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T.B.C.: KMIAS-C-PSLP2024-25/T29
TEST BOOKLET
Prelims Strategic Learning Program (PSLP)
Test-29 /GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENT FULL TEST

Time Allowed: Two Hours Maximum Marks: 200

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KMIAS-C-PSLP2024-25/T29 (1 – A)
 1. The river Amu Darya, often seen in news due to 3. Consider the following statements with respect
transboundary water issues, flows into which of the to coastal areas:
following?
1. Coastal areas are usually prone to extreme climates
(a) Aral Sea due to the absence of continentality.
(b) Caspian Sea 2. Coastal areas usually record higher amounts of
(c) Black Sea precipitation due to higher humidity.
(d) Lake Baikal
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Answer: (a) Aral Sea
Explanation: (a) 1 only
The Amu Darya is a major river in Central Asia and flows (b) 2 only
into the Aral Sea, which has been shrinking due to (c) Both 1 and 2
overuse of water for irrigation — a major (d) Neither 1 nor 2
environmental issue. Hence option (a) is correct.
Amu Darya originates in the Pamir Mountains Answer: (b) 2 only
(Tajikistan) and flows through Afghanistan, Explanation:
Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, have been in news due Presence of water bodies helps in the moderation of
to climate change-induced glacial melt, and water climates. Thus, coastal areas usually have moderate
disputes between upstream and downstream Central climates when compared to the interiors of continents.
Asian nations. Hence statement (1) is incorrect.
Presence of water bodies increases the humidity levels
2. With reference to the ‘Chemical Weathering’ of air and thus makes coastal areas more prone to
process, which of the following statements is/are rainfall. Hence statement (2) is correct.
correct?
4. Consider the following statements with respect
1. After experiencing hydration, minerals become more to land and sea breezes
susceptible to the effects of Chemical Weathering.
2. Carbonation is a process whereby carbon dioxide is 1. Sea breeze is created due to the pressure gradient
introduced into certain rock minerals. from land to sea in which the wind blows from the land
to the sea.
Select the correct answer using the code given 2. Both the land and sea breeze are considered as
below: planetary winds.

(a) 1 only Which of the above statements is/are correct?

(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2 (a) 1 only
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 (b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
Answer: (a) 1 only (d) Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation:
Hydration is one of the major processes of Mechanical Answer: (d) Neither 1 nor 2
Weathering, involving the addition of water to the Explanation:
minerals, causing them to expand and thereby initiate The land and sea absorb and transfer heat differently.
stress within the rocks. Once minerals have During the day the land heats up faster and becomes
experienced hydration, they become more warmer than the sea. Therefore, over the land, the air
susceptible to the effects of Chemical Weathering, rises giving rise to a low-pressure area, whereas the sea
especially those of carbonation and oxidation. Hence is relatively cool and the pressure over the sea is
statement (1) is correct. relatively high. Thus, the pressure gradient from sea
to land is created and the wind blows from the sea
Carbonation is the process whereby carbon dioxide to the land as the sea breeze. Hence statement (1) is
is introduced into a fluid. This is the type of Chemical incorrect.
Weathering of rocks by rainwater which, in In the night the reversal of conditions takes place. The
combination with dissolved carbon dioxide forms a land loses heat faster and is cooler than the sea. The
weak carbonic acid. Hence statement (2) is incorrect.

KMIAS-C- PSLP2024-25/T29 (2 – A)
 pressure gradient is from the land to the sea and hence basic oxides e.g. of iron, aluminium or magnesium.
land breeze results. Hence, basic rocks are denser and darker (e.g. basalt).
Land and Sea breezes are examples of local winds.
Hence statement (2) is incorrect. Igneous rocks begin the rock cycle and are therefore
called primary rocks. Hence statement (3) is
5. The Mount Ruang volcano, recently seen in news incorrect. Igneous rocks are classified according to
for a major eruption and evacuation efforts, is texture and mineral composition. The texture is
located in: indicative of cooling conditions. Coarse-grained texture
results from slow cooling and fine-grained texture
(a) Japan represents rapid cooling.
(b) Indonesia
(c) Philippines 7. Which of the following statements correctly
(d) Papua New Guinea depict the difference between cyclones and
anticyclones?
Answer: (b) Indonesia
Explanation: (a) While cyclonic conditions are caused due to the rise
Mount Ruang erupted in April 2024, causing of air from a high-pressure centre, anticyclones are
significant ash plumes and leading to the evacuation caused due to the formation of fronts
of thousands in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Hence (b) Cyclonic conditions are formed in temperate regions
option (b) is correct whereas anticyclonic conditions are formed in tropical
regions
Indonesia lies on the Pacific Ring of Fire, making it one (c) Cyclonic circulation are wind circulation around a
of the most volcanically active regions in the world. low-pressure centre and anticyclonic circulation are
wind circulation around a high-pressure centre.
6. Consider the following statements: (d) None of the above

1. Acid Igneous rocks are denser than basic igneous Answer: (c) Cyclonic circulation are wind
rocks. circulation around a low-pressure centre and
2. Igneous rocks are normally crystalline in structure. anticyclonic circulation are wind circulation around
3. Sedimentary Rocks begin the rock cycle and are a high-pressure centre.
therefore called primary rocks. Explanation:
The wind circulation around a low is called cyclonic
Which of the statements given above is/are circulation. Around a high it is called anticyclonic
incorrect? circulation. The direction of winds around such systems
changes according to their location in different
(a) 1 only hemispheres. Hence option (c) is correct.
(b) 1 and 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only 8. Which one of the following facts were not
(d) 1, 2 and 3 considered while discussing the concept of seafloor
spreading?
Answer: (b) 1 and 3 only
Explanation (a) Volcanic activity along the mid-oceanic ridges.
Igneous rocks are formed by the cooling and (b)Stripes of the normal and reverse magnetic field
solidification of molten rock (magma) from beneath the observed in rocks of the ocean floor.
earth’s crust. They are normally crystalline in structure. (c) Distribution of fossils in different continents.
Hence statement (2) is Correct. (d) Age of rocks from the ocean floor.
Igneous rocks can be subdivided on the basis of mineral
composition. When they contain a high proportion of Answer: (c) Distribution of fossils in different
silica, they are said to be acid igneous rocks. Ex. Granite. continents.
Explanation:
Acid igneous rocks are less dense than basic rocks. The mapping of the ocean floor and paleomagnetic
Hence statement (1) is Incorrect. studies of rocks from oceanic regions revealed the
Acid rocks are characterised by high silica content. following facts:
Acidic igneous rocks are usually lighter in colour than
basic rocks. Basic rocks have a greater proportion of

KMIAS-C- PSLP2024-25/T29 (3 – A)
 It was realised that all along the mid-oceanic ridges, Select the correct answer using the code given
volcanic eruptions are common and they bring huge below:
amounts of lava to the surface in this area.
The rocks equidistant on either side of the crest of mid- (a) 1 only
oceanic ridges show remarkable similarities in terms of (b) 2 and 3 only
the period of formation, chemical compositions and (c) 3 only
magnetic properties. Rocks closer to the mid-oceanic (d) None
ridges have normal polarity and are the youngest. The
age of the rocks increases as one moves away from the Answer: (c) 3 only
crest. The ocean crust rocks are much younger than the Explanation:
continental rocks. The age of rocks in the oceanic crust • Metamorphic rocks through continuous denudation

is nowhere more than 200 million years old. Some of the change into sedimentary rocks. Hence statement (1) is
continental rock formations are as old as 3,200 million incorrect.
years. • Sedimentary rocks upon melting in the interior

The sediments on the ocean floor are unexpectedly very changes into igneous. Hence statement (2) is
thin. Scientists were expecting, if the ocean floors were incorrect.
as old as the continent, to have a complete sequence of • Igneous rocks under high pressure and heat

sediments for a period of much longer duration. transformed into metamorphic rocks. Hence
However, nowhere was the sediment column found to statement (3) is Correct.
be older than 200 million years.
The deep trenches have deep-seated earthquake
occurrences while in the mid-oceanic ridge areas, the
quake foci have shallow depths.
Seafloor spreading does not talk about the distribution
of fossils in different continents. Hence option (c) is
correct.

9. The South Lhonak Lake, recently in news due to

a catastrophic flood event, is located in which Indian
state?

(a) Uttarakhand 11.Consider the following statements regarding

(b) Sikkim tropical cyclones and extratropical cyclones:
(c) Himachal Pradesh
(d) Arunachal Pradesh 1. The extratropical cyclones have a clear frontal system
which is not in the case of tropical cyclones.
Answer: (b) Sikkim 2. Both the cyclones can originate over the land and sea.
Explanation: 3. The extratropical cyclones move from east to west
In October 2023, the South Lhonak Lake in Sikkim but tropical cyclones move from west to east.
experienced a Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) due
to heavy rains breaching its embankments. This disaster Which of the above statements are correct?
led to significant flooding in the Teesta River basin,
causing widespread property damage and resulting in (a) 1 and 2 only
at least 40 fatalities. (b) 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
10.Which of the following is/are true in the context (d) 1, 2 and 3
of the ‘rock cycle’?
Answer: (c) 1 only
1. Metamorphic rocks through continuous denudation Explanation:
change into Igneous rocks. The extratropical cyclone differs from the tropical
2. Sedimentary rocks upon melting in the interior cyclone in a number of ways. The extratropical cyclones
change into metamorphic rocks. have a clear frontal system which is not present in the
3. Igneous rocks under high pressure and heat tropical cyclones. Hence statement (1) is correct.
transformed into metamorphic rocks.

KMIAS-C- PSLP2024-25/T29 (4 – A)
 They cover a larger area and can originate over the land
and sea. Whereas the tropical cyclones originate only
over the seas and on reaching the land they dissipate.
Hence statement (2) is incorrect.
The extratropical cyclone affects a much larger area as
compared to the tropical cyclone. The wind velocity in a
tropical cyclone is much higher and it is more
destructive. The extratropical cyclones move from west
to east but tropical cyclones move from east to west. 13.Consider the following features:
Hence statement (3) is incorrect.
1. Barchans
12.Consider the following statements: 2. Cirques
3. Moraines
1. The continental shelf connects the continental slope
and the ocean basins. Which of the above are associated with glacial
2. Deep-sea plains are the flattest and smoothest landforms?
regions of the world.
3. Canyons and trenches are observed at the continental (a) 1 and 2 only
slopes. (b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
Which of the statements given above is/are correct (d) 1, 2 and 3
regarding the ocean floor?
Answer: (b) 2 and 3 only
(a) 1 only Explanation:
(b) 2 and 3 only Cirques are Amphitheatre-shaped basins carved by
(c) 3 only glaciers — glacial erosion feature.
(d) 1 and 3 only Moraines are accumulations of debris deposited by
glaciers — glacial deposition feature.
Answer: (b) 2 and 3 only Barchans are crescent-shaped sand dunes formed by
Explanation: wind in arid deserts, not glaciers.
The continental slope connects the continental shelf and
the ocean basins. Hence statement 1 is incorrect. 14.Which of the following are the factors that
It begins where the bottom of the continental shelf determine soil formation?
sharply drops off into a steep slope. The gradient of the
slope region varies between 2-5°. The depth of the slope 1. Nature of the underlying parent rock
region varies between 200 and 3,000 m. The slope 2. Topography of the land
boundary indicates the end of the continents. Canyons 3. Nature of vegetation growing in the area
and trenches are observed in this region. Hence
statement 3 is correct. Select the correct answer using the code given
The continental shelf is the extended margin of each below:
continent occupied by relatively shallow seas and gulfs.
It is the shallowest part of the ocean showing an average (a) 1 and 2 only
gradient of 1° or even less. The shelf typically ends at a (b) 2 and 3 only
very steep slope, called the shelf break. (c) 1 and 3 only
Deep-sea plains are gently sloping areas of the ocean (d) 1, 2 and 3
basins. These are the flattest and smoothest regions of
the world. The depths vary between 3,000 and 6,000m. Answer: (d) 1, 2 and 3
These plains are covered with fine-grained sediments Explanation:
like clay and silt. Hence statement 2 is correct. The primary factors which influence the formation of
soil include:
• parent rock material. Hence statement (1) is

correct.
• relief/topography. Hence statement (2) is correct.

• climate.

• Vegetation. Hence statement (3) is correct.

KMIAS-C- PSLP2024-25/T29 (5 – A)
 15.With respect to evaporation in the atmosphere, Answer: (a) 1 only
consider the following statements: Explanation:
The mid-ocean ridges are submarine mountains. They
1. The temperature at which the water starts are continuous and are connected to form a single global
evaporating is referred to as the latent heat of mid-oceanic ridge system. They are formed by the
vaporization. tectonic forces acting from within the earth. Hence
2. Lesser the movement of air greater is the statement (1) is correct.
evaporation. Mid oceanic ridges are located on the divergent plate
boundaries where magma flows through the fissure to
Which of the statement(s) given above is/are form new oceanic crust. They form the longest
correct? mountain range in the world extending for more than
56,000 km long and has a maximum width of 800–1,500
(a) 1 only km. Hence statement (2) is incorrect.
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2 17.How many of the following glaciers are correctly
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 matched with their respective states?

Answer: (a) 1 Only Glaciers States

Explanation: 1 Siachen Glacier Jammu & Kashmir
The amount of water vapour in the atmosphere is added 2 Gangotri Glacier Uttarakhand
or withdrawn due to evaporation and condensation 3 Zemu Glacier Sikkim
respectively. Evaporation is a process by which water is 4 Bara Shigri Glacier Himachal Pradesh
transformed from liquid to a gaseous state. Heat is the
main cause of evaporation. Hence statement (1) is Select the correct answer using the code given
correct. The temperature at which the water starts below:
evaporating is referred to as the latent heat of
vaporization. Latent Heat of Vaporization is defined as (a) Only 1
the amount of heat required to change the unit mass of (b) Only 2
liquid at boiling point into vapour under constant (c) Only 3
temperature. In general, it is the heat needed to (d) Al the above
vaporise a liquid or the amount of heat to be removed
from gases to condense it into a liquid. Increase in Answer: (d) All the above
temperature increases water absorption and retention Explanation:
capacity of a given parcel of air. Similarly, if the moisture 1. Siachen Glacier is in Jammu & Kashmir.
content is low, the air has a potential of absorbing and 2. Gangotri Glacier is in Uttarakhand, the source of the
retaining moisture. Movement of air replaces the Ganges.
saturated layer with the unsaturated layer. Hence, the 3. Zemu Glacier is located in Sikkim.
greater the movement of air, the greater the 4. Bara Shigri Glacier is in Himachal Pradesh and is one
evaporation. Hence statement (2) is incorrect. of the largest glaciers in the Indian Himalaya

16.With respect to the mid-oceanic ridge system, 18.Consider the following statements regarding
consider the following statements: tides:

1. They are continuous submarine mountains formed by 1.Both Spring tide and Neap tide occurs twice a month.
tectonic forces. 2.Spring tides occur when the Earth, Moon, and Sun are
2. Mid oceanic ridges are located on both the divergent at right angles to each other.
and convergent plate.
Which of the above statements are correct?
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only
(b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

KMIAS-C- PSLP2024-25/T29 (6 – A)
 Answer: (a) 1 only 21.Consider the following statements with
Explanation: reference to peninsular plateau:
Statement 1 is correct: Both Spring tide and Neap tide
occurs twice a month with a seven-day interval between 1. It is one of the ancient land masses of the world
them whereas Northern plains were the most recently
Statement 2 is incorrect: Spring tides occur when the formed land masses.
Earth, Moon, and Sun are aligned, not at right angles to 2. It is formed of alluvial deposits whereas the Northern
each other (which is the case for neap tides). plains are composed of igneous and metamorphic rocks.

19.Project Waterworth, announced by Meta, is Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
aimed at improving global digital connectivity.
(a) 1 only
1. Project Waterworth is an undersea cable project. (b) 2 only
2. It will connect several continents including the (c) Both 1 and 2
United States and India. (d) Neither 1 nor 2
3. The project will use advanced technology to ensure
better data transfer and global connectivity. Answer: (a) 1 only
Explanation:
Which of the following statements is / are correct? Geologically, the Peninsular Plateau constitutes one of
the ancient land masses on the earth’s surface. It was
(a) 1 only supposed to be one of the most stable land blocks. The
(b) 2 only Himalayas and the Northern Plains are the most recent
(c) 3 only landforms. Hence statement (1) is correct.
(d) 1, 2 and 3 From the viewpoint of geology, Himalayan mountains
form an unstable zone. The whole mountain system of
Answer: (d) 1, 2 and 3 Himalaya represents a very youthful topography with
Explanation: high peaks, deep valleys and fast flowing rivers. The
Project Waterworth is a large undersea cable project northern plains are formed of alluvial deposits. The
designed to improve global digital connectivity, peninsular plateau is composed of igneous and
connecting continents such as the United States and metamorphic rocks with gently rising hills and wide
India. valleys. Hence statement (2) is incorrect.
It uses advanced technology to ensure better and faster
data transfer across the globe. Hence statement 1, 2 & 22.With reference to Condensation, consider the
3 are correct. following statements:

20.The Caspian Sea, the world’s largest enclosed 1. It takes place when the moist air comes in contact
inland body of water, is located between which of with some colder object.
the following countries? 2. It is influenced only by temperature and pressure.

(a)Kazakhstan, Russia, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, and Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Iran
(b) Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, and Israel (a) 1 only
(c) Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, Turkey, and Romania (b) 2 only
(d)Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Bhutan (c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: (a) Kazakhstan, Russia, Azerbaijan,
Turkmenistan, and Iran Answer: (a) 1 only
Explanation: Explanation:
The Caspian Sea is the world's largest enclosed or
landlocked body of water, bordered by five countries: The transformation of water vapour into water is called
Kazakhstan, Russia, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, and condensation. Condensation is caused by the loss of
Iran. Despite being called a "sea," it is technically a lake heat. When moist air is cooled, it may reach a level when
due to its lack of connection to the world's oceans. its capacity to hold water vapour ceases. Then, the
Hence option (a) is correct. excess water vapour condenses into liquid form. If it

KMIAS-C- PSLP2024-25/T29 (7 – A)
 directly condenses into solid form, it is known as 24.Consider the following statements regarding the
sublimation. Earth's axis:
In free air, condensation results from cooling around
very small particles termed as hygroscopic 1. The Earth’s axis is tilted at an angle of approximately
condensation nuclei. Particles of dust, smoke and salt 23.5° to the plane of its orbit around the Sun.
from the ocean are particularly good nuclei because 2. The tilt of the Earth's axis is responsible for the
they absorb water. Condensation also takes place when changing seasons.
the moist air comes in contact with some colder object 3. The Earth's axis remains fixed in space, pointing
and it may also take place when the temperature is close towards the same region of the sky throughout the year.
to the dew point. Hence statement (1) is correct.
Condensation, therefore, depends upon the amount of Which of the above statements is/are correct?
cooling and the relative humidity of the air.
Condensation is influenced by the volume of air, (a) 1 and 2 only
temperature, pressure and humidity. Hence statement (b) 2 and 3 only
(2) is incorrect. (c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
23.Consider the following statements with
reference to Waves occurring in oceans and seas: Answer: (d) 1, 2 and 3
Explanation:
1. Waves are actually the energy that moves the water
across the ocean surface. Statement 1 is correct: The Earth’s axis is tilted at an
2. The largest waves are always found in the closed seas. angle of approximately 23.5° relative to the plane of its
3. Tsunami is a series of large tides caused by orbit around the Sun.
earthquakes or undersea volcanic eruptions. Statement 2 is correct: This tilt is responsible for the
changing seasons, as different parts of the Earth receive
Which of the statement(s) given above is/are varying amounts of sunlight throughout the year.
correct? Statement 3 is correct: The Earth's axis points towards
the North Star (Polaris) and remains roughly fixed in
(a) 1 only space, which is why the same regions of the sky are
(b) 1 and 2 only pointed to throughout the year
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 25.Consider the following statements regarding the
Kumaon Himalayas:
Answer: (a) 1 only
Explanation: 1. The Kumaon Himalayas are located in the Indian state
Waves are actually the energy, not the water as such, of Uttarakhand.
which moves across the ocean surface. Water particles 2. The region is known for its glaciers, including the
only travel in a small circle as waves pass. Wind Nanda Devi Glacier and Pindari Glacier.
provides energy to the waves. Wind causes waves to 3. The Kumaon Himalayas are part of the Shivalik Range.
travel in the ocean and the energy is released on
shorelines. The motion of the surface water seldom Which of the above statements is/are correct?
affects the stagnant deep bottom water of the oceans. As
a wave approaches the beach, it slows down. This is due (a) 1 and 2 only
to the friction occurring between the dynamic water (b) 2 and 3 only
and the sea floor. And, when the depth of water is less (c) 1 and 3 only
than half the wavelength of the wave, the wave breaks. (d) 1, 2 and 3
Hence statement (1) is correct.
The largest waves are found in the open oceans. Answer: (a) 1 and 2 only
Waves continue to grow larger as they move and absorb Explanation:
energy from the wind. Hence statement (2) is
incorrect. A tsunami is a series of waves caused by Statement 1 is correct: The Kumaon Himalayas are
earthquakes or undersea volcanic eruptions. Hence located in the Indian state of Uttarakhand, mainly in the
statement (3) is incorrect. Kumaon region.

KMIAS-C- PSLP2024-25/T29 (8 – A)
 Statement 2 is correct: The region is famous for its Which of the above statements is/are correct?
glaciers, including the Nanda Devi Glacier and Pindari
Glacier. (a) 1 and 3 only
Statement 3 is incorrect: The Kumaon Himalayas are (b) 2 and 3 only
part of the Lesser Himalayas, not the Shivalik Range. (c) 1, 2 and 3
The Shivalik Range is a separate range located at the (d) 1 only
foothills of the Himalaya
Answer: (a) 1 and 3 only
26.Consider the following statements regarding the Explanation:
Ghataprabha River:
Statement 1 is correct: The Yamuna River originates
1. The Ghataprabha River originates in the Western from the Yamunotri Glacier in the Uttarkashi district of
Ghats near Mahabaleshwar, Maharashtra. Uttarakhand.
2. It is a right-bank tributary of the Krishna River. Statement 2 is incorrect: The Yamuna is the second-
3. The river is known for the Gokak Falls, located in largest tributary of the Ganga River, not the Indus River.
Belagavi district, Karnataka. Statement 3 is correct: The Yamuna flows through the
4. The Hidkal Dam, built across the Ghataprabha River, states of Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, and Delhi, and finally
serves both hydroelectric and irrigation purposes. joins the Ganga River at Prayagraj.

Which of the above statements are correct? 28.With respect to Himalayas, consider the
following statements:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2, 3, and 4 only 1. The altitudinal variations of Himalayas are greater in
(c) 1, 2, 3, and 4 the eastern half than those in the western half.
(d) None of the above 2. The Himalayas consist of three parallel ranges in its
longitudinal extent.
Answer: (b) 2, 3, and 4 only 3. Himadri range of Himalayas are composed of
Explanation: unconsolidated sediments brought down by rivers from
the main Himalayan ranges located farther north.
Statement 1 is incorrect: The Ghataprabha River
originates near Phatakwadi Lake in the Western Ghats Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
of Maharashtra, not near Mahabaleshwar.
Wikipedia (a) 1 and 3 only
Statement 2 is correct: The Ghataprabha River is a (b) 2 and 3 only
right-bank tributary of the Krishna River, flowing (c) 1 and 2 only
eastward for 283 kilometers before merging with the (d) 2 only
Krishna River at Chikksangam, Karnataka.
Statement 3 is correct: The river is known for the Answer: (c) 1 and 2 only
Gokak Falls, a waterfall located in Belagavi district, Explanation:
Karnataka, where the river descends 53 meters.
Statement 4 is correct: The Hidkal Dam, built across The altitudinal variations are greater in the eastern half
the Ghataprabha River in Belagavi district, serves both than those in the western half. Hence statement (1) is
hydroelectric and irrigation purposes, with a reservoir correct. The Himalaya consists of three parallel ranges
capacity of about 659 million cubic meter in its longitudinal extent. A number of valleys lie
between these ranges. Hence statement (1) is correct.
27.Consider the following statements regarding the The northern most range is known as the Great or Inner
Yamuna River: Himalayas or the ‘Himadri’. The folds of Great
Himalayas are asymmetrical in nature. The core of this
1. The Yamuna River originates from the Yamunotri part of the Himalayas is composed of granite. The range
Glacier in the Uttarkashi district of Uttarakhand. lying to the south of the Himadri forms the most rugged
2. The Yamuna is the second-largest tributary of the mountain system and is known as Himachal or lesser
Indus River system. Himalaya. The ranges are mainly composed of highly
3. The river flows through the states of Haryana, Uttar compressed and altered rocks. The outer most range of
Pradesh, and Delhi before joining the Ganga River at the Himalayas is called the Shiwaliks. They extend over
Prayagraj. a width of 10-50 Km and have an altitude varying

KMIAS-C- PSLP2024-25/T29 (9 – A)
 between 900 and 1100 metres. These ranges are Answer: (c) Both 1 and 2
composed of unconsolidated sediments brought down Explanation:
by rivers from the main Himalayan ranges located The factors which affect the distribution of temperature
farther north. Hence statement (3) is incorrect. of ocean water are latitude, unequal distribution of land
and water, prevailing winds and ocean currents. The
29.Which of the following is/are the ideal enclosed seas in the low latitudes record relatively
conditions for the formation of dew? higher temperature than the open seas; Hence
statement (1) is correct. whereas the enclosed seas in
1. Low relative humidity the high latitudes have lower temperature than the
2. Cold and long nights open seas. Hence statement (2) is correct.
3. The dew point is below the freezing point
31.Consider the following statements regarding
Select the correct answer using the code given Nanda Devi National Park:
below:
1. The park is located in Uttarakhand.
(a) 1 only 2. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
(b) 1 and 2 only 3. The park is home to various wildlife species, including
(c) 2 and 3 only the snow leopard and Himalayan musk deer.
(d) 2 only
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Answer: (d) 2 only
Explanation: (a) 1 and 2 only
After condensation, the water vapour or the moisture in (b) 2 and 3 only
the atmosphere takes one of the following forms — dew, (c) 1, 2 and 3
frost, fog and clouds. Forms of condensation can be (d) 1 only
classified on the basis of temperature and location.
Condensation takes place when the dew point is lower Answer: (c) 1, 2 and 3
than the freezing point as well as higher than the Explanation:
freezing point. Dew When the moisture is deposited in
the form of water droplets on cooler surfaces of solid Statement 1 is correct: The park is located in
objects (rather than nuclei in air above the surface) such Uttarakhand, India.
as stones, grass blades and plant leaves, it is known as Statement 2 is correct: It is a UNESCO World Heritage
dew. The ideal conditions for its formation are clear sky, Site.
calm air, high relative humidity and cold and long Statement 3 is correct: The park is home to various
nights. Hence statement (1) is incorrect and wildlife species, including the snow leopard and
statement (2) is correct. For the formation of dew, it Himalayan musk deer.
is necessary that the dew point is above the freezing
point. Hence statement (3) is incorrect. 32.Consider the following statements regarding the
Nicobar Islands:
30.Consider the following statements with
reference to distribution of temperature of oceans: 1. The Nicobar Islands are part of the Andaman and
Nicobar Islands Union Territory of India.
1. The enclosed seas in the low latitudes record 2. The largest island in the Nicobar group is Car Nicobar.
relatively higher temperatures than the open seas. 3.The Nicobar Islands are home to the indigenous
2. The enclosed seas in the high latitudes have lower Sentinelese tribe, known for their isolation.
temperatures than the open seas.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Which of the statement(s) given above is/are
correct? (a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(a) 1 only (c) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 2 only (d) 1 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 Answer: (a) 1 and 2 only
Explanation:

KMIAS-C- PSLP2024-25/T29 (10 – A)

 Statement 1 is correct: The Nicobar Islands are part of Which of the above statements is/are correct?
the Andaman and Nicobar Islands Union Territory of
India. (a) 1 and 2 only
Statement 2 is correct: The largest island in the (b) 2 and 3 only
Nicobar group is Car Nicobar. (c) 1 and 3 only
Statement 3 is incorrect: The Sentinalese tribe is (d) 1, 2, and 3
found in the Andaman Islands, not the Nicobar Islands.
The Nicobar Islands are home to other indigenous tribes Answer: (a) 1 and 2 only
like the Nicobarese. Explanation:

33.Consider the following statements regarding Statement 1 is correct: The Puga Valley in Ladakh is
heatwaves in India: the site of India's first geothermal power project, being
developed by ONGC. The project aims to generate 1 MW
1. A heatwave is declared when the temperature is 5°C of electricity in its first phase.
above normal for two consecutive days. Statement 2 is correct: Geothermal Core, a US-based
2. The India Meteorological Department (IMD) uses the company, has signed a Letter of Intent to invest ₹820
"Temperature Anomaly" method to forecast heatwaves. crore in geothermal energy production in Uttar
3. Heatwaves are most common in the northwestern Pradesh.
and central parts of India during the pre-monsoon Statement 3 is incorrect: The Puga Valley project aims
season (March to June). to generate 1 MW of electricity in its first phase, not 5
MW.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
35.Consider the following statements regarding the
(a) 1 and 2 only geography and environment of Arunachal Pradesh:
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only 1. Arunachal Pradesh is home to the Dibang Valley,
(d) 1, 2 and 3 which is known for its rich biodiversity and is part of the
Eastern Himalayas biodiversity hotspot.
Answer(c) 1 and 3 only 2. The state is bordered by China, Bhutan, and Nagaland.
Explanation: 3. The Tawang Valley, located in the western part of
Arunachal Pradesh, is known for its Buddhist
Statement 1 is correct: A heatwave is declared when monasteries and is a significant cultural and religious
the maximum temperature is at least 5°C above the site.
normal for two consecutive days in the affected region.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Statement 2 is incorrect: The India Meteorological
Department (IMD) uses the "Threshold Temperature" (a) 1 and 3 only
method, not the "Temperature Anomaly" method, to (b) 2 and 3 only
forecast heatwaves. (c) 1, 2 and 3
Statement 3 is correct: Heatwaves are most common (d) 1 only
in the northwestern and central parts of India,
especially during the pre-monsoon season (March to Answer: (a) 1 and 3 only
June). Explanation:

34.Consider the following statements regarding Statement 1 is correct: Arunachal Pradesh is home to
India's geothermal energy initiatives: Dibang Valley, which lies in the Eastern Himalayas and
is known for its rich biodiversity, including various
1. The Puga Valley in Ladakh is the site of India's first endangered species.
geothermal power project, being developed by ONGC. Statement 2 is incorrect: Arunachal Pradesh is
2. Geothermal Core, a US-based company, has signed a bordered by China, Bhutan, and Assam, not Nagaland.
Letter of Intent to invest ₹820 crore in geothermal Statement 3 is correct: The Tawang Valley is famous
energy production in Uttar Pradesh. for its Buddhist monasteries, particularly the Tawang
3. The Puga Valley project aims to generate 5 MW of Monastery, which is one of the largest in India.
electricity in its first phase.

KMIAS-C- PSLP2024-25/T29 (11 – A)

 36.Kannad Plain in India refers to which of the and least over the continents. Hence statement (3) is
following plains? incorrect.

(a) The northern part of the western coast 38.Which of the following statements(s) is/are
(b) Northern part of Eastern coast correct regarding tidal bulges?
(c) Northern part of Northern plains
(d) The central stretch of Western coast 1. On a given time, only one tidal bulge can occur on the
side of the earth facing the moon.
Answer:(d) The central stretch of Western coast 2. The horizontal tide generating forces are more
Explanation: important than the vertical forces in generating the tidal
The western coast, sandwiched between the Western bulges.
Ghats and the Arabian Sea, is a narrow plain. It consists
of three sections. The northern part of the coast is called Select the correct answer using the code given
the Konkan (Mumbai – Goa), the central stretch is called below:
the Kannad Plain while the southern stretch is referred
to as the Malabar coast. Hence option (d) is the (a) 1 only
correct answer. (b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
37.Consider the following statements regarding (d) Neither 1 nor 2
humidity:
Answer: (b) 2 only
1. Absolute humidity is the actual amount of water Explanation:
vapour present in the atmosphere. The moon’s gravitational pull to a great extent and to a
2. Relative humidity is the percentage of moisture lesser extent the sun’s gravitational pull, are the major
present in the atmosphere as compared to its full causes for the occurrence of tides. Another factor is
capacity at a given temperature. centrifugal force, which is the force that acts to
3. Relative humidity is greater over the continents and counterbalance the gravity. Together, the gravitational
lesser over the oceans. pull and centrifugal force are responsible for creating
the two major tidal bulges on the earth. Hence
Which of the above statements is/are correct? statement (1) is incorrect.
On the surface of the earth, the horizontal tide
(a) 1 and 2 only generating forces are more important than the vertical
(b) 2 and 3 only forces in generating the tidal bulges. Hence statement
(c) 1 only (2) is correct.
(d) 2 only
39.Consider the following statements regarding the
Answer: (a) 1 and 2 only India State of Forest Report (ISFR) 2023:
Explanation:
Water vapour present in the air is known as humidity. It 1. India's total forest and tree cover stands at 25.17% of
is expressed quantitatively in different ways. The actual the country's geographical area.
amount of water vapour present in the atmosphere is 2. The total mangrove cover in India is approximately
known as the absolute humidity. It is the weight of 4,992 sq km, with Gujarat experiencing a decrease in
water vapour per unit volume of air and is expressed in mangrove cover.
terms of grams per cubic metre. The ability of the air to 3.The bamboo bearing area in India has increased by
hold water vapour depends entirely on its temperature. 5,227 sq km compared to the previous assessment.
The absolute humidity differs from place to place on the
surface of the earth. Hence statement (1) is correct. Which of the above statements is/are correct?
• The percentage of moisture present in the
atmosphere as compared to its full capacity at a given (a) 1 and 2 only
temperature is known as the relative humidity. Hence (b) 2 and 3 only
statement (2) is correct. (c) 1, 2 and 3
With the change of air temperature, the capacity to (d) 1 only
retain moisture increases or decreases and the relative
humidity is also affected. It is greater over the oceans Answer: (c) 1, 2 and 3

KMIAS-C- PSLP2024-25/T29 (12 – A)

 Explanation: Answer: (a) 1 and 2 only
Explanation:
Statement 1 is correct: India's total forest and tree
cover is 25.17% of the country's geographical area. Statement 1 is correct: Atmospheric rivers carry large
Statement 2 is correct: The total mangrove cover in amounts of water vapor through the atmosphere.
India is approximately 4,992 sq km, with Gujarat Statement 2 is correct: When they hit land, they can
experiencing a decrease in mangrove cover. release intense rain and cause floods.
Statement 3 is correct: The bamboo bearing area in Statement 3 is incorrect: They occur in both
India has increased by 5,227 sq km compared to the temperate and tropical regions, especially over oceans.
previous assessment.
42.Consider the following statements about cold
40.Consider the following statements about lava flows (lahars):
cyclones:
1. Cold lava, or lahar, is a mixture of volcanic ash, rocks,
1. Cyclones are low-pressure systems with winds and water.
spiraling inward. 2. Lahars can occur even after a volcanic eruption,
2. In the Northern Hemisphere, cyclones rotate especially during heavy rainfall.
clockwise. 3. Lahars are always hot and move slowly.
3. Tropical cyclones form over warm ocean waters near
the equator. Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Which of the above statements is/are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 2 and 3 only
(a) 1 and 2 only (c) 1 and 3 only
(b) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 Answer: (a) 1 and 2 only
Explanation:
Answer: (b) 1 and 3 only
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct: Lahars are fast-moving
mudflows made of volcanic materials and water.
Statement 1 is correct: Cyclones form around low- Statement 2 is correct: They can occur long after
pressure centers with inward spiraling winds. eruptions, especially due to rain.
Statement 2 is incorrect: In the Northern Hemisphere, Statement 3 is incorrect: Lahars can be cold and move
cyclones rotate counterclockwise (and clockwise in the rapidly, not always slow or hot.
Southern Hemisphere).
Statement 3 is correct: Tropical cyclones need warm 43.Consider the following statements about the
ocean waters to develop. Brahmaputra River:

41.Consider the following statements about 1. It originates in Tibet and enters India through
Atmospheric Rivers: Arunachal Pradesh.
2. In Bangladesh, it is known as the Jamuna River.
1. They are narrow bands of moisture-laden air in the 3. The Brahmaputra flows through the Indian states of
atmosphere. Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, and West Bengal.
2. Atmospheric rivers can bring heavy rainfall and
flooding when they reach land. Which of the above statements is/are correct?
3. They are commonly found only in tropical regions.
(a) 1 and 2 only
Which of the above statements is/are correct? (b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(a) 1 and 2 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only Answer: (a) 1 and 2 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

KMIAS-C- PSLP2024-25/T29 (13 – A)

 Explanation: waves arrive at the surface with some time lag. These
are called secondary waves. Hence statement (1) is
Statement 1 is correct: It originates as Tsangpo in incorrect.
Tibet and enters India via Arunachal Pradesh. An important fact about S-waves is that they can only
Statement 2 is correct: In Bangladesh, it's called the travel through solid materials. This characteristic of the
Jamuna River. S-waves is quite important. It has helped scientists to
Statement 3 is incorrect: It does not flow through understand the structure of the interior of the earth.
West Bengal. This characteristic of the S-waves is quite important. It
has helped scientists to understand the structure of the
44.Consider the following statements about Crimea: interior of the earth. Hence statement (2) is incorrect.

1. Crimea is located on the northern coast of the Black 46.With respect to the inversion of temperature,
Sea. consider the following:
2. It was part of Ukraine before being annexed by Russia
in 2014. 1. Long winter nights
3. Crimea shares a land border with Poland. 2. Cloudy sky
3. Snow-covered ground
Which of the above statements is/are correct? 4. Formation of fronts
5. Mountain wind
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only Which of the above conditions are responsible for
(c) 1 and 3 only the inversion of temperature?
(d) 1, 2 and 3
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only
Answer: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2, 3 and 4 only
Explanation: (c) 1, 3, 4 and 5 only
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
Statement 1 is correct: Crimea lies along the Black Sea.
Statement 2 is correct: Russia annexed Crimea from Answer: (c) 1, 3, 4 and 5 only
Ukraine in 2014. Explanation:
Statement 3 is incorrect: Crimea does not border The condition at which the temperature increases with
Poland. altitude is called ‘inversion of temperature’. In this
condition, warm air lies over cold air. The conditions for
45.Consider the following statements, with respect inversion of temperature are:
to primary and secondary waves:
Long winter nights: The bottom layer of the
1. Secondary waves can move faster and are the first to atmosphere in contact with the ground is cooled and the
arrive at the surface. upper layer remains relatively warm.
2. Primary waves help scientists to understand the Cloudless sky: The higher amount of terrestrial
structure of the interior of the earth. radiation reaches the higher altitude which leads to a
lower temperature at a low level due to clear sky
Which of the above statements is/are correct? Dry air near the surface: the dry air absorbs less
terrestrial radiation and allows them to escape into
(a) 1 only space.
(b) 2 only Snow-covered ground: During the night, due to
(c) Both and 2 terrestrial radiation and higher albedo, most of the heat
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 is lost to the atmosphere and the surface is cooled.
Formation of fronts: the movement of warm air over
Answer: (d) Neither 1 nor 2 the cold air during the formation of the various fronts
Explanation: leads to inversion conditions.
There are two types of body waves. They are called P Mountain wind: The subsidence of cold mountain wind
and S-waves. P-waves move faster and are the first to in the early morning leads to the displacement of warm
arrive at the surface. These are also called ‘primary air from the valley to a higher altitude. This type of
waves’. The P-waves are similar to sound waves. They inversion is called ‘valley inversion’. Hence option(c)
travel through gaseous, liquid and solid materials. S- is correct.

KMIAS-C- PSLP2024-25/T29 (14 – A)

 47.Ocean currents occur in the oceans and seas due 49.Consider the following statements about Israel:
to which of the following?
1. The Negev Desert is located in southern Israel.
1. Heating by solar energy 2. The Dead Sea, shared by Israel, is shrinking over time.
2. Wind 3. Tel Aviv has a Mediterranean climate.
3. Gravity
4. Precipitation Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Select the correct answer using the code given (a) 1 and 2 only
below: (b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(a) 2, 3 and 4 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 1, 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only Answer: (d) 1, 2 and 3
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 Explanation:

Answer: (b) 1, 2 and 3 only Negev Desert is in the south of Israel.

Explanation: The Dead Sea is shrinking due to water diversion and
The primary forces that influence the currents are: (i) mining.
heating by solar energy; (ii) wind; (iii) gravity; (iv) Tel Aviv has a Mediterranean climate (hot dry summers,
Coriolis force mild wet winters).
Heating by solar energy causes the water to expand.
50.Which of the following adaptations by living
That is why, near the equator the ocean water is about
organisms you are likely to witness in desert
8 cm higher in level than in the middle latitudes. This
vegetation?
causes a very slight gradient and water tends to flow
down the slope. Hence statement (1) is correct. Wind
1. Animals exhibiting nocturnal behaviour
blowing on the surface of the ocean pushes the water to
2. Absence of leaves in plants growing in deserts
move. Friction between the wind and the water surface
3. Plants having a thick waxy stem
affects the movement of the water body in its course.
Hence statement (2) is correct.
Choose the best answer form the codes given below
Gravity tends to pull the water down the pile and create
gradient variation. Hence statement (3) is correct.
(a) 2 and 3 only
The Coriolis force intervenes and causes the water to
(b) 1 only
move to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the
(c) 1 and 2 only
left in the southern hemisphere.
(d) 1,2 and 3 only
Precipitation is not a primary force to influence the
ocean current. Hence statement (4) is incorrect.
Answer:(d) 1,2 and 3 only
48.Which of the following countries borders the Explanation:
Baltic Sea? There are desert animals like rats and snakes, which do
not have long legs that a camel has. To stay away from
1. Sweden the intense heat during the day, they stay in burrows
2. Germany deep in the sand. These animals come out only during
3. Poland the night, when it is cooler. Hence statement (1) is
correct.
Which of the following given above is/are correct? Desert plants lose very little water through
transpiration. The leaves in desert plants are either
(a) 1 only
absent, very small, or they are in the form of spines.
(b) 1 and 2 only
This helps in reducing loss of water from the leaves
(c) 2 and 3 only
through transpiration.The leaf-like structure you see in
(d) 1, 2 and 3
a cactus is, in fact, its stem. Photosynthesis in these
plants is usually carried out by the stems. Hence
Answer: (d) 1, 2 and 3
statement (2) is correct.
Explanation:
All three countries — Sweden, Germany, and Poland —
have coastlines along the Baltic Sea.

KMIAS-C- PSLP2024-25/T29 (15 – A)

 Stem is also covered with a thick waxy layer which softwood evergreen trees. The wood of these trees is
helps to retain water in the tissues of cacti. Most desert very useful for making pulp, which is used for
plants have roots that go very deep into the soil for manufacturing paper and newsprint. Match boxes and
absorbing water. Hence statement (3) is correct. packing boxes are also made from softwood. Chir, pine,
cedar are the important variety of trees in these forests.
51.The terms, Horns and Serrated Ridges are These trees are normally cone shaped and have
associated with sloping branches. The leaves of some of these trees
are needle-like. This helps the rainwater and snow
(a) Erosional landforms of glaciers to slide off easily. Silver fox, mink, polar bears are the
(b) Depositional landforms of groundwater common animals found here. They have thick skin or fur
(c) Erosional landforms of groundwater to protect them from the cold.
(d) Depositional landforms of glaciers
54.With reference to river Yamuna, consider the
Answer: (a) Erosional landforms of glaciers following statements:
Explanation: 1. The source of River Yamuna is the same as that of
Erosional landforms of glaciers - Cirque, Horns and Ganga but it flows through Delhi.
Serrated Ridges, Glacial Valleys/Troughs. Hence 2. River Tons which originate in Uttarakhand is a major
option(a) is correct. tributary of Yamuna.
Depositional landforms of glaciers - Moraines, Eskers, 3. River Yamuna merges with Ganga in the state of
Outwash Plains, Drumlins. Bihar.

52.Which of the following ocean currents is not a Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
warm ocean current?
(a) 1 and 3 only
(a) Gulf stream (b) 2 only
(b) North Atlantic drift (c) 2 and 3 only
(c) Californian current (d) 1,2 and 3
(d) Kuroshio current
Answer:(b) 2 only
Answer: (c) Californian current Explanation:
Explanation: Originating from the Yamunotri Glacier at a height of
Cool Californian Current runs along the coasts of the 6,387 metres (20,955 ft) on the southwestern slopes of
western U.S.A. and coalesces with the North Equatorial Banderpooch peaks of the Lower Himalaya in
Current to complete the clockwise circulation in the Uttarakhand. Ganga rises at the foot of Gangotri
Pacific Ocean. Hence option (c) is correct. Glacier, at Gomukh, Uttarakhand. Hence statement
53.Which of the following forests best suits the (1) is incorrect.
above description? The main source River Tons is Ruinsara snout , located
below Dhum Dhar kandi ridge which leads to Kalanag
1. The wood of these trees is very useful for and Bandarpoonch, uttarakhand. The Tons is the largest
manufacturing paper and newsprint tributary of the Yamuna and flows through Garhwal
2. The leaves of some of these trees are needle-like region in Uttarakhand. Hence statement (2) is correct.
3. They are seen in higher altitudes with tall, softwood It merges with the Ganges at Triveni Sangam, Prayagraj
evergreen trees (Allahabad),Uttar Pradesh. Hence statement (3) is
incorrect.
(a) Tropical rainforest
(b) Tropical Deciduous forests 55.Consider the following pairs:
(c) Coniferous forests
(d) Temperate deciduous forests City Rivers flowing through the city

1. Hyderabad Tungabhadra
Answer:(c) Coniferous forests
Explanation: 2. Chennai Palar
In the higher latitudes (50° – 70°) of Northern
3. Mumbai Ulhas
hemisphere the spectacular Coniferous forests are
found. These are also called as Taiga. These forests are
also seen in the higher altitudes. They are tall,

KMIAS-C- PSLP2024-25/T29 (16 – A)

 Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly Indian subcontinent includes the countries — Pakistan,
matched? Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and India. Hence
statement (3) is incorrect.
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2 and 3 only 57.Consider the following statements with
(c) 1 only reference to Black soils:
(d) 3 only
1. Black soils are difficult to plough because of their
Answer:(d) 3 only impermeable nature.
Explanation: 2. Crops like cotton, tobacco and maize grow well in it.
Hyderabad is located along the banks of the Musi River 3. Black soil is very deep in the upper reaches of the
on the Deccan Plateau in the northern part of South Godavari and Krishna.
India. Hence pair 1 is incorrect.
Two major rivers flow through Chennai, the Cooum Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
River through the centre and the Adyar River to the
south. A third river, the Kortalaiyar, travels through (a) 1 only
the northern fringes of the city before draining into the (b) 2 and 3 only
Bay of Bengal, at Ennore. Palar is a river of southern (c) 1 and 2 only
India reaching its confluence into the Bay of Bengal at (d) 1 and 3 only
Vayalur about 100 kilometres south of Chennai. Hence
Answer: (b) 2 and 3 only
pair 2 is incorrect.
Explanation:
Mumbai lies at the mouth of the Ulhas River on the
The black soils are generally clayey, deep and
western coast of India. Hence pair 3 is correct.
impermeable. They swell and become sticky when wet
56.Consider the following statements: and shrink when dried. So, during the dry season, these
soil develop wide cracks. Thus, there occurs a kind of
1. China after Bangladesh shares the longest land ‘self ploughing’. Because of this character of slow
frontier with India. absorption and loss of moisture, the black soil retains
2. The land frontier of India is half the length of the the moisture for a very long time, which helps the crops,
coastal borders of India. especially, the rain fed ones, to sustain even during the
3. The Indian subcontinent includes the countries dry season. Hence statement (1) is incorrect.
Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh. Black soil is rich in calcium, potassium and magnesium
but has poor nitrogen content. Crops like cotton,
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? tobacco, chilly, oil seeds, jowar, ragi and maize grow
well in it. Hence statement (2) is correct.
(a) 1 only
In the upper reaches of the Godavari and Krishna, and
(b) 1 and 2 only
the north western part of the Deccan Plateau, the black
(c) 2 and 3 only
soil is very deep. Hence statement (3) is correct.
(d) 3 only
58.Which one of the following pairs of islands is
Answer:(a) 1 only separated from each other by the 'Eight Degree
Explanation: Channel'?
Land borders of India
• Bangladesh 4,096.7kms (a) Andaman and Nicobar
China 3,488kms (b) Nicobar and Sumatra
• Pakistan 3,323kms (c) Maldives and Lakshadweep
• Nepal 1,751kms (d) Sumatra and Java
• Myanmar 1,643kms
Answer: (c) Maldives and Lakshadweep
• Bhutan 699kms
Explanation:
• Afghanistan 106kms.
8 Degree Channel ( 8 degrees north latitude) separates
Hence statement (1) is correct.
islands of Minicoy (Lakshadweep) and Maldives. Hence
India has 15,106.7 Km of land border and a
option (c) is the correct answer.
coastline of 7,516.6 Km including island territories.
Hence statement (2) is incorrect.

KMIAS-C- PSLP2024-25/T29 (17 – A)

 59.Which of the following is geographically closest 61.Which of the following factors affect the pattern
to Lakshadweep Islands? of planetary winds?

(a) Maldives 1. Emergence of pressure belts

(b) Kochi 2. Migration of belts following the apparent path of the
(c) Thiruvananthapuram sun
(d) Sri Lanka 3. Longitudinal variation of atmospheric heating
4. Distribution of continents and oceans
Answer:(b) Kochi
5. Rotation of earth
Explanation:
Distance from Lakshadweep to Thiruvananthapuram-
Select the correct answer using the code given
497 km
below:
Distance from Minicoy Island to Maldives -564 km
Distance from Lakshadweep to Sri Lanka- 918 km
(a) 1 and 5 only
Distance from Lakshadweep to Kochi- 385 km.
(b) 1, 2, 4 and 5 only
Hence option (b) is the correct answer.
(c) 2, 3 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
60.Consider the following sources:

Answer: (b) 1, 2, 4 and 5 Only

1. Seismic activity
Explanation:
2. Deep drilling projects
General Circulation of the Atmosphere:
3. Gravitation
The pattern of planetary winds largely depends on:
4. Volcanic eruption
• Latitudinal variation of atmospheric heating

• The emergence of pressure belts

Which of the above sources is comes under the
• The migration of belts following the apparent path of
direct sources to find the earth interior?
the sun
• The distribution of continents and oceans
(a) 1,2 and 3 only
• The rotation of the earth
(b) 2 and 4 only
It is the latitudinal variation of atmospheric heating that
(c) 1 and 4 only
affects the pattern of planetary winds. Hence option
(d) 1,2 and 4 only
(b) is correct
Answer :(b) 2 and 4 only
62.Consider the following statements reef systems:
Explanation:
Direct sources-The most easily available solid earth
1. A reef is predominantly an organic deposit made only
material is surface rock or the rocks we get from mining
by living organisms.
areas. Scientists world over are working on two major
2. The largest reef in the world is the Queensland coast
projects such as “Deep Ocean Drilling Project” and
of Australia.
“Integrated Ocean Drilling Project”. The deepest drill at
3. They are generally helpful for navigation.
Kola, in the Arctic Ocean, has so far reached a depth of
12 km. This and many deep drilling projects have
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
provided a large volume of information through the
analysis of materials collected at different depths.
(a) 1 and 2 only
Volcanic eruption forms another source of obtaining
(b) 2 only
direct information. As and when the molten material
(c) 1 and 3 only
(magma) is thrown onto the surface of the earth, during
(d) 1, 2 and 3
volcanic eruption it becomes available for laboratory
analysis. However, it is difficult to ascertain the depth of
Answer: (b) 2 only
the source of such magma. Indirect sources are the
Explanation:
meteors that at times reach the earth, gravitation,
Reef:
magnetic field, and seismic activity. Hence option (b)
• A reef is a predominantly organic deposit made by
is correct.
living or dead organisms that forms a mound or rocky
elevation like a ridge. Hence statement (1) is
incorrect.

KMIAS-C- PSLP2024-25/T29 (18 – A)

 • Coral reefs are a characteristic feature of the Pacific Answer: (d) Olivine
Ocean where they are associated with seamounts and Explanation:
guyots. ● Olivine is well-known for its characteristic green
• The largest reef in the world is found off the color, often olive-green.
Queensland coast of Australia. Hence statement (2) ● Olivine is a common mineral in mafic and
is correct. ultramafic igneous rocks, like basalt and peridotite.
Since the reefs may extend above the surface, they are ● Magnesium, iron, and silica are its major elements.
generally dangerous for navigation. Hence Olivine belongs to the nesosilicate group, and its general
statement (3) is incorrect. formula is (Mg,Fe)_2SiO_4

63.Consider the following statements with 65. Which of the following statements with
reference to Secondary waves (S-Waves generated reference to Surface inversion of temperature
during an earthquake: is/are correct?

1. They create troughs and crests in the material 1. It causes instability in the lower layers of the
through which they pass. atmosphere.
2. The direction of vibrations of S-waves is 2. This inversion commonly lasts for a few hours until
perpendicular to the wave direction in the vertical the Sun comes up.
plane.
Select the answer using the code given below:
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only
(b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: (b) 2 only
Answer: (c) Both 1 and 2 Explanation:
Explanation: ● Surface temperature inversion actually causes
● S-waves are a type of transverse wave, meaning stability in the lower layers of the atmosphere. During
that the particles of the medium move perpendicular to an inversion, a layer of warmer air sits above cooler air
the direction of wave propagation. This motion creates near the surface, which suppresses vertical mixing. This
alternating troughs and crests, similar to waves on a stable condition traps pollutants and can lead to smog
rope or water surface. Hence statement 1 is correct in urban areas. Hence statement 1 is incorrect
S-waves are transverse waves, and their vibrations are ● Surface inversions often form during the night
perpendicular to the direction of wave travel. If the when the ground cools rapidly, especially under clear
wave is moving horizontally, the vibrations occur in a skies and calm winds. They usually break after sunrise
vertical plane (or vice versa), depending on the medium as the Sun heats the surface, restoring normal
and source. Hence statement 2 is correct temperature lapse rates.Hence statement 2 is correct

64. Identify the Mineral on the basis of the following 66. Identify the cloud on the basis of the following
characteristics relating to it: characteristics relating to it:

I. It is usually a greenish crystal. I. They look like cotton wool.

II. It is often found in basaltic rocks. II. They exist in patches and have flat base.
III. Magnesium, iron and silica are its major elements. III. They are generally formed at a height of 4 to 7 km.

Select the answer using the code given below : Select the answer using the code given below :

(a) Amphibolite (a) Cirrus

(b) Feldspar (b) Cumulus
(c) Pyroxene (c) Nimbus
(d) Olivine (d) Stratus

Answer: (b) Cumulus

KMIAS-C- PSLP2024-25/T29 (19 – A)

 Explanation: 68. Which one among the following Biosphere
Cirrus Clouds Reserves is spread over three states in India?
● Cirrus clouds are formed at high altitudes (8,000 –
12,000m). They are thin and detached clouds having a (a) Dehang Debang
feathery appearance. They are always white in colour. (b) Nilgiris
Cumulus Clouds (c) Nokrek
● Cumulus clouds look like cotton wool. They are (d) Seshachalam
generally formed at a height of 4,000 -7,000 m. They
exist in patches and can be seen scattered here and Answer: (b) Nilgiris
there. They have a flat base. Hence option (b) is Explanation:
correct Nilgiris Biosphere Reserve
Stratus Clouds ● Spread over three states: Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and
● As their name implies, these are layered clouds Karnataka
covering large portions of the sky. ● It was the first biosphere reserve in India,
● These clouds are generally formed either due to established in 1986. Hence option (b) is correct.
loss of heat or the mixing of air masses with different Includes protected areas like:
temperatures. 1. Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary (Tamil Nadu)
Nimbus Clouds 2. Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary (Kerala)
● Nimbus clouds are black or dark gray. They form at 3. Bandipur National Park (Karnataka)
middle levels or very near to the surface of the earth. 4. Silent Valley (Kerala)
● These are extremely dense and opaque to the rays
of the sun. 69.River Danube does not flow through which one
● Sometimes, the clouds are so low that they seem to of the following capital cities in Europe?
touch the ground.
● Nimbus clouds are shapeless masses of thick (a) Belgrade
vapour. (b) Budapest
(c) Prague
67. Identify the type of climate on the basis of the (d) Vienna
following characteristics relating to it:
Answer: (c) Prague
I. Temperature is high throughout the year. Explanation:
II. Rainfall is variable with a short wet season and a The Danube River is the second-longest river in
longer dry season Europe, flowing through multiple countries and four
III. Climate of Sudan and Paraguay is an example of this capital cities:
climate type 1. Vienna –Capital of Austria
2. Bratislava –Capital of Slovakia
Select the answer using the code given below: 3. Budapest –Capital of Hungary
4. Belgrade –Capital of Serbia
(a) Sub-tropical steppe climate
(b) Mid-latitude steppe About Prague
(c) Tropical monsoon climate ● Prague is the capital of Czech Republic. Hence
(d) Tropical wet and dry climate option (c) is not correct.
● It is not located on the Danube River.
Answer: (d) Tropical wet and dry climate ● It lies on the Vltava River
Explanation:
About Tropical wet and dry climate 70. Which one among the following is home to the
● It is confined within the tropics and is best endangered mountain gorillas in Africa?
developed in Sudan, hence its name the Sudan Climate.
● It is a transitional type of climate found between (a) Mount Kenya
the equatorial rainforests and hot deserts. (b) Mount Kilimanjaro
● Both Sudan (Africa) and Paraguay (South America) (c) Ngorongoro Crater
fall under the tropical wet and dry (savanna) climate (d) Virunga Mountains
category. Hence option (d) is correct.
Answer: (d) Virunga Mountains
Explanation:

KMIAS-C- PSLP2024-25/T29 (20 – A)

 Virunga Mountains: ● The Gomal River originates from the Sulaiman
● A volcanic mountain range located along the Mountains, not the Himalayas. Hence option (b) is
borders of Rwanda, Uganda, and the Democratic correct.
Republic of the Congo (DRC). ● The Gilgit, Hunza, and Zaskar rivers, on the other
● It is one of the last remaining habitats of the hand, originate in the Himalayas or its adjoining
endangered mountain gorillas. regions.
● Protected areas here include:
○ Volcanoes National Park (Rwanda) 73. Which of the following statements with
○ Mgahinga Gorilla National Park (Uganda) reference to saline soil in India is/are correct?
○ Virunga National Park (DRC). Hence option (d)
is correct. 1. They are rich in nitrogen.
2. They occur in arid and semi-arid regions, and in
71. What is the correct sequence of the following waterlogged and swampy areas.
mountain ranges as one moves from North towards
South? Select the answer using the code given below:

1. Karakoram (a) 1 only

2. Kunlun (b) 2 only
3. Ladakh (c) Both 1 and 2
4. Zaskar (d) Neither 1 nor 2

Select the answer using the code given below : Answer: (b) 2 only
Explanation:
(a) 1, 2, 3, 4 ● Saline soils are characterized by a deficiency in
(b) 1, 2, 4, 3 nitrogen and calcium, making them infertile and
(c) 2, 1, 4, 3 unsuitable for most crops. Hence statement 1 is
(d) 2, 1, 3, 4 incorrect
● Saline soils, also known as Usara soils, are
Answer: (d) 2, 1, 3, 4 commonly found in arid and semi-arid regions, as
Explanation: well as in waterlogged and swampy areas. Hence
statement 2 is correct
● Their formation is influenced by factors such as dry
climate, poor drainage, and capillary action that brings
salts to the soil surface.

74. As per the Annual Report 2023 24 of the

Ministry of Mines, Government of India, which of the
following are the major bauxite producing states in
India?

(a) Odisha and Madhya Pradesh

(b) Odisha and Jharkhand
(c) Jharkhand and Madhya Pradesh
72. Which one among the following tributaries of (d) Jharkhand and Karnataka
the Indus River does not originate in the Himalayas?
Answer: (b) Odisha and Jharkhand
(a) Gilgit Explanation:
(b) Gomal As per the Annual Report 2023–24 of the Ministry of
(c) Hunza Mines, Government of India, the major bauxite-
(d) Zaskar producing states in India are:
● Odisha: The largest producer of bauxite in India.
Answer: (b) Gomal ● Gujarat: A significant contributor to bauxite
Explanation: production.
● Jharkhand: Also plays a key role in bauxite
production

KMIAS-C- PSLP2024-25/T29 (21 – A)

 75. Consider the following statements: ● Troposphere: The temperature generally
decreases with height in this layer, which is where most
It is an extremely cold wind laden with dry snow. This weather phenomena occur.
wind has sub-freezing temperature and carries ● Mesosphere: The temperature decreases with
abundant supply of ice crystals and snow. height in the mesosphere, as it is the coldest layer of the
atmosphere.
The statements are related to
77. Which one of the following heat transfers is an
(a) Harmattan example of convection?
(b) Tramontane
(c) Chinook (a) Heating of food in a microwave oven
(d) Blizzard (b) Boiling water in a pot on a gas stove
(c) Feeling the warmth in sun
Answer: (d) Blizzard (d) Heating a brass rod at one end and observing the
Explanation: temperature rise at the other end

Blizzard Answer: (b) Boiling water in a pot on a gas stove

● Blizzard is a violent stormy cold and powdery polar Explanation:
wind laden with dry snow and is prevalent in north and
south Polar Regions, Siberia, Canada and the USA. ● Convection involves the transfer of heat through
● The visibility becomes remarkably low because of the movement of fluids (liquids or gases).
snow and ice crystals. The velocity ranges between 80- ● In boiling water, hot water rises and cooler water
96 km an hour. sinks, creating a convection current that distributes
● The arrival of these winds causes sudden drop in heat.
air temperature to subfreezing level, thick cover of Let's briefly break down the other options:
snow on the ground surface and onset of cold waves. ● Heating food in a microwave oven – this is
● These winds reach the southern states of the USA primarily radiation (microwaves excite water
because of the absence of any east-west mountain molecules).
barrier. ● Feeling the warmth in sun – this is radiation
● They are called ‘norther’ in the southern USA and (infrared rays from the sun).
‘burran’ in Siberia. ● Heating a brass rod at one end – this is
conduction (heat moves through the solid metal).
76. In which among the following atmospheric
layers, the temperature increases with height? 78. Which of the following states is/are part of the
Ganga Basin?
(a) Mesosphere and Thermosphere
(b) Stratosphere and Mesosphere 1. Chhattisgarh
(c) Stratosphere and Thermosphere 2. Himachal Pradesh
(d) Troposphere and Mesosphere 3. Rajasthan

Answer: (c) Stratosphere and Thermosphere Select the answer using the code given below:
Explanation:
● Stratosphere: In this layer, the temperature (a) 1 only
increases with height due to the absorption of (b) 1 and 2 only
ultraviolet (UV) radiation by the ozone layer. This (c) 2 and 3 only
causes the upper part of the stratosphere to be warmer (d) 1, 2 and 3
than the lower part.
● Thermosphere: In the thermosphere, the Answer: (d) 1, 2 & 3
temperature also increases with height. As high-energy Explanation:
solar radiation is absorbed by the few particles present All three states — Chhattisgarh, Himachal Pradesh, and
in this layer, the temperature can rise to extremely high Rajasthan — have areas that are part of the Ganga Basin.
levels. • Chhattisgarh: The northern part of Chhattisgarh,

The other layers are characterized by a decrease in especially near the Son River, is part of the Ganga Basin.
temperature with height: • Himachal Pradesh: The upper reaches of the Yamuna

River, a tributary of the Ganga, originate here.

KMIAS-C- PSLP2024-25/T29 (22 – A)

 • Rajasthan: The eastern part of Rajasthan (e.g., areas December 21:
around Bharatpur and Dholpur) drains into the Ganga • Northern Hemisphere: Winter solstice (shortest day)

Basin via the Yamuna and Chambal rivers. • Southern Hemisphere: Summer solstice (longest day)

79. Which of the following statements regarding 81.With respect to National Crisis Management
River Rhine is/are correct? Committee (NCMC), consider the following
statements
1. Rhine River is an important pathway for industrial
activity in northern Germany. 1. It will function as the nodal body for dealing with
2. Port of Rotterdam is located at the mouth of the Rhine major disasters with serious or national ramifications.
River. 2. The Union Minister of Home Affairs will serve as the
chairperson of NCMC.
Select the answer using the code given below:
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only (a) 1 only
(c) Both 1 and 2 (b) 2 only
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 (c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: (c) Both 1 and 2
Explanation: Answer a) 1 only
• The Rhine River is one of the most important Explanation:
waterways in Europe and supports major industrial The Disaster Management (Amendment) act, 2024
hubs in Germany, including areas in northern and provides statutory status to existing bodies such as the
western parts like the Ruhr region, which is heavily National Crisis Management Committee (NCMC) and
industrialized. the High Level Committee (HLC). The NCMC will
• The Port of Rotterdam, in the Netherlands, is located function as the nodal body for dealing with major
at the Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt delta and serves as the main disasters with serious or national ramifications. Hence
outlet for the Rhine River into the North Sea. statement 1 is correct
The Cabinet Secretary will serve as the chairperson of
80. Which one of the following statements about the NCMC. Hence statement 2 is incorrect
solstices, an event that occurs when the Sun appears The HLC will provide financial assistance to state
to reach most northerly or southerly, is correct? governments during disasters. It will approve financial
assistance from the National Disaster Mitigation Fund.
(a) The winter solstice takes place on June 21 in both the Minister of the department with administrative control
northern and southern hemispheres over disaster management will serve as chairperson of
(b) The winter solstice takes place on December 21 in the HLC.
both the northern and southern hemispheres
(c) The summer solstice occurs in northern hemisphere 82.Which of the following statements is correct
on June 21 and on December 21 in southern hemisphere regarding Planetary boundaries?
(d) The summer solstice occurs in northern hemisphere
on December 21 and on June 21 in southern hemisphere (a) It is outermost layer of Earth's atmosphere
(b) It is the atmospheric boundary layer of the earth
Answer: (c) The summer solstice occurs in northern where life sustains
hemisphere on June 21 and on December 21 in southern (c) It is the scientifically defined limits for human
hemisphere activities on Earth
Explanation: (d) It is a series of regions where the Sun's influence
Solstices occur when the Sun is at its greatest distance gradually transitions into interstellar space
from the celestial equator, marking the longest day
(summer solstice) or the shortest day (winter solstice) Answer (c) It is the scientifically defined limits for
of the year. human activities on Earth
June 21: Explanation
• Northern Hemisphere: Summer solstice (longest day)

• Southern Hemisphere: Winter solstice (shortest day) Planetary boundaries are scientifically defined limits
for human activities on Earth, representing the safe

KMIAS-C- PSLP2024-25/T29 (23 – A)

 operating space to avoid destabilizing the Earth system. Which of the above statements is/are correct?
These boundaries are crucial for maintaining a stable
and resilient planet, preventing irreversible (a) 1 and 2 only
environmental changes and ensuring a sustainable (b) 2 and 3 only
future. Human activities that exceed these boundaries (c) 1 and 3 only
can disrupt the Earth's natural self-regulation (d) 1, 2 and 3
processes, potentially leading to cascading negative
consequences. Hence option c is correct Answer (c) 1 and 3 only
Explanation
83.Consider the following statements Habitat Rights was introduced under the Scheduled
Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers
Statement I: Methylocucumis are fungi that can oxidize (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 also known as
methane produced in anaerobic environments. the Forest Rights Act (FRA). Hence statement 1 is
Statement II: It helps in tackling Global Warming by correct
reducing methane concentration in soil and FRA defines ‘habitat’ as the ‘area comprising the
atmosphere. customary habitat and such other habitats in reserved
and protected forests of primitive tribal groups and pre-
Which one of the following is correct in respect of agricultural communities, and other forest dwelling
the above statements? STs’. Hence statement 2 is incorrect & 3 is correct.
Habitat Rights are accorded after a sequence of
(a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and consultation with the community members, traditional
Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I leaders, women leaders, district and forest
(b) Both Statement-l and Statement-II are correct and administration, etc.
Statement-II is not the correct explanation for
Statement-I 85.Consider the following statements
(c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect
(d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct 1. Air Quality Management Exchange Platform (AQMx)
is launched by G20
Answer (d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement- 2. AQMx is a one-stop-shop that provides the latest air
II is correct quality management guidance.
Explanation 3. It is proposed to meet WHO Air Quality Guidelines
Methanotrophs (Methylocucumis /Methane-utilizing interim targets
bacteria) - These bacteria oxidize methane and build up
their biomass. Wetlands, rice fields, ponds and other Which of the above statements is/are correct?
water bodies are habitats of Methanotrophs These
bacteria can oxidize methane produced in anaerobic (a) 1 and 2 only
environments. When oxygen is present in soils, (b) 2 and 3 only
atmospheric methane is also oxidized. These bacterias (c) 1 and 3 only
are natural methane mitigating agents. It helps in (d) 1, 2 and 3
Tackling Global Warming by reducing methane
concentration in soil & atmosphere. Hence statement Answer (b) 2 and 3 only
1 is incorrect and statement 2 is correct Explanation
Climate and Clean Air Coalition (CCAC) launched an
84.Consider the following statements AQMX in the backdrop of International Day of Clean Air
for Blue Skies (7 September).
1. Habitat Rights is introduced under the Scheduled
Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers Air Quality Management Exchange Platform (AQMx) It
(Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 is a one-stop-shop that provides the latest air quality
2. Indian Forest act 1927 defines ‘habitat’ as the ‘area management guidance and tools proposed to meet
comprising the customary habitat and such other WHO Air Quality Guidelines interim targets. It is a
habitats in reserved and protected forests component of CCAC Clean Air Flagship and contributes
3. Forest Rights Act 2006 provides the rights to to implementation of UNEA-6 Resolution to increase
primitive tribal groups and pre-agricultural regional cooperation and action on improving air
communities, and other forest dwelling groups quality globally. Hence option b is correct

KMIAS-C- PSLP2024-25/T29 (24 – A)

 86.Consider the following - Support to protected areas (national parks, wildlife
sanctuaries, conservation reserves, and community
1. PM 2.5 reserves).
2. PM 10 - Protection of wildlife outside protected areas.
3. Oxygen - Recovery programs for saving critically endangered
4. Nitrogen dioxide species and habitats.
5. Sulfur dioxide
88.Consider the following statements regarding
Which of the above pollutants are included in WHO Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure
Air Quality Guidelines (AQG)? (CDRI)

(a) Only two 1. It was established at the Earth Summit, 1992.

(b) Only three 2. It is a global partnership of nations, UN agencies,
(c) Only four multilateral development banks, and the private sector.
(d) All Five 3. It aims to promote the resilience of infrastructure
systems to climate and disaster risks ensuring
Answer (d) All five sustainable development.
Explanation
WHO Air Quality Guidelines (AQG): They are a set of Which of the above statements are correct?
evidence-based recommendations of limit values for
specific air pollutants. They recommend (a) 1 and 2 only
levels and interim targets for common air pollutants: (b) 2 and 3 only
PM 2.5 (c) 1 and 3 only
PM 10 (d) 1, 2 and 3
Oxygen
Nitrogen dioxide Answer b) 2 and 3
Sulfur dioxide Explanation
Carbon Monoxide
Hence option d is correct COALITION FOR DISASTER RESILIENT INFRASTRUCTURE
(CDRI)
87.Consider the following
It was established at the UN Climate Action Summit
1. Support to protected areas (2019) by India.
2. Protection of wildlife outside protected areas It is a global partnership of nations, UN agencies,
3. Species recovery program multilateral development banks, and the private sector.
It aims to promote the resilience of infrastructure
Which of the above components are part of systems to climate and disaster risks ensuring
Integrated Development of Wildlife Habitats sustainable development. Hence option b is correct
(IDWH)?
89.Consider the following statements regarding
(a) 1 and 2 only International Energy Efficiency Hub
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only 1. It is established in 2020 as the successor to the
(d) 1, 2 and 3 International Partnership for Energy Efficiency
2. It is a global platform dedicated to fostering
Answer d) 1,2 and 3 collaboration and promoting energy efficiency
Explanation worldwide.
Integrated Development of Wildlife Habitats 3. India is not the member of the hub
(IDWH)
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
It is a centrally sponsored umbrella scheme launched by
Ministry of Environment for development of wildlife (a) 1 and 2 only
habitat in India. The Components of IDWH (b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

KMIAS-C- PSLP2024-25/T29 (25 – A)

 Answer a) 1 and 2 only Burundi, Tanzania, the Democratic Republic of the
Explanation Congo, and Eritrea. The Nile, the longest river in the
International Energy Efficiency Hub is Established in world, is a vital water source for many of these nations,
2020 as the successor to the International Partnership
for Energy Efficiency (IPEEC) in which India was a 92.Baku Climate Unity Pact is an outcome of which
member. of the following Organization?
It is a global platform dedicated to fostering
collaboration and promoting energy efficiency (a) Shanghai Cooperation Organization
worldwide. (b) Eurasian Economic Union
The Union Cabinet has approved the signing of a letter (c) World Economic Forum
of intent enabling India to join the IEEH. Bureau of (d) UNFCCC
Energy Efficiency (BEE) has been designated as the
implementing agency for the Hub on behalf of India. Answer (d) UNFCCC
Hence option a is correct Explanation
COP29, held in Baku, Azerbaijan, concluded with Baku
90.Agriculture and Conservation report was Climate Unity Pact and several significant
released by agreements.COPs are annual conferences where
UNFCCC member countries assess progress, negotiate
(a) International Union for Conservation of Nature agreements, and refine commitments to address
(b) United Nation Environment Programme climate change.
(c) World Wild Fund
(d) Food and Agricultural Organization Key Outcomes of COP29
- New Collective Quantified Goal on Climate Finance
Answer (a) International Union for Conservation of (NCQG) or Baku Finance Goal
Nature (IUCN) - Baku Declaration on Global Climate Transparency
Explanation and Baku Global Climate Transparency Platform
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) - Baku Adaptation Road Map and Baku High-Level
released a flagship report titled “Agriculture and Dialogue on Adaptation to enhance UAE Framework for
Conservation” which comprehensively explores the Global Climate Resilience implementation.
complex relationship between agriculture and - Baku Workplan and renewed the mandate of the
conservation. Facilitative Working Group (FWG) of the Local
Communities and Indigenous Peoples Platform (LCIPP).
91.Consider the following countries
93.Consider the following statements
1. Egypt
2. Sudan Statement I: Article 6 of the Biodiversity Convention
3. Ethiopia requires every party to the convention to prepare
4. Nigeria National Biodiversity Strategies and Action
5. Mali Plans(NBSAPs)
Statement II: It provides a framework for biodiversity
Which of the above countries are part of the Nile conservation, enables focus on sustainable use of
Basin? biological resources, and ensures fair and equitable
sharing of benefits derived from them.
(a) Only two
(b) Only three Which one of the following is correct in respect of
(c) Only four the above statements?
(d) All five
(a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and
Answer (b) Only three Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I
Explanation (b) Both Statement-l and Statement-II are correct and
Recently, agreement on the equitable use of water Statement-II is not the correct explanation for
resources from the Nile River basin has come into force Statement-I
despite the notable opposition of Egypt.The Nile River (c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect
basin encompasses 11 African countries: Egypt, Sudan, (d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct
South Sudan, Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda,

KMIAS-C- PSLP2024-25/T29 (26 – A)

 Answer a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and
correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation Ecosystem Services (IPBES) released Nexus
for Statement-I Assessment Report. Report is also known as the
Explanation Assessment Report on the Interlinkages Among
National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans: India Biodiversity, Water, Food and Health. It offers a
unveiled its updated NBSAP for 2024-30 at CoP-16 to scientific assessment of complex interconnections
the UN Convention on Biological Diversity (UNCBD) among nexus elements. Hence option a is correct
reinforcing its commitment to biodiversity
conservation through targeted actions. Article 6 of the 96.Consider the following states
UNCBD requires every party to the convention to
prepare NBSAPs. It is the primary tool for 1. Telangana
mainstreaming biodiversity and implementation of the 2. Andhra Pradesh
UNCBD at the country level. It provides a framework for 3. Maharashtra
biodiversity conservation, enables focus on sustainable 4. Tamil Nadu
use of biological resources, and ensures fair and
equitable sharing of benefits derived from them. Hence How many of the above states are major producers
option a is correct of Turmeric in India?

94. Which of the following regions is associated (a) Only one

with the Coral Triangle? (b) Only two
(c) Only three
(a) North America and Canada (d) All four
(b) Mediterranean Region
(c) Southeast Asia and Melanesia Answer d) All four
(d) Arctic region Explanation

Answer (c) Southeast Asia and Melanesia Recently, Union Minister of Commerce and Industry,
Explanation inaugurated the National Turmeric Board (NTB).
The report ‘Coral Triangle at Risk: Fossil Fuel Threats Telangana, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, and Andhra
and Impact’ released at the 16th Conference of Parties Pradesh together contribute 63.4% of India’s turmeric
(COP16) to the Convention on Biological Diversity production.
(CBD). The report released by Earth Insight and
SkyTruth highlights the potential threats posed by fossil 97.Consider the following pairs
fuels to the Coral Triangle. According to the report coral
triangle spans seven countries in Southeast Asia and Protocols / Frameworks Purpose
Melanesia: Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea,
Philippines, Singapore, Timor-Leste and Solomon 1. Cartagena Protocol Access and Benefit-
Islands. o It is one of the world’s most bio-diverse sharing of resources
marine regions.
2. Nagoya Protocol Safe handling, transport
and use of Living
95.Nexus Assessment Report or Assessment Report
Modified Organisms
on the Interlinkages Among Biodiversity, Water,
(LMOS)
Food and Health is released by
3. Kunming-Montreal To halt and reverse
(a) Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Global Biodiversity biodiversity loss by
Ecosystem Services (IPBES) Framework 2030.
(b) World wide fund
(c) United Nations Environment Programme(UNEP) How many of the above pairs are correctly
(d) International Union for Conservation of matched?
Nature(IUCN)
(a) Only one
Answer a) Intergovernmental Platform on (b) Only two
Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) (c) All three
Explanation (d) None

KMIAS-C- PSLP2024-25/T29 (27 – A)

 Answer (a) Only One 14 km, and moves towards the poles. This causes
Explanation accumulation of air at about 30° N and S.
UN Convention on Biological Diversity (UNCBD) • Part of the accumulated air sinks to the ground and

Protocols and Frameworks forms a subtropical high

Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety: Aims to ensure the
safe handling, transport and use of Living Modified How Hadley cells are used to understand wind
Organisms (LMOS) resulting from modern patterns?
biotechnology. Hence pair 1 incorrect 1. Driving Force for Trade Winds: The rising air near
Nagoya - Kuala Lumpur Supplementary Protocol: the equator creates a low-pressure zone, attracting
Provides international rules and procedures in the field surface air from the north and south. As this air moves
of liability and redress relating to LMOS. towards the equator, the Earth's rotation (Coriolis
Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-sharing: effect) deflects it, causing it to flow northeast in the
Aims at sharing the benefits arising from the utilization Northern Hemisphere and southeast in the Southern
of genetic resources in a fair and equitable way. Hence Hemisphere, forming the trade winds.
pair 2 incorrect 2. Formation of Westerlies: The sinking air at
Aichi Biodiversity Targets: 20 global biodiversity subtropical latitudes creates high-pressure zones,
targets divided under 5 goals, adopted under 'Strategic causing air to diverge and flow towards the mid-
Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020' to conserve latitudes. As this air moves towards the poles, it is also
biodiversity and enhance its benefits for people. deflected by the Coriolis effect, leading to the formation
Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework of westerlies, which blow from west to east in the mid-
(KMGBF) - It is a non-binding framework adopted at latitudes.
the CoP-15 to CBD at Montreal, Canada in 2022. It is a 3. Understanding Tropical Climates: Hadley cells are
Successor to ‘Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020’ also responsible for the distinct climates found in the
and its Aichi Targets. It aims to halt and reverse tropics. Rising air at the equator leads to abundant
biodiversity loss by 2030.Hence pair 3 correct rainfall and the formation of tropical rainforests, while
sinking air in the subtropics leads to arid desert
98. Consider the following statements: conditions.
4. Connecting with Other Circulation Cells: Hadley
1. Hadley cells are key to understanding the wind cells are part of a larger global circulation system that
patterns of Earth. includes the Ferrel cell and the Polar cell. These cells
2. Hadley cells are formed because the Equator is heated interact to create the overall pattern of winds and
more strongly by the Sun than other places, creating atmospheric movement on Earth.
thermal circulations.
99.Which of the following acts empowers the Chief
With regard to the statements given above, which of Wildlife Wardens of the States to take measures for
the following is correct? peaceful coexistence of humans and wildlife inside
and outside national parks and sanctuaries?
(a) 1 Only
(b) 2 Only (a) Indian Forest act, 1927
(c) Both 1 and 2 (b) Wildlife Protection act, 1972
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 (c) Environment Protection act, 1986
(d) Biological Diversity Act, 2002
Answer: (c) Both 1 and 2
Explanation: Answer: (b) Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.
• Hadley cells play a crucial role in global atmospheric Explanation:
circulation and influence trade winds, tropical rain • The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 specifically

belts, and subtropical deserts. empowers the Chief Wildlife Wardens to manage
• The air at the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) wildlife, including taking measures for ensuring the
rises because of the convection currents caused by low peaceful coexistence of humans and animals, both
pressure. Low pressure in turn occurs due to high inside and outside protected areas like national parks
insolation. and sanctuaries.
• The winds from the tropics converge at this low-

pressure zone.
• The converged air rises along with the convective cell.

It reaches the top of the troposphere up to an altitude of

KMIAS-C- PSLP2024-25/T29 (28 – A)

 100. “The Gelephu project” which is recently seen in
NEWS is the major hydro power project between
India and which among the following countries?

(a) Nepal
(b) Bhutan
(c) Bangladesh
(d) Myanmar

Answer: (b) Bhutan

Explanation:
In NEWS: Bhutan and India discuss Gelephu project and
hydro power plans. The two sides discussed the hydel
power projects including the 1020 MW Punatsangchhu-
II hydro power project and expressed satisfaction as it
was “nearing completion”

The Gelephu Project:

The Gelephu Project refers to a major infrastructure
initiative in Bhutan aimed at developing and enhancing
the Gelephu region in the southern part of the country.
Hence option (b) is correct. This project primarily
focuses on boosting Bhutan's economic growth,
improving regional connectivity, and developing key
infrastructure to support trade, tourism, and overall
development. Gelephu is a town located in the Sarpang
District in southern Bhutan, near the border with India.
It is one of Bhutan's primary gateways for trade with
India. The location of Gelephu is strategic as it connects
Bhutan to the Indian states of Assam and West Bengal.
This makes the town a key node for cross-border trade,
transportation, and regional cooperation.

Features of the project includes:

1. A university and health care facilities
2. A series of inhabitable bridges
3. Eleven "ribbonlike neighborhoods" that incorporate
the area's rivers and streams
Sustainable industries like IT, education, and healthcare
4. "Zero emission" industries
5. A sanctuary for global businesses and professionals

KMIAS-C- PSLP2024-25/T29 (29 – A)