question
• Highlight that India's vision of Viksit Bharat emphasizes women-led development through increased gender
budgeting and various initiatives.
• Discuss challenges like informal sector dominance and gender gap in labor force participation that still
persist.
• Analyze the positive effectiveness of current measures
• Analyze the shortcomings of current measures
• Suggest comprehensive reforms for achieving 70% of women’s economic participation by 2047.

Gender budgeting is a fiscal approach that integrates a gender perspective into all stages of public spending,
ensuring equitable resource allocation and addressing women’s specific needs. India’s aspiration for Viksit
Bharat is being realized through women-driven development, strengthened by progressive gender budgeting.

India's Vision of Viksit Bharat: Women-Led Development Through Gender Budgeting and Initiatives
• Increased Gender Budget Allocation: The gender budget has risen to 8.8% of the total budget, marking the
highest allocation in two decades.
For example: ₹4.49 lakh crore has been allocated across 49 Ministries, with 12 additional Ministries integrating
gender budgets, including sectors like railways and food processing.
• Focus on Skilling and Employment: Key schemes like Skill India Programme and DAY-NRLM now have
₹1.24 lakh crore, with 52% allocated to women and girls.
For example: The PM Vishwakarma scheme empowers women artisans by providing skill development and
marketing support, enhancing their economic prospects.
• Support for Women Entrepreneurs: Efforts like collateral-free loans and financial literacy programs aim to
unlock finance for women-owned enterprises, employing millions and boosting GDP.
For example: The government’s Udyam portal shows 20.5% MSMEs are women-owned, employing
approximately 27 million people.
• Formalization of Gig Workers: Proposals to issue identity cards via the e-Shram portal aim to extend social
security to women in the informal sector.
For example: Gig workers in food delivery and domestic services now access maternity benefits and accident
insurance through such formalization.
• Leveraging Technology for Empowerment: The India AI Mission dedicates ₹600 crore to provide digital
education and AI-based skills, ensuring women's competitiveness in the future of work.
For example: AI-based tools in agriculture are empowering women farmers by improving yield predictions
and providing market intelligence for better crop pricing.
 96

Challenges Persisting in Informal Sector Dominance and Labor Force Gender Gap
• High Informal Sector Participation: Over 90% of working women are in the informal sector, lacking job
security, fair wages, and maternity benefits.
For example: Women in domestic work often earn below the minimum wage, with no entitlement to health
insurance or paid leave benefits.
• Lack of Social Security Coverage: Informal workers, including gig workers, lack comprehensive social
protection like pensions and insurance, impacting their long-term economic security.
• Gender Gap in Labor Force Participation: The FLFPR is 42% (2023-24), significantly lower than men’s
79%, requiring structural changes to enhance women’s workforce participation.
For example: Women's employment in agriculture is widespread but unrecognized due to lack of land
ownership, impacting their economic contributions.
• Barriers in Access to Credit: Women face difficulty accessing credit due to rigid documentation requirements
like land ownership for Kisan Credit Cards.
• Underrepresentation in Decision-Making Roles: Women’s presence in leadership roles in corporate and
governance structures is minimal, restricting their ability to influence policy and economic outcomes.
For example: As per Deloitte India Report, Only 17% of board members in India’s top companies are women,
showing a need for stronger corporate diversity policies.

Positive Effectiveness of Current Measures

• Enhanced Skilling and Entrepreneurship: Programs like the Skill India Programme and PM Vishwakarma
Yojana have provided targeted training and market linkages to enhance women’s workforce readiness.
For example: Over 52% of funds under these programs are directed toward women, fostering their skilling and
entrepreneurial growth.
• Formalization of Informal Work: Initiatives like the e-Shram portal provide gig workers with identity cards,
enabling access to social security and financial inclusion benefits.
For example: More than 2 crore women gig workers have been registered, ensuring maternity benefits and
accident insurance.
• Support for Women-Owned Enterprises: Simplified credit access and financial literacy programs have
boosted the growth of women-owned MSMEs.
Use of Technology for Inclusion: Investments in AI-based education and gender-focused schemes under the
India AI Mission empower women for future jobs.

Shortcomings of Current Measures

• Gender Gap in Workforce Participation: The FLFPR of 42% is still far from the global average of 47%,
reflecting slow progress in achieving parity.
For example: Women’s participation in manufacturing and industrial sectors remains marginal compared to
men.
• Inadequate Access to Credit: Women farmers and entrepreneurs face barriers in accessing finance due to
stringent requirements like land ownership or collateral.
• Unequal Implementation of Social Security: Social security benefits are not uniformly enforced, with gaps in
coverage for gig workers and informal sector employees.
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For example: Many women registered on the e-Shram portal report delays in receiving promised benefits like
accident insurance or pensions.
• Under representation in Policy and Leadership: Women’s voices are still underrepresented in policymaking
and leadership roles, limiting their influence in economic reforms.
For example: Women hold less than 10% of senior management positions in India’s public and private sectors.

Comprehensive Reforms for Achieving 70% Women’s Economic Participation by 2047

• Formalizing the Informal Sector: Establish a universal labor code to ensure job security, social protection,
and maternity benefits for informal sector workers.
For example: Introducing schemes like portable social security accounts for domestic workers and gig workers
can safeguard their financial security.
• Promoting Financial Inclusion: Simplify access to credit through collateral-free loans, alternative credit
scoring models, and targeted financial literacy programs for women.
For example: Expansion of initiatives like Stand-Up India to cover more women entrepreneurs in rural and
semi-urban areas.
• Closing Skill Gaps in Emerging Sectors: Introduce gender-specific skilling programs in AI, robotics, and
renewable energy, targeting women for leadership in high-growth industries.
For example: Establish 50 Centres of Excellence for Women in Technology under the India AI Mission to
foster tech-driven employment opportunities.
• Addressing Social Norms: Launch nationwide campaigns to challenge patriarchal norms and promote shared
household responsibilities, enabling women to pursue careers.
For example: Similar to the Beti Bachao Beti Padhao campaign, focus on changing societal mindsets about
women’s roles in work and leadership.
• Strengthening Women’s Representation: Enforce gender quotas in policymaking, leadership roles, and
corporate boards to ensure women’s voices are heard.
For example: Mandating 30% representation of women in leadership positions in public and private
organizations can drive equitable decision-making.

Achieving 70% women's economic participation by 2047 demands a paradigm shift in policies. By
strengthening gender budgeting, formalizing the informal sector, and bridging skill gaps, India can empower its
women. "Empowered women, empowered nation" must drive action, fostering an inclusive workforce and
ensuring sustainable development for a truly Viksit Bharat.

https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/indian-industry-needs-innovation-not-mindless-
toil/article69255370.ece

10. Discuss the challenges faced by India's manufacturing sector due to its reliance on cheap labor and the lack
of technological innovation. How does this over-reliance impact the competitiveness of Indian industries in the
global market? (15 Marks, 250 Words)
Answer:
 98

Core Demand of the Question

• Discuss the challenges faced by India's manufacturing sector due to its reliance on cheap labor and the lack of
technological innovation
• Analyse how this over-reliance impact the competitiveness of Indian industries in the global market
• Suggest a way ahead

India’s manufacturing sector contributes 17% to GDP but heavily depends on cheap labor, with over 70% of
workers in small, unregistered enterprises (PLFS 2023-24). Meanwhile, low R&D spending (0.7% of GDP) limits
technological innovation, hindering global competitiveness.

Challenges faced by India's manufacturing sector due to reliance on cheap labor and lack of technological
innovation

• Long Working Hours & Low Productivity: Indian workers put in longer hours than their global counterparts
but remain less productive due to outdated technology and inefficient management.
For example: According to the ILO (2024), Indian workers average 46.7 hours per week, significantly higher
than the United States (38 hours) and Japan (36.6 hours), yet with lower productivity.
• Stagnation in Small Firms: Over 70% of manufacturing workers are employed in small, unregistered
enterprises that lack access to advanced machinery and financial support, limiting growth potential.
For example: In Ludhiana and Coimbatore, small factories produce auto parts and machinery components, but
owners struggle with delayed payments from larger firms, restricting technological investments.
• Exploitation of Contract Workers: Since 56% of factory hires after 2011-12 are contract workers, they face
low wages, job insecurity, and no social security, leading to low motivation and high drop out rates.
For example: In India’s textile industry, garment workers, mostly migrants, are paid below minimum wage,
forcing them into excessive overtime to meet export demands.
• Lack of Government Support for R&D: India’s R&D investment in manufacturing remains low, making
industries reliant on imported technology rather than fostering indigenous innovation and automation.
For example: China spends 2.4% of its GDP on R&D, enabling firms like Huawei and BYD to lead in
innovation, while India spends only 0.7%, limiting advancements.
• Dependency on Low-Skill Jobs: Industries focus on low-skill, labor-intensive production rather than upskilling
workers for automation or AI-driven processes, hampering long-term industrial progress.
For example: Unlike Vietnam, which upskilled workers in high-tech electronic manufacturing, Indian firms
rely on manual assembly in sectors like automobiles and textiles, reducing global competitiveness.

Impact of over-reliance on cheap labor on India's global competitiveness

• Weak Performance in Exports: India’s global share in garment exports remains stagnant at 3.1% over two
decades, as firms avoid upgrading technology and automation to compete internationally.
For example: Bangladesh and Vietnam, despite having lower labor costs, surpass India in garment exports by
investing in modern factories and efficient supply chains.
• Failure to Scale Up Industries: The dominance of small, unregistered firms prevents India from building large-
scale, high-tech industries, reducing economies of scale and cost competitiveness.
For example: China’s electronics sector grew by consolidating large firms, while India’s fragmented supply
chain hinders competitiveness in global electronics markets.
 99

• Inability to Compete in High-Tech Sectors: With a lack of investment in automation, AI, and robotics, India
lags in high-value manufacturing sectors like semiconductors, aerospace, and electric vehicles.
For example: Tesla and Samsung choose Vietnam and China for manufacturing due to better technological
capabilities, bypassing India despite its large workforce.
• Depressed Domestic Demand: Low wages lead to weakened purchasing power, limiting demand for industrial
goods and consumer products, restricting domestic economic expansion.
For example: India’s automobile sector underperforms compared to China, where rising wages fueled strong
domestic demand for vehicles, supporting industry growth.
• Short-Term Profit over Long-Term Growth: Indian firms maximize short-term profits through low wages
but fail to invest in efficiency improvements, making them vulnerable to global disruptions and competition.
For example: India’s textile exports declined as Western buyers preferred sustainable and automated factories
in countries like Turkey and Bangladesh, which invested in modern production techniques.

Way Ahead for Strengthening India’s Manufacturing Sector

• Adopting Automation & AI: Encouraging automation, AI, and robotics can boost efficiency and reduce labor
dependence.
For example: China’s Made in China 2025 policy helped firms like Foxconn scale up with automation.
• Formalizing Small Enterprises: Financial aid, easy credit, and tax incentives can help small firms modernize
and integrate into supply chains.
For example: Japan’s Keiretsu model links small suppliers with corporations like Toyota, ensuring stability
and upgrades.
• Upskilling Workforce: Expanding vocational training, STEM education, and internship can create a high-tech
workforce.
For example: NEP 2020 aligns the curriculum with industry needs through expert collaboration, emphasizing
apprenticeships and industry-academia partnerships to enhance practical learning and student employability.
• Boosting R&D & Innovation: Increasing public-private R&D investment can drive indigenous innovation and
reduce import dependence.
For example: South Korea invests 4.5% of GDP in R&D, enabling firms like Samsung and Hyundai to lead
globally.
• Labor Reforms & Social Security: Balanced labor laws can enhance productivity and attract global investors.
For example: Vietnam’s labor reforms drew companies like Nike and Samsung by improving worker-employer
relations.

Empowering India's manufacturing sector demands a shift from labor-intensive to technology-driven growth.
Investments in R&D, skilling, and automation can enhance productivity while reducing dependency on cheap
labor. Public-private partnerships and policy incentives must drive innovation, ensuring global competitiveness.
A robust, tech-integrated ecosystem will position India as a leader in advanced manufacturing, securing long-
term economic resilience.

https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/talent-shortage-global-challenge-indias-
opportunity/article69255324.ece
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11. The FICCI-KPMG report highlights a global talent shortage of over 85.2 million skilled workers by 2030,
presenting both a challenge and an opportunity for India. Analyze India's preparedness to capitalize on this
demand and suggest policy measures to enhance workforce mobility. (15 Marks, 250 Words)
Answer:
Core Demand of the Question
• Discuss how the FICCI-KPMG report highlights a global talent shortage of over 85.2 million skilled workers
by 2030, presenting a challenge for India
• Discuss how the FICCI-KPMG report highlights a global talent shortage of over 85.2 million skilled workers
by 2030, presenting an opportunity for India
• Analyze India's preparedness to capitalize on this demand
• Suggest policy measures to enhance workforce mobility

The global talent shortage, projected at 85.2 million skilled workers by 2030, threatens economic growth, with an
estimated $8.45 trillion in unrealized revenue. As nations struggle with aging populations and technological shifts,
India, home to the world’s largest youth workforce, must bridge skill gaps and leverage workforce mobility to
capitalize on this demand.

Challenges for India Due to Global Talent Shortage

• Mismatch in Skills and Demand: Many Indian degrees, particularly in medicine and engineering, are not
recognized in key geographies, leading to underemployment or unemployment of skilled professionals.
For example: Several Indian doctors face hurdles in practicing in Europe due to strict licensing requirements,
forcing them to take lower-paying jobs in non-clinical roles.
• Regulatory and Immigration Barriers: Stringent visa rules and complex work permit processes in Europe
and the GCC limit the mobility of skilled Indian workers, reducing potential employment opportunities.
For example: The UK’s post-Brexit visa policies have made it tougher for non-EU healthcare professionals to
secure permanent employment, delaying their integration into the workforce.
• Recruitment Malpractices and Exploitation: Unregulated recruitment agencies exploit Indian workers
through fraudulent job offers, high commission fees, and illegal migration routes, leading to unsafe working
conditions.
For example: Many Indian workers in the Gulf have fallen victim to illegal recruitment agents, facing poor
wages and hazardous conditions without proper legal protections.
• Language and Cultural Barriers: Indian workers often struggle with language proficiency and cultural
adaptation, affecting their efficiency in professional settings, especially in Europe and Australia.
For example: Indian nurses in Germany require B2-level proficiency in German, delaying their integration into
hospitals, despite having advanced nursing skills.
• Lack of Sector-Specific Training: India's skilling programs do not always align with the global job market,
leading to a shortage of industry-ready workers in emerging sectors such as AI, automation, and IoT.

Opportunities for India Due to Global Talent Shortage

• High Demand for Healthcare Workers: Aging populations in Europe and Australia are driving demand for
nurses, doctors, and caregivers, creating a significant opportunity for Indian medical professionals.
For example: The UK’s NHS Long Term Plan prioritizes hiring overseas nurses, with India being a key source,
offering direct recruitment pathways to thousands of Indian nurses.
 101

• Expansion of Digital and Tech Sectors: The demand for AI, big data, IoT, and blockchain professionals is
increasing, positioning India as a key supplier of tech talent to the world.
For example: Indian IT professionals have been leading contributors to Silicon Valley’s AI revolution, with
companies like Google and Microsoft relying on Indian talent for innovation.
• Skilled Migration Pathways in Australia and GCC: Australia and the GCC nations have favorable policies
for skilled workers in manufacturing, construction, and services, benefiting Indian professionals.
For example: Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 plans to expand infrastructure projects, increasing the demand for
Indian engineers, architects, and skilled construction workers.
• Government Initiatives to Boost Mobility: India has signed bilateral agreements with the UAE and UK to
facilitate legal migration, ensuring better job prospects and worker protection.
For example: The India-UAE Skill Cooperation Agreement ensures that Indian workers receive job-specific
training before migration, reducing employment barriers in the Gulf region.
• Rise of Circular Migration and Remote Work: With the growing acceptance of remote work and temporary
migration, Indian professionals can take advantage of flexible global employment opportunities.
For example: Indian freelancers in software development are securing high-paying remote jobs with European
companies, bridging the talent gap without physically relocating.

India’s Preparedness to Capitalize on Global Talent Shortage

• Robust Education System: India has a large pool of STEM graduates, making it a key supplier of IT,
engineering, and medical professionals to the global market.
• Growing Skill Development Initiatives: Programs like Skill India and National Apprenticeship Promotion
Scheme (NAPS) are improving industry-specific training to meet global labor demands.
For example: The Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) has trained over 13 million youth,
enhancing employability in GCC, Europe, and Australia.
• Strong Diaspora Networks: The Indian diaspora, particularly in Australia, the UK, and the US, supports skilled
migration by easing integration and expanding job opportunities.
For example: The Indian IT community in Silicon Valley plays a crucial role in hiring and mentoring fresh
Indian talent, strengthening workforce mobility.
• Bilateral Agreements for Workforce Mobility: India has signed agreements with the UAE, UK, and
Germany, enabling easier workforce migration and skill recognition.
For example: The India-Germany Mobility Partnership Agreement facilitates the movement of Indian
professionals, particularly in engineering and healthcare sectors.
• Advancements in Digital Infrastructure: India's digital workforce is increasing, with global companies
outsourcing tech projects, enabling remote work opportunities for Indian professionals.
For example: Companies like TCS, Infosys, and Wipro have expanded remote service delivery, allowing Indian
tech workers to contribute globally without migration.

Policy Measures to Enhance Workforce Mobility

• Mutual Recognition of Qualifications: India must negotiate agreements for the recognition of Indian degrees
in medicine, engineering, and law to facilitate seamless employment.
For example: Nursing degrees from Kerala are highly regarded in GCC nations, but similar recognition is
needed in European countries to expand job opportunities.
 102

• Streamlining Visa Processes: India should push for fast-track work visas for its skilled professionals, ensuring
smoother migration to talent-deficit regions.
For example: The UK’s Skilled Worker Visa Program now prioritizes Indian healthcare workers, reducing
processing time from months to weeks.
• Strengthening Public-Private Partnerships: The government should partner with industry leaders to create
globally relevant training programs in AI, automation, and sustainability.
For example: The TCS iON Digital Learning Hub collaborates with foreign universities to train Indian
engineers in cloud computing and cybersecurity for global placements.
• Regulating Recruitment Agencies: Strict oversight and penalties for fraudulent agents will prevent
exploitation and ensure ethical hiring practices for Indian workers abroad.
• Promoting Circular Migration Models: India should develop temporary work visa agreements to allow
professionals to gain experience abroad and return with enhanced expertise.
For example: Japan’s Technical Intern Training Program (TITP) enables Indian workers to gain specialized
skills in manufacturing and healthcare, benefiting both nations.

Bridging the skill gap is India's gateway to becoming the world’s talent powerhouse. By aligning education with
industry needs, fostering vocational training, and streamlining workforce mobility through bilateral agreements,
India can turn this challenge into an economic boon. A dynamic skilling ecosystem, backed by agile policies, will
secure India's position in the evolving global labor market.

https://www.business-standard.com/opinion/editorial/fixing-india-s-soil-crisis-farmer-awareness-tech-can-
arrest-degradation-125022300717_1.html

12. Examine how India's imbalanced fertilizer subsidy policy has contributed to the soil health crisis. Suggest a
multi-dimensional approach involving technology, policy reforms, and farmer education to create a
sustainable soil management framework. Discuss the role of public-private partnerships in this context.
(15 Marks, 250 Words)
Answer:
Core Demand of the Question
• Examine how India's imbalanced fertilizer subsidy policy has contributed to the soil health crisis.
• Suggest a multi-dimensional approach involving technology, policy reforms, and farmer education to create a
sustainable soil management framework.
• Discuss the role of public-private partnerships in this context.

Soil health is fundamental to sustainable agriculture, yet 42% of India's land faces degradation due to excessive
chemical fertilizer use. The fertilizer subsidy policy, heavily skewed towards urea, has led to an imbalanced NPK
ratio, depleting organic carbon, reducing productivity, and contaminating groundwater with nitrate runoff.

Contribution of Imbalanced Fertilizer Subsidy Policy to the Soil Health Crisis

• Excessive Nitrogen Use: The urea-focused subsidy has led to an NPK imbalance (7.7:3.1:1 instead of 4:2:1),
degrading soil fertility and reducing crop yields.
For example: Punjab’s wheat-rice cropping system shows declining yields due to nitrogen-heavy fertilizer use,
depleting organic carbon and micronutrients.
 103

• Micronutrient Depletion: Overuse of chemical fertilizers at the cost of organic manure has reduced essential
micronutrients like zinc and iron, affecting soil productivity.
For example: A study by the Indian Institute of Soil Science (Bhopal) found zinc deficiency in 50% of Indian
soils due to excessive urea application.
• Soil Acidification & Salinization: Unbalanced fertilizer use lowers soil pH and increases salinity, making land
unproductive over time.
For example: In Uttar Pradesh, continuous urea-heavy fertilization has led to a pH drop below 5.5, reducing
nutrient absorption by plants.
• Groundwater Contamination: Nitrogen runoff from excessive urea application leads to nitrate pollution in
groundwater, posing health risks.
For example: A 2020 report by the Central Ground Water Board found high nitrate levels in Punjab’s
groundwater, exceeding safe drinking water limits.
• Reduced Organic Carbon Content: Long-term reliance on synthetic fertilizers without organic matter
application has depleted soil organic carbon, crucial for soil structure and microbial health.
For example: A study in Haryana’s rice-wheat belt found organic carbon content dropped from 0.6% to 0.3%
over two decades, reducing soil fertility.

Multi-Dimensional Approach for Sustainable Soil Management

• AI-Based Soil Testing: Portable AI-enabled soil testing kits can provide real-time insights into soil nutrient
status, ensuring precise fertilizer application.
For example: The KRISHI-RASTAA Soil Testing System, an IoT-based agronomy advisory tool, conducts 12
key soil tests within 30 minutes, improving fertilizer recommendations.
• Balanced Fertilizer Subsidy: Shifting from urea-dominant subsidies to nutrient-based subsidies can promote
balanced fertilizer use and restore soil health.
For example: The Nutrient-Based Subsidy (NBS) scheme for phosphorus and potassium fertilizers has reduced
their cost burden on farmers, encouraging balanced use.
• Integrated Nutrient Management (INM): Combining organic manure, biofertilizers, and chemical fertilizers
ensures long-term soil fertility and microbial health.
For example: Sikkim’s organic farming initiative, which eliminated chemical fertilizers, improved soil
structure and increased organic matter content.
• Farmer Awareness Programs: Training farmers on soil health cards, precision farming, and organic
amendments can ensure effective implementation of soil management practices.
For example: The National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA) conducts awareness drives promoting
balanced fertilization and soil conservation techniques.
• Soil Health Card Optimization: Ensuring timely soil test reports and personalized crop recommendations can
improve adoption rates and effectiveness.
For example: The Andhra Pradesh government partnered with private firms to digitize soil health card records,
increasing adoption among farmers.

Role of Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) in Sustainable Soil Management

• Agritech Startups for Innovation: Private agritech firms can develop cost-effective soil testing solutions and
AI-driven advisory platforms for farmers.
 104

For example: KrishiTantra, an agritech startup, has partnered with ICAR to develop portable AI-based soil
testing kits, reducing dependency on lab testing.
• Corporate Funding for Soil Labs: Private sector funding can help set up decentralized soil testing labs (STLs)
in rural areas, enhancing accessibility for small farmers.
For example: IFFCO (Indian Farmers Fertiliser Cooperative Limited) has funded several STLs, improving soil
testing services in remote regions.
• PPP for Sustainable Fertilization Models: Collaborative projects between fertilizer companies, research
institutes, and government can promote site-specific nutrient management.
For example: The Fertiliser Association of India (FAI), in partnership with ICAR, is developing balanced
fertilization models for different agro-climatic zones.
• Digital Platforms for Advisory Services: Private firms can develop mobile apps integrating soil health data
with weather forecasts, helping farmers make real-time decisions.
For example: The BharatAgri app provides personalized fertilizer recommendations based on SHC data,
increasing farm productivity.
• Contract Farming with Sustainability Norms: PPPs can encourage contract farming models that mandate
balanced fertilization and soil conservation practices.
For example: PepsiCo India’s contract farming initiative in Punjab requires farmers to follow integrated soil
fertility management (ISFM), reducing nitrogen overuse.

Reforming fertilizer subsidies with a nutrient-based approach, leveraging precision agriculture, and
strengthening public-private partnerships can restore soil vitality. Integrated soil management, backed by
smart subsidies, real-time soil monitoring, and farmer training, will ensure long-term productivity. A synergy of
policy innovation, technology, and awareness is key to fostering a resilient and sustainable agrarian future.
 105

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/a-gift-horses-teeth-on-allocations-and-scientific-
research/article69199614.ece#:~:text=Higher%20allocations%20are%20not%20enough%20to%20boost%
20scientific%20research&text=The%20Budget%202025%2D26%20announcements,five%20such%20reac
tors%20by%202033.

1. Despite substantial budgetary allocations for R&D in India, the research output remains suboptimal. Examine
the structural challenges and suggest comprehensive measures to transform India into a research powerhouse
while ensuring sustainable private sector participation and innovation ecosystem development.
(15 Marks, 250 Words)
Answer:
Core Demand of the Question
• Discuss why the research output remains suboptimal despite substantial budgetary allocations for R&D in
India
• Examine the structural challenges in transforming India into a research powerhouse.
• Suggest comprehensive measures to transform India into a research powerhouse ensuring sustainable
private sector participation and innovation ecosystem development.

The government recently allocated ₹28,000 crore to the Department of Science and Technology in the budget,
marking a threefold increase from the previous year. However, India's overall expenditure on R&D remains
relatively low at around 0.65% of GDP, significantly trailing behind countries like South Korea (4.8%) and
China (2.4%). While budgetary allocations for R&D have risen, translating these investments into meaningful
research outcomes continues to be a challenge.

Research Output Remains Suboptimal Despite Substantial Budgetary Allocations

• Low Private Sector Investment: Private sector R&D investment remains only 36%, limiting innovation. Firms
prefer applied research for quick returns rather than fundamental research, which has long gestation periods.
For example: India's pharmaceutical industry relies heavily on government-funded institutions like CSIR for
drug discovery rather than investing in independent research.
• Lack of Skilled Workforce: There is a shortage of trained researchers, engineers, and scientists, reducing
innovation capacity. Many talented individuals migrate due to limited funding, career growth, and infrastructure.
For example: The brain drain phenomenon has led to top Indian AI researchers working for Google DeepMind,
Meta, and OpenAI instead of contributing domestically.
• Weak Institutional Linkages: Poor collaboration between academia, industry, and government hampers
research commercialization. Universities focus on theoretical knowledge, while industries lack access to
cutting-edge research.
For example: The National Innovation Survey highlights that only 27% of Indian startups have formal R&D
collaborations with academic institutions.
• Limited IP Creation: India has a low patent filing rate, indicating weak intellectual property generation. Many
patents filed are not commercially viable due to low industry participation.
 106

For example: In 2023, India filed 64,480 patents, whereas China filed over 1.64 million, demonstrating the gap
in research-to-commercialization conversion.
• Inadequate Research Infrastructure: Despite budget increases, labs, semiconductor fabs, and testing facilities
remain insufficient. Funding alone cannot compensate for missing critical infrastructure.
For example: The Semiconductor Mission aims for self-reliance, but India still imports over 90% of its
semiconductors due to lack of local fabs.

Structural Challenges in Transforming India into a Research Powerhouse

• Fragmented Policy Implementation: Multiple ministries oversee R&D, causing overlapping regulations and
inefficiencies in fund allocation and project execution.
For example: The Startup India initiative has R&D components under DPIIT, DST, and NITI Aayog, leading
to fund disbursement delays.
• Weak Innovation Ecosystem: India lacks venture capital, incubation centers, and robust startup funding.
Investors hesitate to fund high-risk R&D ventures due to unpredictable returns.
• Slow Technology Transfer Mechanisms: The transition from lab research to commercial products is
inefficient, with limited incentives for research institutions to collaborate with industry.
For example: ISRO’s NavIC satellite navigation system has potential for commercial use but is yet to be fully
integrated into consumer electronics.
• Lack of Advanced R&D Facilities: Cutting-edge research requires high-end testing labs, AI computing
clusters, and semiconductor fabs, which are lacking.
For example: Indian AI research depends on foreign cloud computing infrastructure like Google TPU and
NVIDIA GPUs due to local unavailability.
• Regulatory and Bureaucratic Delays: Obtaining grants, clearances, and patent approvals involves lengthy
bureaucratic processes, discouraging researchers and entrepreneurs.
For example: In India, patent approval takes more than 2-3 years, whereas in China and the U.S., it takes 1-2
years, delaying market entry.

Comprehensive Measures to Transform India into a Research Powerhouse

• Enhancing Private Sector Incentives: Provide tax breaks, subsidies, and co-funding models to encourage
long-term private R&D investment and participation in high-risk, high-reward projects.
For example: The PLI scheme for electronics has boosted manufacturing; a similar PLI for R&D can drive
corporate innovation.
• Strengthening University-Industry Collaboration: Set up joint research labs, incentivize corporate-
sponsored PhDs, and promote technology parks to facilitate exchange knowledge.
For example: The IIT Madras Research Park enables startups and MNCs to work alongside academia, resulting
in an increase in patent filings.
• Developing World-Class Infrastructure: Establish national research centers, semiconductor fabs, quantum
labs, and biotech clusters to support advanced research.
For example: China’s Shenzhen Science Park has fueled AI, biotech, and semiconductor advancements through
government-backed facilities.
• Fast-Tracking Patent Approvals and Technology Transfer: Simplify patent registration, create industry-
specific R&D grant schemes, and mandate universities to commercialize research outputs.
 107

• Attracting and Retaining Talent: Increase research fellowships, international collaborations, and high-salary
R&D roles to prevent brain drain and attract global researchers.
For example: The Ramanujan Fellowship attracts global Indian researchers, but its impact can be expanded
by offering higher incentives.

Innovate to Elevate must be India's mantra to transform into a research powerhouse. Addressing bureaucratic
bottlenecks, fostering industry-academia linkages, and incentivizing private sector R&D can revolutionize the
innovative ecosystem. By embracing cutting-edge technologies, boosting startups, and nurturing global
collaborations, India can pave the way for a self-reliant and sustainable innovation economy.

https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/should-india-build-a-sovereign-foundational-ai-
model/article69188559.ece

2. Despite India's technological prowess, developing a sovereign AI model faces multiple challenges from
infrastructure to financial constraints. Critically analyze the need for India's indigenous AI capabilities while
suggesting a balanced approach between self-reliance and practical limitations.

(15 marks, 250 Words)

Answer:
Core Demand of the Question
• Highlight how India faces multiple challenges from infrastructure to financial constraints in developing a
sovereign AI model, despite its technological prowess
• Analyze the need for India's indigenous AI capabilities
• Suggest a balanced approach between self-reliance and practical limitations.

Artificial Intelligence (AI), the simulation of human intelligence in machines, has revolutionized global industries,
driving innovation and economic growth. India, a global IT powerhouse, aspires to harness sovereign AI models
tailored to local needs. However, high costs and global dependencies highlight the need for a pragmatic approach
for a sync between promoting indigenous AI capabilities and leveraging existing global resources efficiently.

Challenges in Developing a Sovereign AI Model

• Lack of Advanced Chip Manufacturing Capability: India lacks cutting-edge chip manufacturing facilities
essential for training large AI models, relying heavily on imports of GPUs and processors.
For example: Huawei's HiSilicon chips are used in AI research globally, but India has no contracts with firms
like Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) to produce even older-generation chips.
• High Cost of Development: Training a foundational AI model requires hundreds of millions of dollars, which
is difficult to allocate given India's limited R&D budget and other pressing priorities.
For example: Training DeepSeek V3 cost $5.6 million for a single run, while India’s overall AI development
budget pales in comparison to Big Tech investments like $80 billion annually.
• Fragmented Resource Allocation: Subsidized GPU clusters are spread thin across startups and academia,
reducing the efficiency of concentrated investment required for foundational AI model development.
For example: The government’s subsidy program, while helpful, provides GPUs in small quantities,
insufficient for large-scale AI model training like Meta’s Llama 4, which requires dedicated clusters.
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• Dependency on Proprietary and Open Models: India depends on open-source models and weights like
DeepSeek R1 due to the lack of sovereign models, making it vulnerable to external dependencies.
For example: If sanctions similar to those on Huawei are applied, India would rely on “forking” existing open-
source models, which limits true independence in AI innovation.
• Inefficiency in Public R&D Systems: India’s public procurement system has low error tolerance, discouraging
the trial-and-error approach necessary for breakthroughs in foundational AI research.
For example: Large-scale AI projects in India face challenges in securing autonomous spending authority,
unlike DeepMind or OpenAI, which operate with flexible and high-risk R&D budgets.

Need for India’s Indigenous AI Capabilities

• National Security and Sovereignty: Developing indigenous AI capabilities ensures security in critical
applications like defense, governance, and infrastructure, protecting them from potential sanctions or cyber
threats.
For example: U.S. export controls on advanced chips for AI could disrupt India's AI progress, highlighting the
need for domestic alternatives to prevent reliance on foreign technologies.
• Economic Competitiveness: Building foundational models positions India as a global AI innovator, attracting
investment and creating a robust AI ecosystem for startups and businesses.
• Localized Solutions for Indian Needs: Sovereign AI models can cater to India’s linguistic and cultural
diversity, providing accurate and accessible solutions for over 22 scheduled languages and various dialects.
For example: AI4Bharat’s IndicTrans2 project demonstrates how localized AI tools address the unique needs
of India’s multilingual population effectively and affordably.
• Fostering Talent and Innovation: Developing indigenous AI models enhances India’s research ecosystem and
nurtures talent, making it self-reliant in AI and a hub for global AI research.
• Strategic Advantage in Global Markets: Sovereign AI models allow India to offer unique solutions in global
markets, reducing reliance on foreign AI and establishing India as a technology leader.
For example: Alibaba’s success in building AI with constrained resources shows how strategic investments in
localized AI can result in globally competitive solutions.

Balanced Approach Between Self-Reliance and Practical Limitations

• Focus on Domain-Specific AI Models: Instead of competing in foundational models, India should focus on
domain-specific AI for areas like healthcare, agriculture, and education, leveraging its unique local needs.
For example: AI4Bharat’s IndicTrans2 focuses on Indian language translations, addressing linguistic diversity
without requiring the massive infrastructure needed for foundational models like ChatGPT.
• Collaborate with Global AI Leaders: Forge strategic partnerships with global tech firms for technology
transfer and joint ventures, reducing costs while gaining expertise in cutting-edge AI research.
For example: India can partner with Nvidia for GPU clusters or collaborate with OpenAI to adapt existing
models for local needs instead of building from scratch.
• Optimize Resource Allocation: Prioritize subsidized GPU clusters and R&D spending for projects with high-
impact outcomes, ensuring resources are directed toward scalable and practical innovations.
• Strengthen AI Talent Development: Invest in educational programs and public-private research collaborations
to build a strong AI workforce capable of advancing both foundational and applied AI technologies.
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For example: Establishing AI-focused centers of excellence in IITs and NITs can encourage talent retention
and innovation in India’s growing AI ecosystem.
• Promote Innovation Under Constraints: Encourage startups and academia to innovate within resource
limitations, similar to Alibaba’s approach, which achieved global competitiveness by optimizing constrained
resources.
For example: DeepSeek’s cost-efficient AI model training serves as an inspiration for India to innovate using
affordable infrastructure while scaling incrementally.

"AI for India, Made in India" can become a reality by fostering public-private partnerships, prioritizing R&D
investments, and leveraging global collaborations. A phased strategy blending self-reliance with resource
optimization will empower India to develop sovereign AI capabilities while addressing limitations, ensuring
technological leadership, and driving inclusive growth in the AI-driven future.

https://www.dailypioneer.com/2025/columnists/from-openai-to-deepseek--the-fight-for-supremacy.html

3. The global AI race is shifting the balance of power from military strength to algorithmic dominance, leading
to a 'Digital Cold War.' Critically analyze how AI and AGI advancements are reshaping global geopolitics
and what strategic measures India should adopt to maintain its technological competitiveness.
(15 Marks, 250 words)
Answer:

Core Demand of the Question

• Discuss the emergence of ‘Digital Cold War’ as the global AI race is shifting the balance of power from
military strength to algorithmic dominance
• Analyze how AI and AGI advancements are reshaping global geopolitics positively
• Analyze how AI and AGI advancements are reshaping global geopolitics negatively
• Suggest the strategic measures that India should adopt to maintain its technological competitiveness

Artificial Intelligence (AI), the simulation of human intelligence by machines, and Artificial General Intelligence
(AGI), the development of machines capable of performing any intellectual task a human can, are revolutionizing
global geopolitics. Nations are investing heavily in AI-driven technologies, sparking a competition akin to a
'Digital Cold War,' where dominance in algorithms supersedes traditional military power.

Emergence of the ‘Digital Cold War’

• Shift from Military to Algorithmic Dominance: The global AI race emphasizes data control and
computational resources over traditional military power, redefining global influence.
For example: China's Qwen 2.5 and DeepSeek challenge U.S. dominance, showcasing how AI breakthroughs
are now central to geopolitical power dynamics.
• AI Arms Race Among Superpowers: The U.S. and China are investing heavily in advanced AI models,
creating a strategic rivalry akin to the Cold War's nuclear arms race.
For example: The U.S. CHIPS Act aims to restrict China’s access to semiconductors, critical for AI
development, highlighting algorithm-driven competition.
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• Economic Weaponization of AI: Nations are leveraging AI for economic dominance, focusing on sectors like
fintech, healthcare, and defense for influence in global markets.
For example: The use of AI-based trade surveillance systems in the U.S. and China ensures economic and
supply chain security globally.
• Rise of Digital Empires: Tech corporations like OpenAI, Tencent, and Huawei function as non-state actors,
contributing to geopolitical power shifts through technological innovations.
For example: Huawei's AI-driven 5G infrastructure influences digital ecosystems, creating dependencies that
impact global alliances.
• Surveillance and Cybersecurity Concerns: AI-driven surveillance tools, such as facial recognition systems,
are reshaping how nations project power and control dissent.
For example: China's Social Credit System uses AI to monitor citizen behavior, expanding the state’s control
over individuals and influencing its geopolitical narrative.

AI and AGI Advancements Reshaping Global Geopolitics Positively

• Enhancing Global Cooperation: AI fosters collaboration on challenges like climate change, with nations
uniting to deploy advanced systems for sustainable development and environmental conservation.
For example: The AI for Earth program by Microsoft is used globally to tackle deforestation and water scarcity,
showcasing international partnerships.
• Advancing Healthcare Systems: AI enables breakthroughs in predictive analytics and global health responses,
offering faster solutions for pandemics and medical crises.
For example: During the COVID-19 pandemic, AI-powered tools predicted outbreak trends, aiding in policy
decisions and vaccine distribution strategies.
• Driving Global Economic Growth: By automating processes and improving efficiencies, AI contributes
significantly to GDP growth, benefiting developing and developed nations alike.
For example: India's adoption of AI in agriculture through the Digital India initiative has improved crop yield
predictions, boosting farmers’ income.
• Improved Disaster Management: AI’s ability to analyze vast datasets aids in predicting and mitigating natural
disasters, ensuring global resilience.
For example: The UN’s AI-driven satellite systems monitor climate-induced disasters like floods, providing
early warnings and saving lives.
• Empowering Smaller Nations: Advanced AI tools enable smaller nations to compete in global geopolitics by
improving governance, defense capabilities, and economic efficiency.
For example: Estonia’s e-governance system, powered by AI, has set benchmarks globally, improving
administrative transparency and efficiency.

Negative Impacts of AI and AGI Advancements on Global Geopolitics

• Exacerbation of Geopolitical Inequality: Advanced AI is concentrated in a few nations, marginalizing
developing countries, deepening the technological divide, and creating AI oligopolies.
For example: Only countries like the U.S., China, and a few European nations dominate AI patent filings,
leaving smaller economies dependent on their technology.
• Weaponization of AI: AI-powered autonomous weapons and cyber warfare tools escalate the risk of conflicts,
undermining global security and violating international norms.
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For example: AI-enabled drone strikes used in the Armenia-Azerbaijan conflict raised concerns about the
ethical use of autonomous weaponry.
• Economic Displacement and Trade Wars: Nations adopting AI-driven automation face job losses, resulting
in global economic instability and protectionist policies triggering trade conflicts.
For example: The U.S.-China trade war intensified as both countries sought dominance in semiconductor
production critical for AI development.
• Erosion of Privacy and Digital Sovereignty: AI surveillance tools empower governments to control
populations, fostering authoritarian regimes and cross-border data espionage.
For example: China’s use of AI-driven facial recognition systems to monitor the Uyghur population has raised
international human rights concerns.
• Ethical and Regulatory Fragmentation: Differing AI policies among nations create a fragmented global
framework, preventing collaboration and fueling distrust in cross-border technologies.
For example: The EU’s strict AI Act contrasts with China’s more permissive approach, limiting international
AI interoperability and cooperation.

Strategic Measures India Should Adopt to Maintain Technological Competitiveness

• Focus on Ethical AI Development: Developing regulations for safe and ethical AI use ensures international
credibility and leadership in tech diplomacy.
For example: NITI Aayog’s AI for All initiative emphasizes inclusive and ethical AI deployment, ensuring fair
technology use.
• Strengthen AI Research Ecosystem: India must invest in AI-specific research centers and encourage
academia-industry partnerships to foster indigenous innovations.
For example: Setting up institutions like I-Hub, initiative by Gujarat Government under the Digital India
program has boosted local talent in AI development.
• Enhance Semiconductor Manufacturing: Building semiconductor infrastructure is critical to reducing
dependencies on foreign nations for AI development.
For example: The Indian government’s PLI scheme aims to establish domestic chip manufacturing units, a core
component of AI infrastructure.
• Develop AI Talent Pool: Skill development programs for AI engineers and data scientists can address the talent
shortage in the AI domain.
For example: Programs like Skill India AI certification train young professionals to apply AI and Big Data
Analytics across various industries, contributing to India's AI advancement.
• Promote Public-Private Partnerships (PPP): Collaborating with tech giants and startups can amplify
resources for innovative AI projects.
For example: The Tata Consultancy Services partnership with the Indian government integrates AI solutions
in public welfare schemes like Ayushman Bharat.

Embracing innovation and collaboration positions India to harness AI-driven growth amid the Digital Cold War.
Strengthening research ecosystems, investing in skilled talent, and forging strategic partnerships ensures
technological resilience. Pioneering ethical algorithms fuels a future-forward India, setting the stage for global
leadership in AI. Let us Innovate, adapt, and lead the future.
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https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/isros-indigenous-thrust-gets-a-
fillip/#:~:text=On%20February%207%2C%20the%20Indian,saga%20of%20indigenous%20cryogenic%20technol
ogy.

4. India's indigenous cryogenic engine development showcases technological self-reliance but also reflects
geopolitical challenges in technology transfer. Analyze how this achievement impacts India's space
capabilities, global partnerships, and strategic autonomy while discussing the role of international
cooperation in critical technology development. (15 Marks, 250 Words)

Answer:
Core Demand of the Question
• Discuss how India's indigenous cryogenic engine development showcases technological self-reliance.
• Highlight geopolitical challenges in technology transfer, in India's indigenous cryogenic engine
development.
• Analyze how this achievement impacts India's space capabilities, global partnerships, and strategic
autonomy
• Discuss the role of international cooperation in critical technology development.

India’s indigenous cryogenic engine development, marked by the successful Gaganyaan's CE-20 engine hot
test, signifies technological self-reliance in heavy-lift launch capabilities. This comes after decades of sanctions,
notably the 1992 US-led MTCR restrictions on Russian engine transfer. Mastery over cryogenics now strengthens
India’s strategic autonomy in space missions and deep-space exploration.

Technological Self-Reliance through Indigenous Cryogenic Engine Development

• Indigenous R&D and Manufacturing: India developed the CE20 cryogenic engine domestically, showcasing
engineering excellence and self-reliance in propulsion technology, reducing dependence on foreign suppliers.
For example: ISRO’s CE20 engine powered Chandrayaan-2 and Chandrayaan-3, demonstrating India’s
capability to manufacture advanced propulsion systems for deep space missions.
• Cost-Effective and Scalable Innovation: The CE20 engine is a cost-effective alternative to expensive foreign
cryogenic engines, ensuring economic feasibility for frequent space missions.
For example: The development cost of India’s cryogenic engine was significantly lower than US and Russian
alternatives, enabling affordable space exploration.
• Increased Payload Capacity: Cryogenic engines enhance payload efficiency, allowing heavier satellites to be
placed in geostationary and deep-space orbits.
For example: The LVM3 launch vehicle, powered by CE20, successfully delivered GSAT-19 into
geostationary orbit, improving India's communication satellite infrastructure.
• Support for Human Spaceflight: The CE20’s human-rated version will propel India’s first manned mission
under Gaganyaan, advancing India’s space ambitions.
For example: The upgraded CE20 will be used in Gaganyaan, helping India join the elite group of nations with
human spaceflight capability.
• Enhanced Interplanetary Capabilities: The CE20’s re-ignition capability supports long-duration missions,
crucial for interplanetary exploration.
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For example: Future Indian missions to Mars and beyond will use the CE20-U, allowing mid-course corrections
and precision landings.

Geopolitical Challenges in Technology Transfer

• US-Russia Pressure Blocking Transfers: The US pressured Russia to deny India cryogenic technology
transfer, citing proliferation concerns despite offering its own engines at higher costs.
For example: The Russia-India deal on KVD-1 engines was restricted under US-imposed sanctions, forcing
ISRO to develop its own cryogenic technology.
• Sanctions and Embargoes as Barriers: Western nations often use technology embargoes to limit India’s
progress in strategic sectors, slowing space advancements.
For example: The Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) restrictions delayed India’s access to foreign
cryogenic propulsion systems.
• Dependence on Limited Foreign Suppliers: Limited access to advanced space technology led to India’s
reliance on imported engines, delaying ambitious projects.
For example: ISRO initially planned to purchase cryogenic engines from Japan and the US, but high costs and
technology restrictions forced a shift to self-reliance.
• Strategic Autonomy in Space Programs: India’s indigenous development of cryogenic technology reduces
dependence on foreign nations and mitigates supply chain vulnerabilities.
For example: The CE20-powered LVM3 replaced reliance on foreign launch vehicles, enabling independent
satellite launches.
• Overcoming External Roadblocks: ISRO leveraged reverse engineering and indigenous expertise to bypass
international restrictions, fostering a robust domestic space ecosystem.
For example: Learning from the six Russian KVD-1 engines, ISRO developed CE20, ensuring a sustainable
and independent cryogenic engine program.

Impact on India's Space Capabilities, Global Partnerships & Strategic Autonomy

• Enhanced Heavy Payload Capability: The indigenous CE20 engine allows India to launch heavier payloads into
geostationary orbit, crucial for advanced satellite deployment and deep-space missions.
For example: LVM3, powered by CE20, launched GSAT-19, a high-data communication satellite,
strengthening India's orbital assets.
• Deep Space and Human Spaceflight Advancement: Cryogenic re-ignition allows for multi-orbit missions,
crucial for interplanetary travel, lunar landings, and manned missions like Gaganyaan.
For example: The CE20-U engine’s re-ignition test ensures that future Mars and Moon missions will have mid-
course correction capabilities.
• Strengthening International Space Collaborations: Indigenous cryogenic success boosts India’s credibility
in global space alliances, fostering partnerships in joint missions and satellite launches.
For example: NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) is a joint Earth observation mission, leveraging
India's launch capabilities.
• Commercial Space Leadership: With cost-effective cryogenic engines, India can attract global clients for
launching commercial satellites, strengthening its space economy.
For example: The OneWeb satellite constellation, co-launched by ISRO, highlights India’s competitive
advantage in the global space market.
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• Reducing Dependence on Foreign Suppliers: With indigenous cryogenic engines, India no longer relies on
foreign propulsion technology, securing uninterrupted space operations.
For example: The Gaganyaan mission will use a human-rated CE20 engine, ensuring complete indigenous
technology deployment.
• Space as a Pillar of National Security: Cryogenic propulsion enhances India's military surveillance,
navigation, and strategic deterrence, reducing reliance on foreign launch providers.
For example: The NavIC satellite system, deployed using Indian launch vehicles, provides independent GPS
capability for defense and civilian use.

Role Of International Cooperation In Critical Technology Development

• Accelerating Innovation Through Knowledge Exchange: Collaborations between nations enhance research
and development by enabling knowledge-sharing, joint experiments, and expertise transfer in high-tech domains
like space, AI, and biotechnology.
• Reducing Development Costs and Risks: Pooling resources and expertise lowers R&D costs, minimizes
failures, and enables faster technological breakthroughs, especially in high-cost sectors like space and defense.
For example: ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) unites global efforts in nuclear fusion
research, reducing individual national investment burdens.
• Overcoming Technological Barriers: Nations gain access to critical technology that might otherwise be
restricted due to geopolitical reasons or technological gaps, fostering mutual progress.
For example: India’s collaboration with France enabled ISRO to develop Vikas engines, a key component of
India’s launch vehicles.
• Strengthening Global Standards and Regulations: International cooperation ensures standardization of
technology across borders, enhancing interoperability, safety, and ethical compliance in emerging fields.
For example: The MTCR (Missile Technology Control Regime) helps regulate the proliferation of missile
technology, balancing security with innovation.

Cryogenic engine mastery enhances India’s space competitiveness, reducing dependency on foreign launchers
while fostering global partnerships under initiatives like Artemis Accords. However, collaborative R&D remains
key for breakthroughs in reusable rockets, interplanetary propulsion, and quantum communication. Balancing
self-reliance and cooperation will define India’s future space leadership and strategic autonomy.

https://www.thehindu.com/specials/text-and-context/surveillance-capitalism-the-power-to-control-personal-
data/article69257889.ece#:~:text=Surveillance%20capitalism%20is%20an%20economic,predict%20and%20mani
pulate%20human%20behaviour.

5. Surveillance capitalism represents a paradigm shift in how data and power intersect in modern society.
Critically examine its multidimensional implications for privacy rights, democratic governance, economic
models, and state-corporate relations. Suggest a balanced regulatory framework for India.
(15 Marks, 250 Words)
Answer:
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Core Demand of the Question

• Discuss how surveillance capitalism represents a paradigm shift in how data and power intersect in modern
society.
• Examine its multidimensional positive implications for privacy rights, democratic governance, economic
models, and state-corporate relations.
• Examine its multidimensional negative implications for privacy rights, democratic governance, economic
models, and state-corporate relations.
• Suggest a balanced regulatory framework for India.

Surveillance Capitalism refers to an economic system where personal data is commodified for profit, primarily by
tech giants. Coined by Shoshana Zuboff, it highlights how big data, AI, and predictive analytics shape consumer
behavior. As of 2024, global digital ad spending, driven by such data extraction, is projected to exceed $700 billion,
raising concerns over privacy and power asymmetry.

Paradigm Shift in Data-Power Intersection

• Extraction of Human Experience: Surveillance capitalism shifts power by transforming personal data into a
commodity, making every interaction an opportunity for data extraction and monetization.
For example: Google and Meta track user searches, clicks, and conversations to refine targeted advertising,
shaping user choices and behaviors.
• Rise of Instrumentarium Power: Unlike traditional coercion, this model subtly influences behavior through
predictive algorithms, reducing autonomy while maximizing corporate control.
For example: Netflix and Amazon Prime use AI-driven recommendations to nudge users toward specific
content, reinforcing engagement and consumer dependency.
• Fusion of Corporate and State Surveillance: Governments rely on private firms for mass data collection,
blurring lines between public security and corporate profit.
For example: The U.S. PRISM program collaborated with companies like Google and Facebook to access
global user data for intelligence operations.

Positive Implications of Surveillance Capitalism

Privacy Rights
• Enhanced Personalization: Data-driven insights customize user experiences, improving convenience and
efficiency in online interactions.
For example: Spotify and YouTube curate personalized playlists based on listening history, optimizing user
satisfaction.
• Improved Cybersecurity: Surveillance models detect fraudulent activities and cyber threats in real time,
enhancing digital security.
For example: Banks use AI-based fraud detection systems to monitor transactions and prevent cybercrimes.

Democratic Governance
• Data-Driven Policymaking: Governments utilize big data analytics for efficient governance, improving service
delivery.
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For example: India’s Aadhaar system streamlines subsidy distribution, reducing leakages and ensuring direct
benefit transfers.
• Transparency and Accountability: Real-time data monitoring helps detect corruption and administrative
inefficiencies.

Economic Models
• Expansion of Digital Economy: Data monetization boosts revenues, enabling businesses to grow and innovate.
For example: Facebook’s advertising revenue surpasses traditional media, proving the profitability of data-
driven business models.
• AI-Led Job Creation: The surveillance economy generates employment in AI development, cybersecurity, and
data science.
For example: The Indian IT sector has expanded AI-based roles, supporting economic growth.

State Corporate Relations

• Strengthened National Security: Collaboration between states and tech firms enhances counterterrorism
measures.
For example: AI-driven surveillance helps identify potential threats at airports and public spaces, improving
security.
• Smart Governance Initiatives: Public-private data partnerships facilitate efficient governance solutions.
For example: India’s smart city projects integrate AI for traffic management and urban planning.

Negative Implications of Surveillance Capitalism

Privacy Rights
• Erosion of Personal Privacy: Unregulated data harvesting leads to mass surveillance, compromising individual
rights.
For example: The Cambridge Analytica scandal revealed unauthorized data mining to manipulate elections.
• Exploitation of User Data: Lack of user consent in data collection exposes individuals to privacy violations.
For example: WhatsApp’s privacy policy changes led to concerns over data-sharing with Facebook, affecting
user trust.
• Erosion of Consumer Free Will: AI-driven behavioral targeting manipulates choices, reinforcing monopolies
while undermining competition.
For example: Amazon’s dynamic pricing model uses AI to adjust prices based on user behavior, influencing
purchasing decisions.

Democratic Governance
• Suppression of Dissent: Governments use AI surveillance tools to monitor activists and journalists, suppressing
opposition.
For example: China’s social credit system tracks and punishes political dissenters using AI-based monitoring.
• Electoral Manipulation: Microtargeting and misinformation undermine free and fair elections.
• Algorithmic Governance: Automated decision-making impacts public policies, law enforcement, and social
control, making AI an unregulated authority in governance.
 117

For example: Predictive policing in the U.K. and U.S. disproportionately targets marginalized communities,
raising ethical concerns.

Economic Models
• Monopoly and Market Manipulation: Big tech dominance reduces competition, stifling innovation and small
businesses.
For example: Google’s search algorithm prioritizes its own services, disadvantageting competitors.
• Exploitation of Gig Workers: Algorithmic control over labor restricts worker rights and fair wages.
For example: Uber and Zomato’s AI-driven wage policies lead to unpredictable earnings for gig workers.

State Corporate Relations

• Mass Surveillance Collaboration: Governments exploit corporate data for authoritarian control, reducing
democratic freedoms.
For example: NSO Group’s Pegasus spyware was used against activists and journalists, raising human rights
concerns.
• Reduced Regulatory Oversight: Tech lobbying weakens consumer protection laws, preventing stringent
regulation.
For example: Facebook’s influence in U.S. policymaking has limited effective regulation of digital privacy.

Balanced Regulatory Framework for India

• Strengthening Data Protection Laws: Revise the Digital Personal Data Protection Act (DPDPA) to include
explicit restrictions on data monetization.
For example: Introduce provisions like Europe’s GDPR, ensuring stringent penalties for unauthorized data use.
• Mandatory Data Localization: Ensure critical user data is stored within India to enhance security and
regulatory oversight.
For example: India’s Personal Data Protection Bill mandates local storage, protecting against foreign data
exploitation.
• Algorithmic Transparency: Mandate disclosure of AI decision-making models to prevent bias and
manipulation.
For example: Require platforms like Google and Facebook to publish algorithmic transparency reports.
• Independent Digital Oversight Body: Establish a regulatory authority to oversee surveillance practices and
corporate compliance.
For example: A Digital Rights Commission can monitor data collection, privacy violations, and AI bias.
• Fair Competition and Consumer Protection: Enforce anti-monopoly regulations to ensure a level playing
field for startups and businesses.
For example: Strengthen Competition Commission of India (CCI) mandates to curb big tech monopolies,
fostering fair digital competition.

A rights-centric, innovation-friendly regulatory framework is imperative to counter the excesses of surveillance

capitalism while fostering a digital economy. India must adopt a data fiduciary model, ensure algorithmic
transparency, and strengthen democratic oversight. A techno-ethical equilibrium, balancing economic growth
with citizen autonomy, will define the future of a truly digital democracy.
 118

ENVIRONMENT AND GEOGRAPHY

https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-saga-of-regulating-indias-thermal-power-
emissions/article69189186.ece

1. India's thermal power emission regulation saga reflects the complex interplay between environmental
protection, economic considerations, and governance challenges. Critically analyze the role of various
stakeholders and suggest a balanced approach to achieve both environmental and developmental goals.
(15 marks, 250 Words)
Answer:
Core Demand of the Question
• Mention how India's thermal power emission regulation saga reflects the complex interplay between
environmental protection, economic considerations, and governance challenges.
• Analyse the role of various stakeholders
• Analyse their challenges
• Suggest a balanced approach to achieving both environmental and developmental goals.

India’s thermal power sector, essential for energy, is also a significant source of pollution. Thermal power emissions
are the harmful gases released during fossil fuel combustion. In the fiscal year 2022-23, India's thermal power plants
emitted over 950 million metric tonnes of CO₂, accounting for approximately one-third of the nation's total
emissions. This highlights the need for effective regulation and collaboration among stakeholders like government,
industry, and communities.

India's thermal power emission regulation: complex interplay between environmental protection, economic
considerations, and governance challenges
• Delays in Implementation: Frequent deadline extensions by the MoEFCC indicate weak regulatory
enforcement and policy uncertainty, undermining trust in environmental governance mechanisms.
For example: The SO₂ emission deadline for 20 GW plants near densely populated areas was postponed to
2027, despite earlier commitments for 2024.
• Misalignment of Environment and Technology: The debate wrongly centered around implementing flue gas
desulphurization (FGDs), which were not mandated, instead of leveraging low-sulfur Indian coal to meet SO₂
norms more cost-effectively.
For example: Studies commissioned by the Central electricity commission and NITI Aayog questioned the
efficacy of SO₂ norms, delaying consensus on sustainable emission control solutions.
• Economic Burden on Consumers: Consumers are forced to bear the financial burden of unused pollution
control equipment, with no immediate improvement in air quality or reduced emissions.
For example: Nearly 22 GW of plants installed FGDs but are unlikely to use them due to operational cost
concerns and extended deadlines for compliance.
• Fragmented Deadlines: Multiple deadlines for different pollutants across plant locations have created
administrative complexity, reducing the efficiency of enforcement and monitoring mechanisms.
For example: The final deadline for particulate matter was December 2024, yet SO₂ norms were delayed until
2027, leading to inconsistent pollution control efforts.
 119

• Conflict Between Public Health and Industrial Costs: Stringent SO₂ emission norms aim to reduce public
health risks, but their enforcement imposes high compliance costs on thermal power plants, creating an
economic conflict.
For example: The installation of FGDs increased operational costs, leading to higher electricity tariffs for
consumers, as mandated by electricity regulators.

Role of Various Stakeholders in the Saga

• Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC): The MoEFCC played a key role in
drafting norms but weakened its credibility by diluting standards and repeatedly extending deadlines.
For example: The December 2024 notification was the fourth extension for SO₂ norms, undermining
environmental commitments made in 2015.
• Central Electricity Authority (CEA): The CEA influenced the discourse by questioning uniform norms,
proposing phased implementation, and commissioning studies, delaying consensus on emission control
strategies.
For example: In 2022, the CEA’s study by IIT Delhi cited high FGD costs and increased coal consumption as
reasons to delay SO₂ norm compliance.
• NITI Aayog and Research Institutes: NITI Aayog commissioned studies that questioned the importance of
SO₂ norms, adding to the confusion and weakening environmental priorities.
For example: CSIR-NEERI’s 2024 study emphasized on particulate emissions (PM particles) over SO₂,
challenging the broader objectives of emission regulations.
• Electricity Regulators and Thermal Power Plants: Regulators allowed cost pass-throughs for FGD
installations, while plants prioritized financial interests over environmental compliance due to weak
enforcement.
For example: Despite over 50% of plants nearing FGD installation, operators may not use them to avoid higher
generation costs, prioritizing profits.
• Civil Society and Local Communities: Communities living near plants continue to face health hazards due to
delayed compliance, highlighting the lack of public accountability mechanisms.
For example: Residents near thermal plants in densely populated regions like Singrauli face long-term exposure
to SO₂ emissions despite regulatory norms.

Challenges in Regulating India’s Thermal Power Emissions

• Weak Policy Enforcement: Repeated extensions for emission norms signal weak regulatory enforcement and
a lack of accountability, undermining progress toward environmental goals.
• High Cost of Compliance: Installing and operating FGDs increases costs, discouraging plants from prioritizing
compliance and creating economic pressure on the sector.
For example: The IIT Delhi study commissioned by the CEA highlighted FGDs' high installation costs and
operational expenses as major challenges.
• Misaligned Focus on Norms: The debate centered around implementing FGDs instead of exploring alternative,
cost-effective methods tailored to low-sulfur Indian coal.
For example: Despite SO₂ norms not mandating FGDs, most discussions and installations revolved around this
technology, ignoring simpler solutions.
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• Lack of Stakeholder Consensus: Diverging viewpoints among the MoEFCC, CEA, and NITI Aayog have
created confusion and delayed unified action to address emission concerns.
For example: While the MoEFCC pushed for SO₂ norms, NITI Aayog and CSIR-NEERI studies downplayed
their importance, advocating a focus on particulate matter.
• Economic Burden on Consumers: Passing FGD costs to consumers without operational benefits has increased
electricity bills while failing to improve air quality for nearby communities.
For example: Consumers are paying for installed FGDs, but plants may not run them due to increased
generation costs, as seen with the extended 2027 compliance deadline.

Balanced Approach to Achieve Environmental and Developmental Goals

• Time-Bound Enforcement: Strict deadlines for emission compliance, monitored through transparent and
publicly accessible mechanisms, can ensure timely implementation.
For instance: A publicly available tracking system for FGD installations and operational status could enhance
accountability and enforcement.
• Incentivizing Compliance: Providing subsidies or low-interest loans for emission control technology can
reduce financial pressure on thermal plants while encouraging early adoption.
For instance: The government could offer tax benefits for thermal plants that comply with SO₂ norms ahead of
schedule.
• Promoting Research and Innovation: Investing in indigenous technologies suited to Indian coal’s low sulfur
content can reduce dependence on costly FGDs.
For instance: Developing in-house flue gas treatment technologies tailored to Indian coal can lower compliance
costs and operational barriers.
• Stakeholder Coordination and Consensus Building: A unified approach among stakeholders—MoEFCC,
CEA, NITI Aayog, and local communities—can streamline policies and prevent conflicting narratives.
For example: A collaborative task force involving all stakeholders could align environmental and economic
priorities for emission control.
• Phased Compliance with Regional Prioritization: Implementing stricter norms for plants near densely
populated areas while providing extended timelines for less critical regions can balance public health and
economic goals.
For example: Prioritizing emission controls for plants in high-pollution zones like Singrauli can deliver
immediate benefits while allowing phased compliance elsewhere.

Achieving sustainable development in India's thermal power sector requires collaborative action among
government bodies, industry leaders, and civil society. By enforcing stringent emission standards, investing
in cleaner technologies, and promoting public awareness, India can harmonize economic growth with
environmental stewardship.

https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/a-role-for-india-in-south-south-climate-
cooperation/article69207885.ece#:~:text=The%20process%20not%20only%20supports,economy%20and%
20reaching%20the%20Sustainable
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2. Article 6.2 of the Paris Agreement offers opportunities for South-South climate cooperation yet presents
unique challenges for India. Analyze India's potential role in climate diplomacy while balancing its
developmental needs and technological constraints. Suggest measures to strengthen India's position.
(15 Marks, 250 Words)
Answer:
Core Demand of the Question
• Examine how Article 6.2 of the Paris Agreement offers opportunities for South-South climate cooperation
• Discuss the unique challenges for India presented by Article 6.2 of the Paris Agreement
• Analyze India's potential role in climate diplomacy while balancing its developmental needs and
technological constraints
• Suggest measures to strengthen India's position.

The Paris Agreement under Article 6.2 offers avenues to help countries meet their Nationally Determined
Contributions (NDCs), by offering flexibility for tailored agreements. It also fosters technology exchange, promotes
capacity building, and facilitates financial resources from the partner country (developed country), enhancing India’s
positioning as a key player in global climate diplomacy.

Article 6.2 of the Paris Agreement and South-South Climate Cooperation

• ITMO Transactions for Climate Finance: Article 6.2 enables developing countries to generate Internationally
Transferred Mitigation Outcomes (ITMOs) for climate financing, supporting sustainability projects in Global
South nations.
For example: India can trade ITMOs with African nations to enhance renewable energy projects like solar
parks in Kenya and Ethiopia.
• Technology Transfer and Capacity Building: It allows nations with expertise in clean energy and
sustainability to assist others through technology-sharing and skill development.
For example: India's advancements in green hydrogen can be transferred to developing economies in South
Asia to accelerate their energy transition.
• Diversifying Climate Partnerships: South-South cooperation under Article 6.2 enables climate action
partnerships among developing nations, reducing dependence on developed countries.
For example: India and Brazil can collaborate on biofuel technology, enhancing energy security and reducing
emissions in both nations.
• Enhancing Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Climate cooperation fosters SDG achievement by
enabling investment in clean energy, sustainable agriculture, and climate resilience projects.
For example: India’s solar microgrid projects in Africa support SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy) while
creating local employment.
• Reducing Carbon Footprint: ITMO projects generate employment while promoting low-carbon growth in
developing economies.
For example: India's wind energy expertise can help nations like Vietnam develop offshore wind farms,
creating thousands of local jobs.

Unique Challenges for India Under Article 6.2

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• Risk of Over-Reliance by Developed Countries: Wealthier nations may depend on low-cost ITMOs from
India instead of reducing their domestic emissions, shifting mitigation responsibilities unfairly.
For example: Japan purchasing ITMOs from India may delay its own industrial decarbonization while
increasing India’s emission reduction burden.
• Opportunity Cost: ITMO transfers may limit India's domestic carbon reduction potential, affecting its own
Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).
For example: If India sells too many credits from solar projects, it may struggle to meet its 2030 target of 500
GW renewable capacity.
• Governance and Transparency Issues: Weak regulatory mechanisms in carbon markets can lead to double
counting and lack of accountability in ITMO transfers.
For example: If ITMOs are not properly tracked, both India and a partner country may claim the same emission
reduction.
• Technological and Financial Constraints: Advanced mitigation technologies like Carbon Capture,
Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) require heavy investment, which India may lack.
For example: India's Green Hydrogen sector requires significant R&D funding, limiting its potential for large-
scale ITMO projects.
• Balancing Climate Action with Economic Growth: India needs to ensure emission reductions do not hinder
industrial expansion and poverty alleviation efforts.
For example: Stringent carbon pricing may impact MSMEs, making them less competitive in global markets.

India’s Potential Role in Climate Diplomacy

• Championing South-South Cooperation: India can lead developing nations in collective climate negotiations
by advocating for equitable market-based mechanisms.
For example: India, Brazil, and South Africa (IBSA) can form a climate coalition to push for fair carbon finance
policies at COP summits.
• Promoting Climate Equity and Just Transition: India can ensure that climate finance mechanisms benefit
developing nations equitably while supporting sustainable economic growth.
For example: India’s International Solar Alliance (ISA) helps nations like Rwanda access clean energy without
excessive financial burdens.
• Strategic Engagement with Developed Nations: Bilateral agreements can secure technology transfer and
investment while safeguarding India’s domestic climate goals.
For example: India-Japan Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM) balances technology access and emission
reduction benefits.
• Regional Leadership in Green Technology: India’s expertise in solar energy, biofuels, and carbon markets
positions it as a technology provider to South Asian and African nations.
For example: India’s Ujjwala Yojana clean cooking fuel model can be replicated in Sub-Saharan Africa.
• Expanding Multilateral Climate Networks: India can leverage platforms like G20, BRICS, and ASEAN to
advance cooperative climate action.
For example: Through G20, India has pushed for a Green Development Pact, emphasizing sustainable finance
for the Global South.

Measures to Strengthen India’s Position

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• Enhancing Domestic Carbon Markets: Strengthening India’s Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS) can
make ITMO transactions more efficient and transparent.
• Negotiating Fair ITMO Agreements: India must ensure equitable benefit-sharing in all carbon trading
partnerships to avoid unfair financial or technological dependence.
For example: India can set minimum price benchmarks for ITMOs to prevent undervaluation.
• Investing in Climate Technology R&D: Government support for green hydrogen, battery storage, and CCUS
can boost India’s carbon market competitiveness.
For example: Expanding PLI (Production-Linked Incentive) schemes for clean tech startups can accelerate
innovation.
• Strengthening South-South Climate Finance: Creating a dedicated South-South climate fund can help India
finance projects in partner nations while securing emission reduction benefits.
For instance: A fund similar to Build Back Better World (B3W) Initiative could support green energy projects
in Africa.
• Enhancing Institutional Frameworks: Setting up a National Carbon Market Authority can oversee
transparent, accountable, and efficient ITMO transactions.
For example: A real-time ITMO tracking portal can enhance credibility and prevent carbon leakage.

India’s role in climate diplomacy can be bolstered through technology transfer from developed countries, scaling
up renewable energy investments, and strengthening South-South cooperation. Measures like enhanced climate
finance, fostering green technology innovation, and incentivizing public-private partnerships can align India’s
development goals with climate action, ensuring a sustainable future while fulfilling international commitments.

https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-climate/why-global-sea-ice-cover-has-dipped-to-
record-low-what-this-means-9845380/

3. The decline in global sea ice cover has accelerated due to rising temperatures and shifting atmospheric
patterns. Analyze the factors contributing to this trend and discuss its implications on global climate systems.
(15 Marks, 250 Words)
Answer:
Core Demand of the Question
• Mention how the decline in global sea ice cover has accelerated due to rising temperatures and shifting
atmospheric patterns.
• Identify and analyze the key factors responsible for the decline in global sea ice cover.
• Discuss its implications on global climate systems.

Global sea ice cover, the floating ice in polar regions, plays a crucial role in regulating Earth's climate. However,
it has reached a record low of 15.76 million sq km (Feb 2025, NSIDC) due to rising temperatures and shifting
atmospheric patterns. This decline disrupts ocean currents, accelerates warming, and intensifies extreme weather
events worldwide.

Factors contributing to declining global sea ice

Natural factors:
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• Oceanic heat transport: Warm Ocean currents flow into polar regions, increasing basal melting of sea ice from
below.
For example: The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) transports warm waters into the
Arctic, reducing ice stability.
• El Nino and La Nina cycles: These climate patterns alter atmospheric and oceanic conditions, impacting ice
formation and melting rates.
For example: The 2015-2016 El Nino event contributed to record-low Antarctic Sea ice by increasing ocean
temperatures.
• Volcanic activity: Large volcanic eruptions can release aerosols that temporarily cool the atmosphere but may
also contribute to long-term ocean warming.
For example: The 2022 Hunga Tonga eruption injected water vapor into the stratosphere, which may enhance
warming effects over time.
• Frequent and intense storms: Stronger storms break apart fragile sea ice, making it more susceptible to melting
and transport by ocean currents.
For example: In 2024, storms broke apart ice in the Barents Sea and Bering Sea, contributing to record-low
Arctic Sea ice cover.

Anthropogenic factors:
• Greenhouse gas emissions: CO₂ and methane trap heat in the atmosphere, increasing global temperatures and
accelerating polar ice melt.
For example: The Industrial Revolution led to a sharp increase in CO₂ levels, causing Arctic Sea ice to decline
at 12.2% per decade since 1981.
• Fossil fuel combustion: Burning coal, oil, and gas releases pollutants that contribute to atmospheric warming
and ocean acidification.
For example: The Arctic is warming four times faster than the global average (Arctic Amplification) due to
heat-trapping emissions from industrial activities.
• Deforestation and Land use changes: Loss of forests reduces carbon absorption, while expanding cities
increase heat retention, influencing atmospheric circulation.
For example: Deforestation in the Amazon reduces carbon sequestration, exacerbating global warming and
indirectly contributing to sea ice loss.
• Unregulated Shipping and Oil Exploration in Polar Regions: Increased maritime activity and drilling in the
Arctic disturbs sea ice ecosystems and contributes to localized warming through heat and pollution.
For example: The Arctic rush following the discovery of natural resources in the Arctic region has further
reinforced this mechanism, causing greater harm to polar ice in the region.

Implications on Global Climate Systems

• Accelerated global warming: Less sea ice reduces Earth's reflectivity (albedo), causing oceans to absorb more
heat, leading to further temperature rise.
For example: The Arctic’s albedo effect decline has contributed to polar regions warming at twice the global
average, intensifying climate change.
• Disruption of ocean currents: Melting ice releases freshwater, reducing salinity and slowing deep ocean
circulation, affecting climate regulation.
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For example: The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is weakening, which could disrupt
weather patterns in North America, Europe and Indian Ocean Region.
• Rising sea levels: Melting Sea ice indirectly accelerates ice sheet melting on land, contributing to rising global
sea levels.
For example: Greenland’s ice sheet will raise global sea level, up to about 23 feet when all the ice is gone.
• Extreme weather events: Changing temperature gradients affect atmospheric circulation, increasing storms,
droughts, and heatwaves.
For example: The loss of Arctic ice influences the jet stream, leading to prolonged heat waves in Europe and
North America.
• Impact on marine ecosystems: Sea ice loss disrupts food chains, threatening marine species and fisheries
dependent on cold-water environments.
For example: Polar bears and seals are losing hunting grounds, while krill populations in the Antarctic are
declining, affecting the entire ecosystem.

Reversing the alarming decline in global sea ice demands decisive climate action. Strengthening international
climate commitments like Polar Code, advancing clean energy transitions, and investing in geoengineering
solutions can mitigate ice loss. Enhanced polar monitoring and adaptive policies will build climate resilience. A
sustainable future hinges on collective willpower to curb emissions and safeguard Earth's delicate cryosphere.

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conflict/article69262701.ece

4. Human-wildlife conflict in Kerala has gained attention due to rising fatalities and habitat fragmentation.
Analyze the key causes of this conflict and suggest sustainable strategies for mitigating its impact while
ensuring ecological balance. (10 Marks, 150 Words)
Answer:
Core Demand of the Question
• Analyze the key causes of this conflict.
• Analyze the key impact of this conflict.
• Suggest sustainable strategies for mitigating its impact while ensuring ecological balance.

Human-wildlife conflict (HWC) refers to interactions between humans and wildlife that lead to negative
consequences for both. A total of 486 persons have been killed in wild animal attacks in Kerala between 2019-20
and 2023-24. Rapid habitat fragmentation, driven by encroachments and infrastructure projects, has intensified
conflicts, particularly involving elephants, leopards, and wild boars.

Key Causes of Human-Wildlife Conflict

• Habitat Fragmentation: Deforestation, Agriculture expansion, encroachments, and monoculture plantations
disrupt wildlife movement and feeding patterns, pushing animals into human spaces.
For example: Elephant corridors like Aralam Farm (Kannur) and Chinnakkanal (Idukki) are now fragmented,
leading to more human-elephant conflicts.
• Proliferation of Invasive Flora: Species like Senna spectabilis have overrun native vegetation, reducing natural
food sources for herbivores and pushing them towards agricultural lands.
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• Unregulated Human Activities: Tourism expansion, cattle grazing, and food waste dumping near forest edges
attract wild animals, leading to frequent human encounters.
For example: Food waste in Sabarimala pilgrimage routes has increased wild boar and monkey conflicts.
• Legal & Policy Gaps: Lack of clear regulations on compensation, culling policies, and relocation measures
leads to inconsistent responses and tensions.
• Reduced Traditional Knowledge Use: Tribal communities' traditional coexistence strategies are declining,
leading to increased vulnerability to wildlife attacks.
For example: The Kerala government plans to document tribal methods of conflict mitigation for policy
integration.
• Climatic & Seasonal Variations: Droughts and rising temperatures force animals to venture into human areas
for food and water, increasing conflict risks.
For example: Kerala’s expected dry spell and extreme summer may intensify animal incursions into villages
and farmlands.

Impacts of Human-Wildlife Conflict

• Loss of Human Lives & Livelihoods: Frequent wildlife attacks lead to fatalities, injuries, and economic losses
for farmers, increasing distress and protests.
For example: Crop destruction by wild elephants in Wayanad has led to farmer agitations demanding stricter
wildlife control.
• Disruption of Wildlife Behavior: Constant human-animal interactions alter natural foraging and migration
patterns, making some species more aggressive.
For example: Elephants in fragmented landscapes become more nocturnal to avoid human presence, increasing
unpredictability.
• Escalation of Retaliatory Killings: Frustrated farmers and villagers resort to poisoning, trapping, and illegal
hunting, threatening vulnerable species.
For example: Illegal poisoning of elephants in Palakkad due to crop raiding incidents highlights rising conflict-
driven killings.
• Weakened Conservation Efforts: Conflict reduces public support for conservation, leading to demands for
culling, habitat destruction, and infrastructure projects in protected areas.
For example: Growing opposition to wildlife reserves near settlements threatens biodiversity conservation
policies.

Sustainable Strategies for Mitigation & Ecological Balance

• Participatory Conflict Management: Engage local communities, tribal groups, and farmers in conservation
plans, ensuring a balance between wildlife protection and human safety.
For example: Community-led crop protection measures in Wayanad reduced elephant raids by 30%.
• Eco-Friendly Habitat Restoration: Replace monoculture plantations with native forests, develop wildlife
corridors, and ensure water availability inside forests.
For example: Kerala’s Forest Department restored 5,031 hectares of degraded land and built check dams to
reduce animal migration into villages.
• Use of Technology & Infrastructure: Deploy solar fences, sensor-based early warning systems, and drone
monitoring to prevent human-wildlife encounters.
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For example: AI-driven elephant tracking in Nilambur has reduced human casualties by 25%.
• Policy Reforms & Compensation Mechanisms: Establish rapid response teams, transparent compensation
policies, and legal clarity on controlled animal population management.
For example: Declaring human-wildlife conflict as a State specific disaster in 2023 enabled disaster funds for
mitigation measures.

"Coexistence, Not Conflict" should be the guiding principle for Kerala’s human-wildlife dynamics. Strengthening
eco-sensitive zones, community-led conservation, and technology-driven monitoring can minimize
confrontations. Agroforestry, participatory forest and habitat restoration will reduce encroachments, while
swift compensation mechanisms ensure stakeholder cooperation. A holistic "Living with Wildlife" model
integrating traditional wisdom with modern science is imperative for long-term harmony.

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states/article69231046.ece#:~:text=This%20can%20be%20done%20in,the%20Finance%20Commission%2
0of%20India.

5. NTPC’s thermal electricity generation reveals that States producing the most electricity consume relatively
less, highlighting an imbalance between electricity-producing and consuming States. Examine the
consequences of this imbalance and propose policy measures to ensure equitable resource distribution and
sustainable development. (15 Marks, 250 words)
Answer:
Core Demand of the Question
• Discuss how the NTPC's thermal electricity generation reveals that States producing the most electricity
consume relatively less, highlighting an imbalance between electricity-producing and consuming States.
• Examine the consequences of this imbalance
• Propose policy measures to ensure equitable resource distribution and sustainable development.

Thermal power remains the backbone of India’s energy sector, contributing over 73% of electricity generation
in 2022-23. However, coal-rich States like Chhattisgarh, Odisha, and Jharkhand produce substantial electricity
but consume significantly less, leading to an imbalance in energy distribution. This disparity raises concerns about
environmental burdens, economic equity, and sustainable energy policies, necessitating urgent policy
interventions.

Imbalance Between Electricity-Producing and Consuming States

• Lower Consumption in Producing States: NTPC’s thermal electricity generation data show that States like
Uttar Pradesh, Odisha, and Chhattisgarh consume only 40%, 38.43%, and 29.92%, respectively, of the
electricity they produce. This highlights a disparity in energy usage between producing and consuming States.
For example: Chhattisgarh generated a significant share of NTPC’s electricity, yet it remains one of India’s
lowest per capita electricity consumers, indicating an unequal distribution of energy benefits.
• Disproportionate Pollution Burden: Thermal power-producing States bear high pollution levels due to coal
combustion and emissions, while consuming States benefit from clean electricity without facing environmental
degradation.
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For example: Jharkhand, Odisha, and Chhattisgarh house major NTPC plants and suffer from high air pollution
due to SO₂ and particulate emissions, while Gujarat and Maharashtra, as net consumers, face minimal pollution
consequences.
• Net Electricity Exporters with Low Industrial Growth: Many electricity-producing States are net exporters
but have lower industrial and economic growth, as industries prefer States with better infrastructure and
investment policies.
For example: Chhattisgarh, a major power producer, exports over 535.29 MW but lacks the industrial base of
Maharashtra or Gujarat, which import electricity yet have strong economic growth.
• Revenue Disparity and Lack of Tax Benefits: Producing States do not receive tax benefits since electricity
generation is not taxed, while consuming States earn electricity duty revenue without bearing production costs.
• Limited Development in Producing States: Despite housing power plants, producing States struggle with
inadequate infrastructure and social development since most economic benefits go to consuming States.

Consequences of This Imbalance

• Environmental Degradation in Producing States: High pollution levels lead to health issues, soil degradation,
and loss of biodiversity, impacting agriculture and quality of life in producing States.
For example: Jharkhand’s Jharia coal belt faces severe air and water pollution, increasing respiratory diseases
among residents, while consumers in Punjab or Tamil Nadu face no such hazards.
• Economic Disparities Between States: Producing States remain economically weaker, while consuming States
flourish due to lower operational costs and steady electricity supply.
For example: Maharashtra and Gujarat, despite importing electricity, have high industrial output, whereas
producing States like Bihar and Chhattisgarh struggle with economic growth.
• Public Opposition to New Power Plants: Local communities in producing States oppose new thermal projects
due to displacement, pollution, and lack of direct benefits, leading to project delays.
For example: Residents of Singrauli (Madhya Pradesh), home to NTPC plants, frequently protest against land
acquisition and air pollution, delaying expansion projects.
• Inefficiency in Resource Utilization: Producing States lack sufficient local demand for their own power,
resulting in underutilization of resources, while consuming States struggle with peak demand management.

Policy Measures for Equitable Resource Distribution and Sustainable Development

• Compensation for Producing States: The Union government should establish a compensation mechanism
where producing States receive financial benefits for environmental and infrastructural burdens.
For instance: The Sixteenth Finance Commission can introduce a pollution compensation fund to transfer a
fixed percentage of power revenue to producing States.
• Green Energy Investment in Producing States: The government should prioritize renewable energy
investments in producing States, ensuring a transition away from coal while maintaining their economic
stability.
For instance: Jharkhand and Odisha, major coal-producing States, should receive higher renewable energy
allocations under the National Green Hydrogen Mission to diversify their power sector.
• Revenue Sharing from Electricity Duty: The electricity duty collected by consuming States should be partially
shared with producing States to ensure fiscal equity in power generation.
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• Mandatory CSR Spending on Local Development: NTPC and other power producers should be mandated to
allocate a higher share of their CSR funds for healthcare, infrastructure, and pollution control in producing
States.
For instance: NTPC Singrauli should invest in air pollution control measures, local hospitals, and skill training
programs for affected communities, ensuring direct benefits to locals.
• Decentralized Power Utilization: Encouraging local consumption through industrial incentives in producing
States will boost economic growth and reduce dependency on external buyers.
For example: Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand should receive special industrial subsidies to attract manufacturing
units that utilize locally generated power, ensuring economic benefits remain within the State.

Bridging the production-consumption gap demands strategic policy reforms, targeted infrastructure
investments, and robust renewable energy integration. Such measures can ensure equitable resource distribution
and mitigate regional disparities. By fostering inter-State collaboration and promoting technology-led solutions, we
can pave the path toward resilient, inclusive, and sustainable development for a power-empowered future.

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change/article69220357.ece

6. The 2023 Sikkim Glacial Lake Outburst Flood exposed the vulnerabilities of hydropower infrastructure in
the Himalayan region. Critically examine the feasibility of large dam projects in the Himalayan region in the
context of climate change-induced risks and environmental sustainability. (15 Marks, 250 Words)
Answer:
Core Demand of the Question
• Explain how the 2023 Sikkim Glacial Lake Outburst Flood exposed the vulnerabilities of hydropower
infrastructure in the Himalayan region.
• Examine the rationale of large dam projects in the Himalayan region
• Examine the challenges in feasibility of large dam projects in the Himalayan region in the context of climate
change-induced risks and environmental sustainability.
• Suggest a way ahead

The South Lhonak glacial lake in Sikkim burst, causing a Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) that claimed 55
lives and destroyed the 1,200 MW Teesta III hydropower plant. GLOFs occur when glacial lakes suddenly
release water due to ice or moraine dam failure, posing a severe risk to Himalayan infrastructure amid climate
change-induced instability.

Exposure of Hydropower Vulnerabilities in the Himalayan Region

• Dam Infrastructure Fragility: The Teesta-3 dam collapse highlighted the structural weakness of large
hydropower projects in geologically unstable, high-risk, and climate-sensitive glacial regions.
For example: The GLOF carried dam debris downstream, intensifying destruction, displacing thousands, and
affecting people across multiple districts in Sikkim.
• Unpredictable Climate-Induced Events: Traditional hydrological and meteorological models failed to
anticipate extreme events like the Sikkim flood, exposing serious gaps in long-term disaster preparedness and
response mechanisms.
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For example: Local weather stations recorded only moderate rainfall, yet the flood impact was catastrophic
due to glacial moraine collapse, triggering landslides and flash floods.
• Lack of Effective Early Warning Systems: The disaster exposed the inadequacy of warning mechanisms,
limited predictive capabilities, and poor communication networks, leaving communities and infrastructure
vulnerable to sudden high-intensity floods.
For example: The South Lhonak lake’s moraine collapse was undetected, giving authorities little time for mass
evacuation and mitigation measures.
• Multiplier Effect of Climate Change: Increased glacial melt, rising temperatures, expanding lakes, and erratic
monsoons heighten risks of future GLOFs and large-scale ecological destruction, making large dams even more
vulnerable.
For example: The number of glacial lakes in the Himalayas increased by 10.8%, and their surface area
expanded by 33.7% between 2011 and 2024, escalating risk factors.
• Secondary Disasters from Infrastructure Failure: The domino effect of dam destruction, riverbank erosion,
sediment accumulation, and landslides led to massive downstream flooding, worsening socio-economic losses
and environmental damage.

Rationale for Large Dam Projects in the Himalayas

• Renewable Energy Generation: Hydropower is a clean, low-carbon, and sustainable energy source, reducing
dependence on fossil fuels, mitigating climate change, and meeting India’s growing electricity demand.
For example: The Teesta-3 project had a 1,200 MW installed capacity, contributing significantly to Sikkim’s
renewable energy production and power grid stability.
• Water Resource Management: Dams help in flood regulation, irrigation, hydroelectric generation, and long-
term water storage, ensuring water security for drinking, agriculture, and industrial use in vulnerable regions.
For example: The Bhakra Nangal Dam supports irrigation across Punjab, Haryana, and Rajasthan, ensuring
year-round crop production and drought resilience.
• Economic and Social Development: Large dam projects create direct employment, improve infrastructure,
promote tourism, and boost state revenues, benefiting local communities and overall regional economic growth.
For example: The Tehri Dam project enhanced road networks, hydropower capacity, and employment
opportunities, increasing Uttarakhand’s economic development and connectivity.
• Energy Export Potential: Himalayan states can export surplus power to energy-deficient regions, fostering
interstate cooperation, economic growth, and reduced reliance on imported energy sources.
For example: Bhutan’s hydropower exports to India contribute over 25% of its GDP, strengthening bilateral
economic and diplomatic relations with India.
• Strategic National Interest: Dams near border areas enhance India’s energy security, water sovereignty, and
strategic influence, preventing China’s control over upstream Himalayan River flows.
For example: The Arunachal Pradesh hydropower projects counter China’s dam-building initiatives on the
Brahmaputra River, securing India’s water rights.

Challenges in the Feasibility of Large Dams in the Himalayan Region

• Geological and Seismic Instability: The Himalayas are highly prone to earthquakes, landslides, glacial
movements, and erosion, increasing risks of dam collapse, structural failures, and large-scale disasters.
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For example: The 2015 Nepal earthquake severely damaged hydropower structures, exposing seismic
vulnerabilities in Himalayan infrastructure projects.
• Unpredictable Climate-Induced Disasters: Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs), cloudbursts, and erratic
monsoons can overwhelm existing dam designs, making long-term viability and risk management extremely
difficult.
For example: The Kedarnath floods (2013) devastated infrastructure, proving extreme weather events can
surpass projected safety thresholds.
• Ecological and Biodiversity Loss: Large dams submerge forests, disrupt river ecosystems, block fish
migration, and destroy wildlife habitats, leading to biodiversity loss and irreversible environmental damage.
For example: The Subansiri Dam project in Arunachal Pradesh threatens riverine species, including endangered
Gangetic dolphins and migratory fish populations.
• Displacement and Social Conflicts: Dam construction leads to forced evictions, land dispossession, loss of
ancestral livelihoods, and cultural erosion, sparking resistance movements and long-term rehabilitation
challenges.
• High Financial and Maintenance Costs: Frequent repairs, sedimentation, environmental mitigation, and
climate adaptation measures increase operational costs, making hydropower less competitive and economically
unviable.
For example: The Kishanganga Hydropower Project in J&K faced cost overruns due to landslides, siltation,
and power tariff escalations.

Way Ahead
• Diversifying Energy Sources: Encourage decentralized solar, wind, and small-scale hydro projects to reduce
reliance on large dams, enhance energy security, and promote climate-friendly solutions.
For example: Ladakh’s hybrid solar-wind energy projects supply sustainable electricity with minimal
environmental impact and community participation.
• Strengthening Climate Resilience: Improve dam design, flood drainage capacity, disaster mitigation
strategies, and sediment control systems to withstand climate-induced extreme weather events.
For example: Teesta-3 2.0’s upgraded spillway and reinforced concrete structure aim to handle higher flood
volumes and enhance structural stability.
• Early Warning and Monitoring Systems: Deploy AI-based real-time glacial lake monitoring, satellite
tracking, predictive analytics, and localized alert systems to reduce response time during potential disasters.
For example: Bhutan’s GLOF early warning system integrates remote sensing, allowing villages to evacuate
safely before flash floods occur.
• Community-Centric Development: Ensure local participation, livelihood restoration, fair compensation, and
sustainable economic alternatives for dam-affected populations to prevent displacement-related conflicts.
• Strict Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs): Enforce scientific, independent EIAs incorporating
climate risk assessments, glacial lake monitoring, and ecological impact studies before greenlighting dam
projects.
For example: Norway’s hydropower regulations mandate strict environmental impact studies, ensuring long-
term sustainability and ecological balance.

Considering the inherent seismic activity, increasing frequency of GLOFs, and the fragile ecosystem of the
Himalayas, the feasibility of large dam projects in this region is highly questionable. Prioritizing alternative energy
 132

solutions, such as pumped storage hydropower, and implementing comprehensive environmental impact
assessments are essential steps toward achieving sustainable energy development while preserving the delicate
Himalayan environment.

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readiness/article69234361.ece

7. India is located in a seismically active region due to the collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates. Discuss the
major earthquake-prone zones in India and the challenges associated with disaster preparedness in these
regions. (15 Marks, 250 Words)
Answer:
Core Demand of the Question
• Discuss the major earthquake-prone zones in India as it is located in a seismically active region due to the
collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates.
• Discuss the challenges associated with disaster preparedness in these regions
• Suggest measures to mitigate these challenges

India lies in a seismically active region, as the Indian Plate continues to push northward into the Eurasian Plate
at a rate of ~5 cm per year, creating immense geological stress. The February 2024 Delhi earthquake, with
tremors felt across North India, highlights the growing seismic risk. With 59% of India prone to earthquakes,
preparedness is crucial.

Major Earthquake-Prone Zones in India

• Himalayan Seismic Belt: The collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates creates high seismic activity, covering
Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and Arunachal Pradesh in Seismic Zone V.
For example: The 2015 Nepal earthquake caused widespread destruction in Bihar, Sikkim, and West Bengal,
demonstrating the vulnerability of northern India to Himalayan quakes.
• Indo-Gangetic Plain: This densely populated region lies in Seismic Zones III and IV, facing risks due to
alluvial soil amplifying seismic waves, affecting Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and West Bengal.
For example: The 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake devastated Patna, Munger, and Muzaffarpur, leading to severe
casualties and infrastructure collapse in soft-soil regions.
• Northeastern Seismic Zone: This zone is affected by subduction of the Indian Plate under the Burmese Plate,
covering Assam, Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland, and Tripura in Seismic Zone V.
• Western and Central India: The Kutch and Saurashtra regions in Gujarat lie along the Kathiawar Fault,
making them vulnerable to intraplate earthquakes, classified under Seismic Zone IV.
For example: The 2001 Bhuj earthquake caused over 20,000 deaths and massive destruction, highlighting the
risks of poor building compliance in seismically active zones.
• Peninsular India’s Stable Cratonic Regions: While geologically stable, regions like Maharashtra (Latur),
Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu experience intraplate seismic activity due to ancient faults reactivating.
For example: The 1993 Latur earthquake, despite occurring in a low-risk zone, resulted in over 9,000 deaths,
proving that even stable regions need preparedness.
 133

Challenges Associated with Disaster Preparedness

• Weak Building Code Enforcement: Many structures do not adhere to the National Building Code (NBC)
2016, making urban areas vulnerable to collapse during major earthquakes.
For example: The 2011 Sikkim earthquake caused significant damage to poorly built structures, despite
occurring in a region with known seismic risks.
• Rapid Urbanization Without Planning: Unregulated construction in seismic zones increases disaster risks,
especially in Delhi, where high-rise buildings violate safety norms.
For example: The 1991 Uttarkashi earthquake destroyed thousands of homes, many of which were built with
poor structural integrity in high-risk areas.
• Limited Early Warning Systems: India lacks an efficient earthquake early warning system comparable to
Japan or the U.S., reducing the time available for evacuation.
For example: The 2015 Nepal earthquake saw thousands killed in Bihar, highlighting the need for better
regional seismic monitoring and warning systems.
• Vulnerability of Critical Infrastructure: Dams, bridges, nuclear plants, and power stations in seismic zones
face high risks, with Narora nuclear plant (Zone IV) needing urgent retrofitting.
• Inadequate Public Awareness and Drills: Lack of community preparedness programs, mock drills, and safety
training means people do not know how to react during tremors.
For example: During the 2017 Tripura earthquake, panic led to stampedes and injuries, showing the importance
of public education on earthquake response.
 134

Measures to Mitigate These Challenges

• Strict Enforcement of Building Codes: Ensure mandatory compliance with the National Building Code (NBC)
2016 and retrofitting of old structures in seismic zones to withstand earthquakes.
• Implementation of Early Warning Systems: Establish advanced seismic monitoring networks and deploy
earthquake early warning systems like those in Japan and Mexico for timely evacuation.
For example: The DMRC (Delhi Metro Rail Corporation) has an earthquake warning system in place called
the EqWS (Earthquake Warning System), installed since June 2015.
• Seismic-Resilient Infrastructure Planning: Design critical infrastructure like bridges, dams, and nuclear
plants with base isolation technology and shock-absorbing materials to minimize damage.
For example: The Kolkata Metro East-West Corridor was built with earthquake-resistant tunneling methods,
ensuring safety in seismic-prone areas.
• Public Awareness and Community Preparedness: Conduct regular earthquake drills, safety training in
schools and workplaces, and introduce earthquake education in disaster-prone areas.
• Strengthening Emergency Response and Healthcare: Improve NDRF capabilities, train local disaster
response teams, and equip hospitals with seismic-resistant infrastructure and trauma care units.

Strengthening early warning systems, enforcing seismic-resistant infrastructure, and fostering community
awareness are crucial for mitigating earthquake risks. Integrating advanced technology, improving disaster
response mechanisms, and promoting adaptive urban planning will ensure a safer, disaster-resilient India. A
proactive, multi-stakeholder approach is the key to minimizing devastation and safeguarding lives.
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DEFENSE AND SECURITY

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violence/article69200111.ece

1. The resurgence of terror groups like ISIS and al-Qaeda, coupled with advancements in digital
radicalization, poses new security challenges. In light of this statement discuss the changing dynamics of
global terrorism and its implications for India’s internal security. (15 Marks, 250 Words)
Answer:
Core Demand of the Question
• Highlight new security challenges due to resurgence of terror groups like ISIS and al-Qaeda coupled with
advancements in digital radicalization.
• Discuss the changing dynamics of global terrorism.
• Discuss the implications of global terrorism for India’s internal security.
• Suggest a way forward.

Global terrorism refers to politically motivated violence that transcends national borders to instill fear. ISIS,
which at its peak controlled vast territories in the Middle East, and al-Qaeda, infamous for the 9/11 attacks, are
prime examples. Digital radicalization is the online process of extremist indoctrination, significantly
challenging the robustness of state internal security systems.

New Security Challenges Due to Resurgence of Terror Groups and Digital Radicalization
• Decentralized Terror Networks: The weakening of al-Qaeda and ISIS has led to decentralized, self-
radicalized groups operating independently, making counter-terrorism efforts complex.
For example: The Islamic State-Khorasan Province (ISKP) has expanded its footprint beyond Afghanistan,
attacking targets in Pakistan, Iran, and Turkiye.
• Use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) for Radicalization: Terrorists are leveraging AI for deep fake
propaganda, targeted recruitment, and automated misinformation campaigns, increasing the reach of
extremist ideologies.
For example: AI-generated content on social media is being used to spread jihadist narratives, leading to
the self-radicalization of individuals in Europe and the U.S.
• ‘Lone Wolf’ Attacks and Small-Scale Terrorism: There is a shift from large-scale coordinated attacks to
individual-driven, low-cost attacks using vehicles, knives, and firearms.
For example: The New Orleans truck attack (2024), where a military veteran killed 14 people with an IS
flag attached to his vehicle.
• Dark Web and Encrypted Communication: Terrorists use dark web forums and encrypted apps like
Telegram for fundraising, planning, and execution of attacks while evading intelligence agencies.
For example: The Paris attacks (2015) were coordinated using encrypted messaging apps, bypassing
conventional surveillance mechanisms.
• Emergence of Hybrid Terror Groups: New tech-savvy terror groups combine conventional insurgency
tactics with cyber warfare and digital propaganda, creating a hybrid threat landscape.
 136

For example: The Balochistan Liberation Army (BLA) has started using cyber warfare techniques
alongside physical attacks in Pakistan and India.

Changing Dynamics of Global Terrorism

• Shift from Regional to Global Operations: Earlier region-specific groups like ISIS and al-Qaeda are now
targeting a broader international audience through online radicalization.
For example: The ISKP has targeted Russia, Iran, and the U.S., indicating an expanded operational range.
• Terrorist Financing Through Cryptocurrencies: With global banking surveillance tightening, terror groups
use Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies for untraceable funding.
For example: Hamas and ISIS have been found using crypto wallets to transfer funds anonymously across
borders.
• Exploitation of Conflict Zones: Terrorists thrive in unstable regions like Syria, Afghanistan, and West Africa,
using civil wars to establish operational bases.
For example: Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) has capitalized on Yemen’s civil war to expand its
influence.
• Radicalization of Migrants and Refugees: Extremist networks infiltrate refugee populations, turning
displaced individuals into recruits for jihadist movements.
For example: European countries have witnessed radicalized refugees involved in terror attacks, such as the
Berlin Christmas Market attack (2016).
• Increased Targeting of Soft and Cyber Infrastructure: Modern terrorism prioritizes attacking transport,
power grids, and cyber systems over traditional military targets.
For example: Cyber-attacks on Ukraine’s power grid (2015) were attributed to state-sponsored and jihadist
hackers.

Implications of Global Terrorism for India’s Internal Security

• Cross-Border Terrorism and Pakistan’s Role: India faces terror threats from Pakistan-based groups like
Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) and Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM), often inspired by global jihadist networks.
For example: The Pulwama attack (2019), where JeM carried out a suicide bombing, killing 40 CRPF
personnel.
• Radicalization of Indian Youth: Online jihadist propaganda has influenced some Indian youth, leading to
recruitment into foreign terror organizations.
For example: Several Indian nationals from Kerala joined ISIS and fought in Syria and Afghanistan.
• Terrorist Attacks on Urban Centers: Metro cities remain prime targets due to symbolic and economic
significance, leading to enhanced security risks.
For example: The 26/11 Mumbai attacks (2008), where LeT executed coordinated strikes across Mumbai.
• Insurgency in Kashmir and Northeast India: Global jihadist narratives influence militant groups in Kashmir,
while Northeast insurgents receive foreign support.
For example: The Nagaland Ambush (2021), where insurgents targeted security forces, highlights the persistent
threat in the Northeast.
• Cyber-Terrorism and Fake News Warfare: Terrorists manipulate social media and hack Indian digital
infrastructure, leading to communal unrest and misinformation-driven violence.
 137

Way Forward
• Strengthening Cyber Surveillance and AI-Based Countermeasures: India should develop AI-driven
surveillance tools to track online radicalization and prevent cyber-terrorism.
For example: The Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C) monitors dark web activity to counter digital
extremism.
• International Counter-Terrorism Cooperation: Enhanced intelligence-sharing with U.S., EU, and Middle
East nations can help India tackle transnational terror threats.
For example: India-U.S. Homeland Security Dialogue focuses on counter-terror cooperation and cyber
security.
• Community-Based De-Radicalization Programs: Engaging local religious leaders, educators, and social
workers can prevent vulnerable youth from radicalization.
For example: Maharashtra’s ‘De-radicalization Camps’ have successfully rehabilitated individuals exposed to
jihadist ideology.
• Upgrading Border Security and Counter-Terror Operations: Advanced drone surveillance, biometric
tracking, and satellite monitoring can prevent infiltration.
For example: India deployed Israel’s Heron drones along the Pakistan and China borders for real-time
intelligence.
• Countering Terror Financing Through Financial Intelligence: India must implement stringent regulations
on crypto transactions and enhance financial monitoring mechanisms.
For example: The Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU-IND) has been tracking Hawala and crypto transactions
linked to terror outfits.

Countering terror requires a multi-pronged approach, leveraging technology to combat digital radicalization,
strengthening global intelligence sharing, and enhancing community-driven de-radicalization programs. India
must prioritize cybersecurity innovation, robust border management, and inclusive governance to address
grievances. “Prevention through preparedness” should be the mantra to build a resilient nation against evolving
terror dynamics.

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relations/article69243982.ece

2. The restoration of India-China bilateral relations post-Galwan clashes (2020) remains a complex process.
Examine the geopolitical and economic factors influencing China’s recent push to normalize relations with
India, particularly in the context of global developments. (15 Marks, 250 Words)
Answer:
Core Demand of the Question
• Highlight how the restoration of India-China bilateral relations post-Galwan clashes (2020) remains a complex
process.
• Examine the geopolitical factors influencing China’s recent push to normalize relations with India, particularly
in the context of global developments
• Examine the economic factors influencing China’s recent push to normalize relations with India, particularly
in the context of global developments
 138

The India-China bilateral relationship has been marked by border disputes, economic ties, and geopolitical
competition. The Galwan clashes led to a sharp deterioration in ties, affecting trade, military cooperation, and
diplomatic engagements. Despite bilateral trade reaching $136 billion in 2023, unresolved border tensions and
strategic mistrust continue to hinder full-scale normalization

Restoration of India-China Bilateral Relations Post-Galwan Clashes (2020) Remains a Complex Process
• Unresolved Border Issues: Despite diplomatic talks, lack of clarity on troop disengagement and restoration of
patrolling rights at critical points like Galwan and Depsang create persistent tensions.
For example: The October 2024 de-escalation agreement lacked transparency on whether China has withdrawn
its troops to pre-2020 positions, raising concerns about India's territorial integrity.
• Divergent Strategic Interests: India insists on restoring the status quo ante before normalizing ties, while China
pushes for moving forward without addressing border violations.
• Lack of Verifiable Agreements: There is no clear mechanism to ensure compliance with past border
agreements, leading to repeated violations and mistrust.
For example: The 2020 standoff occurred despite previous agreements like the 1993 and 1996 border pacts,
showing China's tendency to ignore diplomatic commitments.
• India’s Geopolitical Calculations: India is cautious about engaging with China while strengthening its ties
with the US, QUAD, and Indo-Pacific allies, creating a delicate balancing act.
For example: India has expanded defense cooperation with the US under the Basic Exchange and Cooperation
Agreement (BECA) while maintaining diplomatic channels with China.
• Absence of Transparent Communication: The Indian government’s guarded statements and reluctance to
publicly discuss military disengagement status create uncertainty about actual progress.
For example: The October 2024 Foreign Secretary briefing mentioned a "process of disengagement" but did
not confirm full withdrawal of Chinese troops from key friction points.

Geopolitical Factors Influencing China’s Recent Push to Normalize Relations with India
• Trump’s Re-Election and US-China Tensions: With Donald Trump’s return in November 2024, China faces
renewed US pressure, prompting a strategic shift to stabilize relations with India.
For example: The 2025 India-China agreement came soon after Trump's election victory, mirroring China's
past normalization efforts post-Tiananmen Square backlash in 1989.
• Economic Slowdown in China: China’s slowing economy and declining global trade necessitate stabilizing
regional ties, including with India, to sustain its economic interests.
For example: China’s 2024 GDP growth slowed to 4.5%, prompting its leadership to seek economic
cooperation with India’s large consumer market for trade and investment.
• Strategic Diversion from Internal Issues: With rising domestic dissent, including discontent over youth
unemployment and real estate crises, China seeks external diplomatic wins.
• Countering India’s Growing Global Influence: India’s rising role in BRICS, G20, and QUAD threatens
China’s dominance, prompting Beijing to prevent India from aligning fully with the West.
For example: China backed India’s 2023 G20 presidency but opposed India’s QUAD involvement, reflecting
its attempts to shape India's global stance.
• Concerns Over Regional Stability: Ongoing conflicts like Russia-Ukraine and Israel-Palestine have
heightened global instability, making China wary of another potential conflict with India.
 139

For example: China faces Western scrutiny over its Taiwan stance and seeks to prevent a two-front diplomatic
crisis by reducing tensions with India.

Economic Factors Influencing China’s Recent Push to Normalize Relations with India
• Declining Export Growth: China’s export-driven economy has faced setbacks due to weak global demand and
trade restrictions, making India a potential alternative market.
For example: In 2023, China’s exports declined by 4.6%, while India’s economy grew at 7.6%, making it an
attractive trade partner for Chinese industries.
• Manufacturing Slowdown and Supply Chain Risks: China's zero-COVID policy impact, coupled with
Western supply chain diversification, has reduced foreign investments, forcing China to seek stable trade
partners.
For example: Apple and Samsung have shifted manufacturing to India under the Production-Linked Incentive
(PLI) scheme, reducing China’s dominance in electronics production.
• Real Estate and Debt Crisis: China’s property sector crisis, led by Evergrande’s collapse, has triggered
investor uncertainty, pushing Beijing to rebuild economic confidence through regional cooperation.
For example: In 2024, Evergrande’s liquidation worsened China’s financial instability, leading to an urgent
need for stable trade ties, including with India.:
• US-China Trade War and Tariffs: Increasing US tariffs on Chinese goods have limited China’s access to
Western markets, prompting a shift toward regional trade partnerships.
For example: The US imposed 25% tariffs on Chinese tech exports, prompting China to increase investments
in Indian startups and consumer markets.
• India’s Economic Rise and Market Potential: India’s growing middle class and digital economy offer China
a huge consumer base, making normalized relations economically beneficial.
For example: Chinese companies like Xiaomi and Vivo dominate India’s smartphone market, highlighting
China’s dependence on Indian consumers despite geopolitical tensions.

Bridging the Himalayas through diplomacy and pragmatism is imperative for long-term regional stability. India
must pursue a calibrated engagement, leveraging economic resilience, strategic alliances, and military
preparedness, while ensuring territorial integrity. A rules-based order, reinforced by multilateral platforms,
can foster trust-building mechanisms. Future ties hinge on mutual economic interests and strategic foresight,
shaping a balanced, cooperative Asia.
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SOCIETY AND SOCIAL JUSTICE

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of-children-several-fiitjee-centres-closed-down-9798025/

1. The rapid proliferation of coaching centers in India has sparked concerns regarding their impact on the formal
education system and student well-being. Critically analyze the factors contributing to the growth of the
coaching industry, its effects on mainstream education. (15 Marks, 250 Words)
Answer:
Core Demand of the Question
• Highlight how the rapid proliferation of coaching centers in India has sparked concerns regarding their impact
on the formal education system and student well-being.
• Analyze the factors contributing to the growth of the coaching industry
• Discuss its effects on mainstream education.
• Suggest a way ahead

India’s booming coaching industry now commands a market valued around 58,000 crore and attracts millions of
students nationwide. These private institutions offer tailored exam preparation that fills gaps in traditional learning.
However, concerns arise that their market-driven model undermines the quality of formal education and significantly
strains student well-being through heightened academic pressures.

Impact of the Proliferation of Coaching Centers on Formal Education System and Student Well-Being:

• Reduced Role of Schools: Students prioritize coaching classes over school education, undermining the
importance of schools in providing a well-rounded educational experience.
For example: Many students attend school only to fulfill attendance requirements while relying solely on
coaching centers for competitive exam preparation.
• Mental Health Issues: Intense competition and long hours in coaching centers lead to stress, anxiety, and
burnout among students.
For example: Reports of student suicides in Kota highlight the immense psychological toll coaching center
environments can impose.
• Declining School Interest: Students lose interest in school education, as coaching centers dominate their
academic focus and preparation strategies.
For example: In many CBSE schools, students skip regular classes during crucial academic years to attend
coaching sessions.
• Financial Inequality: High coaching fees make quality preparation inaccessible to economically weaker
students, deepening disparities in educational opportunities.
For example: Premium programs for JEE preparation cost lakhs, creating a divide between those who can
afford coaching and those who cannot.
 141

Factors Contributing to the Growth of the Coaching Industry:

• Exam-Oriented System: The focus on high-stakes entrance exams, like JEE and NEET, drives the demand for
specialized coaching.
For example: With limited IIT seats available, students enroll in coaching centers to maximize their chances
of selection.
• Perceived pathway to Success: Parents and students see coaching centers as essential for securing admission
into prestigious institutions.
For example: Many parents invest substantial amounts in coaching fees, believing it guarantees better results
in competitive exams.
• Gaps in Curriculum: Formal education often lacks advanced preparation for competitive exams, creating a
vacuum filled by coaching centers.
For example: State boards focus on State board/NCERT textbook knowledge, while coaching centers provide
tailored training for competitive exams.
• Social Pressure: Students face peer and parental pressure to join coaching centers, leading to exponential
growth of this coaching culture.
For example: A trend in cities like Kota or Hyderabad involves entire families relocating for coaching
opportunities.
• Aggressive Marketing: Coaching centers use success stories and rank-focused advertisements to attract
students.
For example: Coaching institutes highlight their top-performing students in advertisements, fostering an image
of guaranteed success.

Effects on Mainstream Education:

• Marginalization of School Curriculum: Coaching centers prioritize competitive exam preparation over school
syllabus, causing students to neglect regular academic learning.
For example: Students often skip school lectures during Class 11 and 12 to attend full-day coaching sessions
for JEE or NEET.
• Decline in Teaching Standards at Schools: Teachers face reduced motivation as students shift their focus to
coaching institutes, undermining the credibility of formal schooling.
For example: In urban areas, schools report low classroom participation, with students solely relying on
coaching material.
• Overemphasis on Rote Learning: Coaching centers foster rote memorization to crack exams, curbing critical
thinking and practical application skills developed in schools.
For example: Coaching manuals for entrance exams often focus on solving repetitive problems rather than
conceptual exploration.
• Erosion of Holistic Education: Subjects like arts, sports, and extracurricular activities take a backseat as
students dedicate excessive time to coaching classes.
For example: Students preparing for engineering or medical exams often miss out on school-organized cultural
events and sports competitions.
• Growing Economic Divide in Education: Expensive coaching fees restrict access to exam-oriented resources,
creating a dual system where mainstream education serves only the underprivileged.
 142

For example: While affluent students enroll in renowned institutes, those in government schools depend on
limited school resources.

Way Ahead:
• Strengthen School Coaching: Introduce advanced learning modules and coaching sessions in schools to reduce
dependency on private coaching centers.
For example: Several Kendriya Vidyalayas have started offering integrated JEE/NEET preparation programs
for senior students.
• Promote Digital Learning: Encourage online platforms offering quality education at lower costs to bridge
economic disparities in exam preparation.
For example: Platforms like NPTEL and Diksha provide free resources for competitive exams, accessible to
all students.
• Reform Exam Systems: Focus on aptitude-based evaluations rather than knowledge-heavy testing to reduce
the need for specialized coaching.
For example: The Common University Entrance Test (CUET) emphasizes aptitude and reasoning over subject
expertise.
• Invest in Teacher Training: Invest in teacher training programs to equip school educators with tools for
advanced-level teaching and mentorship.
For example: Government initiatives like NISHTHA aim to enhance the professional skills of schoolteachers
nationwide.
• Encourage Holistic Policies: Design policies emphasizing a balanced curriculum that integrates academic,
cultural, and sports education alongside competitive exam preparation.
For example: The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 advocates for multidisciplinary learning and reducing
high-stakes testing stress.

Strengthening formal education with innovative teaching methods, personalized learning, and skill-based
curricula can reduce dependence on coaching centers. Robust regulations, affordable quality education, and
fostering student well-being will ensure an equitable, holistic learning ecosystem. As Nelson Mandela said,
“Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world.” The future lies in bridging
gaps, not in parallel systems of education.

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education/article69193367.ece

2. The digital revolution has significantly expanded access to technology in rural India, yet learning outcomes
remain a challenge. Critically analyze the role of technology in addressing educational inequities in India.
(15 marks, 250 words)
Answer:
Core Demand of the Question
• Discuss how the digital revolution has significantly expanded access to technology in rural India.
• Highlight the challenges in learning outcomes despite expansion in access to technology.
• Analyze the role of technology in addressing educational inequities in India
 143

The digital revolution refers to the shift from traditional technologies to digital technologies, profoundly impacting
various sectors, including education. As per Registrar General of India, Digital Revolution has enabled 95.15%
of India's villages with 3G/4G connectivity and 398.35 million rural internet subscribers as of March 2024.
However, educational inequities, disparities in resource allocation and academic achievement continue to
challenge learning outcomes.

Digital Revolution Expanding Access to Technology in Rural India

• Increased smartphone penetration: By 2024, smartphone ownership in rural households rose to 84%, enabling
greater connectivity and digital access for education.
• Broad adoption of digital tools: The pandemic led to widespread familiarity with virtual tools like video
lessons, digital worksheets, and online training sessions.
For example: During COVID-19, many teachers conducted virtual classes using simple apps like WhatsApp,
benefiting students even in remote villages.
• Improved internet connectivity: The proliferation of affordable data plans made online educational content
more accessible to rural areas.
• Introduction of AI in education: Artificial intelligence tools are gaining traction, offering personalized
learning experiences and breaking language barriers.
For example: AI-powered translation tools now allow students to access educational materials in their regional
languages, making content more inclusive.
• Government initiatives for tech integration: Programs like DIKSHA and PM e-Vidya introduced e-learning
platforms and digital resources for students in rural schools.
For example: Under DIKSHA, teachers uploaded lectures and resources accessible to rural students, fostering
continuity in education during lockdowns.

Challenges in Learning Outcomes Despite Access to Technology

• Device ownership inequality: Despite high smartphone penetration, many rural households have only one
device, often monopolized by adults for work.
For example: Mothers, who play a key role in early education, often lack access to smartphones to assist their
children's learning.
• Low digital literacy: Many students and parents lack the skills to effectively use digital tools for learning,
limiting the benefits of technology.
For example: As per ASER report in August 2021, only 8% of children in rural areas and 25% of children in
urban areas studied online regularly.
• Lack of quality content: While access to devices has increased, the availability of high-quality, culturally
relevant, and age-appropriate content remains limited.
For example: Rural schools often rely on outdated or irrelevant materials that fail to address local learning
needs.
• Unequal teacher training: Many teachers lack proper training to incorporate technology effectively into
classroom instruction, reducing its impact on learning outcomes.
• Disparity in infrastructure: Many rural areas face unreliable electricity and internet connections, making
consistent digital learning challenging.
 144

Role of Technology in Addressing Educational Inequities in India

• Bridging geographical barriers: Technology enables students in remote areas to access quality education
through online classes, digital resources, and virtual learning platforms.
• Promoting inclusive education: AI-powered tools and multilingual applications break language barriers,
making educational content accessible to students in their native languages.
For example: Google Translate and apps like Bolo have helped children in rural areas learn in regional
languages, enhancing their comprehension.
• Personalized learning opportunities: Digital platforms offer adaptive learning experiences that cater to
individual student needs, bridging gaps in traditional classroom teaching.
• Empowering underserved communities: Technology equips underserved communities, such as uneducated
mothers, with tools to support their children's learning, thereby addressing generational educational gaps.
For example: The use of WhatsApp to distribute learning materials during the pandemic empowered mothers
in rural households to assist their children's studies.
• Improving teacher-student ratios: The Samagra Shiksha scheme aims to achieve a pupil-to-teacher ratio of
20:1, with technology complementing teachers by automating repetitive tasks and enabling flipped classrooms,
thereby allowing them to focus more on weaker students.
For example: DIKSHA’s platform provides ready-to-use lesson plans, enabling teachers in understaffed rural
schools to focus more on interactive teaching.

Empowering rural education through technology requires a holistic approach, blending innovative tools with
teacher training, localized content, and community engagement. By bridging digital divides, fostering inclusive
learning ecosystems, and leveraging AI-driven personalized education, India can transform classrooms into hubs
of opportunity. 'Digital classrooms, brighter futures' must drive the next wave of reforms.

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leadership/article69184667.ece#:~:text=The%20Union%20Budget%202025%2D26,opportunities%2C%20and%2
0promote%20global%20collaboration.

3. India's health-care transformation has evolved significantly from limited infrastructure to becoming a global
medical hub. Critically analyze the impact of initiatives like 'Heal in India' and 'Heal by India' in positioning
India as a global leader in health care. What further policy measures can strengthen this vision?
(15 Marks, 250 Words)
Answer:
Core Demand of the Question
• Highlight how India's health-care transformation has evolved significantly from limited infrastructure to
becoming a global medical hub.
• Analyze the positive impact of initiatives like 'Heal in India' and 'Heal by India' in positioning India as a global
leader in health care.
• Analyze their shortcomings in positioning India as a global leader in health care.
• Mention further policy measures that can strengthen this vision.

India’s health-care sector, poised to reach $13 billion in medical tourism by 2026, reflects its transformation into
a global medical hub. The Union Budget 2025-26 facilitates the initiatives further by emphasizing infrastructure,
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education, and international collaboration, paving the way for a more resilient and innovative healthcare
ecosystem.

India's health-care transformation has evolved significantly from limited infrastructure to becoming a global
medical hub
• Expansion of medical infrastructure: India has significantly improved its health-care facilities since the
1980s, transitioning from limited infrastructure to advanced hospitals equipped with cutting-edge technology.
For example: The introduction of Proton therapy at Apollo Hospitals marked a leap in cancer treatment,
attracting patients from countries like Australia and the UK.
• Increased medical education opportunities: The country now produces more health professionals, with plans
to add 75,000 medical seats in the next five years, enhancing health-care delivery.
For example: Between 2014 and 2024, India's doctor-to-population ratio improved significantly from 1:1674
to 1:836 (NMC data), surpassing the WHO benchmark of 1:1,000.
• Boost in public-private partnerships: Collaborations between public and private sectors have enabled efficient
management of health-care resources and delivery of world-class care.
For example: The partnership between Tata Memorial Centre and the government has led to the establishment
of affordable, state-of-the-art cancer treatment facilities.
• Global recognition for quality care: India has become a destination for international patients seeking
affordable, high-quality medical treatment.
For example: The ‘Heal in India’ initiative has streamlined visa processes and upgraded hospital infrastructure,
making India a preferred destination for medical tourism.
• Affordable health solutions: India’s focus on cost-effective care has brought treatments for chronic and life-
threatening diseases within reach for patients globally.
For example: The customs duty exemption on 36 life-saving drugs, including cancer and rare disease
treatments, has significantly reduced health-care costs.

Positive impact of initiatives like 'Heal in India' and 'Heal by India' in positioning India as a global leader in
health care
• Strengthened medical tourism: The 'Heal in India' initiative has attracted international patients by enhancing
hospital infrastructure and simplifying medical visa processes, boosting India's medical tourism sector.
For example: The introduction of e-medical visas under 'Heal in India' has increased the number of foreign
patients, contributing to India's $6 billion medical tourism market.
• Global workforce deployment: 'Heal by India' addresses the shortage of global health professionals by training
Indian doctors, nurses, and paramedics to work abroad, strengthening global health systems.
For example: Indian nurses trained under this initiative now serve in countries like the UAE and the UK,
addressing workforce gaps in their health-care systems.
• Improved health-care accessibility: Both initiatives ensure that India not only treats international patients but
also strengthens its domestic health infrastructure to provide better access to specialized care.
For example: The establishment of 200 day-care cancer centres under the Budget brings advanced cancer
treatment closer to rural populations, improving early diagnosis and care.
• Showcasing technological advancements: These initiatives leverage India's growing focus on Artificial
Intelligence and digital health, demonstrating India's ability to offer innovative health-care solutions worldwide.
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For example: AI-powered diagnostic tools developed at the National Centres of Excellence are being exported
to countries like Kenya, enhancing patient outcomes globally.
• Economic and skill development: By fostering innovation and global collaboration, the initiatives generate
employment, attract foreign investment, and enhance India’s soft power in the global health-care domain.
For example: The influx of international patients has increased demand for skilled health-care workers, creating
over 100,000 jobs in allied health services in FY24 alone.

Shortcomings in Positioning India as a Global Leader in Health Care:

• Limited Quality Assurance in Medical Tourism: While 'Heal in India' attracts international patients, the lack
of uniform quality assurance in smaller hospitals hampers India’s image as a consistent provider of world-class
care.
For example: Reports of inconsistent treatment outcomes and substandard facilities in tier-2 cities can deter
medical tourists, despite the excellence of larger hospitals like AIIMS or Apollo.
• Inadequate Infrastructure in Rural Areas: Despite advancements, rural areas still lack advanced healthcare
facilities, preventing equitable access and affecting India's ability to project a holistic health-care model
globally.
For example: Rural patients often travel long distances for cancer treatment due to the unavailability of
specialized centers despite programs like Ayushman Bharat.
• Shortfall of Trained Health Professionals: 'Heal by India' focuses on training and exporting professionals but
doesn't adequately address the domestic shortfall, creating gaps in meeting India's internal healthcare needs.
For example: According to WHO norms, India faces a deficit of 600,000 doctors and 2 million nurses,
highlighting the imbalance in workforce distribution.
• High Treatment Costs for Advanced Care: Despite customs duty exemptions, advanced treatments like
proton therapy remain expensive, limiting accessibility for middle-income patients and tarnishing the perception
of affordability.
For example: Proton therapy for cancer treatment at Apollo Hospitals costs upwards of ₹25 lakh, making it out
of reach for many domestic and international patients.
• Inadequate Focus on Rare Diseases and Chronic Conditions: While customs duty exemptions on drugs are
a start, limited research and funding for rare diseases hinder India’s leadership in addressing global healthcare
challenges.
For example: India's investment in rare disease research remains minimal compared to countries like the U.S.,
where the NIH allocates substantial grants for orphan disease studies.

Further Policy Measures to Strengthen This Vision:

• Mandatory Accreditation for All Hospitals: Enforcing NABH or JCI accreditation for hospitals offering
medical tourism will ensure consistent quality and elevate India’s credibility as a global healthcare destination.
For example: Countries like Thailand mandate hospital accreditation for medical tourism, making it a preferred
destination for patients seeking high-quality care.
• Expansion of Telemedicine Infrastructure: Investing in telemedicine can bridge the urban-rural divide,
enabling remote consultations and promoting India’s tech-driven healthcare capabilities worldwide.
For example: The e-Sanjeevani platform has already conducted over 14 crore consultations, showcasing the
potential to scale rural healthcare services.
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• Dedicated Rare Disease Research Fund: Allocating a specific fund for rare disease research and incentivizing
private R&D will strengthen India’s leadership in innovative treatment solutions.
For example: Japan’s Rare Disease Project provides government grants for drug development, making it a
global leader in orphan drug innovation.
• Skill Development Partnerships with Global Institutions: Collaborating with international medical schools
for advanced training programs will produce globally competitive healthcare professionals under the 'Heal by
India' initiative.
For example: Singapore’s National University Hospital partners with India’s PGIMER for medical training,
offering opportunities to improve expertise.
• Tax Incentives for Affordable Advanced Care: Introducing tax incentives for hospitals offering advanced
care at lower costs can make India a more affordable and attractive destination for foreign patients.
For example: Tax deductions for hospitals adopting AI-based diagnostics could lower operational costs,
translating to reduced fees for patients.

Empowering India's healthcare requires sustainable reforms and global partnerships. By integrating 'Heal in
India' and 'Heal by India' with cutting-edge technology, robust medical infrastructure, and skilled workforce
development, India can lead the world in affordable and innovative healthcare. "Healthy India, Global Leader"
must be the guiding mantra to ensure inclusive, transformative growth.

https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/learning-steps-on-the-union-budget-and-
education/article69180892.ece

4. The ASER 2024 report highlights progress in Foundational Literacy and Numeracy (FLN) levels post-
COVID-19, yet significant gaps persist. Analyze the role of government initiatives such as NIPUN Bharat in
achieving universal FLN by 2026-27 and suggest measures to strengthen early childhood education in India.
(15 Marks, 250 words)
Answer:
Core Demand of the Question
• Mention the progress in Foundational Literacy and Numeracy (FLN) levels post-COVID-19 highlighted by
the ASER 2024 report.
• Discuss the significant gaps that persist.
• Analyze the role of government initiatives such as NIPUN Bharat in achieving universal FLN by 2026-27
• Suggest measures to strengthen early childhood education in India

Foundational Literacy and Numeracy (FLN), vital for cognitive development, builds essential reading, writing,
and arithmetic skills. NIPUN Bharat initiative focuses on creating an engaging learning environment, integrating
play and activity-based pedagogies, and involving all stakeholders—teachers, parents, students, and policymakers
to build a strong foundation for lifelong learning.

Findings of ASER 2024 report on Progress in Foundational Literacy and Numeracy (FLN) Levels Post-
COVID-19:
• Recovery of Learning Losses: The report highlights that learning losses caused by the COVID-19 pandemic
have been largely recovered, with many children performing better than pre-pandemic levels.
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For example: The percentage of Class 3 students achieving grade-level reading proficiency increased from 16
% in 2022 to 24% in 2024.
• Highest-Ever FLN Levels: Some regions reported the highest-ever levels of FLN, showcasing the success of
targeted educational interventions in improving foundational skills.
• Increased Enrollments in Primary Education: A significant rise in enrollments in primary schools has
contributed to better FLN levels as more children access consistent early education.
For example: As per ASER 2024, among 4-year-olds, the all-India figure for enrollment in pre-primary
institutions increased from 76% in 2018 to 83.3% in 2024 (exceeding 95% in States like Gujarat and
Maharashtra).
• Improved Teacher-Student Engagement: Enhanced teacher training and technology integration have
improved classroom engagement, contributing to higher FLN levels.
• Focus on Foundational Classes: Initiatives under NIPUN Bharat have emphasized targeted interventions in
foundational grades (Classes 1-3), leading to improved FLN outcomes.

Significant Gaps That Persist:

• Low FLN Achievements in Marginalized Regions: Many backward regions still struggle to meet FLN targets,
with stark inter-state disparities in outcomes.
• Inadequate Early Childhood Education: Pre-primary education (two years before Class 1) remains
underdeveloped, with anganwadi workers lacking training and resources to meet FLN goals.
• Underpaid and Overburdened Anganwadi Workers: Workers responsible for early education face
challenges due to low wages and excessive workloads, impacting the delivery of FLN content.
• Insufficient Parental Awareness: Many parents remain unaware of the importance of early foundational skills,
limiting the effectiveness of home-based learning support.
• Limited Access to Technology in Rural Areas: The digital divide restricts access to online learning resources
and teacher training programs, further widening educational disparities.

Role of Government Initiatives Such as NIPUN Bharat in Achieving Universal FLN by 2026-27:
• Targeted Goals and Timelines: NIPUN Bharat sets a clear roadmap with a 2026-27 deadline for achieving
foundational literacy and numeracy, driving focused efforts at national and state levels.
For example: The mission targets 100% literacy for children in Classes 1-3 through measurable outcomes like
grade-level reading and numeracy proficiency.
• Capacity Building for Teachers: It emphasizes teacher training to improve pedagogy for foundational
learning, equipping teachers with modern techniques and tools.
For example: For teachers, who are the backbone of this mission, the states receive up to Rs 5,000 per teacher
for capacity-building workshops, along with Rs 150 for resource materials to support the classroom strategies
of teachers.
• Community Participation and Awareness: The initiative promotes community involvement to enhance
parental engagement in children’s education and raise awareness about FLN importance.
For example: The "Parents as Partners" campaign encouraged parents to monitor their children’s FLN progress
at home.
• Focus on Early Assessment: Regular baseline and endline assessments under NIPUN Bharat help track FLN
progress and identify gaps in implementation.
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For example: The Balvatika FLN assessment tools introduced, measure children’s readiness for Class 1
foundational learning.
• Integration of EdTech and Resources: NIPUN Bharat integrates technology-based learning tools to enhance
FLN delivery, particularly in rural and underserved areas.
For example: The DIKSHA platform’s FLN content reached millions of students in 2024, supplementing
classroom education and supporting interactive learning.

Measures to Strengthen Early Childhood Education in India:

• Improved Training for Anganwadi Workers: Strengthening anganwadi workers' capacity through structured
training programs can improve FLN delivery at pre-primary levels.
For example: Regular training under the Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS) can enhance teaching
skills in foundational literacy and numeracy.
• Enhanced Infrastructure for Pre-Primary Education: Building dedicated pre-primary schools or adding
infrastructure to anganwadi centers can improve access to quality early education.
• Adequate Compensation for Anganwadi Staff: Increasing salaries and reducing workloads for anganwadi
workers can motivate them to focus more on FLN outcomes.
For example: Bihar introduced performance-linked incentives for workers achieving FLN targets in their
respective regions.
• Early Childhood Curriculum Development: Developing a uniform, activity-based curriculum tailored for
children aged 3-6 can strengthen foundational learning.
• Strengthening Public-Private Partnerships: Collaborating with NGOs and private organizations to provide
teaching aids, training, and resources can bolster early childhood education.
For example: Pratham Education Foundation partnered with state governments to conduct FLN workshops,
benefiting over 2 lakh children in 2024.

To bridge the FLN gap, the government must scale up NIPUN Bharat and integrate technology-driven learning
tools in remote areas. Strengthening teacher training, boosting community involvement, and expanding early
childhood education initiatives will create a future where every child thrives. We must invest in foundations for
a stronger tomorrow of Viksit Bharat.

https://www.dailypioneer.com/2025/columnists/the-colours-of-identity--unraveling-the-layers-of-race--bias-
and-
belonging.html#:~:text=Ultimately%2C%20our%20skin%20color%20is,racial%20prejudices%20fade%2
0with%20time.

5. Despite globalization and cultural integration, racial discrimination persists in subtle forms. Examine the
historical roots and contemporary manifestations of racism, particularly in the South Asian context. Suggest
measures for creating an inclusive society while preserving cultural identity. (15 Marks, 250 words)
Answer:
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Core Demand of the Question

• Discuss how racial discrimination persists in subtle forms, despite globalization and cultural integration.
• Examine the historical roots and contemporary manifestations of racism, particularly in the South Asian context
• Suggest measures for creating an inclusive society while preserving cultural identity.

Racial discrimination refers to the prejudiced treatment of individuals based on their race or ethnicity, often
leading to systemic inequalities. In South Asia, remnants of colonialism and caste-based practices have perpetuated
discriminatory attitudes, often masked as colorism. Despite globalization promoting cross-cultural exchanges,
deeply entrenched biases hinder true inclusivity.

How racial discrimination persists in subtle forms, despite globalization and cultural integration
• Unconscious Bias: Globalized societies still exhibit hiring biases, subtly favoring lighter-skinned individuals
over darker-skinned candidates.
For example: Studies reveal South Asians in the UK face discrimination in job interviews, with applicants
having "ethnic-sounding names" receiving fewer callbacks.
• Stereotyping and Microaggressions: Racialized stereotypes and assumptions subtly manifest in day-to-day
interactions, impacting the dignity of marginalized groups.
For example: South Asians in Western societies are often stereotyped as overly traditional, reflecting ingrained
societal prejudices.
• Underrepresentation in Media: Despite cultural integration, people of color, including South Asians, remain
underrepresented in films, TV shows, and advertisements.
For example: The “whitewashing” of South Asian characters in Hollywood films, like casting non-South
Asians to portray Indian-origin characters.
• Policing and Surveillance Bias: Law enforcement often holds unspoken biases, leading to subtle racial
profiling against minorities in public spaces.
For example: In the US, South Asians and other minorities are more likely to be subjected to extra screening
at airports, perpetuating a sense of alienation.

Historical Roots and Contemporary Manifestations of Racism in the South Asian Context
• Colonial Legacy: British colonialism instilled a hierarchy where whiteness was equated with superiority,
leaving a lasting psychological imprint on South Asian societies.
For example: The obsession with fairness creams in India reflects internalized racial hierarchies, a direct legacy
of colonial influence.
• Post-Colonial Economic Inequalities: Post-colonial racial divisions deepened economic gaps, reinforcing
perceptions of South Asian inferiority in white-majority societies.
• Colorism within South Asia: Racism manifests as colorism, where darker-skinned individuals face social and
marital discrimination within their own communities.
For example: Matrimonial ads in India often specify a preference for “fair-skinned brides,” reflecting deep-
rooted biases against darker skin tones.
• Discrimination Against Migrants: Migrants from South Asia face alienation and stereotyping as "outsiders"
in their host countries, despite significant contributions to local economies.
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For example: The Windrush Scandal in the UK highlighted systemic discrimination against immigrants from
former colonies, including South Asians.
• Racism Against White Individuals: Resentment from colonial oppression sometimes manifests as prejudice
against white individuals living or traveling in South Asia.
For example: Some Western tourists in India report being overcharged or treated with suspicion, reflecting
mistrust rooted in colonial history.

Measures for Creating an Inclusive Society While Preserving Cultural Identity

• Cultural Exchange Programs: Encouraging dialogue and understanding through cultural exchange programs
can help dismantle stereotypes and foster mutual respect among diverse communities.
For example: Initiatives like IndiaFest in the US celebrate South Asian heritage, promoting inclusivity while
educating others about Indian traditions and values.
• Implement Anti-Discrimination Laws and Policies: Strict enforcement of anti-racism and anti-colorism laws
ensures equal treatment, reducing societal biases.
For example: Countries like New Zealand have stringent anti-discrimination laws, ensuring equal rights for
migrants, including South Asians.
• Increase Representation in Media and Leadership: Diverse representation in films, TV, and leadership roles
helps normalize acceptance and showcases the contributions of marginalized communities.
• Educate Communities About racism: Introducing education on cultural sensitivity and the historical roots of
racism in school curricula can reduce unconscious bias.
For example: Schools in Canada teach about colonialism and multiculturalism, promoting empathy for
indigenous and immigrant populations.
• Support Community-Based Initiatives: Investing in grassroots initiatives that empower marginalized groups
preserves their cultural identity while integrating them into society.
For example: NGOs like SEWA International work globally to support South Asians while promoting
inclusivity and social cohesion.

To facilitate a truly inclusive society, efforts must focus on education, open dialogue, and policy reforms.
Promoting cultural pride while embracing diversity can bridge gaps. Empathy and awareness are key to
eliminating subtle racism, ensuring we move towards a unified future where everyone’s identity is celebrated.

https://indianexpress.com/article/upsc-current-affairs/upsc-essentials/can-feminisation-of-agriculture-be-
equated-with-women-empowerment-
9808129/#:~:text=Therefore%2C%20measures%20like%20placing%20women,in%20agriculture%20and
%20empower%20women.

6. The feminisation of agriculture is a growing trend in India. Discuss the factors contributing to this
phenomenon and analyze whether it leads to women's empowerment or reinforces existing gender disparities
in agriculture. (15 marks, 250 words)
Answer:
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Core Demand of the Question

• Highlight the growing trend of feminisation of agriculture in India.
• Discuss the factors contributing to this phenomenon
• Analyze how it leads to women's empowerment
• Analyze how it reinforces existing gender disparities in agriculture.
• Suggest a way ahead

The feminisation of agriculture refers to the growing involvement of women in agricultural activities, primarily
driven by male out migration and economic distress. Despite women contributing over 42% of the agricultural
workforce, they continue to face limited land ownership and decision-making power. While this trend indicates a
shift in rural labor dynamics, it also highlights persistent gender inequalities, raising concerns about whether this
shift truly leads to empowerment.

Growing Trend of Feminisation of Agriculture in India

• Increase in Women's Participation in Agricultural Workforce: As per PLFS 2023-24, Over three-
quarter(76.95%) of rural women are now engaged in agriculture, indicating a significant rise in their role as
cultivators and laborers. However, their land ownership remains minimal.
For example: The Agriculture Census 2015-16 showed that 73% of rural women are engaged in agriculture.
• Rising Female Labour Force Participation Rate (FLPR): The rural FLPR increased from 41.5% (2022-23)
to 47.6% (2023-24), reflecting women’s growing presence in agricultural work, largely due to economic
necessity and migration patterns.
For example: In states with increased FLPR, such as Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, women have taken up agricultural
activities due to male out migration to urban areas.
• Shift in Women’s Roles from Helpers to Smallholder Cultivators: With declining male presence in farms,
women have transitioned from wage laborers to independent cultivators, taking up managerial responsibilities
in farming.
For example: In Andhra Pradesh, several women-run self-help groups (SHGs) have emerged, where female
farmers now engage in organic farming and direct marketing of produce.
• Predominance of Self-Employment in Agriculture: Due to limited non-farm job opportunities, many rural
women engage in agriculture not by choice but due to necessity, reinforcing their dependency on farming for
survival.
For example: In Rajasthan, women-run dairy farms have increased as alternative income sources, but many
still lack decision-making authority over land and resources.
• Persistent Gender Disparity in Agricultural Land Ownership: Despite growing participation, land
ownership remains concentrated with men, restricting women's access to credit, government schemes, and
financial security.
For example: The 2017 Uttar Pradesh Land Distribution Programme gave land titles to 331 families, but only
7% were allotted to single women, highlighting gender bias in land rights.

Factors Contributing to the Feminisation of Agriculture

• Male Out Migration to Non-Farm Sectors: The decline of agricultural income and the growth of urban
industries have pushed men to migrate, leaving women to manage farms in their absence.
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• Structural Transformation of the Indian Economy: As the agricultural sector shrinks and the service sector
expands, fewer men remain in agriculture, forcing women to take up farm responsibilities.
For example: In Punjab, the focus on mechanization and contract farming has shifted men toward industrial
and service jobs, increasing women’s presence in agriculture.
• Economic Distress: Many rural women lack access to alternative employment, making agriculture their only
livelihood option, despite low productivity and financial instability.
For example: In Odisha, women have taken up subsistence farming and animal husbandry, but low incomes
and unpaid labor prevent economic empowerment.
• Climate Change and Increased Risks in Agriculture: Climate-related challenges like droughts and
unpredictable rainfall have increased migration, leaving women responsible for adopting resilient farming
practices.
For example: In Madhya Pradesh, female farmers are now adopting drought-resistant crops, but without land
ownership, they struggle to access government aid.
• Gendered Division of Agricultural Work: Traditionally, women have been confined to less profitable farm
tasks like sowing, weeding, and post-harvest processing, reinforcing their subordinate role.
For example: In West Bengal, women working in paddy fields have limited involvement in market transactions
and financial decisions, which are still controlled by men.

How It Leads to Women's Empowerment

• Increased Workforce Participation and Economic Contribution: Women’s participation in agriculture has
led to greater economic involvement, improving their financial stability and household contributions.
For example: The rural Female Labour Force Participation Rate (FLPR) increased from 41.5% in 2022-23 to
47.6% in 2023-24, showing more women entering the workforce.
• Development of Agricultural Skills and Knowledge: As women take on farming roles, they develop expertise
in crop management, irrigation techniques, and market dynamics, enhancing their technical knowledge.
For example: Women in self-help groups (SHGs) in Andhra Pradesh have been trained in organic farming and
pest management, leading to better productivity and income.
• Emergence of Women as Smallholder Cultivators: Many women have transitioned from farm laborers to
smallholder cultivators, allowing them greater control over production and income.
For example: In Bihar’s Jeevika project, women engaged in SRI (System of Rice Intensification) farming have
doubled their crop yields, improving food security and household earnings.
• Access to Government Support and Agricultural Schemes: Women’s involvement has encouraged policies
supporting female farmers, improving access to subsidies, training, and financial aid.
For example: The Mahila Kisan Sashaktikaran Pariyojana (MKSP) provides women with training in sustainable
agriculture, helping them increase productivity and income.
• Greater Social Recognition of Women in Agriculture: With more women in farming, their role in decision-
making and community leadership has increased, fostering social empowerment.
For example: In Kudumbashree groups in Kerala, women have taken up collective farming, ensuring better
bargaining power and community leadership roles.

How It Reinforces Existing Gender Disparities

 154

• Limited Land Ownership and Control: Despite their agricultural role, women own only 11.72% of the total
operated land area, restricting their access to credit and subsidies.
• Unequal Access to Agricultural Technology and Resources: Women often lack access to modern farming
techniques, machinery, and irrigation facilities, reducing their productivity and efficiency.
• Lack of Decision-Making Power: Even when women work on farms, men often control decisions on crops,
fertilizers, and market sales, limiting women’s autonomy.
For example: In Punjab and Haryana, male family members control decisions on high-value crops, while
women work on lower-paying manual farm tasks.
• Double Burden of Work: Women engaged in farming still handle household responsibilities, leading to longer
work hours and physical exhaustion without proportional economic gains.
• Higher Vulnerability to Agrarian Distress: Male out migration leaves women responsible for farming in
climate-affected regions, with little financial security or alternative employment opportunities.
For example: In Vidarbha, Maharashtra, widows of farmers who committed suicide struggle with debt
repayment and legal land ownership issues.

Way Ahead
• Ensuring Equal Land Rights and Ownership for Women: Policies must ensure women’s legal rights to land,
allowing them access to credit, government schemes, and decision-making power.
• Improving Access to Modern Farming Technology: Governments and NGOs must train women in
mechanized farming and provide them with affordable access to technology.
For example: The SEWA organization in Gujarat has trained rural women in using solar-powered irrigation
pumps, improving productivity.
• Expanding Non-Farm Employment Opportunities: Diversifying rural employment beyond agriculture can
provide better-paying jobs and reduce economic distress among women.
For example: The Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM) promotes small-scale entrepreneurship, encouraging
women to engage in handicrafts and dairy farming.
• Gender-Responsive Agricultural Policies: Women-centric policies must address access to credit, crop
insurance, and climate adaptation, ensuring sustainable empowerment.
For example: The Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) has introduced special provisions for
female farmers to access irrigation schemes.
• Shifting Societal Perceptions of Female Farmers: Recognizing women as equal contributors in agriculture
can challenge gender biases and improve their social status.
For example: The “Kisan Sakhi” initiative in Maharashtra promotes women-led farmer groups, giving them
market visibility and leadership roles.

The feminisation of agriculture offers an opportunity to address gender inequalities, but it requires structural
reforms. Ensuring equal access to resources, promoting women’s leadership in decision-making, and enhancing
financial independence will transform this trend into a catalyst for empowerment, reducing disparities and driving
inclusive agricultural growth.

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education/article69193367.ece
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7. The digital revolution has significantly expanded access to technology in rural India, yet learning outcomes
remain a challenge. Critically analyze the role of technology in addressing educational inequities in India.
(15 marks, 250 words)
Answer:
Core Demand of the Question
• Discuss how the digital revolution has significantly expanded access to technology in rural India.
• Highlight the challenges in learning outcomes despite expansion in access to technology.
• Analyze the role of technology in addressing educational inequities in India

The digital revolution refers to the shift from traditional technologies to digital technologies, profoundly impacting
various sectors, including education. As per Registrar General of India, Digital Revolution has enabled 95.15% of
India's villages with 3G/4G connectivity and 398.35 million rural internet subscribers as of March 2024. However,
educational inequities, disparities in resource allocation and academic achievement continue to challenge learning
outcomes.

Digital Revolution Expanding Access to Technology in Rural India

• Increased smartphone penetration: By 2024, smartphone ownership in rural households rose to 84%, enabling
greater connectivity and digital access for education.
• Broad adoption of digital tools: The pandemic led to widespread familiarity with virtual tools like video
lessons, digital worksheets, and online training sessions.
For example: During COVID-19, many teachers conducted virtual classes using simple apps like WhatsApp,
benefiting students even in remote villages.
• Improved internet connectivity: The proliferation of affordable data plans made online educational content
more accessible to rural areas.
• Introduction of AI in education: Artificial intelligence tools are gaining traction, offering personalized
learning experiences and breaking language barriers.
For example: AI-powered translation tools now allow students to access educational materials in their regional
languages, making content more inclusive.
• Government initiatives for tech integration: Programs like DIKSHA and PM e-Vidya introduced e-learning
platforms and digital resources for students in rural schools.
For example: Under DIKSHA, teachers uploaded lectures and resources accessible to rural students, fostering
continuity in education during lockdowns.

Challenges in Learning Outcomes Despite Access to Technology

• Device ownership inequality: Despite high smartphone penetration, many rural households have only one
device, often monopolized by adults for work.
For example: Mothers, who play a key role in early education, often lack access to smartphones to assist their
children's learning.
• Low digital literacy: Many students and parents lack the skills to effectively use digital tools for learning,
limiting the benefits of technology.
For example: As per ASER report in August 2021, only 8% of children in rural areas and 25% of children in
urban areas studied online regularly.
 156

• Lack of quality content: While access to devices has increased, the availability of high-quality, culturally
relevant, and age-appropriate content remains limited.
For example: Rural schools often rely on outdated or irrelevant materials that fail to address local learning
needs.
• Unequal teacher training: Many teachers lack proper training to incorporate technology effectively into
classroom instruction, reducing its impact on learning outcomes.
• Disparity in infrastructure: Many rural areas face unreliable electricity and internet connections, making
consistent digital learning challenging.

Role of Technology in Addressing Educational Inequities in India

• Bridging geographical barriers: Technology enables students in remote areas to access quality education
through online classes, digital resources, and virtual learning platforms.
• Promoting inclusive education: AI-powered tools and multilingual applications break language barriers,
making educational content accessible to students in their native languages.
For example: Google Translate and apps like Bolo have helped children in rural areas learn in regional
languages, enhancing their comprehension.
• Personalized learning opportunities: Digital platforms offer adaptive learning experiences that cater to
individual student needs, bridging gaps in traditional classroom teaching.
• Empowering underserved communities: Technology equips underserved communities, such as uneducated
mothers, with tools to support their children's learning, thereby addressing generational educational gaps.
For example: The use of WhatsApp to distribute learning materials during the pandemic empowered mothers
in rural households to assist their children's studies.
• Improving teacher-student ratios: The Samagra Shiksha scheme aims to achieve a pupil-to-teacher ratio of
20:1, with technology complementing teachers by automating repetitive tasks and enabling flipped classrooms,
thereby allowing them to focus more on weaker students.
For example: DIKSHA’s platform provides ready-to-use lesson plans, enabling teachers in understaffed rural
schools to focus more on interactive teaching.

Empowering rural education through technology requires a holistic approach, blending innovative tools with
teacher training, localized content, and community engagement. By bridging digital divides, fostering inclusive
learning ecosystems, and leveraging AI-driven personalized education, India can transform classrooms into hubs
of opportunity. 'Digital classrooms, brighter futures' must drive the next wave of reforms.

https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/technology-and-the-challenge-of-equitable-
education/article69193367.ece
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8. The digital revolution has significantly expanded access to technology in rural India, yet learning outcomes
remain a challenge. Critically analyze the role of technology in addressing educational inequities in India.
(15 marks, 250 words)
Answer:
Core Demand of the Question
• Discuss how the digital revolution has significantly expanded access to technology in rural India.
• Highlight the challenges in learning outcomes despite expansion in access to technology.
• Analyze the role of technology in addressing educational inequities in India

The digital revolution refers to the shift from traditional technologies to digital technologies, profoundly impacting
various sectors, including education. As per Registrar General of India, Digital Revolution has enabled 95.15%
of India's villages with 3G/4G connectivity and 398.35 million rural internet subscribers as of March 2024.
However, educational inequities, disparities in resource allocation and academic achievement continue to
challenge learning outcomes.

Digital Revolution Expanding Access to Technology in Rural India

• Increased smartphone penetration: By 2024, smartphone ownership in rural households rose to 84%, enabling
greater connectivity and digital access for education.
• Broad adoption of digital tools: The pandemic led to widespread familiarity with virtual tools like video
lessons, digital worksheets, and online training sessions.
For example: During COVID-19, many teachers conducted virtual classes using simple apps like WhatsApp,
benefiting students even in remote villages.
• Improved internet connectivity: The proliferation of affordable data plans made online educational content
more accessible to rural areas.
• Introduction of AI in education: Artificial intelligence tools are gaining traction, offering personalized
learning experiences and breaking language barriers.
For example: AI-powered translation tools now allow students to access educational materials in their regional
languages, making content more inclusive.
• Government initiatives for tech integration: Programs like DIKSHA and PM e-Vidya introduced e-learning
platforms and digital resources for students in rural schools.
For example: Under DIKSHA, teachers uploaded lectures and resources accessible to rural students, fostering
continuity in education during lockdowns.

Challenges in Learning Outcomes Despite Access to Technology

• Device ownership inequality: Despite high smartphone penetration, many rural households have only one
device, often monopolized by adults for work.
For example: Mothers, who play a key role in early education, often lack access to smartphones to assist their
children's learning.
• Low digital literacy: Many students and parents lack the skills to effectively use digital tools for learning,
limiting the benefits of technology.
For example: As per ASER report in August 2021, only 8% of children in rural areas and 25% of children in
urban areas studied online regularly.
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• Lack of quality content: While access to devices has increased, the availability of high-quality, culturally
relevant, and age-appropriate content remains limited.
For example: Rural schools often rely on outdated or irrelevant materials that fail to address local learning
needs.
• Unequal teacher training: Many teachers lack proper training to incorporate technology effectively into
classroom instruction, reducing its impact on learning outcomes.
• Disparity in infrastructure: Many rural areas face unreliable electricity and internet connections, making
consistent digital learning challenging.

Role of Technology in Addressing Educational Inequities in India

• Bridging geographical barriers: Technology enables students in remote areas to access quality education
through online classes, digital resources, and virtual learning platforms.
• Promoting inclusive education: AI-powered tools and multilingual applications break language barriers,
making educational content accessible to students in their native languages.
For example: Google Translate and apps like Bolo have helped children in rural areas learn in regional
languages, enhancing their comprehension.
• Personalized learning opportunities: Digital platforms offer adaptive learning experiences that cater to
individual student needs, bridging gaps in traditional classroom teaching.
• Empowering underserved communities: Technology equips underserved communities, such as uneducated
mothers, with tools to support their children's learning, thereby addressing generational educational gaps.
For example: The use of WhatsApp to distribute learning materials during the pandemic empowered mothers
in rural households to assist their children's studies.
• Improving teacher-student ratios: The Samagra Shiksha scheme aims to achieve a pupil-to-teacher ratio of
20:1, with technology complementing teachers by automating repetitive tasks and enabling flipped classrooms,
thereby allowing them to focus more on weaker students.
For example: DIKSHA’s platform provides ready-to-use lesson plans, enabling teachers in understaffed rural
schools to focus more on interactive teaching.

Empowering rural education through technology requires a holistic approach, blending innovative tools with
teacher training, localized content, and community engagement. By bridging digital divides, fostering inclusive
learning ecosystems, and leveraging AI-driven personalized education, India can transform classrooms into hubs
of opportunity. 'Digital classrooms, brighter futures' must drive the next wave of reforms.

https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/a-legal-remedy-that-perpetuates-survivor-
trauma/article69207860.ece#:~:text=A%20conflict%20of%20interest,becomes%20dependent%20on%20th
e%20accused.
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9. The Allahabad High Court, in Atul Gautam vs State of Uttar Pradesh (2025), recently granted bail to a man
accused of raping his live-in partner under the condition of promise of marriage. Analyze the implications of
this decision and examine how such judicial rulings reinforce gender stereotypes and affect women's autonomy.
(15 Marks, 250 Words)
Answer:
Core Demand of the Question
• Analyze the implications of the decision of the Allahabad High Court in Atul Gautam vs. State of Uttar Pradesh
(2025), which recently granted bail to a man accused of raping his live-in partner under the condition of a
promise of marriage.
• Examine how such judicial rulings reinforce gender stereotypes and affect women's autonomy
• Suggest a way ahead

According to the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) 2018 report, there were 12,256 cases of rape reported
under the pretext of a false promise to marry. The Allahabad High Court’s 2025 ruling in Atul Gautum Case raises
concerns over judicial interpretations affecting women’s autonomy and legal protections.

Implications of the Decision of the Allahabad High Court in Atul Gautam vs. State of Uttar Pradesh (2025):
• Violation of Supreme Court Guidelines: The decision contradicts the Aparna Bhat vs. State of Madhya
Pradesh (2021) ruling, which prohibits contact between the accused and survivor during bail to prevent
secondary trauma.
For example: The Supreme Court directed that bail conditions must not force any interaction between the
survivor and the accused to ensure a fair trial.
• Compromising Survivor’s Justice: Such bail conditions prioritize social settlement over legal justice,
reinforcing the notion that marriage is a solution for rape rather than punishment for the crime.
For example: In Rama Shankar vs. State of Uttar Pradesh (2022), bail was granted on a similar condition,
undermining the prosecution’s case against the accused.
• Encouragement of Coercion: The accused may manipulate or pressure the survivor into marriage to secure
bail, leading to possible continued abuse within a legal framework.
For example: In Abhishek vs. State of Uttar Pradesh (2024), the accused was granted bail by promising
marriage, creating a coercive dynamic rather than ensuring justice.
• State’s Failure in Survivor Welfare: The ruling shifts responsibility from the state to the survivor, forcing her
into dependence on the accused instead of receiving adequate rehabilitation support.
For example: In Right to Privacy of Adolescents (2024), the court emphasized the state’s duty to provide
housing, education, and counseling for survivors and children.
• Distortion of Bail’s Purpose: Bail is meant to ensure temporary liberty during trial, not to impose social
obligations, which interferes with judicial neutrality and affects case outcomes.

Such Judicial Rulings Reinforce Gender Stereotypes and Affect Women's Autonomy:
• Perpetuation of ‘Honor’ Ideology: Such rulings reinforce the patriarchal belief that a woman’s dignity is
linked to marriage, reducing rape to a loss of purity rather than a criminal act.
For example: In several past judgments, courts have equated a survivor’s rehabilitation with marriage rather
than recognizing rape as a violation of bodily autonomy.
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• Legitimization of Forced Dependence: By pushing survivors into marriage with perpetrators, the courts enable
a cycle of control and abuse under legal protection, eroding women's right to independent choices.
• Undermining of Consent in Relationships: When courts use marriage as a remedy, they ignore the survivor’s
lack of consent, sending a message that coercion can be legitimized through legal means.
For example: In many cases of ‘compromise marriages’, women have been forced to stay with their abusers
despite ongoing trauma and threats to their safety.
• Impact on Women’s Legal Rights: Such judgments erode women’s constitutional rights, contradicting Article
21, which guarantees dignity and autonomy, by coercing them into relationships they do not freely choose.
For example: The Supreme Court has emphasized that forced marriages violate Article 21, making survivors
vulnerable to further exploitation instead of receiving justice.
• Encouragement of Societal Misconceptions: These rulings reinforce the belief that sexual violence can be
neutralized through marriage, reducing such cases to a civil dispute rather than a serious crime.
For example: In conservative rural areas, survivors are often pressured to marry accused, as courts’ rulings
provide legitimacy to such problematic norms.

Way Ahead:
• Strict Judicial Adherence: Courts must follow established guidelines that prohibit imposing marriage as a bail
condition, ensuring that justice remains free from social compromise.
For example: The Supreme Court in Aparna Bhat Case (2021) ruled that courts must avoid bail conditions that
reinforce gender stereotypes or force survivors into relationships.
• Comprehensive Survivor Rehabilitation: The state must strengthen welfare programs, providing financial
aid, psychological support, legal assistance, and skill-building programs to make survivors self-reliant.
For example: The One Stop Centre Scheme provides integrated support services, but expansion and better
implementation are needed for effective impact.
• Legal Reforms: Legislative amendments should explicitly ban the practice of granting bail on the condition of
marriage, ensuring that judicial discretion does not compromise survivors' rights.
• Public Awareness and Judicial Sensitization: Conduct gender-sensitivity training for judges, ensuring that
legal interpretations do not stem from patriarchal biases but uphold constitutional principles.
For example: Judicial training programs, like those organized by the National Judicial Academy, must include
modules on gender justice and survivors’ rights.
• Strengthening Fast-Track Court: Expedited trials will ensure quicker justice, reducing the need for survivors
to be pressured into settlements due to prolonged legal battles.
For example: The 2019 Nirbhaya Fund was allocated for fast-track courts, but many remain underutilized due
to administrative delays and lack of resources.

Judicial rulings like this may risk reinforcing patriarchal norms by undermining women’s right in live-in
relationships. A balanced legal approach is needed to differentiate between fraudulent intent and relationship
complexities. Strengthening legal safeguards and gender-sensitive judicial training can ensure justice without
reinforcing stereotypes, aligning with India’s commitment to gender equality (SDG 5).

What we must do to combat ragging in our colleges | The Indian Express

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10. Despite stringent legal frameworks and Supreme Court directives, ragging continues to persist in Indian
Higher Education Institutions (HEIs). Analyze the socio-cultural and institutional factors responsible for this
menace and suggest measures to eradicate it effectively. (15 Marks, 250 Words)
Answer:
Core Demand of the Question
• Highlight how despite stringent legal frameworks and Supreme Court directives, ragging continues to persist
in Indian Higher Education Institutions (HEIs)
• Analyze the socio-cultural and institutional factors responsible for this menace
• Suggest measures to eradicate it effectively

Ragging, a severe form of bullying and harassment, has plagued Indian Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) for
decades, often leading to psychological trauma, suicides, and even crimes like murders. Despite the UGC’s 2009
anti-ragging regulations and Supreme Court directives, incidents persist. Between 2012 and 2023, 78 students
lost their lives due to ragging, highlighting enforcement failures.

Factors behind Persistence of Ragging in Indian Higher Education Institutions (HEIs)

Socio-Cultural Factors
• Hierarchy and Power Dynamics: Indian societal structures reinforce rigid hierarchies, where seniors assert
dominance over juniors.
For example: In engineering colleges, seniors force juniors to perform demeaning tasks, reinforcing a power-
based social order.
• Toxic Masculinity and Peer Pressure: A culture of hyper-masculinity glorifies aggression, compelling
students to conform to ragging traditions.
For example: In medical colleges, students are pressured into endurance-based tasks under the guise of
‘building resilience.’
• Normalization as a ‘Tradition’: Many HEIs perceive ragging as an initiation ritual, discouraging intervention
unless extreme violence occurs.
For example: In Jadavpur University (2023), ragging was dismissed as a ‘bonding process,’ leading to a
student’s tragic death.
• Fear of Retaliation and Social Isolation: Victims hesitate to report ragging due to fear of backlash, lack of
strong witness protection, and social stigma.
For example: In the Aman Kachroo case (2009), despite repeated abuse, Aman did not complain initially due
to fear of senior retaliation.
• Silence and Complicity: Many students witness ragging but do not report it due to peer pressure or skepticism
about institutional action.

Institutional Factors
• Weak Enforcement of Anti-Ragging Laws: Despite legal provisions, enforcement is weak due to institutional
reluctance, lack of proactive committees, and delayed action.
For example: In the Faizan Ahmed case (IIT Kharagpur, 2022), initial investigations ignored ragging despite
UGC regulations.
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• Ineffective Anti-Ragging Committees: Many HEIs lack proactive committees that conduct regular
inspections, awareness drives, and counseling.
• Inadequate Monitoring in Hostels: Hostels enable unchecked senior-junior interactions, making it difficult
for authorities to curb ragging.
For example: In Kottayam Nursing College (2023), ragging occurred in hostel rooms where surveillance was
absent, leading to severe harassment.
• Lack of Psychological Support Systems: Institutions fail to provide counseling and emotional support, leaving
victims traumatized and perpetrators unchecked.
For example: In the Aman Kachroo case (2009), despite prior complaints about violent behavior from seniors,
no counseling interventions were introduced.
• Failure to Implement Technological Surveillance: HEIs do not use CCTV, behavioral analytics, or social
media tracking to detect ragging incidents in real time.

Measures to Eradicate Ragging Effectively

• Strict and Immediate Punishment: Ensure swift disciplinary action, including rustication, legal prosecution,
and blacklisting of offenders to deter potential raggers.
• Anonymous & Time-Bound Complaint System: Implement a confidential online portal for complaints with
strict deadlines for resolution and transparent monitoring.
For example: The University Grants Commission (UGC) helpline exists but lacks swift action; a revamped
version with clear accountability is needed.
• Mandatory Anti-Ragging Training & Counseling: Introduce compulsory workshops, sensitization programs,
and mentorship initiatives to change mindsets and promote positive senior-junior relationships.
For example: AIIMS Delhi conducts counseling sessions for freshers, reducing ragging cases and fostering a
supportive culture.
• Surveillance and Predictive Monitoring: Install CCTVs in hostels, conduct surprise checks, and use AI-based
behavioral tracking to detect potential cases before escalation.
For example: IIT Madras uses CCTV and student profiling to monitor interactions, leading to a significant drop
in ragging incidents.
• Incentivizing Senior Mentorship: Create a structured mentorship program where seniors earn academic credits
or leadership certificates for guiding freshers in a constructive manner.
For example: BITS Pilani has a ‘Buddy System’ where seniors mentor juniors, ensuring healthy interactions
instead of ragging.

Eradicating ragging demands a multi-pronged approach, strict enforcement of laws, anonymous reporting
mechanisms, and swift punitive action. Beyond deterrence, fostering empathetic peer interactions, mandatory
sensitization programs, and strong mentoring systems can reshape campus culture. Technology-driven
monitoring and institutional accountability will ensure that HEIs become spaces of inclusivity, safety, and
holistic growth rather than fear.

https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/fencing-out-interfaith-relationships-in-the-new-
india/article69259287.ece
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11. The Uttarakhand UCC mandates the registration of live-in relationships and introduces legal scrutiny over
personal choices. Assess the impact of such legal measures on interfaith relationship and social cohesion in
India. (15 Marks, 250 Words)
Answer:
Core Demand of the Question
• Discuss why the Uttarakhand UCC mandates the registration of live-in relationships and introduces legal
scrutiny over personal choices.
• Assess the positive impact of such legal measures on interfaith relationship and social cohesion in India
• Assess the negative impact of such legal measures on interfaith relationship and social cohesion in India
• Suggest a way ahead

Uttarakhand UCC defines a live-in relationship as a cohabitation between a man and a woman in a shared
household through a relationship in the nature of marriage. The Uniform Civil Code (UCC) aims to standardize
personal laws across religions, but its recent implementation in Uttarakhand has sparked concerns over individual
autonomy and privacy. The law mandates live-in relationship registration, introducing state oversight into
personal affairs.

Rationale behind Uttarakhand’s UCC Mandates on Registration of Live-in Relationships

• Ensuring Legal Accountability: The UCC mandates registration of live-in relationships to establish legal
accountability, ensuring that partners fulfill responsibilities related to property rights, maintenance, and
inheritance.
For example: The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act (2005) recognized that women in live-in
relationships are entitled to maintenance, and mandatory registration aims to prevent exploitation by
documenting such relationships.
• Curbing Fraudulent Relationships: By making live-in relationships legally recorded, the UCC aims to prevent
deception, where individuals may falsely claim marriage or refuse legal responsibility in case of disputes.
For example: In the Indra Sarma v. V.K.V. Sarma (2013) case, the Supreme Court ruled that abandoning a
long-term live-in partner without support could amount to exploitation.
• Addressing Social Concerns: The government argues that registration prevents relationships that may lead to
social disruption, especially those that challenge cultural norms or are perceived as inappropriate.
• Preventing Misuse of Religious Conversions: By linking relationship registration with religious verification,
the law aims to monitor conversions for marriage, addressing concerns about coerced or deceptive religious
changes.
For example: The Uttar Pradesh Prohibition of Unlawful Conversion of Religion Act (2021) mandates a 60-
day notice for religious conversion, leading to legal scrutiny over interfaith marriages.
• Facilitating Government Oversight: The UCC provides a formalized mechanism for state oversight, ensuring
that relationships comply with legal and cultural norms, supposedly promoting social order.
For example: The Rajasthan government proposed a similar live-in registration law, arguing it would help track
relationships and protect individuals from domestic disputes.

Positive Impact of Such Legal Measures on Interfaith Relationships and Social Cohesion in India
• Protecting Vulnerable Partners: The registration process ensures legal protection for partners, particularly
women, by securing rights related to inheritance, maintenance, and domestic violence laws.
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For example: The Supreme Court ruled in D. Velusamy v. D. Patchaiammal (2010) that a live-in partner may
acquire rights to property accumulated during the subsistence of the relationship.
• Preventing Forced Conversions: The scrutiny discourages forced conversions for marriage, ensuring that
interfaith relationships are based on genuine consent rather than coercion or deception.
For example: In Hadiya’s case (2017), the Supreme Court upheld an individual's right to marry by choice,
reinforcing the idea that religious conversion should be voluntary and lawful.
• Reducing Legal Disputes: With formal registration, interfaith couples gain legal clarity, reducing future
disputes related to custody, property rights, and marital status in case of separation.
For example: The Special Marriage Act (1954) already provides a legal framework for interfaith marriages,
ensuring legal protection without religious conversion.
• Creating a Formal Record for Rights: The registration system enables interfaith couples to claim legal rights,
preventing societal and familial pressure from invalidating their relationships.
• Encouraging Social Acceptance: While controversial, state recognition of live-in relationships may eventually
normalize interfaith unions, fostering broader societal acceptance over time.

Drawback of Such Legal Measures on Interfaith Relationships and Social Cohesion in India
• Invasion of Privacy: Mandating registration and informing families exposes couples to societal pressure,
coercion, and potential violence, especially in communities opposing interfaith relationships.
For example: In Lata Singh v. State of Uttar Pradesh (2006), the Supreme Court upheld an adult woman’s right
to marry by choice, condemning family interference in interfaith unions.
• Encouraging Vigilantism: Public documentation of interfaith relationships emboldens right-wing groups to
harass, intimidate, or even violently oppose such unions, increasing social hostility.
• Eroding Women’s Autonomy: By informing families about relationships, the law exposes women to honor-
based violence, forced separation, or coercive interventions.
For example: The National Crimes Records Bureau (NCRB) reported that the number of honour killings
reported in India was 25 each in 2019 and 2020, and 33 in 2021, often linked to interfaith or inter-caste
relationships.
• Legalizing Social Surveillance: The requirement to seek religious or community approval gives religious
leaders undue authority over personal choices, undermining constitutional freedoms.
• Institutionalizing Religious Segregation: The legal framework restricts interfaith interactions by making
marriage or live-in relationships legally cumbersome, reinforcing religious divisions in society.
For example: In apartheid-era South Africa, laws banned inter-racial marriages, institutionalizing segregation,
anti-conversion and live-in registration laws risk a similar societal divide.

Way Ahead to Address These Issues

• Strengthening Privacy Protections: Legal provisions should ensure that relationship registration remains
confidential, preventing family or third-party interference in personal decisions.
For example: The Puttaswamy judgment (2017) recognized privacy as a fundamental right, which should apply
to personal relationships, preventing state overreach.
• Removing Religious Verification: Relationship registration should not require approval from religious or
community leaders, ensuring that personal choices remain free from institutional control.
For example: The Special Marriage Act (1954) allows interfaith marriages without religious intervention,
setting a precedent for state neutrality in personal matters.
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• Ensuring Gender Justice: Legal frameworks should focus on protecting women’s rights, including safeguards
against honor-based violence, coercion, and forced separations.
For example: The Vishaka Guidelines (1997) set a precedent for legal protections against gender-based
harassment, which should extend to interfaith relationships.
• Combating Vigilantism: Strict legal action should be taken against groups or individuals who harass interfaith
couples, ensuring that laws are not misused to justify social policing.
For example: The Supreme Court in Tehseen Poonawalla v. Union of India (2018) directed states to take strict
action against mob violence, a principle that should apply to interfaith unions.
• Promoting Social Awareness: Educational initiatives, media campaigns, and legal literacy programs should
highlight the importance of interfaith harmony, personal freedom, and constitutional rights.
For example: The ‘Ek Bharat, Shreshtha Bharat’ initiative promotes intercultural understanding, which can be
leveraged to foster acceptance of interfaith relationships.

Balancing legal oversight with personal freedoms is crucial for a harmonious society. A progressive legal
framework must protect vulnerable individuals without undermining autonomy or widening social divides.
Strengthening awareness, legal safeguards, and community dialogue can ensure inclusivity while addressing
concerns, paving the way for a cohesive and pluralistic India where diverse relationships thrive without fear
or prejudice.

https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-problematic-globalisation-of-medical-education/article69216443.ece

12. Discuss the challenges posed by the increasing outflow of Indian students seeking medical education abroad.
How can India reform its medical education sector to meet domestic demand while ensuring quality
healthcare delivery? (15 Marks, 250 Words)
Answer:
Core Demand of the Question
• Discuss the challenges posed by the increasing outflow of Indian students seeking medical education abroad.
• Analyse how India can reform its medical education sector to meet domestic demand.
• Examine how India can reform its medical education sector to ensure quality healthcare delivery.

India witnessed a rise in medical student outflow, with over 30,000 students moving abroad annually. The
National Medical Commission (NMC) data highlights only 16% of foreign medical graduates (FMGs) clear the
FMGE screening test. This dependence on foreign education stems from limited domestic seats, high fees, and
NEET competition, straining India’s healthcare system.

Challenges Posed by Increasing Outflow of Indian Medical Students Abroad

• High Competition for Domestic Seats: Intense competition in India leads to students seeking alternatives
abroad, often in countries with less rigorous medical standards.
For example: India has only 1 medical seat per 22 aspirants, forcing over 20,000 students annually to study in
countries like Russia, China, and Ukraine.
• Varying Educational Standards: Many foreign medical institutions have inconsistent curriculum quality,
affecting student competence and employability.
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For example: The low pass rate of FMGE (Foreign Medical Graduate Examination) only 16.5% in 2023,
reflects the subpar education of many foreign-trained doctors, as highlighted by Economic Survey 2024-25.
• Regulatory and Licensing Issues: Graduates must clear the FMGE and complete internships, delaying their
entry into India’s healthcare system.
For example: In 2021, over 32,000 Indian students took FMGE, but only 4,000 qualified, creating an
employment bottleneck for returning doctors.
• Financial and Safety Concerns: High tuition fees, economic instability, and safety risks in certain countries
burden students and families.
For example: The Ukraine-Russia war displaced over 24,000 Indian medical students, leading to uncertain
academic futures and financial losses.
• Brain Drain and Doctor Shortage: Many foreign-trained doctors prefer to practice abroad due to better
opportunities, worsening India’s doctor deficit.

Reforms to Meet Domestic Demand for Medical Education

• Increasing Medical Seats: Expanding government and private medical colleges to accommodate more students
and reduce outflow.
For example: The 2025 Budget announced an increase of 10,000 medical seats, with a five-year goal of 75,000
new seats in India.
• Establishing More Affordable Institutions: Setting up low-cost medical colleges in underserved regions to
make education accessible.
For example: AIIMS expansions and new government medical colleges in tier-2 and tier-3 cities have improved
access to medical education.
• Public-Private Partnerships (PPP): Encouraging private investment while ensuring affordable fees and
quality education.
For example: Institutions like Manipal College of Medical Sciences (Nepal) and AUA (Caribbean) show Indian
institutions can expand under PPP models domestically.
• Strengthening Medical Entrance Reforms: Introducing more transparent admission processes and multiple
entry pathways to reduce reliance on NEET.
For example: The National Medical Commission (NMC) has proposed bridge courses and alternative entry
systems to diversify selection criteria.
• Creating Indian Campuses Abroad: Encouraging Indian universities to establish overseas branches to cater
to Indian students.
For example: IITs and Manipal Group's international expansions suggest a model where Indian medical schools
operate globally under Indian regulations.

Reforms to Ensure Quality Healthcare Delivery

• Strengthening Medical Curriculum & Internships: Aligning Indian medical education with global standards
and mandating compulsory rural internships.
For example: The Competency-Based Medical Education (CBME) curriculum was introduced in 2019 to focus
on practical skills and patient care.
• Enhancing Faculty & Infrastructure: Investing in medical faculty training, advanced laboratories, and clinical
exposure.
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For example: AIIMS and NMC reforms mandate medical colleges to have modern simulation labs and e-
learning platforms.
• Improving Licensing & Accreditation: Regular audits of private and government medical colleges to ensure
standardization.
For example: The NMC’s National Exit Test (NExT) aims to standardize licensing exams for both Indian and
foreign medical graduates.
• Encouraging Retention of Doctors in India: Providing higher salaries, incentives, and better working
conditions in rural and urban areas.
For example: The Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Yojana (PMSSY) aims to set up AIIMS-like institutions
in underserved regions.
• Expanding Telemedicine & AI Integration: Leveraging technology to improve healthcare access and training.
For example: The e-Sanjeevani telemedicine initiative has facilitated over 14 crore consultations, improving
healthcare delivery in remote areas.

A three-pronged approach, expanding medical seats, regulating private college fees, and strengthening FMG
integration is crucial. The 2023 NMC reforms on medical seat allocation and faculty norms are steps forward.
Additionally, incentivizing rural service and public-private partnerships can enhance accessibility and
quality, ensuring India’s self-sufficiency in medical education and a robust healthcare workforce.

https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/a-leap-backward-for-maternity-entitlements/article69267300.ece

13. Despite constitutional provisions and legal frameworks like NFSA 2013, maternity entitlements in India
remain poorly implemented. Critically examine the challenges in implementation, center-state disparities,
and suggest multidimensional reforms balancing fiscal constraints with social welfare objectives.
(15 Marks, 250 Words)
Answer:
Core Demand of the Question
• Discuss why maternity entitlements in India remain poorly implemented despite constitutional provisions and
legal frameworks like NFSA 2013.
• Examine the challenges in implementation and center-state disparities.
• Suggest multidimensional reforms balancing fiscal constraints with social welfare objectives.

Maternity entitlements play a vital role in ensuring financial and nutritional security for women during pregnancy.
Despite the National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013, which mandates maternity benefits, India ranks 111th out
of 125 countries in the Global Hunger Index 2023. The NFHS-5 (2019-21) reveals that only 58% of mothers
received full antenatal care (at least 4 antenatal care visits). Gaps in fund allocation, awareness, and implementation
weaken the impact of such provisions.

Poor Implementation of Maternity Entitlements in India

• Legal Violation of NFSA 2013: The Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY) contradicts NFSA
2013 by restricting benefits to only one child per family instead of universal coverage.
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For example: NFSA mandates ₹6,000 per birth, but PMKVY provides only ₹5,000, violating the law and
reducing financial support for women.
• Inadequate Budget Allocation: The budgetary allocation for maternity benefits has been consistently low,
preventing effective nationwide coverage.
For example: PMMVY received only ₹870 crore in 2023-24, while ₹12,000 crore is required to cover 90% of
births at NFSA-mandated levels.
• Digital Exclusion and Aadhaar-related Issues: Aadhaar-linked payments, technical glitches, and
documentation hurdles exclude a large section of eligible women, particularly in rural areas.
• Limited Awareness and Accessibility: Many women, especially in marginalized communities, lack awareness
about their maternity entitlements, reducing application rates.
For example: Surveys in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh show that 40% of eligible women were unaware of PMMVY,
resulting in underutilization of funds.
• Bureaucratic Red Tape and Corruption: Excessive paperwork, conditionalities, and middlemen hinder
timely disbursal, leading to exclusion and leakages.
For example: Studies found that in Madhya Pradesh, 30% of applicants faced document-related delays, with
some being asked for bribes to process applications.

Challenges in Implementation and Center-State Disparities

Implementation Challenges
• Conditionalities and Complex Procedures: Strict eligibility conditions, like institutional deliveries and
immunization records, disqualify women unable to meet them due to healthcare gaps.
For example: In Jharkhand, 25% of women were denied benefits for home births, despite NFSA ensuring
universal maternity entitlements.
• Lack of Transparency and Monitoring: The Ministry of Women and Child Development does not proactively
disclose implementation data, making accountability difficult.
For example: RTI queries revealed that PMMVY coverage dropped to 9% in 2023-24, but the government has
not addressed the reasons publicly.
• Weak Coordination Between Departments: The fragmented approach between health, women and child
development, and finance ministries leads to inefficiencies in execution.
For example: PMMVY funds are often delayed due to procedural bottlenecks between the central finance
ministry and state-level implementing agencies.

Center-State Disparities
• Unequal Financial Contributions: While PMMVY is centrally sponsored, states must co-fund it, leading to
disparities where poorer states struggle to allocate funds.
For example: Tamil Nadu provides ₹18,000 per child under its state scheme, whereas Bihar and UP struggle
with delayed payments due to limited funds.
• Higher State Autonomy Leads to Better Models: Some states have introduced more generous and efficient
maternity schemes, outperforming PMMVY.
For example: Odisha's Mamata Scheme (₹10,000 per child) covers 64% of births, whereas PMMVY covered
only 9% nationwide in 2023-24.
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• Digital and Infrastructure Divide: Some states face greater challenges due to weaker digital infrastructure,
leading to delays in fund transfers.
For example: Aadhaar authentication failures in rural Rajasthan and Chhattisgarh resulted in non-payment of
benefits to thousands of eligible women.

Multidimensional Reforms Balancing Fiscal Constraints with Social Welfare

• Universal Coverage Without Parity Restrictions: Extend maternity entitlements to all births, not just the first
child, as mandated by NFSA 2013.
For example: Odisha’s Mamata scheme covers all children, ensuring better financial security for women in
vulnerable households.
• Increased Budgetary Allocation and Indexation: The maternity benefit amount should be revised periodically
to match inflation and rising living costs.
For example: Tamil Nadu plans to increase benefits to ₹24,000, ensuring financial adequacy for maternal
nutrition and healthcare.
• Simplifying Application and Digital Processes: Reduce documentation barriers and Aadhaar dependency to
improve access, especially in rural areas.
For example: Direct cash transfers through Jan Dhan accounts, without Aadhaar verification issues, can prevent
delays and exclusions.
• Strengthening State-Centered Implementation: States should be given greater flexibility and funding
autonomy to design efficient maternity benefit models.
For example: A performance-linked central fund can reward states that effectively implement maternity
schemes, ensuring accountability.
• Enhancing Awareness and Outreach: A massive awareness campaign through ASHA workers, Anganwadi
centers, and digital platforms can boost enrollment rates.
For example: Tamil Nadu's Anganwadi-led awareness drive increased its maternity scheme coverage to 84%
in 2023-24.

Bridging the implementation gaps in maternity entitlements requires a synergistic approach universal coverage,
real-time monitoring, and direct benefit transfers to ensure timely support. Centre-state fiscal alignment,
corporate participation, and community awareness can amplify impact. A rights-based, data-driven model,
leveraging technology and social audits, will transform maternity benefits from policy intent to ground-level
empowerment, promoting inclusive growth

https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/should-a-third-language-be-compulsory-
explained/article69263733.ece

14. The three-language policy under NEP 2020 aims to promote multilingualism, but its implementation remains
contentious, especially in non-Hindi-speaking states. Discuss the key challenges in its adoption and suggest
measures to address linguistic concerns. (15 Marks, 250 Words)
Answer:
 170

Core Demand of the Question

• Discuss how the three-language policy under NEP 2020 aims to promote multilingualism.
• Highlight how implementation remains contentious, especially in non-Hindi-speaking states.
• Discuss the key challenges in its adoption.
• Suggest measures to address linguistic concerns

The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 introduces a three-language policy to strengthen multilingual
education and preserve linguistic diversity. With 22 official languages under the Eighth Schedule and a vast
linguistic landscape, balancing regional aspirations with national integration remains complex. Opposition from
non-Hindi-speaking states highlights concerns over linguistic imposition and practical challenges in
implementation.

Three-Language Policy Aims to Promote Multilingualism

• Cultural Integration: Encouraging students to learn multiple languages fosters national integration and cultural
exchange, strengthening India's linguistic diversity.
For example: Learning Tamil in North Indian schools can create cultural awareness and bridge regional divides.
• Cognitive and Academic Benefits: Multilingualism enhances cognitive skills, problem-solving, and creativity,
improving overall academic performance.
• Enhancing Employability: Knowledge of multiple languages, especially regional languages, boosts career
opportunities in government jobs, translation, and tourism.
For example: Multilingual proficiency is often a prerequisite for diplomatic roles and multinational companies.
• Promoting Indian Languages: The policy ensures at least two languages learned are native to India, preserving
linguistic heritage and literature.
For example: The promotion of Sanskrit, Bengali, Telugu, and Marathi helps sustain India's classical and
regional languages.

Contentious Implementation in Non-Hindi-Speaking States

• Perceived Hindi Imposition: Non-Hindi states, especially Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and West Bengal, view the
policy as a move towards gradual Hindi imposition.
• State Autonomy Concerns: Education is a Concurrent Subject and enforcing a central policy on language
learning challenges federal principles.
For example: The Tamil Nadu government refuses to comply with the three-language mandate under NEP
2020, delaying funds under the Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan to Tamil Nadu.
• Limited Teaching Resources: Many states lack trained teachers for additional languages, making
implementation difficult in government schools.
For example: Schools in Odisha and Kerala struggle to find Hindi language teachers due to low availability.
• Student Workload and Learning Outcomes: Additional language courses could burden students, impacting
their proficiency in core subjects like Math and Science.
For example: ASER reports indicate that 60% of Class V students struggle with reading basic texts of Class II,
raising concerns about curriculum overload.

Key Challenges in Adoption

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• Resistance from Regional Parties: Political parties in non-Hindi states view the policy as an interference in
state affairs, leading to opposition.
• Urban-Rural Divide: Rural students often struggle with a second language, making learning a third language
even more difficult.
For example: In rural Bihar, 40% of students face difficulties in English, impacting their ability to learn another
language.
• Different Linguistic Priorities: States prefer to promote their regional languages over Hindi, leading to
misalignment with central policy.
For example: West Bengal emphasizes Bengali English learning, rejecting mandatory Hindi inclusion.
• Funding and Infrastructure Gaps: Government schools, especially in financially weaker states, lack budgets
for language teachers, books, and digital language labs.
For example: Schools in Northeast India lack adequate teachers for third-language implementation, affecting
policy execution.

Measures to Address Linguistic Concerns

• Flexibility in Language Choice: States should be allowed to choose regional languages instead of imposing a
uniform three-language structure.
For example: Karnataka can teach Kannada, English, and a student’s preferred language, instead of mandatory
Hindi.
• Strengthening Language Infrastructure: Investing in teacher training, e-learning modules, and scholarships
for language education will improve implementation.
For example: Digital language labs in Andhra Pradesh enhance vernacular learning through technology-driven
models.
• Incentivizing Multilingualism: Providing scholarships, career incentives, and skill-based language training
will motivate students to voluntarily take up additional languages.
For example: UGC grants scholarships for Sanskrit, Pali, and Persian studies, preserving linguistic heritage.
• Constructive Dialogue Between Centre and States: The Centre should engage states in policy discussions to
ensure language education aligns with local needs.
For example: A joint education committee can be set up to allow states greater say in implementation.

A harmonious linguistic framework is vital for India's unity in diversity. Flexibility in language selection,
capacity-building for teachers, and incentivizing regional language learning can ease implementation challenges.
Leveraging technology for translation tools and digital learning will bridge linguistic gaps. A consensus-driven
approach, respecting regional aspirations, can transform multilingualism into a national strength rather than a point
of discord.

https://www.business-standard.com/opinion/columns/women-s-workforce-participation-up-but-social-barriers-
need-more-action-125022601028_1.html

15. The Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) 2023-24 highlights a steady rise in female workforce participation,
yet significant gender disparities remain. Examine the key barriers to women's employment in India and
suggest policy measures to enhance their participation in the workforce.
(15 Marks, 250 Words)
 172

Answer:
Core Demand of the Question
• Discuss how The Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) 2023-24 highlights a steady rise in female workforce
participation.
• Highlight remaining significant gender disparities.
• Examine the key barriers to women's employment in India.
• Suggest policy measures to enhance their participation in the workforce.

The Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) 2023-24 reports a rise in Female Labour Force Participation Rate
(FLFPR) to 37%, up from 23.3% in 2017-18. Additionally, the Worker Population Ratio (WPR) for women,
indicating the proportion of employed women in the population, has improved from 22.0% in 2017-18 to 40.3% in
2023-24. However, gender disparities persist, with women concentrated in informal, low-paying jobs. The Global
Gender Gap Report 2023 ranks India 129th out of 146 economies.

The Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) 2023-24 highlights a steady rise in female workforce participation
• Growth in Workforce Participation Rate (WPR): Women's WPR increased from 22% in 2017-18 to 40.3%
in 2023-24, reflecting improved job availability and economic engagement.
For example: Government initiatives like PM Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) have enhanced women’s skill
development, making them employable across diverse sectors.
• Rural Women Leading the Increase: Rural areas saw a 23 percentage-point rise (from 23.7% to 46.5%), while
urban employment rose by 8 percentage points (from 18.2% to 26%).
For example: The MGNREGA scheme has provided consistent employment opportunities for rural women,
contributing to their increasing participation.
• Higher Education and Employment Readiness: More women are pursuing higher education, equipping them
with skills for long-term careers, leading to a shift toward formal jobs.
For example: Female enrollment in higher education rose from 46% in 2015-16 to 49% in 2022-23, increasing
their employability in high-skilled jobs.
• Government Policies Facilitating Inclusion: Measures such as extended maternity leave, mandatory crèche
facilities, and women’s hostels have improved women’s workforce retention.
For example: The Labour Ministry’s 2024 advisory recommended setting up Working Women Hubs to
reduce commute time and offer childcare support.

Remaining Significant Gender Disparities

• Gap in Workforce Participation: Despite improvement, female WPR (40.3%) remains significantly lower
than male WPR (76.3%), highlighting persistent gender imbalances in employment.
For example: PLFS 2023-24 shows that women’s participation in urban employment is still just 26%, compared
to 46.5% in rural areas.
• Disparities in Sectoral Representation: Women are overrepresented in informal and low-paying jobs, while
their participation in STEM, manufacturing, and leadership roles remains limited.
For example: Women constitute only 16% of STEM graduates in India, affecting their representation in high-
tech industries and innovation-driven sectors.
 173

• Wage Inequality and Economic Disempowerment: Women continue to earn significantly less than men for
the same work, reducing their economic independence and bargaining power.
For example: The Global Gender Gap Report 2023 states that women in India earn only 72% of what men earn
for equal work, violating Article 39(d) of the Indian Constitution
• Low Urban Workforce Growth: Urban female employment grew only by 8 percentage points, indicating
limited opportunities, safety concerns, and social constraints in cities.
For example: Limited safe public transport and high urban crime rates discourage women from taking up jobs
in metropolitan areas.
• Unequal Domestic Responsibilities: 43% of women cite childcare and domestic work as the primary reason
for non-participation, leading to career breaks and early exits.
For example: Women in dual-career households perform 5X more unpaid domestic work than men, restricting
their ability to engage in full-time employment.

Key Barriers to Women’s Employment in India

• Childcare and Domestic Responsibilities: Women shoulder a disproportionate burden of unpaid care work,
forcing many to leave or reject jobs.
For example: The PLFS 2023-24 highlights that 43.04% of women cited household duties as a key reason for
not working, emphasizing the need for childcare support.
• Limited Flexibility and Workplace Policies: Rigid work schedules, lack of maternity benefits, and absence of
remote work options hinder women’s workforce retention.
• Social and Cultural Norms: Traditional gender roles discourage women from pursuing full-time careers,
especially in male-dominated sectors like manufacturing and technology.
For example: Only 18% of India’s entrepreneurs are women, largely due to societal expectations and financial
dependence on male family members.
• Lack of Safe and Accessible Workspaces: Concerns over workplace harassment, inadequate transport, and
unsafe commuting options limit women’s job choices.
For example: Over 60% of working women in India cite safety as a primary concern, impacting their
willingness to work late or in remote areas.
• Weak implementation of Laws: The Vishaka v. State of Rajasthan (1997) case laid the foundation for POSH
(Prevention of Sexual Harassment) Act, 2013, but implementation remains weak in many sectors.
• Limited Skill Training and Career Advancement: Many women lack access to upskilling programs,
restricting their ability to transition into high-paying, growth-oriented roles.
For example: Less than 30% of beneficiaries of skill development programs like PMKVY are women, limiting
their career mobility in high-growth industries.

Policy Measures to Enhance Women’s Workforce Participation

• Strengthening Childcare and Family Support: Expand affordable crèche facilities, incentivize paternity
leave, and promote shared domestic responsibilities to ease women’s burden.
For example: Countries like Sweden and Canada offer subsidized daycare programs, allowing higher female
workforce participation and better work-life balance.
 174

• Flexible Work Arrangements: Encourage hybrid work, compressed workweeks, and part-time employment
options, enabling women to balance career and caregiving.
For example: Global firms like TCS and Infosys have adopted hybrid work models, leading to higher female
employee retention rates.
• Enhancing Workplace Safety and Mobility: Strengthen POSH (Prevention of Sexual Harassment)
compliance, improve public transport safety, and create gender-sensitive workspaces.
For example: Delhi’s Pink Bus initiative provides women-only public transport services, ensuring safer
commutes for working women.
• Boosting Women’s Representation in High-Growth Sectors: Provide STEM scholarships, leadership
training, and gender-specific hiring incentives in emerging industries.
For example: The Women in Science & Engineering (WISE) initiative promotes female participation in AI,
robotics, and deep tech sectors.
• Expanding Financial and Entrepreneurial Support: Facilitate easier credit access, mentorship programs, and
tax benefits for women-led enterprises to boost economic independence.
For example: The Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY) has sanctioned over ₹9.5 lakh crore in loans to
women entrepreneurs, fostering self-employment and business growth.

Bridging the gender employment gap demands a multipronged approach robust labour law reform, gender-
sensitive workplace policies, and improved childcare infrastructure. Expanding digital skilling, promoting
entrepreneurship, and enforcing equal pay can unlock women's economic potential. A future-ready India must
embrace inclusive growth, ensuring that no woman’s career is curtailed by systemic barriers.
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DISASTER MANAGEMENT
https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/on-building-resilient-telecom-infrastructure-
explained/article69https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/myanmar-manipur-and-strained-
borders/article69237984.ece

1. Telecommunication networks play a crucial role in disaster management, yet they remain highly vulnerable
during natural calamities. Discuss the key challenges affecting telecom infrastructure during disasters and
suggest measures to enhance its resilience. (15 Marks, 250 Words)
Answer:
Core Demand of the Question
Highlight how telecommunication networks play a crucial role in disaster management
Discuss how they remain highly vulnerable during natural calamities by mentioning the key challenges
affecting telecom infrastructure during disasters
Suggest measures to enhance its resilience

Telecommunication networks are vital for disaster management, enabling real-time coordination during
emergencies. Disasters caused over $200 billion in economic losses globally in 2023, with communication failures
exacerbating rescue efforts. In India, Cyclone Fani (2019) caused extensive damage to telecommunications
infrastructure in Puri, Bhubaneswar, and other areas of Odisha, highlighting the sector’s vulnerability to natural
calamities.

Role of Telecommunication Networks in Disaster Management

• Facilitating Emergency Response: Telecom networks enable rapid communication between disaster
management authorities, local municipalities, and rescue teams, ensuring swift coordination in relief efforts.
For example: During the 2013 Uttarakhand floods, mobile networks helped coordinate rescue missions,
allowing the Indian Army and NDRF to evacuate over 100,000 people from disaster-affected regions.
• Disseminating Public Alerts: Telecom infrastructure supports early warning systems, sending SMS alerts and
automated calls about cyclones, tsunamis, and earthquakes, helping communities prepare in advance.
For example: Before Cyclone Fani (2019) hit Odisha, telecom alerts were sent to millions, contributing to the
timely evacuation of over 1.2 million people, significantly reducing casualties.
• Ensuring Medical Assistance: Mobile networks assist in telemedicine and emergency medical coordination,
allowing doctors and health workers to guide first responders and affected individuals remotely.
For example: During the COVID-19 pandemic, telecom services facilitated teleconsultations for patients,
reducing the burden on hospitals and ensuring timely medical advice.
• Supporting Relief Fund Transfers: Mobile banking and digital payment systems enable the government and
NGOs to quickly distribute financial aid to disaster victims without physical cash dependency.
For example: After the 2015 Nepal earthquake, digital platforms like eSewa and IME Pay allowed affected
people to receive relief funds and buy essentials even when banks were closed.
• Maintaining Social Order: Communication networks help prevent panic and misinformation by enabling
authorities to provide accurate updates, reassuring the public and preventing unnecessary chaos.
 176

For example: During the Chennai floods (2015), the Indian government partnered with telecom operators to
provide free SMS and call services, ensuring people received official rescue updates.

Vulnerabilities of Telecommunication Networks During Natural Calamities

• Power Failures Disrupt Operations: Telecom towers and network operating centers rely on electricity, and
prolonged power outages can make them non-functional, leading to communication breakdowns.
For example: After Cyclone Amphan (2020) in West Bengal, power failures left over 85% of telecom towers
in affected districts non-operational for several days, delaying relief coordination.
• Inadequate Backup Fuel and Batteries: Telecom towers depend on diesel generators and battery backups, but
limited fuel supply during disasters can lead to network outages.
• Damage to Overhead Cables: Overland cables are highly exposed to strong winds, falling trees, and debris,
leading to severed connections that disrupt services during disasters.
For example: The 2018 Kerala floods caused widespread damage to overhead fiber cables, leading to major
internet blackouts and hindering disaster response efforts.
• Vulnerability of Undersea Cables: Coastal disasters pose elevated risks to undersea cable landing stations,
causing internet disruptions as telecom operators struggle to reroute data traffic.
For example: The 2023 Taiwan earthquake damaged undersea cables, leading to internet slowdowns across
Southeast Asia, affecting rescue operations and financial transactions.
• Insufficient Disaster-Resistant Infrastructure: Many cell towers are not designed to withstand extreme wind
speeds, floods, or earthquakes, leading to structural collapses.

Measures to Enhance Telecom Infrastructure Resilience

• Strengthening Power Backup Systems: Ensuring telecom towers have higher-capacity batteries and diesel
reserves can minimize outages caused by power failures during disasters.
For example: In Mumbai, where power cuts are rare, telecom towers are equipped with higher battery backup,
allowing uninterrupted connectivity even during monsoons and floods.
• Deploying More Underground Cables: Expanding underground fiber optic networks instead of overland
cables can protect telecom infrastructure from cyclones, landslides, and falling debris.
For example: Japan’s earthquake-resistant telecom network relies heavily on underground cables, reducing
disruptions during frequent seismic activities.
• Reinforcing Cell Towers Against Extreme Weather: Constructing telecom towers with wind-resistant
designs and stronger foundations can help them withstand cyclones and earthquakes.
For example: After Cyclone Phailin (2013), Odisha mandated stronger telecom tower structures, reducing
tower collapses in subsequent cyclones like Fani (2019).
• Ensuring Quick Restoration Strategies: Governments and telecom operators should stockpile spare parts and
deploy emergency repair teams to restore connectivity faster after disasters.
For example: The US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has a disaster recovery plan, ensuring that
telecom services resume quickly after hurricanes like Katrina (2005).
• Implementing Parametric Insurance for Telecom Operators: Providing insurance coverage for disaster-
related damages can encourage telecom firms to invest in disaster-proofing infrastructure.
For example: In New Zealand, parametric insurance supports telecom companies, enabling them to rapidly
restore services after natural calamities like earthquakes and storms.
 177

A disaster-resilient telecom network is not a choice but a necessity. Strengthening infrastructure with AI-driven
early warning systems, satellite-based communication, and decentralized networks can ensure uninterrupted
connectivity. Public-private collaboration, regulatory reforms, and rapid deployment of emergency
communication units will fortify response mechanisms. A future-ready, adaptive telecom ecosystem can be the
backbone of disaster resilience.

https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/addressing-the-growing-threat-of-forest-
fires/article69206254.ece#:~:text=From%20creating%20supporting%20infrastructure%20through,hand%
20to%20turn%20the%20tide.

2. Despite existing policies like the National Action Plan on Forest Fires and the Forest Fire Prevention and
Management Scheme (FFPMS), India continues to face increasing incidents of forest fires. Critically analyze
the effectiveness of these policies and suggest measures to enhance forest fire management in India.
(15 Marks, 250 Words)
Answer:
Core Demand of the Question
• Highlight the increasing incidents of forest fires in India, despite existing policies like the National Action Plan
on Forest Fires and the Forest Fire Prevention and Management Scheme (FFPMS)
• Analyze the effectiveness of these policies
• Analyze the shortcomings of these policies
• Suggest measures to enhance forest fire management in India

A forest fire is an uncontrolled and rapid spread of fire in forested areas due to natural or anthropogenic
factors, causing loss of biodiversity, soil degradation, and air pollution. As per ISFR 2021, more than 36% of the
country’s forest cover was estimated to be prone to frequent forest fires.

Factors behind Increasing Incidents of Forest Fires in India:

Natural factors
• Rising Temperatures & Extended Dry Spells: Increased heatwaves and prolonged dry seasons due to climate
change create ideal conditions for fire ignition and spread.
For example: The India Meteorological Department (IMD) reported that 2023 was the second warmest year
since 1901, exacerbating fire risks in central and northern India.
• Strong Winds & Low Humidity: Dry and windy conditions accelerate the spread of forest fires, making fire
control efforts challenging.
For example: In Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand, strong pre-monsoon winds rapidly expanded fires in 2023,
causing extensive damage.
• High Flammability of Certain Vegetation: Dry pine needles and dry leaves act as natural fuel, making
forests more susceptible to catching fire.
For example: In Uttarakhand, vast pine forests with resin-rich needles increase the frequency and intensity of
fire outbreaks.

Anthropogenic Factors
 178

• Deliberate Land Clearing: Farmers set fire to forests to clear land for agriculture and practice Slash-and-Burn
Agriculture, often leading to uncontrolled wildfires.
For example: Odisha and Chhattisgarh witnessed massive fires in 2023, largely due to traditional shifting
cultivation practices.
• Unattended Campfires: Tourists and local villagers often leave campfires or burn debris, leading to accidental
fires.
For example: In Karnataka’s Bandipur National Park, a major fire in 2023 was traced to negligence by visitors.
• Human-Wildlife Conflict: Poachers set controlled fires to trap animals, which sometimes spiral into large-
scale forest fires.
For example: Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra reported forest fires caused by illegal hunting activities in
national parks like Pench and Tadoba.

Effectiveness of Existing Policies:

• Strengthened Institutional Framework: The National Action Plan on Forest Fires (NAPFF) and Forest Fire
Prevention and Management Scheme (FFPMS) have institutionalized fire management strategies, ensuring
coordinated efforts at central and state levels.
For example: The FFPMS helped establish specialized fire response teams in Uttarakhand, improving response
times and fire containment efforts.
• Use of Satellite-Based Monitoring: India leverages ISRO’s remote sensing technology and the Forest Fire
Alert System to detect and monitor fires in real time.
For example: The Van Agni mobile app developed by FSI provides geo-tagged fire alerts, aiding early detection
and MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectro-radiometer) for alerting State Forest Departments about
forest fire.
• Community Engagement Efforts: Some states involve local self-help groups (SHGs) and villagers in fire
prevention through awareness drives and controlled burning techniques.
For example: In Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand, women’s SHGs collect pine needles, preventing forest
floor accumulation that can fuel large fires.
• Technology Integration in Monitoring: Use of drones has been piloted in Odisha and Tamil Nadu to detect
fires early and track fire spread.
For example: Odisha’s Forest Fire Risk Zonation Mapping initiative uses remote sensing to prioritize fire-
prone areas, aiding preventive measures.
• Policy Coordination Among Agencies: The integration of FSI, IMD, and ISRO data has enhanced fire
prediction capabilities but remains underutilized at the local governance level.
For example: ISRO’s Fire Information for Resource Management System (FIRMS) provides satellite-
based alerts, but district forest officers often lack real-time access.

Shortcomings of Existing Policies:

• Budget Constraints and Fluctuating Allocation: FFPMS funds are inadequate and inconsistent, limiting long-
term investment in fire prevention and rapid response capabilities.
For example: The 2023-24 budget was initially projected at ₹51 crore but revised to ₹40 crore, delaying planned
infrastructure upgrades.
• Weak Implementation of Fire Prevention Strategies: Despite policies, fire lines, buffer zones, and controlled
burning are not maintained effectively in many forested regions.
 179

For example: In Bandipur Tiger Reserve, Karnataka, lack of proper firebreaks led to over 10,000 acres burning
in 2019, causing habitat destruction.
• Lack of Trained Firefighting Personnel: Most forest departments lack dedicated fire brigades, relying on
general forest staff, who have minimal fire safety training.
For example: In Similipal National Park, Odisha, local forest guards struggled to contain fires due to the
absence of specialized firefighting equipment and personnel.
• Limited Community Involvement: Community participation remains limited, despite their role in early
detection and prevention of fires. Awareness and incentives for engagement are inadequate.
For example: Nepal’s Community Forest User Groups (CFUGs) have reduced forest fire occurrences, but India
lacks a similar structured community-driven mechanism.
• Gaps in Technology and Data Adoption: Predictive fire models exist, but state-level integration and ground-
level implementation are weak, leading to slow response.
For example: In Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, despite satellite monitoring systems, ground personnel
receive alerts too late, reducing intervention effectiveness.

Measures to Enhance Forest Fire Management:

• Increase Budget Allocation: Ensure consistent, long-term funding to FFPMS, allowing states to invest in
firefighting infrastructure, personnel training, and technology.
For example: The U.S. Forest Service allocates a dedicated wildfire fund, ensuring stable financial resources
for fire suppression and prevention strategies.
• Adopt Advanced Predictive Technologies: Integrate AI-driven risk mapping, satellite-based monitoring, and
drone surveillance for accurate, real-time fire alerts.
For example: Australia’s Bushfire Prediction Model uses AI and weather data to anticipate fire spread and
guide firefighting efforts proactively.
• Strengthening Community-Based Fire Prevention Programs: Establish village fire management groups and
train local youth as "forest fire scouts", incentivizing early reporting and mitigation.
For example: Indonesia’s Fire-Free Village Program (FFVP) has successfully reduced wildfires, using
community involvement and fire prevention education.
• Enhance Firefighting Capacity: Develop specialized forest fire brigades, equipped with modern tools, drones,
and thermal cameras, to improve response efficiency.
For example: The U.S. Hotshot Crews are elite wildfire fighters trained for rapid deployment in high-risk
zones, reducing fire impact significantly.
• Multi-Agency Coordination: Ensure seamless collaboration between FSI, IMD, ISRO, and local forest
departments, using a centralized fire management dashboard.
For example: In Canada, the National Wildland Fire Information System consolidates data from
meteorological, remote sensing, and ground reports, improving fire response.

Strengthening community-led fire management, enhancing real-time satellite monitoring (FAST 3.0), and
improving inter-agency coordination can boost fire prevention. The 2023 G20 Presidency emphasized climate-
resilient forest governance, highlighting the need for higher budgetary allocation and stricter enforcement of
fire mitigation strategies to align with India’s net-zero and biodiversity conservation goals.
 180

https://indianexpress.com/article/upsc-current-affairs/upsc-essentials/upsc-issue-at-a-glance-stampedes-
pushpa-2-stampede-incident-allu-arjun-9743733/

3. Despite the presence of NDMA guidelines on crowd management, stampedes continue to occur frequently in
India. Critically evaluate the effectiveness of existing policies and suggest measures to strengthen crowd
management. (15 Marks, 250 Words)
Answer:
Core Demand of the Question
• Highlight why stampedes continue to occur frequently in India, despite the presence of NDMA guidelines on
crowd management.
• Evaluate the positives of existing policies.
• Evaluate the shortcomings in the effectiveness of existing policies.
• Suggest measures to strengthen crowd management.

Stampedes, defined as sudden, chaotic movements of large crowds leading to injuries and fatalities, remain a
recurring disaster in India. The NDMA guidelines emphasize capacity planning, crowd control, risk
assessment, and real-time surveillance to prevent such incidents. Yet, a total of 3074 lives have been lost due to
stampedes in India between 2001 and 2022.

Why stampedes continue to occur frequently in India despite NDMA guidelines on crowd management:
• Poor Implementation: While NDMA guidelines provide a robust framework, implementation at the state and
district levels remains inconsistent due to lack of awareness and enforcement. Many organizers do not follow
capacity planning norms.
For example: The 2013 Ratangarh Temple stampede in Madhya Pradesh, which killed over 115 people,
occurred due to the collapse of a bridge railing, despite prior warnings of overcrowding.
• Lack of Real-Time Crowd Monitoring: NDMA recommends live surveillance, but many events lack adequate
CCTV cameras, crowd density sensors, and AI-based monitoring to detect surges in real time and take
immediate action.
For example: The 2022 Mata Vaishno Devi shrine stampede, which resulted in 12 deaths, was attributed to a
sudden rush of devotees and the absence of real-time monitoring systems.
• Deficient Inter-Agency Coordination: Various authorities (police, local administration, event organizers) fail
to coordinate effectively, leading to delayed response and mismanagement during emergencies. NDMA’s
Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) is rarely conducted.
For example: The 2015 Godavari Pushkaralu stampede in Andhra Pradesh, which killed 27 people, saw
multiple agencies giving conflicting instructions, worsening the chaos.
• Inadequate Exit Planning: Many venues lack wide exits, clear evacuation routes, and emergency response
areas, violating NDMA’s structural safety guidelines for mass gatherings. Poor signage and lighting further
complicate evacuation.
For example: The 2005 Mandhradevi Temple stampede in Maharashtra, which killed 300 people, was worsened
by a narrow stairway and blocked exit routes, leaving devotees trapped.
• Failure to Regulate Spontaneous Gatherings: While planned events can follow NDMA’s crowd control
protocols, spontaneous mass gatherings such as religious events or railway station rushes—often lead to
unmanaged crowd surges.
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For example: The 2024 New Delhi Railway Station stampede during the Maha Kumbh rush occurred due to
an unexpected surge of passengers without proper pre-emptive crowd control.
• Human Psychology: Human psychology is an important factor leading to stampedes, as all stampedes are either
triggered or made worse by panic.
• High crowd Density: High crowd density refers to the number of people per unit area, which is crucial for
organizing mass gatherings. When crowd density exceeds capacity without proper management, it can lead to
panic and dangerous situations like stampedes.

Evaluation of the Positives of Existing Policies:

• Multi-Agency Approach: NDMA’s guidelines emphasize inter-agency coordination by involving state
governments, local authorities, police, and event organizers in disaster preparedness and response planning.
For example: The Kumbh Mela 2019 in Prayagraj saw a well-coordinated effort between police, health
officials, and disaster management teams, ensuring a largely incident-free event.
• Scientific Risk Assessment: The Hazard, Risk, and Vulnerability Analysis (HRVA) and Failure Mode and
Effect Analysis (FMEA) help identify potential stampede risks and take preventive measures before an event.
For example: The Jagannath Rath Yatra in Odisha now employs a risk assessment model that pre-emptively
plans for crowd movements and bottlenecks, reducing stampede risks.
• Technology-Driven Crowd Control: NDMA encourages the use of live surveillance, drone monitoring, and
AI-based predictive analytics to assess crowd density and trigger alerts for intervention.
For example: During the Kumbh Mela 2021, an AI-powered crowd management system was used to analyze
footfall and identify congestion hotspots in real time.
• Structured Evacuation Protocols: NDMA mandates staging points, multiple routes, and controlled crowd
inflow/outflow, reducing the risk of overcrowding and bottlenecks at major events.
For example: The Thrissur Pooram festival in Kerala successfully uses controlled entry-exit points and
temporary holding zones to manage massive crowds effectively.
• Integration of Public Awareness and Training: NDMA stresses community participation and public
awareness campaigns on safe crowd behavior, exit strategies, and emergency response actions, reducing panic
during crises.
For example: The Tirupati Balaji Temple Administration conducts regular awareness sessions for devotees and
staff on crowd discipline and safe movement during peak hours.

Evaluation of Shortcomings in the Effectiveness of Existing Policies

• Lack of Accountability: Despite NDMA guidelines, enforcement remains weak due to poor coordination
between local authorities, event organizers, and security agencies. Guidelines often exist only on paper with no
strict accountability.
• Inadequate Risk Assessment: Many event organizers fail to conduct proper Hazard, Risk, and Vulnerability
Analysis (HRVA) before mass gatherings, leading to overcrowding and bottlenecks at crucial locations.
For example: The Hathras stampede in 2024 occurred due to uncontrolled crowds, where devotees rushed to
touch the preacher’s feet, triggering a deadly surge.
• Deficient Crowd Planning: Many venues lack well-designed exits, adequate lighting, or emergency evacuation
routes, increasing the risk of panic-induced stampedes.
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• Lack Of Live Surveillance Mechanisms: There is a failure in real-time monitoring like CCTV monitoring and
AI-based crowd density analysis, which could predict and prevent stampede situations in high-risk events.
For example: The Mumbai Elphinstone station stampede (2017) resulted from heavy rain and overcrowding,
which could have been averted with real-time crowd monitoring.
• No Unified Command Structure: Crowd control often involves multiple agencies like police, disaster response
teams, and local administration, but there is no unified command structure to coordinate quick responses.

Measures to Strengthen Crowd Management

• Mandatory Pre-event Risk Assessment: Enforcing Hazard, Risk, and Vulnerability Analysis (HRVA) before
all mass gatherings should be compulsory for event approvals, ensuring better crowd flow design.
For example: The 2019 Kumbh Mela in Prayagraj successfully prevented stampedes due to detailed crowd
management plans, with diversion strategies and staggered entry-exit routes.
• AI-based Crowd Surveillance: Deploying AI-powered crowd density analysis, drone monitoring, and
predictive analytics can identify congestion points and trigger early warnings to prevent crowd surges.
• Stronger Legal Accountability: Establishing strict liability for organizers and authorities if crowd control
guidelines are violated can ensure better compliance and discourage negligence.
• Improved Crowd Barriers: Mandatory widening of exit routes, staggered entry-exit points, and the use of soft
barriers can prevent choke points in densely packed areas.
For example: The Jagannath Puri temple authorities redesigned exit routes after a 1993 stampede, successfully
preventing recurrence in later festivals.
• Unified Command and Quick Response Teams: Creating a single command structure with rapid-response
teams can improve coordination and reduce reaction time during emergencies.
For example: The 2019 Ardh Kumbh Mela used an integrated control room, linking police, paramedics, and
local administrators, ensuring swift intervention and zero major incidents.

Strengthening NDMA protocols with innovative, technology-driven strategies and robust training can transform
crowd management. Real-time monitoring, public engagement, and data analytics will curb stampedes. With
proactive reforms and 'Safety First' initiatives, we build a future of resilient, secure mass gatherings, ensuring
sustainable, adaptive policies for a safer, united India now.
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