Saint Mary’s University_Criminology Review Center 1

Subject: Human Behavior & Crisis Management

Review Notes in 7. Voluntary behavior – done with full volition of

HUMAN BEHAVIOR & CRISIS MANAGEMENT will.
----------------------- o0o --------------------- 8. Involuntary behavior – bodily processes that
goes on even when we are awake or asleep.
Human Behavior - It is the way in which a person
behaves. It refers to the reaction to facts of Aspects of Behaviors:
relationship between the individual and his
environment. Human behavior is the study of human 1. Intellectual Aspect – way of thinking, reasoning,
conduct; the way a person behaves or acts; includes solving problem, processing info and coping with
the study of human activities in an attempt to the environment.
discover recurrent patterns and to formulate rules 2. Emotional Aspect – feelings, moods, temper,
about man’s social behavior. strong motivational force with in the person.
3. Social Aspect – people interaction or
Definition of Terms: relationship with other people.
4. Moral Aspect – conscience, concept on what is
1. Behavior - any act of person which is good or bad.
observable; any observable responses of a 5. Psychosexual Aspect – being a man or a
person to his environment; manner of ones woman and the expression of love.
conduct. 6. Political Aspect – ideology towards
2. Attitude - position of the body, as suggesting society/government.
some thought, feeling, or action; state of mind, 7. Value/ Attitude – interest towards something,
behavior, or conduct regarding some matter, as likes and dislikes.
indicating opinion or purpose; internal processes.
3. Behavioral Genetics – A field of research in Distinction of Molecular Behavior from Molar
psychology that aims to determine heritability and Behavior:
to determine how much of the behavior is Molecular behavior refers to such things as
accounted for by genetic factors. It began in isolated muscular movements or glandular secretion
England with sir Francis Galton and his study of or to the movements of the nerve cells or muscles.
the inheritance of genius in families Molar behavior on the other hand refers to the
4. Psychology - the science that studies behavior behavior organized into meaningful sequences or
and mental processes. patterns into activities that satisfy the organisms’
5. Personality - that which distinguishes and needs, bring it closer to its goals or help to avoid
characterizes a person. danger.
6. Character - the combination of qualities
distinguishing any person or class of persons; Three Levels of Behavior
any distinctive trait or mark, or such marks or
traits collectively belonging to any person, class 1. The Vegetative - responsible for nurturing and
or race. reproduction, mostly found in plants; in human
beings, for food and reproduction.
Attributes or Characteristics of Behavior: 2. The Animal - movement and sensation, mostly
the use of the senses and sex drives.
1. Overt behavior – behaviors that are observable. 3. The Rational/Psyche/Human - values and
2. Covert behavior – those that are hidden from morals, reasons and the will (purpose and
the view of the observer. freedom).
3. Simple behavior – less number of neurons are
consumed in the process of behaving Three Faculties of Man
4. Complex behavior – combination of simple
behavior 1. Will - the power of conscious deliberate actions;
5. Rational behavior - acting with sanity or with the faculty by which the rational mind makes
reasons choice of its ends of action, and directs energies
6. Irrational behavior – acting without reason/ in carrying out its determinations.
unaware 2. Intellect - the faculty of power of perception or
thought; or power of understanding.
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Subject: Human Behavior & Crisis Management

3. Soul - the rational, emotional, and volitional tendencies, mean, median, mode tests; (the use
faculties in man, conceived of as forming an of the Uniform Crime Report (UCR))
entity distinct from, often existing independently
of his body; the emotional faculty of man Determinants of Behavior:
distinguished from intellect.
1. HEREDITY – genetic inheritance
Instinct - innate (biological - unconscious); life 2. ENVIRONMENT – socio-cultural inheritance
(sexual wishes). Pleasure principle (libido) or love 3. SELF – fundamental functioning of the self
instinct (Eros); death (aggressive and structure that we make about ourselves and our
embarrassment. Thanatos (death wish or love of world. These assumptions are based on learning
death) and of three kinds:

Libido - the instinctual craving of drive behind all The Two Basic Factors Affecting Behavior:
human activities, especially sexual, the
repression of which leads to neurosis. A. Heredity/Biological Factors (nature) – It is the
primary basis of the idea concerning criminal
Approaches in the study of Human Behavior: behavior, the concept that “criminals are born” -
Theory of Atavism - born criminal. It also
1. Neurological - emphasizes human actions in considers the influences of genetic defects and
relation to events taking place inside the body, faulty genes, diseases, endocrine imbalances,
especially the brain and the nervous system. malnutrition and other physical deprivations that
2. Behavioral - focuses on those external activities can be carried out from one generation to
of the organism that can be observed and another.
measured.
3. Cognitive - concerned with the way the brain B. Environmental Factors (nurture) – refers to
processes and transforms information in various anything around the person that influences his
ways. actions. Some environmental factors are:
4. Psychoanalytical - emphasizes unconscious 1. The family background
motives stemming from repressed sexual and 2. The influences of childhood trauma
aggressive impulses in childhood. 3. Pathogenic family structure – those
5. Humanistic - focuses on the subject’s families associated with high frequency of
experience, freedom of choice and motivation problems such as:
toward self-actualization.
 The inadequate family – characterized by
Assessing Human Behavior (Measures) the inability to cope with the ordinary
problems of family living. It lacks the
1. Descriptive Method (describing the behavior) resources, physical or psychological, for
 Naturalistic observation - observes the meeting the demands of family satisfaction.
behavior in the natural setting of the person’s  The anti-social family – those that
background, e.g. home, school, church, etc. espouses unacceptable values as a result of
 Systematic observation - making use of the the influence of parents to their children.
adjective check lists, e.g. skills rating  The discordant/disturbed family –
(inventories and questionnaires) test given by characterized by unsatisfaction of one or
the guidance counsel. both parent from the relationship they have
2. Clinical Method - diagnose and treatment of that may express feeling of frustration. This is
serious emotional or mental disorders or usually due to value differences as common
disturbances. sources of conflict and dissatisfaction.
3. Experimental Method - relationship between  The disrupted family – characterized by
variables by way of experiments. Specimens are incompleteness whether as a result of death,
required for comparison and for contrast. divorce, separation or some other
4. Statistical Method - making use of researches circumstances.
that were conducted; measures of central

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Subject: Human Behavior & Crisis Management

 Institutional influences such as peer groups, 1. Extrovert - persons who are friendly, flexible
mass media, church and school, government and adaptable, happy working with others,
institutions, NGO’s, etc. free from worries, and outgoing.
 Socio-cultural factors such as war and 2. Introvert - inclined to worry, reserved,
violence, group prejudice and discrimination, lacking in flexibility, self-centered or self-
economic and employment problems and other interested person.
social changes. 3. Ambivert - in between extrovert and
 Nutrition or the quality of food that a person introvert.
intake is also a factor that influences man to
commit crime because poverty is one of the William Sheldon - Identified the somatotypes in
many reasons to criminal behavior. relation to personality:
1. Ectomorph - identified as fragile and thin.
PERSONALITY - Totality of a person. 2. Endomorph - identified as soft-rounded and
fat.
Three Components of Personality (According 3. Mesomorph - identified as medium-built.
Sigmund Freud)
1. ID - It is that part of the personality with NEEDS, DRIVES AND MOTIVATIONS
which we are born. ID is the animalistic self.
2. Ego - the mediator between the ID and the  Drives are aroused state that results from some
superego. It refers to the developing biological needs. The aroused condition
awareness of self or the “I”. It is also known motivates the person to remedy the need.
as the integrator of the personality.  Needs are the triggering factor that drives or
3. Superego - the socialized component of the moves a person to act. It is a psychological state
personality. of tissue deprivation.
 Motivation on the other hand refers to the
OEDIPUS COMPLEX – Stage when young boys causes and “why’s” of behavior as required by a
experience rivalry with their father for their need.
mother’s attention and affection. The father is  Drive and motivation covers all of psychology,
viewed as a sex rival. This conflict is resolved by they energizes behavior and give its direction to
the boys’ repression of his feelings for his man’s action. For example, a motivated individual
mother. is engaged in a more active, more vigorous, and
ELECTRA COMPLEX – The stage when a more effective that unmotivated one, thus a
girl sees her mother as a rival for her father’s hungry person directs him to look for food.
attention but for fear for her mother is less.
Types of Human Needs:
Note: Both attachment to the mother and father,
the Electra complex is gradually replaced by a Biological or Biogenic Needs:
strengthened identification with the mother. 1. food – hunger: the body needs adequate
supply of nutrients to function efficiently. “An
ALFRED ADLER (Founder of individual psychology) empty stomach sometimes drives a person to
- He coined the term “inferiority complex” to steal.”
describe the conflict, partly conscious and 2. air – need of oxygen
unconscious, which the individual make attempts to 3. water - thirst
overcome the distress accompanying inferiority 4. rest – weary bodies needs this.
complex of feelings. Thus, the person who has 5. sex – a powerful motivator but unlike food
strong feelings of inferiority may behave in a superior and water, sex is not vital for survival but
way or develop some special skill to compensate for essential to the survival of the species.
the supposed inadequacy. 6. avoidance of pain – the need to avoid tissue
damage is essential to the survival of the
JUNG, a Swiss psychologist identified the Theory of organism. Pain will activate behavior to
Personality types: reduce discomfort.
7. stimulus seeking curiosity – most people
and animal is motivated to explore the
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Subject: Human Behavior & Crisis Management

environment even when the activity satisfies Reactions to Frustrations - People differ in the way
no bodily needs. the react to frustrations. An individuals’ way of
reacting to frustrations is sometimes known as his
coping mechanism. Generally, people faced with
Psychological (psychogenic or sociogenic) frustration react it in one of two ways:
needs. 1. by fighting the problem in a constructive and
1. love and affection direct way by breaking the obstacles barring
2. for security him from his goal, or by getting angry and
3. for growth and development and become aggressive; and/or
4. recognition from other human beings. 2. by running away (flight) from the problem,
by sulking, retreating, becoming indifferent,
Abraham Maslow Hierarchy of Needs: and by giving up without a fight.
The American psychologist Abraham Maslow These reactions to frustrations are
devised a six-level hierarchy of motives that, sometimes called fight-flight reactions.
according to his theory, determine human behavior.
Maslow ranks human needs as follows: DEFENSE MECHANISM –The unconscious
(1) physiological; techniques used to prevent a person’s self-image
(2) security and safety; from being damage. When stress becomes quite
(3) love and feelings of belonging; strong, an individual strives to protect his self-
(4) competence, prestige, and esteem; esteem, avoiding defeat. We all use ego defense
(5) self-fulfillment; and mechanism to protect us from anxiety and maintain
(6) curiosity and the need to understand. our feeling of personal worth. We consider them
normal adjustive reactions when they are use to
excess and threaten self-integrity. Among the more
FRUSTRATION, CONFLICT and ANXIETY common defense mechanisms are:
1. Denial of reality – protection of one self from
A. FRUSTRATION refers to the unpleasant feelings unpleasant reality by refusal to perceive or
that results from the blocking of motive face it. Simply by avoiding something that is
satisfaction. It is a form of stress, which results in unpleasant, or in denial, the ego shuts itself
tension. It is the feeling that is experienced when off from certain realities.
something interferes with our hopes, wishes, 2. Fantasy – the gratification of frustration
plans and expectations. Frustration occurs when desires in imaginary achievement. Paying
a person is blocked in the satisfaction of his attention not to what is going on around him
needs. A person faced with frustration becomes but rather to what is taking place on his
anxious and restless, and he tries to seek means thoughts.
of relieving these anxieties. He tries to engage in 3. Projection – placing blame for difficulties
various forms of activities that are intended to upon others or attributing one’s own
satisfy his needs and reduce his tensions. unethical desires to others in an effort to
prevent ourselves being blamed. A mother
The common sources of frustration are: may deny her hatred for the child is through
1. Physical Obstacles – are physical barriers projection. That is the mother’s ego may
or circumstances that prevent a person from pretend that the child actually hates her. The
doing his plan or fulfilling his wishes. mother thus projects her unacceptable
2. Social Circumstances – are restrictions or emotions onto the child.
circumstances imposed by other people and 4. Rationalization – the use of excuses an
the customs and laws of social living. individual to him and to others. Attempting to
3. Personal shortcoming – such as being prove that one’s behavior is justifiable and
handicapped by diseases, deafness, thus worthy of self and social approval. It is
paralysis, etc. which serves as a barrier to also an elaborate justification for what were
the things one ought to do. obviously illogical or immature actions.
4. Conflicts between motives 5. Reaction Formation – it occurs when
someone tries to prevent his submission to
unacceptable impulses by vigorously taking
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Subject: Human Behavior & Crisis Management

an opposite stand. Preventing dangerous their expression. The individual deals with all
desires from being expressed by his impulses by expressing them.
exaggerating opposed attitudes and types of 16. Substitution (displacement) - a process by
behavior and using them as barriers. A step which an unattainable or unacceptable goal,
beyond denial is reaction formation, in which emotion or object is replaced by one that is
the ego changes unacceptable love into more attainable or acceptable.
acceptable hate (or vice versa). If a mother 17. Repression - the ego blocks off threatening
hates her child - a feeling she must deny thoughts or desires and thus keeps them
conscious awareness of - the mother may from sweeping into the spotlight of
6. Displacement – discharging pent-up consciousness.
emotion on objects less dangerous than
those that initially aroused the emotion. B. CONFLICT refers to the simultaneous arousal of
7. Emotional Insulation - withdrawal into two or more incompatible motives resulting to
passivity to protect self from hurt. unpleasant emotions. It is a source of frustration
8. Isolation/Intellectualization – serves to cut because it is a threat to normal behavior.
off the emotions from a situation which is
normally is full of feeling. Types of Conflicts:
9. Regression – revert from a past behavior or 1. Double Approach Conflict – a person is
retreating to earlier developmental level motivated to engage in two desirable
involving less mature responses and usually activities that can not be pursued
a lower level of aspiration. Example is falling simultaneously.
back to childish behavior patterns; some 2. Double Avoidance Conflict - a person
respond to stress by overeating or by faces two undesirable situations in which the
drinking too much. avoidance of one is the exposure to the other
10. Sublimation – a process by which instinctual resulting to an intense emotion.
drives, consciously unacceptable, are 3. Approach-Avoidance Conflict – a person
diverted into personally and socially accepted faces a situation having both a desirable and
channels. Example is gratification of undesirable feature.
frustrated sexual desires in substitutive men 4. Multiple Approach- Avoidance Conflict – a
sexual activities. situation in which a choice must be made
11. Identification – increasing feeling of worth between two or more alternatives each of
by identifying self with person or institution. which has both positive and negative
The person can associate himself with features. It is the most difficult to resolve
something or someone to elevate position. because the features of each portion are
Or it is a process whereby an individual often difficult to compare.
without conscious awareness, satisfied
frustrated desires by psychologically C. ANXIETY is an intangible feeling that seems to
assuming the role or some of the traits of evade any effort to resolve it. It is also called
another person. neurotic fear. It could be intense; it could be low
12. Introjection – incorporating external values and can be a motivating force.
and standards into ego structures so
individual is not at their mercy as external
threats. The acceptance of others’ values
even they are contrary to one’s own
assumption.
13. Undoing – Apologizing for wrongs,
repentance, doing penance and undergoing
punishment to negate a disapproved act.
14. Sympathism – striving to gain sympathy
from others. The person seeks to be praised
by relating faults or problem.
15. Acting-out – reduction of the anxiety
aroused by forbidden desires by permitting
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Subject: Human Behavior & Crisis Management

THE PSYCHOLOGY OF CRIME (Criminal Primary, Predisposing, Precipitating, Reinforcing

Psychology) Causes
Regardless of one’s theoretical
Criminal BehaviorFormula: C=T+S orientation, several terms are in common usage
R regarding causes of abnormal or criminal
where: C – Crime/Criminal Behavior (the act) behavior.
T – Criminal Tendency (Desire/Intent) 1. The Primary Cause – used to designate the
S – Total Situation (Opportunity) condition without which the disorder would
R – Resistance to temptation (Control) not have occurred. The main reason of the
existence of the disorder.
The Types of Behavior: 2. The Predisposing Cause – a condition that
1. Normal Behavior – the standard behavior, comes before and paves the way for a
the socially accepted behavior because they possible later occurrence of disorder under
follow the standard norms of society. certain conditions.
2. Abnormal behavior – behaviors that are 3. The Precipitating Cause – a condition that
deviant from social expectations because proves too much for the individual and
they go against the norms or standard triggers the disorder.
behavior of society. 4. The Reinforcing Cause – a condition that
tends to maintain maladaptive behavior that
Causes of Abnormal Behavior: is already occurring.
1. Anxiety (psychological perspective). Major Groups of Abnormal Behavior
Stressful situations that if become extreme, it
may result to maladaptive behavior. The three major groups of abnormal/criminal
2. Faulty Learning (behavior perspective). behavior are:
The failure to learn the necessary adaptive A. The Neurotic Behaviors
behavior because of wrongful development. B. The Psychopathic Behaviors
This usually results to delinquent behavior C. The Psychotic Behaviors
based on the failure to learn the necessary
social values and norms. A. THE NEUROTIC BEHAVIOR – The group of mild
3. Blocked or distorted personal growth functional personality disorders in which there is
(humanistic perspective). Presumably, no gross personality disorganization and the
human nature tends towards cooperation and individual is not required for hospitalization.
construction activities, however, if we show People with neurotic behaviors are sometimes
aggression, cruelty or other maladaptive called psychoneurotic.
behavior, the result may be an unfavorable
environment Further, neurosis embraces a wide range of
4. Unsatisfactory interpersonal relationship. behaviors that are considered the core of most
Self-concept in early childhood by over maladaptive life style. Basic to this neurotic life-
critical parents or by rigid socialization style are:
measures usually cause deviant behaviors
among individuals because they are not 1. Neurotic Nucleus – the faulty evaluation of
contented and even unhappy on the kind of reality and the tendency to avoid rather than
social dealings they are facing. to cope with stress. It is characterized by
5. Pathological social condition. Poverty, anxiety, avoidance instead of coping, and
social discrimination and destructive violence blocked personal growth.
always result to deviant behavior. 2. Neurotic Paradox – the tendency to
maintain the life style despite its maladaptive
nature. It is characterized by unhappiness
and dissatisfactions.

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Subject: Human Behavior & Crisis Management

Neurotic Behaviors are composed of the excess of what would be expected form
following disorders: the physical abnormality.
1. Anxiety disorders - These are commonly c. Conversion Disorders (Hysteria) – a
known as “neurotic fear”. When it is neurotic pattern in which symptoms of
occasional but intense, it is called “panic”. some physical malfunction or loss of
When it is mild but continuous, it is called control without any underlying organic
“worry”. They are considered as the central abnormality.
feature of all neurotic patterns. They are
characterized by: Sensory Symptoms of Hysteria:
1. Anesthesia – loss of sensitivity
Anxiety disorders are grouped as: 2. Hyperesthesia – excessive sensitivity
a. Obsessive-compulsive disorders – 3. Hypesthesia – partial loss of
When an individual is compelled to sensitivity
think about something that he do not 4. Analgesia – loss of sensitivity to pain
want to think about or carry out some 5. Paresthesia - exceptional sensations
action against his will.
b. Asthenic Disorders (Neurasthenia) Motor Symptoms of Hysteria
– An anxiety disorder characterized 1. Paralysis – selective loss of function
by chronic mental and physical 2. Astasia-abasia – inability to control
fatigue and various aches and pains. leg when standing
3. Aphonia – partial inability to speak
4. Mutism – total inability to speak
c. Phobic Disorders – the persistent fear on some
objects or situation that present no actual danger
3. Dissociative Disorders - A response to
to the person.
obvious stress characterized by:
Examples:
a. Amnesia – partial or total inability to
Acrophobia - high places
recall or identify past experiences.
Agoraphobia - open places
- Brain pathology amnesia – total loss
Algophobia - pain
of memory and it cannot be retrieved
Astraphobia-storms, thunder, lightning
by simple means. It requires long
Claustrophobia - closed places
period of medication.
Hematophobia - blood
- Psychogenic amnesia – failure to
Hydrophobia - water
recall stored information and still they
Mysophobia- contamination/germs
are beneath the level of
Monophobia - being alone
consciousness but “forgotten
Nyctophobia - darkness
material”.
Ocholophobia - crowds
b. Multiple Personality – also called “dual
personalities”. The person manifests two
2. Somatoform Disorders - Complains of
or more symptoms of personality usually
bodily symptoms that suggest the presence
dramatically different.
of physical problem but no organic basis can
c. Depersonalization – loss of sense of
be found. The individual is pre-occupied with
self or the so-called out of body
his state of health or diseases. Somatoform
experience.
disorders are grouped as:
a. Hypochondriasis – the excessive
4. Affective Disorders - The affective
concern about the state of health or
disorders are “mood disorders”, in which
physical condition (multiplicity about
extreme or inappropriate levels of mood –
illness).
extreme elation or extreme depression.
b. Psychogenic Pain Disorder –
Forms of affective disorders:
characterize by the report of severe and
a. Neurotic affective – also called
lasting pain. Either no physical basis is
“neurotic mania”, characterized by
apparent or the reaction is greatly in
overactive, dominating, and deficient in
self-criticism.
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Subject: Human Behavior & Crisis Management

b. Neurotic depression – sadness and a. Paranoid Personality – characterized

dejection (grave sadness), the by suspiciousness, rigidity, envy,
individual often fails to return to normal hypersensitivity, excessive self-
after a reasonable period of time importance, argumentativeness and
resulting to high level of anxiety and tendency to blame others for one’s own
lowers self-confidence and loss of mistakes.
initiative. b. Schizoid Personality – characterized by
c. Major depressive disorders – also the inability to form social relationship
called “severe affective disorders” with and lack interest in doing so. The person
the following classifications: seem to express their feelings, they lack
1) Sub-acute major depressive social skills. They are the so-called
disorders – symptoms of this “loners”.
depressive disorder includes loss of c. Schizotypal Personality – characterized
enthusiasm, feeling of dejection, by seclusiveness, oversensitivity,
feeling of failure and unworthiness, avoidance of communication and
fatigue and loss of appetite. superstitious thinking is common.
2) Acute major depressive disorder – d. Histrionic Personality – characterized
symptoms includes mild by immaturity, excitability, emotional
hallucinations, feeling of guilt, want to instability and self-dramatization.
be alone, and increasingly inactive. e. Narcissistic Personality –
3) Depressive stupor – a severe degree characterized by an exaggerated sense
of psychomotor retardation, almost of self-importance and pre-occupation
unresponsive, refuse to speak, and with receiving attention. The person
confusions or hallucinations. usually expects and demands special
treatment from others and disregarding
B. PSYCHOPATHIC BEHAVIOR – The second the rights and feeling of others.
groups of abnormal behaviors typically stemmed f. Borderline Personality – characterized
from immature and distorted personality by instability reflected in drastic mood
development, resulting in persistent maladaptive shifts and behavior problems. The
ways of perceiving and thinking. People with person usually display intense anger
psychopathic behaviors are also called outburst with little provocation and he is
sociopaths or psychopaths. Some common impulsive, unpredictable, and periodically
characteristics are: unstable.
 absence of a conscience g. Avoidant Personality – characterized
 emotional immaturity by hypersensitivity to rejection and
 absence of a life plan apprehensive alertness to any sign of
 lack of capacity for love and emotional social derogation. Person is reluctant to
involvement enter into social interaction.
 failure to learn from experience h. Dependent Personality – characterized
by extreme dependence on other people
Further, they are generally called – there is acute discomfort and even
“personality or character disorders”. These panic to be alone. The person lacks
groups of disorders are composed of the confidence and feels helpless.
following: i. Passive-Aggressive Personality –
characterized by being hostile express in
1. PERSONALITY DISORDERS – disorders of indirect and non-violent ways. They are
character, the person is characterized as a the so called “stubborn”.
“problematic” without psychoses. This j. Compulsive Personality –
disorder is characterized by disrupted characterized by excessive concern with
personal relationship, dependent or passive rules, order, and efficiency that everyone
aggressive behavior. The types of does things their way and an ability to
personality disorders are: express warm feeling. The person is over

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conscientious, serious, and with difficulty 3. Socialized Delinquents – normal in behavior

in doing things for relaxation. but defective in socialization process
k. Anti-social Personality –
characterized by continuing violation of the According to Clinard and Quiney:
rights of others through aggressive, anti- 1. Violent personal crime - murder, assault,
social behavior with out remorse or loyalty to rape, etc..
anyone. It is actually the “psychopathic 2. Occasional property crime - auto theft,
behavior”. shoplifting, check forgery and vandalism.
3. Occupational crime - embezzlement,
2. CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR - The disorder used fraudulent sales, false advertising, price
to describe the behavior of a person who fixing, black market activity, prescription
commits serious crimes from individual to violation, anti-trust violation
property crimes and the disobedience of 4. Political crime - treason, sedition, espionage,
societal rules in general. “Dissocial sabotage, etc.
personality” is the term used to refer to 5. Public order crime - drunkenness, vagrancy,
these individuals, particularly those who disorderly conduct, prostitution, etc.
violate law and practice “crime as a 6. Conventional crime - robbery, larceny,
profession”. As a study, criminal behavior burglary, and gang theft
refers to the human conduct focused on the 7. Organized crime - racketeering, organized
mental processes of the criminal: the way he prostitution, etc.
behaves or acts including his activities and 8. Professional crime - shoplifting, pick
the causes and influences of his criminal pocketing, forgery, counterfeiting, etc..
behavior.

Criminals are classified as: Three different types of multiple murders:

1. Serial murder - several victims in three or
Based on Etiology
more separate incidents over weeks, months
1. Acute Criminal – a person who violate a
or years
criminal law because of the impulse or fit
2. Mass murder - the killing of four or more
of passion
victims at one location within one event (en
2. Chronic Criminal – person who acted in
masse- in group)
consonance of deliberated thinking
3. Spree murder - involves killing at two ore
more locations with almost not time to break
Based on Behavioral System
between murders.
1. Ordinary Criminal – lowest form of
criminal career
Genocide - systematic killing of people or nation
2. Organized Criminal – high degree of
committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in
organization to enable them to commit
part a nation, ethnical, racial or religious group.
crimes without being detected
Massacre – It refers to the indiscriminate killing
3. Professional Criminal – highly skilled
of people in random without distinction.
Based on Activities
1. Professionals
C. PSYCHOTIC BEHAVIOR – The group of
2. Accidental – situational crimes
disorders involving gross structural defects in the
3. Habitual – continue to commit crime
brain tissue, severe disorientation of the mind
because of deficiency of intelligence, lack of
thus it involves loss of contact with reality. People
control
suffering from psychotic behaviors (psychosis)
are also called psychotic. They are regarded as
Based on Mental Attitudes
the most severe type of mental disorder. A
1. Active Criminals – due to aggressiveness
psychotic has tensions that disturb thinking,
2. Passive Inadequate Criminals – Commit
feeling and sensing; the perception of reality is
crimes because they are push to it by reward
distorted. He may have delusions and
or promise
hallucinations.
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2. Disorders Involving Brain Tumor - A tumor

1. Organic Mental Disorders - this occurs is a new growth involving abnormal
when the normal brain has been damage enlargement of body tissue. Brain tumor can
resulted from any interference of the causes variety of personality alterations, and
functioning of the brain. it may lead to any neurotic behavior and
consequently to psychotic behavior.
Types of Organic Mental Disorders:
a. Acute brain disorder – caused by a 3. Disorders Involving Head Injury - Injury to
diffuse impairment of the brain function. the head as a result of falls, blows, and
Its symptoms range from mild mood accidents causing sensory and motor
changes to acute delirium. disorders; and mental disorder such as:
b. Chronic brain disorder – the brain a. Retrograde Amnesia – the inability to
disorder that result from injuries, recall events preceding immediately the
diseases, drugs, and a variety of other injury.
conditions. Its symptoms include b. Intra-cerebral Hemorrhage – gross
impairment of orientation (time, place bleeding at the site of damage.
and person), impairment of memory, c. Petechial Hemorrhage – small spots of
learning, comprehension and judgment, bleeding at the site of damage.
emotion and self-control.
These injuries may also impair language and
Groups of Organic Mental Disorders other related sensory motor functions and
a. Delirium – the severe impairment of may result to brain damage such as:
information processing in the brain 1) Auditory Asphasia – loss of ability to
affecting the basic process of attention, understand spoken words.
perception, memory and thinking. 2) Expressive Asphasia – loss of ability
b. Dementia – deterioration in intellectual to speak required words.
functioning after completing brain 3) Nominal Asphasia – loss of ability to
maturation. The defect in the process of recall names of objects.
acquiring knowledge or skill, problem 4) Alexia – loss of ability to read.
solving, and judgment. 5) Agraphia – loss of ability to express
c. Amnestic Syndrome – the inability to thoughts in writing
remember on going events more than a 6) Apraxia – loss of ability to perform
few minutes after they have taken place. simple voluntary acts.
d. Hallucinosis – the persistent occurrence 4. Senile and Pre-senile Dementia
of hallucinations, the false perception a. Senile Dementia – mental disorder that
that arise in full wakefulness state. This is accompanied by brain degeneration
includes hallucinations on visual and due to old age.
hearing or both. b. Pre-senile Dementia – mental disorder
e. Organic Delusional Syndrome – the associated with earlier degeneration of
false belief arising in a setting of known the brain.
or suspected brain damage.
f. Organic Affective Syndrome – the 5. Mental Retardation - A mental disorder
extreme/severe manic or depressive characterized by sub-average general
state with the impairment of the cerebral functioning existing concurrently with deficits
function. in adaptive behavior. It is a common mental
g. Organic Personality Syndrome – the disorder before the age of 18. The person is
general personality changes following suffering from low I.Q, difficulty in focusing
brain damage. attention and deficiency in past learning.
h. General Paresis – also called “dementia
paralytica”, a syphilitic infection of the
Levels of Mental Retardation
brain and involving impairment of the
CNS.

-criminator_budz// [jonathan r. budaden]

 Saint Mary’s University_Criminology Review Center 11
Subject: Human Behavior & Crisis Management

a. Mild Mental Retardation (I.Q. 52-67) - 3. Pathological gambling – is an addictive

“educable” form of disorder, which does not involve
b. Moderate Mental Retardation (I.Q. 36-51) - chemically addictive
“trainable”
c. Severe mental Retardation (I.Q. 20-35) - B. Sexual Deviations or Dysfunction – these are
“dependent retarded” characterized by abnormal sexual desires or acts
d. Profound Mental Retardation (I.Q. under 20) that are also known as sexual perversion.
– life support retarded” Examples of these are:
1. Bestiality – Animals
Idiot – an offensive term in a now disused 2. Homosexuality – The same sex
classification system for somebody with an IQ of 3. Lesbianism – Homosexual woman
about 25 or under and a mental age of less than 3 4. Pedophilia – Children
years. 5. Sodomy – Anal intercourse
Imbecile – somebody with an IQ between 25 and 6. Prostitution – Engaging sexual intercourse
50 and a mental age of between 3 and 7 years. or other sexual acts in exchange for money
Moron – an offensive term that deliberately insults 7. Masochism- sexual gratification by enduring
somebody's intelligence. pain inflicted upon one’s own self
8. Exhibitionism- indecent exposure of one’s
6. Schizophrenia and Paranoia private organs to others
Schizophrenia – refers to the group of 9. Voyeurism- peeping tom; sexual indulgence
psychotic disorders characterized by gross of seeing naked man or woman
distortions of reality, withdrawal of social 10. Sadism- sexual gratification by inflicting pain
interaction, disorganization and to another person
fragmentation of perception, thoughts and 11. Transvestism- sexual gratification by wearing
emotion. It also refers to terms such as clothes and acting as of the opposite sex
“mental deterioration”, “dementia 12. Fetishism- projection of desire towards
praecox”, or “split mind”. objects
13. Lesbianism- male’s sexual disorder of having
desire with another man
Paranoia – the same as “delusions”, 14. Incest- sexual intercourse between relatives
“impaired contact with reality”. A psychotic whose marriage is prohibited by law
behavior characterized by delusion of 15. Necrophilia- sexual gratification with a corpse
apprehension following a failure or
frustration.

Other Groups of Human Disorders

A. Addictive Groups of Disorders - This group of

disorders includes substance use, obesity and
pathological gambling.
1. Substance Use (Alcohol and Drug Abuse)
Alcoholism or “problem drinking” is an
addictive source of human disorders.

2. Extreme obesity – also known as “habitual

over eating” is an addictive form of disorder.
It is a life threatening disorder, resulting in
such conditions as diabetes, high blood
pressures and other cardiovascular diseases
that can place an individual at high risk of
heart attack.
CRISIS MANAGEMENT

-criminator_budz// [jonathan r. budaden]

 Saint Mary’s University_Criminology Review Center 12
Subject: Human Behavior & Crisis Management

Crisis Management – A turning point in the course

of any situation. It is decisive, comes into a crucial Technique of hostage negotiation success
time stage or event. It is the act or manner of 1. considerable screening
handling decisive matters, which is crucial. 2. training of several negotiators
Terminologies: 3. psychology- analysis of various situations
1. Crisis – that demands crucial action. It is either 4. physical training
classified as natural (force majeure) or man- 5. firearms
made. 6. electronic equipment
2. Hostage situation – a condition whereby a 7. Emergency rescue ambulance
person is being held in custody by lawless 8. Vehicle operation
elements for the reason of using him to achieve 9. Liaison
their desired purpose
3. Hostage takers – persons who holds another Upon arrival at the scene of hostage situation, the
as hostage; they could be professional negotiator should execute /perform the following:
criminals trapped and longing for escape, 1. containment- controlling situation and area
psychopaths who seeks relief, prisoners who 2. establish contact
seek escape or better treatment and terrorists 3. time lengthening
who long for political and economic leverage. 4. telephone negotiation technique
4. Hostage – the person being held by the 5. face to face conversation
hostage taker 6. surrender approach- gradually convince the
5. Negotiator – the person charged with hostage taker to surrender
establishing communication and mutual Planning and preparation for hostage situation
agreement with the hostage taker
6. Negotiation – the process of settlement Designation and Duties
between the hostage and the hostage taker 1. Field commander
a. takes charge of all forces
Priorities in hostage taking b. provides containment of hostage taker
1. Preservation of life c. establish contact with hostage taker
2. Apprehend hostage taker, recover and d. consult with command officer
protect property e. wear civilian clothes
3. Successful negotiation
2. operational aide
Classification of hostage taker: a. report to yield negotiator
1. mentally deranged- suffers from delusion b. set up temporary headquarters
2. severely depressed- frustrated c. coordinate assignment
3. suffering from personality disorder d. assists units
4. paranoid- believes to be threatened or e. relays orders
persecuted
5. sociopath- bereft of conscience 3. Administrative aide
6. terrorists – persons who take hostages for a. report of field negotiator
political purpose instrumental to achieving b. supervise temporary headquarters
their objectives. c. maintains records and operations

Terrorist tactics: 4. Patrol personnel

1. They tend to do violence for maximum a. contain hostage taker and help evacuate
publicity, propaganda, political and economic civilians at the scene
purpose
2. Use threats and harassment to create 5. assault team (with one leader)
atmosphere of fear, disregarding women and a. sharpshooter
children as victims b. chemical agent
3. Loyalty only to themselves and other allied
groups (willingness to give life as part of HOSTAGE SITUATION OF THE REVISED PNP
martyrdom) OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES (RULE 22)
-criminator_budz// [jonathan r. budaden]
 Saint Mary’s University_Criminology Review Center 13
Subject: Human Behavior & Crisis Management

Sec. 1. Procedures to be followed in hostage

situation. The following steps shall be undertaken:

a. A crisis management task group shall be

activated immediately.
b. Incident scene shall be secured and isolated.
c. Unauthorized persons shall not be allowed
entry and exit to the incident scene.
d. Witness names, addresses, and other
information shall be recorded. Witnesses
shall be directed to a safe location.

Sec. 2. Ground commander- there shall only be one

commander in the area.

Sec. 3. Negotiators- Negotiators shall be designated

by the ground commander. No one shall be allowed
to talk to the hostage taker without clearance from
negotiating panel or ground commander.

Sec. 4. Assault team- An assault team shall be

alerted for deployment in case the negotiation fails.
Members of the assault team shall wear authorized
and easily recognizable uniform during the conduct of
operation. Bonnets shall not be used.

Sec. 5. Assault plan- the assault shall be planned to

ensure minimal threat to life for all parties.

Sec. 6. Support personnel- an ambulance with

medical crew and a fire truck shall be detailed at the
incident.

Sec. 7. Coordination- proper coordination with all

participating elements shall be done to consolidate
efforts in solving crisis.

Sec. 8. Safety of hostages- in negotiating for the

release of hostages, the safety of the hostages shall
always be paramount.

-criminator_budz// [jonathan r. budaden]