REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

Catanduanes State University

Virac, Catanduanes

College of Health and Sciences

Midterm Examination
NCM 110 / Nursing Informatics (Laboratory)
2nd Semester SY 2024-2025

Name: _________________________________ Course/Year:_________________ Score:___________

Student No.:______________________________ Class Sched:_________________ Date:____________

I. Write the letter of your answer before each number. Goodluck.

1. What is Microsoft Word primarily used for? d) Headers

a) Spreadsheets
b) Presentations 10. What is the primary function of the central processing unit
c) Word processing (CPU) in a computer?
d) Database management a) Input data
b) Store data
2. Which keyboard shortcut is used to save a document in c) Process data
Microsoft Word? d) Output data
a) Ctrl + S
b) Ctrl + P 11. Which component of a computer is responsible for storing
c) Ctrl + C data permanently?
d) Ctrl + X a) RAM
b) CPU
3. What is the default file extension for a Microsoft Word c) Hard drive
document? d) Optical drive
a) .docx
b) .xlsx 12. What is the purpose of an operating system (OS) in a
c) .pptx computer?
d) .pdf a) Manage hardware resources
b) Create documents
4.What does the term "WYSIWYG" stand for in computing? c) Access the internet
a) What You Save Is What You Get d) Install software
b) Where You See Is Where You Go
c) What You See Is What You Get 13. Which of the following is an example of an input device?
d) Where You Store Is Where You Gain a) Printer
b) Monitor
5.Which unit of measurement is commonly used to describe the c) Keyboard
storage capacity of computer memory? d) Speaker
a) Kilobyte (KB)
b) Megahertz (MHz) 14. What is the purpose of a computer network?
c) Gigabyte (GB) a) Share files and resources
d) Terabyte (TB) b) Print documents
c) Charge devices
6. What does RAM stand for in computing? d) Listen to music
a) Random Access Memory
b) Read-Only Memory 15. How does a computer virus spread?
c) Rapid Application Management a) Through physical contact with infected devices
d) Remote Access Module b) Through email attachments and downloads
c) Through exposure to sunlight
7. Which informatics theory explains how humans and d) Through voice commands
technology interact within a healthcare system?
a) Change Theory 16. Explain the difference between RAM and ROM.
b) Level of Expertise Model a) RAM is volatile memory, while ROM is non-volatile memory
c) Sociotechnical Theory b) RAM is read-only memory, while ROM is random-access
d) Remote Access Module memory
c) RAM stores data temporarily, while ROM stores data
8. Which of the following is NOT a feature of Microsoft Word? permanently
a) Mail merge d) RAM is external memory, while ROM is internal memory
b) Spell check
c) Slide transitions 17. A healthcare facility is planning to transition from a
d) Page layout proprietary nursing informatics system to an open-source
software. What is the best way to apply change management
9. Which of the following is used to apply formatting to text in principles?
Microsoft Word? a) Immediately replacing the current system without staff training
a) Templates b) Involving nurses in the decision-making and training process
b) Styles c) Keeping the old system and preventing any updates
c) Themes
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Catanduanes State University
Virac, Catanduanes

d) Allowing only IT staff to make the transition without nursing

input 26. Which theory in informatics focuses on how systems interact
and adapt within a healthcare setting?
18. A hospital introduces voice recognition software for a) Chaos Theory
documentation. How should a nurse apply this technology b) General System Theory
effectively? c) Change Theory
a) Use the software to quickly dictate and update patient d) Learning Theory
records.
b) Avoid using the software and stick to handwritten notes. 27. Which informatics theory explains how humans and
c) Share login credentials with colleagues for convenience. technology interact within a healthcare system?
d) Use the software only when supervised by IT staff. a) Change Theory
b) Level of Expertise Model
19. A nurse educator wants to integrate informatics theories into c) Sociotechnical Theory
the nursing curriculum. What is the best approach? d) Remote Access Module
a) Teaching about informatics tools through hands-on
simulations 28. An application of networking and information technology for
b) Avoiding technology in nursing education healthcare. This is a way of gathering and compiling data from
c) Limiting informatics topics to historical discussions medical devices at bedside and hospital host computers
d) Replacing practical informatics training with only theoretical a) Critical Care Information System (CCIS)
lectures b) Medical Information Bus (MIB)
c) Community Health Tracking Information System
20. What role does BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) play in the d) Ambulatory Care Information System
computer system startup process?
a) It processes user applications 29. Why is it important for nurses to critically evaluate e-journal
b) It manages RAM allocation for the CPU sources?
c) It initializes hardware components before loading the a) To ensure they use credible, peer-reviewed evidence for
operating system practice
d) It runs in the background after the OS has fully loaded b) To rely only on well-known authors regardless of their
research quality
21. What is the impact of a slow hard drive on the performance c) To confirm that all research is applicable to every patient
of a computer system? without assessment
a) It speeds up data retrieval d) To avoid using new research that challenges traditional
b) It reduces system boot time nursing practices
c) It increases the time required for data access and file retrieval
d) It improves multitasking efficiency 30. What is the role of critical pathways in nursing informatics?
a) To provide structured, evidence-based guidelines for
22. How does an informatics model differ from an informatics managing specific conditions
theory in nursing practice? b) To limit healthcare providers from adjusting treatment plans
a) A model is a simplified representation of a concept, while a c) To remove the need for individualized patient care
theory provides a tested explanation d) To replace electronic health records (EHRs)
b) A theory is always more detailed than a model
c) Models are only used in educational settings, while theories 31. What is the primary advantage of using e-journals in
apply to real-world nursing evidence-based nursing practice?
d) Informatics models are the same as informatics theories a) They provide nurses with instant access to the latest research
and guidelines
23. Nurses report slow performance of computers used for b) They eliminate the need for clinical experience in decision-
patient charting. How would you analyze the cause? making
a) Check system performance logs and assess CPU and RAM c) They replace textbooks as the only source of nursing
usage. knowledge
b) Assume the computers are slow due to the hospital’s Wi-Fi. d) They are only useful for academic research, not clinical
c) Ignore the issue since IT handles hardware problems. practice
d) Advise nurses to restart the computers and continue working.
32. What is the main purpose of integrating clinical guidelines
24. A nursing team is evaluating a new educational informatics into informatics systems?
tool for professional development. What should be the primary a) To provide nurses with standardized, evidence-based
factor in their decision? recommendations for patient care
A)If the tool is only available on a single operating system b) To replace the need for clinical decision-making
B) Whether the tool is the cheapest option c) To allow nurses to create their own independent care plans
C)Whether the tool improves nursing competency and patient without review
care outcomes d) To eliminate the need for physician collaboration
D) Whether the tool has the latest design and graphics
33. A patient in a rural area needs follow-up care but cannot
25. How would you evaluate the effectiveness of a hospital’s travel to the hospital. How should a nurse apply telehealth to
backup system for patient records? assist the patient?
a) By checking the amount of storage used a) Schedule a video consultation with the physician and patient.
b) By testing data recovery speed and accuracy b) Request the patient to visit in person despite the travel
c) By ensuring backups occur only once per month difficulty.
d) By verifying that backups are stored on the same device
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Virac, Catanduanes

c) Provide care only when the patient can physically visit the c) Ignore the issue and wait for an update from the software
clinic. vendor.
d) Have the patient self-diagnose without any professional d) Advise nurses to restart the system if they notice errors.
guidance.
42. A new clinical alert system generates frequent false alarms,
34. A nurse notices a potential drug interaction in the EHR’s leading to alert fatigue. What is the best approach to analyze the
clinical decision support system (CDSS). What should be the situation?
nurse’s next step? a) Ignore complaints because the alerts are meant to be
a) Ignore the alert and continue with administration. cautious.
b) Double-check the medication order and consult the b) Disable the system temporarily to reduce notifications.
prescribing physician. c) Assume nurses are not properly managing alerts.
c) Disable the alert system to prevent further notifications. d) Review the system’s sensitivity settings and adjust thresholds
d) Administer the medication and monitor for side effects. accordingly.

35. A patient with diabetes is struggling to manage their 43. A nursing unit records a sudden drop in patient satisfaction
condition. How can a nurse apply informatics to support the scores. What is the best way to analyze this data?
patient’s education? a) Conduct a root cause analysis by reviewing patient feedback
a) Provide access to online educational resources and digital and trends.
monitoring tools. b) Assume that patients are harder to satisfy than before.
b) Tell the patient to search for information on social media. c) Ignore the data since patient complaints are common.
c) Instruct the patient to rely only on printed handouts. d) Manually increase satisfaction scores to improve reports.
d) Avoid technology and provide verbal instructions only.
44. The following are advantages of Community Health System
36. A nurse needs to access a patient’s EHR but forgot their except:
login credentials. What should they do? a) Building strong communication
a) Ask a coworker for their login details. b) Control of spread of disease
b) Use a shared workstation that doesn’t require login c) Reduced errors with the availability of various automation
credentials. engines
c) Contact IT support to reset their password. d) Disease tracking
d) Access the EHR through another nurse’s account.
45. A hospital is implementing a real-time patient monitoring
37. A patient’s wristband barcode does not scan while dashboard for ICU nurses. What is the best way to design this
administering medication. What should the nurse do? system for maximum effectiveness?
a) Manually enter the medication details and verify patient a) Display only one patient's data at a time to avoid clutter.
information before proceeding. b) Include color-coded alerts, trend graphs, and customizable
b) Skip scanning and administer the medication anyway. views for different patient conditions.
c) Ask the patient if they remember their prescribed medication. c) Rely on manual data entry to ensure accuracy.
d) Delay the administration until the barcode is fixed. d) Allow only doctors to access the dashboard, excluding nurses.

38. How can data assessment be applied to improve patient 46. Your hospital recently implemented a new Electronic Health
safety in nursing informatics? Record (EHR) system. As a nurse informaticist, how would you
a) By analyzing patient records for trends in medication errors evaluate its effectiveness in improving patient care?
b) By only using paper-based charts for all assessments a) Measure patient outcomes, nurse satisfaction, and
c) By ignoring abnormal patterns in patient health data documentation accuracy.
d) By storing data without analyzing it for insights b) Assume the system is effective because it was expensive.
c) Ignore staff feedback and focus only on IT performance
39. Which of the following is NOT a potential benefit of reports.
telehealth? d) Base effectiveness solely on how quickly nurses can enter
a) Increased access to healthcare services data
b) Reduced travel time for patients
c) Decreased patient-provider communication 47.A hospital introduced telehealth services to improve access
d) Improved continuity of care for rural patients. What is the best method to evaluate its
success?
40. Wireless vital sign monitors sometimes fail to sync patient a) Track the number of virtual visits, patient satisfaction, and
data with the EHR. How should you analyze the problem? changes in health outcomes.
a) Test the hospital’s Wi-Fi signal strength and assess b) Assume success if more doctors prefer telehealth over in-
connectivity issues. person visits.
b) Assume that nurses are not using the monitors correctly. c) Measure only the cost savings without considering patient
c) Ignore the issue since manual entry is still an option. outcomes.
d) Restart the monitors repeatedly until they work. d) Evaluate telehealth solely based on the number of technical
issues reported.
41. A hospital implemented a new patient monitoring system, but
nurses report that it sometimes displays incorrect vital signs. 48. A hospital wants to assess the security of its Health
How would you analyze this issue? Information System (HIS). As a nurse informaticist, what would
a) Compare recorded vital signs with manually checked values be the most effective evaluation method?
to identify inconsistencies. a) Conduct regular security audits, review HIPAA compliance,
b) Assume the readings are accurate since the system is and analyze breach reports.
automated. b) The system is secure because it has a password requirement.
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Catanduanes State University
Virac, Catanduanes

c) Trust that the IT department will handle all security concerns c) To manage hospital finances
without oversight. d) To conduct medical research
d) Focus on preventing physical theft of computers, not on digital
threats. 58. Which of the following is an example of a health information
system (HIS)?
49. How can a hospital assess the effectiveness of a new a) Electronic Health Record (EHR)
emergency preparedness system? b) Stethoscope
a) Conduct simulation drills and review response times c) Blood pressure cuff
b) Ignore test runs and wait for an actual emergency d) Wheelchair
c) Assume the system works without testing
d) Avoid staff training on emergency protocols 59. What characteristic of data quality refers to all the data
attributes, and their values are defined at the correct level of
50. A hospital introduced a mobile health app to allow nurses to details?
monitor patients’ vitals remotely. As a nurse informaticist, how a) Data comprehensiveness
would you evaluate its usability? b) Data timeliness
a) Gather feedback from nurses, analyze app usage data, and c) Data relevancy
assess ease of navigation. d) Data appropriateness
b) The app is user-friendly because it has a modern design.
c) Measure usability by counting the number of downloads. 60. A student is asking his instructor regarding distance learning.
d) Consider the IT department reports only since they know Which these will best describe e-learning?
more on the used system. a) Provide alternative learning to those who can not access
traditional schooling
51. Which term refers to the process of converting raw data into b) Synchronous provide 24/7 schedule session
meaningful information? c) It requires every participants to log on at the same time
a) Data mining d) It provides unstructured type of learning
b) Data analysis
c) Data abstraction 61. The preceptor of newly hired nurses provided the specific
d) Data encryption reference information for the nurses, such as drug use, dosage
requirement, and direction for use. This reference is called
52. It is a set of practical treatment processes detailing how to a) HER
implement clinical guidelines, including both clinical guidelines b) NI element
and non-clinical activities. c) Minimum data set
a) Clinical data d) Catalogue
b) Clinical pathways
c) Critical care 62. What is the purpose of clinical guidelines?
d) Ambulatory care a) to improve the quality of care for patients and improve clinical
effectiveness by implementation of evidence-based care in daily
53 What does USB stand for in computing? practice
a) Universal Serial Bus b) For clinical trial
b) Unified System Backup c) To make documentation organize and to find data of patients
c) User System Board easily
d) Under System Buffer d) To make the work of nurses and other health care providers
easy
54.Clinical pathways is also called:
a) care pathway 63. A nurse is implementing a computer-generated nursing care
b) integrated care pathway plan for a diabetic patient. How should they apply this system
c) critical pathway effectively?
d) a,b,c a) By using the generic template without modifications
e) None b) By applying the same care plan to all diabetic patients
c) By relying on verbal instructions instead of documentation
55. Nursing process includes ? d) By personalizing the plan based on the patient’s specific
a) assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation glucose levels and comorbidities
b) assessment, diagnosis, planning, intervention, evaluation
c) assessment, diagnosis, planning, intervention 64. A nurse is using an electronic health record (EHR) system
d) assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, rationale that includes clinical guidelines. How should they apply these
guidelines when making a clinical decision?
56. It can help you meet standards of nursing practice and a) By following the guideline strictly without considering patient
documentation. In addition, it can help you spend more time needs
meeting patients' needs. b) By using only personal experience and ignoring the system
a) Nursing information system c) By integrating the recommendations with patient-specific
b) Clinical guidelines conditions and history
c) Clinical Pathways d) By applying the guideline to all patients, regardless of
d) E-journals variations in symptoms

57. What is the purpose of a clinical decision support system 65. When applying a computer-generated nursing care plan,
(CDSS)? what should a nurse do to ensure that the care plan remains
a) To provide nurses with emotional support relevant throughout a patient’s hospital stay?
b) To assist healthcare providers in making clinical decisions a) Adjust the care plan regularly based on updated patient data
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Catanduanes State University
Virac, Catanduanes

b) Follow the initial care plan without modifications a) By preventing nurses from making independent decisions
c) Avoid documenting patient progress to keep the system b) By reducing documentation errors and ensuring consistency
unchanged c) By eliminating the need for nursing assessments
d) Use the same care plan for all patients with similar conditions d) By replacing human decision-making with automated
processes
66. How can nurses apply informatics-based critical pathways to
reduce hospital stay duration? 74. How would you determine the impact of a hospital’s digital
a) By following each step rigidly, regardless of patient progress clinical guidelines on patient safety?
b) By tracking patient outcomes and adjusting interventions a) By analyzing compliance rates and adverse event reductions
based on real-time data b) By counting the number of physicians using them
c) By minimizing interdisciplinary collaboration c) By comparing printed and digital guideline formats
d) By only using pathways for high-risk patients d) By evaluating the user interface design

67. A nurse is using a computer-generated nursing care plan 75. How would you evaluate the effectiveness of a critical
system for a newly admitted patient. What is the first step in pathway?
applying this technology to improve patient care? a) Patient satisfaction
a) Automatically assigning a diagnosis based on system b) Benchmarking
recommendations c) Clinical audit
b) Entering patient assessment data to generate a personalized d) All of the above
care plan
c) Selecting a pre-set care plan without modifications 76. Which federal regulation sets standards for the security and
d) Relying solely on the system’s recommendations without privacy of health information?
review a) Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)
b) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations
68. A nurse is reviewing clinical guidelines on a hospital’s digital c) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
platform before administering a new medication. How should guidelines
they apply this information to ensure patient safety? d) Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
a) By following the digital guideline recommendations alongside
patient-specific factors 77. Which law ensures that published research, software, and
b) By administering the medication exactly as written, without digital content cannot be copied without permission?
considering individual needs a) Copyright Law
c) By consulting a colleague instead of the digital guidelines b) Intellectual Property Law
d) By skipping the guidelines and relying on previous experience c) Privacy Act
d) Digital Security Law
69. What is the primary role of informatics in evaluating the
effectiveness of critical pathways? 78. What is the primary purpose of Intellectual Property Law in
a) To track patient progress and compare outcomes against nursing informatics?
established benchmarks A) To protect nurses from malpractice lawsuits
b) To replace clinical expertise with automated decision-making B) To safeguard the rights of individuals over their digital
c) To limit variability in patient care by enforcing standardized creations
treatments C) To prevent unauthorized online access to patient data
d) To eliminate the need for interdisciplinary communication D) To regulate the use of social media in healthcare

70. Which aspect of critical pathways in informatics contributes 79. What is an E-journal in nursing informatics?
most to reducing hospital readmission rates? A) A blog written by nurses about their experiences
a) Automating patient assessments B) An online publication of nursing research and evidence-based
b) Identifying deviations from expected outcomes through data practices
tracking C) A collection of patient medical records
c) Eliminating the need for patient education D) A hospital newsletter
d) Allowing nurses to skip documentation
80. Which of the following is NOT a type of computer port?
71. A nurse needs to update a patient’s care plan remotely. a) USB
Which technology should be used? b) HDMI
A) Social media platform c) Ethernet
B) Electronic Health Record (EHR) system d) CPU
C) Manual paper charts
D) Personal emails 81. What does CPU stand for in computing?
a) Central Processing Unit
72. How do hospital information systems improve critical care b) Computer Processing Unit
nursing? c) Control Processing Unit
a) By increasing the number of manual documentation tasks d) Central Programming Unit
b) By replacing the need for nurse-patient interaction
c) By ensuring accurate documentation and real-time patient 82. How does the Data Privacy Act of 2012 affect electronic
monitoring health records (EHRs) in Philippine hospitals?
d) By eliminating the need for clinical judgment a) It requires hospitals to ensure that patient data is protected
from unauthorized access
73. How do computer-generated nursing care plans improve b) It prohibits the use of electronic records in hospitals
patient safety? c) It allows free access to patient records by all healthcare staff
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Catanduanes State University
Virac, Catanduanes

d) It limits the use of technology in healthcare 92. How should nurses apply netiquette rules when discussing
patient cases in an online professional group?
83. Why is privacy protection crucial in nursing informatics? a) Use patient names to provide context
a) To prevent unauthorized access to sensitive patient data b) Discuss specific patient cases only in private messages
b) To allow healthcare professionals to share data freely c) Maintain confidentiality and avoid sharing identifiable patient
c) To make patient records publicly accessible information
d) To restrict the use of technology in hospitals d) Ignore ethical considerations when sharing medical
experiences
84. How does copyright law affect electronic health records
(EHR) software? 93. A hospital administrator wants to implement telehealth
a) It allows nurses to modify software freely consultations while ensuring patient privacy. Which guideline
b) It ensures that the software cannot be copied or distributed should be followed?
without authorization a) Restrict telehealth access to physicians only
c) It grants automatic ownership of the software to the hospital b) Use only encrypted and HIPAA-compliant communication
d) It prevents patient data from being shared tools
c) Save all telehealth conversations as public records
85. What happens when an intellectual property violation occurs d) Ban video conferencing in medical settings
in nursing informatics?
a) The creator loses ownership of their work 94. A healthcare facility is reviewing its telemedicine policies to
b) The unauthorized user may face legal consequences comply with Philippine regulations. What factors should be
c) The work is automatically considered public domain considered?
d) The original creator cannot take any action A) The number of floors in the hospital
B) Patient data confidentiality and secure data transmission
86. Which of the following is NOT covered by intellectual C) The color of the hospital uniforms
property law? D) The availability of a hospital cafeteria
a) Nursing research articles
b) Electronic health record (EHR) software 95. What is the key difference between public and private
c) Patient’s medical history domains in nursing informatics?
d) Mobile health (mHealth) apps a) Public domain information is owned by the government, while
private domain information belongs to individuals
87. Which of the following is a type of computer network b) Public domain information can be freely accessed and used,
commonly used within a single building or campus? while private domain information is protected and requires
a) LAN (Local Area Network) authorization.
b) WAN (Wide Area Network) c) Private domain information is more reliable than public domain
c) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) information
d) VPN (Virtual Private Network) d) Public domain information requires copyright protection

88. What is the primary function of critical pathways in nursing? 96. A nurse finds an open-source software for documenting
a) To guide patient care based on evidence-based protocols patient care. How can they determine if they can legally use and
b) To generate hospital financial reports modify it?
c) To replace clinical guidelines in decision-making a) Check if it has an open-source license that permits
d) To serve as a communication platform for nurses modification
b) Assume it is free to use because it is available online
89. This is a set of rules for respectful and considerate c) Ask a colleague for permission
communication online d) Copy the software without reviewing any terms
A) Clinical pathways
B) Netiquette
C) Values 97. A hospital wants to implement a new EHR system but is
D) Integrity concerned about copyright restrictions. What should the IT
department evaluate before adoption?
90. A nurse finds an open-source software for documenting a) Whether the software is free to download
patient care. How can they determine if they can legally use and b) The licensing terms and whether it requires a paid license for
modify it? use
a) Check if it has an open-source license that permits c) If similar hospitals are using the same software
modification d) If the software can be installed on personal computers
b) Assume it is free to use because it is available online
c) Ask a colleague for permission 98. A nurse posts a photo from inside the hospital on social
d) Copy the software without reviewing any terms media. Which factor is most important in evaluating whether this
violates patient privacy?
91. A nurse wants to share a research article in an online forum. a) Whether the post contains any identifiable patient information
What should they do to comply with copyright laws? b) Whether the post received likes and shares
a) Copy and paste the article in the forum c) If the nurse used a private social media account
b) Provide a proper citation and link to the original source d) If the photo was taken in a non-clinical area
c) Modify the article slightly and share it as their own
d) Translate the article into another language and claim 99. A nursing student copies and pastes an article from an e-
authorship journal into their thesis without citing the source. What ethical
issue is involved?
a) Netiquette violation
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Virac, Catanduanes

b) Privacy breach
c) Plagiarism
d) Copyright compliance

100. A hospital is considering using free cloud storage for storing

patient records. What should be evaluated before
implementation?
a) Whether the cloud service is HIPAA-compliant
b) If the cloud storage is widely used in other industries
c) Whether the software has high-speed processing
d) If the storage can be accessed by all hospital staff

COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES

Midterm Examination
NCM 110 / Nursing Informatics (Laboratory)
KEY TO CORRECTION
2nd Semester SY 2024-2025

1. C 26.B 51.A 76.A

2. A 27.C 52.B 77.A

3. A 28. B 53. A 78.B

4. C 29. A 54.D 79.B

5. C 30. A 55.B 80.D

6. A 31.A 56.A 81.A

7. A 32.A 57.B 82.A

8. C 33.A 58.A 83.A

9. B 34.B 59.D 84.B

10. C 35.A 60.A 85.B

11. C 36.C 61.C 86.C

12. A 37.A 62.A 87.A

13. C 38.A 63.D 88.A

14. A 39.C 64.C 89.B

15. B 40. A 65.A 90.A

16. A 41.A 66.B 91.B

17. B 42.D 67.B 92.C

18. A 43.A 68.A 93.B

19. A 44.C 69.A 94.B

20. C 45. B 70.B 95.B

21. C 46.A 71.B 96.A

22. A 47.A 72.C 97.B

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Virac, Catanduanes

23. A 48.A 73.B 98.A

24. C 49.A 74.A 99.C

25. B 50. A 75.D 100.A