INDIAN INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL
Assignment 2
Lab Manual: DBMS
Branch: Information Technology Section-2
4th Semester
Submitted by: Submitted to:
Aryan Dixit Dr. Nikhil Kumar Singh
Scholar no.: 23U03116 Assistant Professor, IIIT Bhopal
Database Schema (CREATE TABLE)
CREATE TABLE Students (
StudentID INT PRIMARY KEY,
Name VARCHAR(100),
Email VARCHAR(100) UNIQUE,
Department VARCHAR(50),
CGPA DECIMAL(3,2) CHECK (CGPA BETWEEN 0.0 AND 10.0)
);
CREATE TABLE Courses (
CourseID INT PRIMARY KEY,
CourseName VARCHAR(100),
Credits INT CHECK (Credits > 0),
Department VARCHAR(50)
);
CREATE TABLE Enrollments (
EnrollID INT PRIMARY KEY,
StudentID INT,
CourseID INT,
EnrollmentDate DATE,
Grade VARCHAR(2),
FOREIGN KEY (StudentID) REFERENCES Students(StudentID),
FOREIGN KEY (CourseID) REFERENCES Courses(CourseID)
);
CREATE TABLE Professors (
ProfessorID INT PRIMARY KEY,
Name VARCHAR(100),
Email VARCHAR(100) UNIQUE,
Department VARCHAR(50),
Salary DECIMAL(10,2) CHECK (Salary >= 0)
);
CREATE TABLE Departments (
DepartmentID INT PRIMARY KEY,
DepartmentName VARCHAR(100),
HOD_ID INT,
FOREIGN KEY (HOD_ID) REFERENCES Professors(ProfessorID)
);
Sample Records to Insert:
INSERT INTO Students (StudentID, Name, Email, Department, CGPA)
VALUES
(1, 'Aarav Mehta', '[email protected]', 'CSE', 3.5),
(2, 'Neha Sharma', '[email protected]', 'ECE', 1.8),
(4, 'Ishita Verma', '[email protected]', 'ME', 2.0),
(5, 'Kunal Singh', '[email protected]', 'CSE', 3.9);
INSERT INTO Courses (CourseID, CourseName, Credits, Department)
VALUES
(101, 'Data Structures', 4, 'CSE'),
(102, 'Digital Electronics', 3, 'ECE'),
(103, 'Operating Systems', 4, 'IT'),
(104, 'Thermodynamics', 3, 'ME'),
(105, 'Computer Networks', 3, 'CSE');
INSERT INTO Enrollments (EnrollID, StudentID, CourseID, EnrollmentDate,
Grade) VALUES
(201, 1, 101, '2025-03-01', 9),
(202, 1, 105, '2025-03-03', 8),
(203, 3, 103, '2025-03-05', 7),
(204, 4, 104, '2025-03-07', 6),
(205, 5, 101, '2025-03-10', 9);
INSERT INTO Professors (ProfessorID, Name, Email, Department, Salary)
VALUES
(301, 'Dr. Anil Joshi', '[email protected]', 'CSE', 90000),
(302, 'Dr. Pooja Rathi', '[email protected]', 'ECE', 85000),
(303, 'Dr. Vikram Das', '[email protected]', 'IT', 87000);
INSERT INTO Departments (DepartmentID, DepartmentName, HOD_ID)
VALUES
(1, 'Computer Science', 301),
(2, 'Electronics', 302),
(3, 'Information Technology', 303);
Implementing Triggers:
Trigger 1: Prevent enrollment if CGPA < 2.0
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION prevent_low_cgpa_enrollment_fn()
RETURNS TRIGGER AS $$
DECLARE
student_cgpa DECIMAL(3,2);
BEGIN
SELECT CGPA INTO student_cgpa FROM Students WHERE StudentID =
NEW.StudentID;
IF student_cgpa < 2.0 THEN
RAISE EXCEPTION 'Enrollment denied: CGPA too low';
END IF;
RETURN NEW;
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
CREATE TRIGGER prevent_low_cgpa_enrollment
BEFORE INSERT ON Enrollments
FOR EACH ROW
EXECUTE FUNCTION prevent_low_cgpa_enrollment_fn();
Trigger 2: Auto-update CGPA after grade insertion
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION update_cgpa_after_grade_insert()
RETURNS TRIGGER AS $$
DECLARE
rec RECORD;
total_points DECIMAL := 0;
total_credits INT := 0;
weighted_sum DECIMAL := 0;
BEGIN
-- Loop through all enrollments of the student to recalculate CGPA
FOR rec IN
SELECT e.Grade, c.Credits
FROM Enrollments e
JOIN Courses c ON e.CourseID = c.CourseID
WHERE e.StudentID = NEW.StudentID
LOOP
weighted_sum := weighted_sum + (rec.Grade * rec.Credits);
total_credits := total_credits + rec.Credits;
END LOOP;
IF total_credits > 0 THEN
total_points := weighted_sum / total_credits;
END IF;
-- Update the student's CGPA
UPDATE Students
SET CGPA = ROUND(total_points::numeric, 2)
WHERE StudentID = NEW.StudentID;
RETURN NEW;
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
CREATE TRIGGER update_cgpa_after_grade_insert
AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE ON Enrollments
FOR EACH ROW
EXECUTE FUNCTION update_cgpa_after_grade_insert();assuming grades
A=10, B=8, C=6, D=4, F=0 and CGPA is average of grade points.
Trigger 3: Restrict salary reduction for professors
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION prevent_salary_reduction()
RETURNS TRIGGER AS $$
BEGIN
IF NEW.Salary < OLD.Salary THEN
RAISE EXCEPTION 'Salary reduction is not allowed';
END IF;
RETURN NEW;
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
CREATE TRIGGER prevent_salary_cut
BEFORE UPDATE ON Professors
FOR EACH ROW
EXECUTE FUNCTION prevent_salary_reduction();
Trigger 4: Maintain HOD integrity if deleted
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION maintain_hod_integrity()
RETURNS TRIGGER AS $$
BEGIN
UPDATE Departments
SET HOD_ID = NULL
WHERE HOD_ID = OLD.ProfessorID;
RETURN OLD;
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
CREATE TRIGGER nullify_hod_on_delete
AFTER DELETE ON Professors
FOR EACH ROW
EXECUTE FUNCTION maintain_hod_integrity();
Test Cases:
Attempt to Enroll a Student with Low CGPA (Expect Rejection)
INSERT INTO Enrollments (EnrollID, StudentID, CourseID, EnrollmentDate,
Grade)
VALUES (301, 2, 102, '2025-04-06', 7);
ERROR: Enrollment denied: CGPA too low
Insert Grades for Students and Verify CGPA Auto-Update
-- Student 1 - Two courses
INSERT INTO Enrollments (EnrollID, StudentID, CourseID, EnrollmentDate,
Grade)
VALUES
(302, 1, 101, '2025-04-06', 8),
(303, 1, 103, '2025-04-06', 9);
-- Student 3 - One course
INSERT INTO Enrollments (EnrollID, StudentID, CourseID, EnrollmentDate,
Grade)
VALUES
(304, 3, 101, '2025-04-06', 6);
SELECT StudentID, CGPA FROM Students;
Expected Output:
Student 1's CGPA ≈ weighted average of (8×4 + 9×4) / (4+4) = 8.5
Student 3's CGPA = 6.0
Try to Reduce a Professor's Salary (Expect Rejection)
INSERT INTO Professors (ProfessorID, Name, Email, Department, Salary)
VALUES (501, 'Dr. Anil Joshi', '[email protected]', 'CSE', 90000);
UPDATE Professors
SET Salary = 80000
WHERE ProfessorID = 501;
Expected Output:
ERROR: Salary reduction is not allowed
Delete an HOD’s Record and Verify Department’s HOD_ID Set to NULL--
DELETE FROM Professors WHERE ProfessorID = 301;
SELECT * FROM Departments WHERE HOD_ID IS NULL;
Expected: HOD is deleted, and Departments.HOD_ID is now NULL.
