🌟 DiplomaTech Academy 🌟

ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION AND

SUSTAINABILITY Course Code : 314301
Unit 4- NOTES
-Mohade Sir©

📌 UNIT IV - ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION 🌎

Unit - IV Environmental Pollution
4.1 Definition of pollution, types- Natural & Artificial (Man- made)
4.2 Soil / Land Pollution – Need of preservation of soil resource,
Causes and effects on environment and lives, preventive measures,
Soil conservation
4.3 Water Pollution - sources of water pollution, effects on
environment and lives, preventive measures, BIS water quality
standards for domestic potable water, water conservation
4.4 Air pollution - Causes, effects, prevention, CPCB norms of
ambient air quality in residential area
4.5 Noise pollution - Sources, effects, prevention, noise levels at
various zones of the city
4.6 Pollution Control Boards at Central and State Government level:
Norms, Roles and Responsibilities

📌 4.1 Definition of Pollution 🌍

🔹 Pollution refers to the introduction of harmful substances (pollutants) into
the environment, leading to negative effects on human health, wildlife, and natural
ecosystems.

✅ Pollutants – Substances that contaminate the air, water, or soil and cause
harm. These can be in the form of gases, liquids, solids, or energy (heat,
radiation, noise, etc.).

✅ Sources of Pollution​
1️⃣ Point Sources – Pollution from specific locations (e.g., a factory releasing
smoke).​
2️⃣ Non-Point Sources – Pollution from multiple sources (e.g., agricultural runoff,
vehicle emissions).

🔹 Types of Pollution 🏭
1️⃣ Natural Pollution 🌋
Pollution that occurs due to natural causes. It is not caused by human
activities but still affects the environment.

✅ Examples of Natural Pollution

🔥 Volcanic Eruptions – Releases ash, sulfur dioxide (SO₂), carbon dioxide
🔥 Forest Fires – Produces smoke, carbon monoxide (CO), and particulate
(CO₂), and toxic gases.​

💨 Dust Storms – Increases airborne particles, leading to poor air quality.​

matter (PM10, PM2.5).​
 🌊 Tsunamis & Floods – Spread waste, sewage, and chemicals into water
⚡ Lightning Strikes – Produces nitrogen oxides (NOx), which contribute to
bodies.​

🦠 Natural Decay & Decomposition – Releases methane (CH₄) from organic

acid rain.​

matter.

Effects of Natural Pollution

⚠️ Health Issues – Respiratory problems, lung diseases.​

⚠️ Climate Change – Greenhouse gases contribute to global warming.​
⚠️ Soil & Water Contamination – Floods and ash disrupt soil fertility and water
quality.

2️⃣ Artificial (Man-Made) Pollution 🏭

Pollution caused by human activities, leading to environmental degradation.

✅ Examples of Artificial Pollution

🚗 Industrial Emissions – Factories release carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur
🚗 Vehicle Smoke – Cars, bikes, and trucks emit CO, NOx, and unburned
dioxide (SO₂), and nitrogen oxides (NOx).​

🚮 Plastic Waste – Non-biodegradable plastics clog water bodies and kill

hydrocarbons.​

🏠 Sewage Disposal – Untreated wastewater pollutes rivers and oceans.​

marine life.​

🌲 Deforestation – Cutting trees reduces oxygen levels and increases CO₂.​

💡 Electronic Waste (E-Waste) – Toxic heavy metals like lead, mercury, and
🛢 Oil Spills – Crude oil leakage into oceans kills aquatic life.
cadmium pollute landfills.​

Effects of Artificial Pollution

⚠️ Global Warming – Increased CO₂ and methane trap heat in the atmosphere.​
⚠️ Acid Rain – Sulfur and nitrogen oxides react with rainwater, damaging crops.​
 ⚠️ Biodiversity Loss – Pollution destroys natural habitats of plants and
⚠️ Diseases & Health Problems – Lung infections, skin diseases, waterborne
animals.​

diseases.

🎯 MCQ Tricks & Summary

👉 Natural = Nature-caused, Artificial = Human-made​
👉 Point Source = One origin (factory), Non-Point Source = Many origins
👉 Volcano = Ash & SO₂, Vehicle = CO & NOx, Factory = SO₂ & PM​
(vehicles, farms)​

👉 Plastic = Non-biodegradable, Oil Spill = Kills marine life, E-Waste =

Heavy metals

📌 4.2 Soil / Land Pollution 🌱

🔹 Definition of Soil Pollution​
Soil pollution refers to the degradation of soil quality due to the presence of
harmful substances like chemicals, plastics, industrial waste, and biological
contaminants. It reduces soil fertility and negatively impacts plant, animal, and
human life.

✅ Pollutants in Soil
●​ Chemical pollutants – Fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides, herbicides.
●​ Industrial pollutants – Heavy metals (lead, mercury, cadmium), oil spills.
●​ Biological pollutants – Pathogens from sewage and hospital waste.
●​ Plastic & E-waste pollutants – Non-biodegradable plastics, batteries, and
electronics.
🔹 Need for Soil Preservation 🛡️
Soil is a non-renewable resource, and its conservation is essential for sustaining
life on Earth.

1️⃣ Maintains Soil Fertility – Essential for agriculture and food production.​
2️⃣ Prevents Desertification – Unprotected soil turns into barren land over time.​
3️⃣ Supports Biodiversity – Soil is home to microorganisms, fungi, insects, and
plant roots.​
4️⃣ Reduces Groundwater Contamination – Prevents harmful chemicals from
seeping into water sources.​
5️⃣ Prevents Natural Disasters – Healthy soil reduces erosion, landslides, and
floods.

🎯 MCQ Trick:​
👉 Soil conservation is important for Fertility + Biodiversity + Groundwater
+ Disaster Prevention

🔹 Causes of Soil Pollution 🚜

Soil pollution happens due to natural and human activities.

✅ 1. Agricultural Activities 🌾
❌ Excessive Use of Chemical Fertilizers & Pesticides – Kills beneficial soil
❌ Monoculture Farming – Repeatedly growing the same crop depletes
microbes.​

❌ Overgrazing by Livestock – Exposes topsoil to erosion.

nutrients.​

✅ 2. Deforestation 🌲
❌ Loss of Tree Cover – Trees prevent soil erosion by holding soil with roots.​
❌ Forest Clearing for Urbanization – Increases soil exposure to wind & rain
erosion.
✅ 3. Industrial & Urban Waste 🏭
❌ Disposal of Toxic Waste – Industrial waste contains lead, arsenic, and
❌ Oil Spills & Chemical Leaks – Contaminate land & groundwater.​
mercury.​

❌ Plastic Waste – Non-biodegradable plastics accumulate in the soil.​

❌ Sewage & Medical Waste – Releases bacteria, viruses, and
pharmaceuticals.

✅ 4. Mining & Construction ⛏️

❌ Mining Activities – Strip topsoil, making land infertile.​
❌ Brick Kilns & Cement Factories – Dust and ash settle in soil, making it
toxic.

🎯 MCQ Trick:​
👉 Main Causes = Chemicals + Deforestation + Industrial Dumping +
Overgrazing

🔹 Effects of Soil Pollution 🚨

⚠️ Reduced Crop Yield – Polluted soil reduces food production.​
⚠️ Loss of Soil Fertility – Chemicals kill beneficial bacteria & worms.​
⚠️ Groundwater Contamination – Pollutants seep into water sources.​
⚠️ Health Hazards ☠️ – Causes skin diseases, respiratory issues, cancers.​
⚠️ Disrupts Ecosystem Balance – Affects soil-dwelling organisms like
⚠️ Affects Human Nutrition – Contaminated crops carry toxic substances.
earthworms.​

🎯 MCQ Trick:​
👉 Soil Pollution Effects = Low Yield + Toxic Water + Health Issues +
Ecosystem Damage
🔹 Preventive Measures 🛑
✅ 1. Organic Farming 🌾 – Use natural compost & manure instead of
✅ 2. Crop Rotation & Mixed Farming – Helps restore soil nutrients.​
chemicals.​

✅ 3. Afforestation & Reforestation 🌳 – Trees hold soil & prevent erosion.​

✅ 4. Proper Waste Disposal 🚮 – Treat & recycle industrial & plastic waste.​
✅ 5. Reducing Mining & Overgrazing ⛏️ – To prevent land degradation.​
✅ 6. Bioremediation 🦠 – Using microbes to remove toxins from soil.​
✅ 7. Ban on Single-Use Plastics 🚫 – Reduces non-biodegradable waste.​
✅ 8. Sustainable Irrigation – Avoid overuse of water to prevent salinization.
🎯 MCQ Trick:​
👉 Prevention = Organic Farming + Trees + Waste Management +
Bioremediation

📌 4.3 Water Pollution 💧

🔹 Definition of Water Pollution
Water pollution occurs when harmful substances like chemicals, plastics,
sewage, and industrial waste contaminate water bodies (rivers, lakes, oceans,
and groundwater), making them unsafe for drinking, agriculture, and aquatic
life.

✅ Major Pollutants in Water

●​ Chemical pollutants – Pesticides, heavy metals (lead, mercury), and
industrial dyes.
●​ Biological pollutants – Bacteria, viruses, and parasites from sewage.
●​ Plastic pollutants – Microplastics and plastic debris harming marine life.
●​ Thermal pollutants – Hot water from industries reducing oxygen levels in
water.
🔹 Sources of Water Pollution 🏭
Water pollution comes from natural and human activities:

✅ 1. Industrial Waste 🏭
❌ Chemicals & Heavy Metals – Factories discharge lead, arsenic, mercury,
❌ Toxic Dyes & Oils – Textile and leather industries release harmful synthetic
and cadmium into rivers.​

❌ Hot Water Discharge – Thermal power plants increase water temperature,

dyes & oils.​

reducing oxygen.

✅ 2. Sewage & Domestic Waste 🚽

❌ Untreated Sewage – Waste from toilets & kitchens dumped into rivers.​
❌ Bacteria & Viruses – Leads to cholera, dysentery, typhoid, and hepatitis.​
❌ Soaps & Detergents – Contain phosphates, causing excessive algae growth
(eutrophication).

✅ 3. Agricultural Runoff 🚜
❌ Pesticides & Fertilizers – Chemicals like DDT, nitrates, and phosphates
❌ Animal Waste & Slurry – Livestock farms release ammonia & harmful
enter water bodies.​

❌ Soil Erosion – Loose soil washes into rivers, making water muddy.
bacteria.​

✅ 4. Oil Spills 🛢️
❌ Petroleum Leakage from Ships – Coats marine animals and reduces sunlight
❌ Tanker Accidents – Spills kill fish, birds, and coral reefs.
penetration.​

✅ 5. Plastic Waste & Marine Pollution 🌊

❌ Non-Biodegradable Plastic – Bottles, bags, and straws harm marine life.​
❌ Microplastics – Tiny plastic particles enter the food chain.​
❌ Ghost Fishing Nets – Lost fishing nets trap & kill aquatic animals.
🎯 MCQ Trick:​
👉 Water Pollution = Industry + Sewage + Agriculture + Plastic + Oil

🔹 Effects of Water Pollution 🚨

⚠️ Health Hazards 🤒 – Causes waterborne diseases (cholera, typhoid,
⚠️ Loss of Aquatic Life 🐠 – Toxic pollutants kill fish & coral reefs.​
diarrhea).​

⚠️ Eutrophication 🚰 – Excess fertilizers cause algae blooms, reducing oxygen

⚠️ Groundwater Contamination 🚱 – Toxic substances seep into
in water.​

⚠️ Shortage of Clean Drinking Water 🚰 – Leads to water scarcity.​

underground water.​

⚠️ Economic Loss 💸 – Fishermen & tourism suffer due to polluted beaches &
⚠️ Acid Rain Formation 🌧️ – Industrial waste releases sulfur & nitrogen
lakes.​

oxides, causing acidic rain.

🎯 MCQ Trick:​
👉 Effects = Diseases + Dead Fish + Dirty Water + Less Oxygen

🔹 Preventive Measures 🛑
✅ 1. Proper Waste Treatment ♻️ – Treat sewage & industrial waste before
✅ 2. Rainwater Harvesting 🌧️ – Store rainwater for recharge & reuse.​
disposal.​

✅ 3. Ban on Plastic Use 🚫 – Reduce plastic dumping in water bodies.​

✅ 4. Oil Spill Management 🛢️ – Use oil-absorbing materials to clean spills.​
✅ 5. Afforestation 🌳 – Trees prevent soil erosion & filter pollutants.​
✅ 6. Reducing Pesticides – Use organic farming techniques.​
✅ 7. Spreading Awareness 📢 – Educate people about water conservation.​
✅ 8. Recycle & Reuse Water 🚰 – Save water through smart irrigation &
wastewater recycling.

🎯 MCQ Trick:​
👉 Prevention = Treat Waste + Trees + Reduce Plastic + Save Water

🔹 BIS Water Quality Standards 🚰 (For Drinking Water)

The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) sets parameters for safe drinking water:

✅ pH Level – 6.5 – 8.5​

✅ Turbidity – 1 NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Unit)​
✅ Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) – ≤ 500 mg/L​
✅ Nitrate – ≤ 45 mg/L​
✅ Chloride – ≤ 250 mg/L​
✅ Fluoride – 0.6 – 1.2 mg/L​
✅ Iron – ≤ 0.3 mg/L​
✅ Lead – ≤ 0.01 mg/L
🎯 MCQ Trick:​
👉 pH = 6.5 – 8.5, TDS ≤ 500 mg/L, Nitrate ≤ 45 mg/L

📌 4.4 Air Pollution 🌬️

🔹 Definition of Air Pollution
Air pollution refers to the presence of harmful gases, dust, smoke, and
chemicals in the atmosphere, which negatively affect human health, the
environment, and climate. It is caused by natural and human activities and
leads to severe environmental issues like global warming, acid rain, and
respiratory diseases.

✅ Major Pollutants in the Air

●​ Particulate Matter (PM2.5, PM10) – Fine particles from dust, smoke, and
industrial emissions.
●​ Carbon Monoxide (CO) – Released from vehicle exhausts and
incomplete fuel burning.
●​ Sulfur Dioxide (SO₂) – From coal combustion and industrial waste.
●​ Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) – From vehicle emissions and power plants.
●​ Ozone (O₃) – A secondary pollutant formed when NOx and volatile
organic compounds react under sunlight.
●​ Lead (Pb) – Released from vehicle fuel, industries, and batteries.

🔹 Causes of Air Pollution 🚗

✅ 1. Industrial Emissions 🏭
❌ Factories and Power Plants – Release toxic gases (SO₂, NO₂, CO₂, and
❌ Chemical & Petroleum Industries – Emit benzene, formaldehyde, and
heavy metals).​

❌ Cement & Brick Kilns – Dust and smoke increase particulate matter levels.
volatile organic compounds (VOCs).​

✅ 2. Vehicle Exhaust 🚗
❌ Cars, Buses, Trucks, and Bikes – Emit carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen
❌ Diesel Engines – Produce higher amounts of PM2.5, causing lung diseases.​
oxides (NOx), and hydrocarbons.​

❌ Traffic Congestion – Increases air pollution in cities due to constant idling

of vehicles.

✅ 3. Burning of Fossil Fuels 🔥

❌ Coal, Oil, and Natural Gas – Burning releases CO₂, NOx, and SO₂,
❌ Thermal Power Plants – A major source of sulfur dioxide and carbon
contributing to global warming.​

❌ Household Cooking with Firewood & Kerosene – Produces smoke, CO,

emissions.​

and PM2.5, affecting health.

✅ 4. Deforestation 🌲
❌ Fewer Trees = More CO₂ – Trees absorb CO₂, and cutting them increases
❌ Forest Fires 🔥 – Release huge amounts of CO₂ and PM2.5 into the air.
greenhouse gases.​

✅ 5. Agricultural Activities 🚜
❌ Burning Crop Residue (Stubble Burning) – Releases PM2.5, CO, and black
❌ Use of Chemical Fertilizers & Pesticides – Releases ammonia (NH₃),
carbon.​

causing air pollution.

✅ 6. Household & Commercial Activities 🏠

❌ Firecrackers 🎆 – Release sulfur, lead, and carbon particles, worsening air
❌ Construction Dust 🏗️ – Sand, cement, and debris increase PM10 levels.​
quality.​

❌ Open Waste Burning 🔥 – Releases toxic gases and dioxins from plastic
waste.

🎯 MCQ Trick:​
👉 Air Pollution = Industry + Vehicles + Fossil Fuels + Deforestation +
Agriculture

🔹 Effects of Air Pollution 🚨

⚠️ Respiratory Diseases 😷 – Causes asthma, bronchitis, lung infections, and
lung cancer.​
 ⚠️ Global Warming 🌡️ – Increased CO₂ and methane trap heat, raising
⚠️ Acid Rain ☔ – Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides react with water to form
Earth’s temperature.​

⚠️ Smog Formation 🌫️ – A mixture of pollutants creates toxic smog, reducing

sulfuric acid and nitric acid.​

⚠️ Ozone Layer Depletion 🧊 – CFCs from refrigerants damage the ozone

visibility.​

⚠️ Reduced Crop Yield 🌾 – Pollutants damage plants and reduce

layer, increasing UV radiation.​

⚠️ Harm to Wildlife 🦅 – Polluted air affects birds, animals, and aquatic

agricultural productivity.​

ecosystems.

🎯 MCQ Trick:​
👉 Effects = Breathing Problems + Heat + Acid Rain + Crop Damage + Smog

🔹 Preventive Measures 🛑
✅ 1. Use Public Transport 🚎 – Reduces traffic emissions and fuel
✅ 2. Shift to Renewable Energy 🌞 – Promote solar, wind, and hydroelectric
consumption.​

✅ 3. Plant More Trees 🌳 – Trees absorb CO₂ and release oxygen.​

power instead of coal and oil.​

✅ 4. Ban Firecrackers 🎆 – Reduces air pollution during festivals.​

✅ 5. Use Electric Vehicles 🚗🔋 – Reduces petrol and diesel emissions.​
✅ 6. Improve Industrial Regulations 🏭 – Install scrubbers & filters in
✅ 7. Reduce Open Waste Burning 🔥 – Proper waste management to avoid
chimneys to reduce emissions.​

✅ 8. Promote Eco-Friendly Cooking 🔥 – Use LPG, biogas, or electric stoves

plastic and biomass burning.​

✅ 9. Reduce Construction Dust 🚧 – Use water sprinklers & green net

instead of firewood.​

coverings to reduce dust.

🎯 MCQ Trick:​
👉 Prevention = Public Transport + Trees + Electric Cars + Ban Firecrackers

🔹 CPCB Air Quality Norms 🌍 (Central Pollution Control

Board)
The CPCB (India) has set air quality standards for safe air in residential areas:

✅ PM10 (Particulate Matter) – ≤ 100 µg/m³​

✅ PM2.5 (Fine Particulate Matter) – ≤ 60 µg/m³​
✅ NO₂ (Nitrogen Dioxide) – ≤ 80 µg/m³​
✅ SO₂ (Sulfur Dioxide) – ≤ 80 µg/m³​
✅ CO (Carbon Monoxide) – ≤ 2 mg/m³ (8-hour average)​
✅ O₃ (Ozone) – ≤ 100 µg/m³
🎯 MCQ Trick:​
👉 PM10 ≤ 100 µg/m³, PM2.5 ≤ 60 µg/m³, NO₂ ≤ 80 µg/m³

📌 4.5 Noise Pollution 🔊

🔹 Definition of Noise Pollution
Noise pollution refers to excessive, disturbing, or unwanted sounds that affect
human health, animals, and the environment. It is caused by traffic, industries,
loudspeakers, and firecrackers, leading to health problems such as hearing
loss, stress, and sleep disturbances.

✅ Measuring Noise:
●​ Measured in decibels (dB).
●​ Normal conversation = 60 dB
●​ Traffic noise = 80-100 dB
 ●​ Jet engine = 140 dB (causes hearing damage)

🔹 Sources of Noise Pollution 🎧

✅ 1. Traffic Noise 🚗
❌ Horns & Sirens – Continuous honking in cities increases sound levels above
❌ Engines & Exhaust Systems – Loud motorcycles, trucks, and buses
100 dB.​

❌ Traffic Jams & Flyovers – The constant movement of vehicles raises

contribute to noise.​

urban noise pollution.

✅ 2. Industrial Noise 🏭
❌ Construction Sites – Drilling, hammering, and heavy machinery cause intense
❌ Factory Machines – Generators, compressors, turbines, and metal cutting
noise levels.​

❌ Manufacturing Plants – Textile, steel, and chemical factories operate loud

create high-decibel sounds.​

equipment.

✅ 3. Loudspeakers & Firecrackers 🎆

❌ Festivals & Celebrations – Use of DJ music, wedding speakers, and rallies
❌ Religious Gatherings – Loudspeakers used in temples, mosques, and public
increases noise.​

❌ Fireworks & Crackers – Burst of Diwali crackers releases over 120-150 dB

meetings.​

of noise.

✅ 4. Aircraft & Railways ✈️🚆

❌ Airports & Low-Flying Jets – Aircraft noise near airports affects nearby
residents.​
❌ Train Horns & Tracks – The sound of trains moving at high speeds
generates vibrations and noise.

✅ 5. Household & Neighborhood Noise 🏠

❌ Loud TV & Music – High volume disturbs neighbors and sleeping patterns.​
❌ Kitchen Appliances – Mixers, grinders, and washing machines produce
❌ Pets & Barking Dogs 🐶 – Excessive barking of street dogs and pets
mechanical noise.​

contributes to noise pollution.

🎯 MCQ Trick:​
👉 Noise Pollution = Traffic + Industry + Loudspeakers + Aircraft +
Household

🔹 Effects of Noise Pollution 🚨

⚠️ Hearing Loss & Deafness 👂 – Long-term exposure to sounds above 85 dB
⚠️ Sleep Disorders & Insomnia 💤 – Loud noises cause difficulty in sleeping
can damage ear drums.​

⚠️ High Blood Pressure & Heart Problems ❤️ – Noise triggers anxiety,

and increase stress.​

⚠️ Mental Stress & Irritation 😖 – Continuous exposure to noise affects

hypertension, and heart diseases.​

⚠️ Reduced Work Efficiency 📉 – High noise levels decrease productivity in

concentration and mental peace.​

⚠️ Affects Wildlife & Animals 🐦 – Birds and animals lose their habitat due to
offices and schools.​

loud human activities.

🎯 MCQ Trick:​
👉 Effects = Deafness + Sleep Issues + Stress + Wildlife Harm
🔹 Noise Levels in Various Zones 📊 (CPCB Guidelines)
The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has set noise limits for different
areas:

✅ Residential Areas 🏡 – ≤ 55 dB (Day) / 45 dB (Night)​

✅ Industrial Areas 🏭 – ≤ 75 dB (Day) / 70 dB (Night)​
✅ Commercial Areas 🏬 – ≤ 65 dB (Day) / 55 dB (Night)​
✅ Silent Zones (Hospitals, Schools) 🏥📚 – ≤ 50 dB (Day) / 40 dB (Night)
🎯 MCQ Trick:​
👉 Residential: 55 dB / 45 dB, Industrial: 75 dB / 70 dB

🔹 Preventive Measures 🛑
✅ 1. Ban on Loud Horns & Firecrackers 🚫 – Restrict excessive honking and
✅ 2. Soundproofing Buildings & Factories 🏗️ – Use acoustic materials to
use of crackers in festivals.​

✅ 3. Strict Traffic Rules 🚦 – No honking zones near schools, hospitals, and

reduce noise from industries.​

✅ 4. Green Belts & Tree Plantation 🌳 – Trees absorb sound and help in
silent zones.​

✅ 5. Use of Low-Noise Machinery 🔇 – Install silent generators, sound

reducing urban noise.​

✅ 6. Public Awareness Campaigns 📢 – Educate people about noise pollution

barriers, and noise filters.​

effects and laws.

🎯 MCQ Trick:​
👉 Prevention = No Horns + Silent Zones + Soundproofing + Trees

📌 4.6 Pollution Control Boards 🏛️

🔹 Introduction to Pollution Control Boards
Pollution Control Boards in India monitor, regulate, and control pollution under
environmental laws. The two main regulatory bodies are:

✅ Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) 🇮🇳 – Monitors and regulates

✅ State Pollution Control Board (SPCB) 🏢 – Implements pollution control
pollution at the national level.​

within each state.

🎯 MCQ Trick:​
👉 CPCB = Central (National Level), SPCB = State Level

🔹 Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) 🇮🇳

✅ Established: 1974 under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution)
✅ Works under: Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change
Act, 1974.​

✅ Main Role: Advises the central government on pollution issues, sets

(MoEF&CC).​

environmental standards, and monitors pollution across India.

🔸 Functions of CPCB
✔️ Sets Environmental Standards – Defines air, water, and noise quality
✔️ Monitors Air & Water Quality – Tracks pollution levels in rivers and urban
limits.​

✔️ Regulates Industrial Pollution – Ensures industries follow pollution control

areas.​

✔️ Enforces the Air & Water Acts – Implements the Air (Prevention and
laws.​

✔️ Manages Waste Disposal – Regulates hazardous, biomedical, and plastic

Control of Pollution) Act, 1981.​

waste management.​
✔️ Promotes Research – Studies the impact of pollution on health and
environment.

🔸 CPCB Major Programs & Policies

🔹 National Air Quality Monitoring Program (NAMP) – Monitors air quality
🔹 National Green Tribunal (NGT) Compliance – Works with NGT to enforce
in cities and towns.​

🔹 Ganga Action Plan (GAP) – Reduces pollution in River Ganga.​

pollution laws.​

🔹 Noise Pollution Control – Sets noise level limits in different zones.​

🔹 Pollution Index for Industries – Ranks industries based on pollution levels.
🎯 MCQ Trick:​
👉 CPCB = National Level + MoEF&CC + Water & Air Acts + Waste
Management

🔹 State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) 🏢

✅ Established under: The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act,
✅ Works under: CPCB and respective State Governments.​
1974.​

✅ Main Role: Implements pollution control laws at the state level.

🔸 Functions of SPCB
✔️ Monitors Pollution in States – Tracks air, water, and noise pollution in cities
✔️ Grants Permission to Industries – Issues Consent to Establish (CTE) &
and industries.​

✔️ Takes Action Against Violators – Imposes fines and penalties on polluting

Consent to Operate (CTO) under pollution laws.​

✔️ Manages Waste Treatment Plants – Supervises sewage, industrial, and

industries.​

biomedical waste plants.​

✔️ Enforces State-Level Regulations – Implements state-specific pollution
policies.

🔸 Example: Maharashtra Pollution Control Board (MPCB) 🏢

🔹 Works under CPCB & Maharashtra Government.​
🔹 Monitors pollution in Maharashtra’s industrial hubs (e.g., Mumbai, Pune,
🔹 Ensures industries follow wastewater treatment laws.
Nashik).​

🎯 MCQ Trick:​
👉 SPCB = State Level + Industry Control + Waste Management

🔹 Difference Between CPCB & SPCB 🏛️

Feature CPCB 🇮🇳 (Central) SPCB 🏢 (State)
Established by Government of India Respective State
Governments

Monitors National level State level

Pollution at

Key Setting environmental Enforcing pollution laws in

Responsibility standards states

Controls Air, water, noise pollution Industries, factories, and

across India local pollution sources
 Reports to Ministry of Environment, CPCB and State
Forest & Climate Change Governments

🎯 MCQ Trick:​
👉 CPCB = National, SPCB = State

🔹 Laws & Acts Related to Pollution Control

1️⃣ Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 – Established CPCB
& SPCB to prevent water pollution.​
2️⃣ Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 – CPCB monitors air
quality and industrial emissions.​
3️⃣ Environment Protection Act, 1986 – Gives CPCB & SPCB authority to
regulate all types of pollution.​
4️⃣ Noise Pollution (Regulation & Control) Rules, 2000 – Sets noise level limits
in different zones.​
5️⃣ Hazardous Waste Management Rules, 2016 – Regulates disposal of toxic
industrial waste.

🎯 MCQ Trick:​
👉 Water Act = 1974, Air Act = 1981, Environment Act = 1986

🔹 CPCB & SPCB Powers & Responsibilities

✅ Issuing Pollution Control Certificates – Consent to Establish (CTE) &
✅ Taking Legal Action – Fines & penalties on industries not following
Consent to Operate (CTO) for industries.​

✅ Monitoring Industrial Zones – Inspections and environmental audits in

pollution norms.​

factories.​
 ✅ Banning Hazardous Activities – Restricts waste dumping & polluting
industries.

🎯 MCQ Trick:​
👉 CPCB & SPCB = Permission + Fines + Monitoring + Bans
Created By Mohade Sir and Team​
Contact- 8261884261
Online Classes Batch 25-26 FOR TY,SY,FY Diploma Students will start
soon…