RIZAL :Padre Damaso: Real father of Maria

LESSON 8 :Elias: Ibarra’s friend in prison who had also faced

LIFE IN BERLIN: injustice from the authorities.
Nov. 1, ‘86 (1;25 pm): Rizal landed in Berlin and : Bassilio& Sisa: the one who saw Elias who is
checked into the Central Hotel fatally wounded.
Nov. 2: Rizal wrote a letter to his friend Pastor Karl RIZAL’S FIRST HOMECOMING:
Ullmer,notifying him of his arrival in the major : He return in between 1887 and 1888
German capital. Reasons for coming home:
Oct. 31: He met Dr. A.B. Meyer in Dresden. That is 1.To operate his mother's eyes,
why rizal sent Professor Blumentritt to notify. 2.To help his people, who had long been persecuted
Real Biblioteca de Berlin: A place were rizal was by the Spaniards
admitted to conduct a study and read other works, 3.To discover for himself how the Noli and his other
(March 1, ‘87) when his admission is expired. writings were influencing Filipinos and Spaniards, and
Nov. ‘86: he informed Pro. Blumentritt thru a letter 4.To inquire as to why Leonor Rivera kept mute.
stated that he had already sent his nephews in the :Governor Emilio Terrero: who sent letter to Rizal to
Philippines the tragedies of Schiller and the stories of visit Malacanang.
Anderson, which he had translated into Tagalog. He RIZAL RESPONSE IN THE HACIENDA CONFLICT:
also wrote an outline about Tiruray, the dialect of the Hacienda de Calamba, a Dominican friars' estate in
inhabitants of Mindanao's western shore, and then Calamba, Laguna, was a significant issue due to its
sent it to Prof. Blumentritt. impact on tenants and farmers.
Dec. 11, ‘86: Maximo Viola joined Rizal in Berlin. : William Pryer: British North Borneo Company
Dec. 23 ‘86:he started dreaming about his mother, sparked a glimpse of hope: Nueva (New) Calamba —
dec 25 where he sent letter to his mother. an agricultural colony for the displaced farmers and
Dec. 27 ‘86: He was forced by the German authorities tenants of Calamba.
to present himself with the proper passports reason of :Ferdinand Blumentritt: rizal’s austrian friend, he
being suspected as a spy. sent letter on Feb 23 ‘92
Jan ‘87: joined the Ethnographic Society of Berlin, LESSON 9:
where had the unusual opportunity to attend Dr. RIZAL STOPOVER IN JAPAN & US:
Donitz's excellent talk about prehistoric Japanese. :Feb 18, ‘88: landed in Yokohama
Jan 11 ’87: met Dr. Teodor Jagor, who invited him to :March 2-7 : stayed in Tokyo hotel
the monthly luncheon of Geographic Society :Seiko Usui: Japanese gf of rizal
members. :April 28, ‘88: first trip to America, new york,
Feb ‘87: joined the Anthropological Society and the Oakland, Reno, Chicago, and Boston.
Geographical Society of Berlin. LIFE IN LONDON:
March 5, ‘87, Rizal translated Andersen's "History of :May 13-16 ‘88: he stayed in Fifth Avenue Hotel in
a Mother'' into French New Y(now known as: Pencil Factory in Madison Park
Mach 21 ‘87: Noli Me Tangere was published :May 16: leave for London
April: he departed berlin for Dersden, where the most :May 24: arrived in Liverpool, and traveled to London
famous "Museo Etnografico. where he lived longer
CONCEPTION & PUBLICATION OF NOLI ME: :Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor: exile from 1872, where he
: one of the most significant works in the Philippines. practiced law in London
It fueled the nationalist tendencies of the nineteenth :Dr. Reinhold Rost: the librarian at the Ministry of
and twentieth centuries. Foreign Affairs in England. He was also an expert on
: Noli was written in Berlin, with 2,000 copies Malay language and culture.
*Spanish REASONS FOR MOVING TO LONDON:
*Filipino *conduct study on Philippine history
*French *to annotate Antonio Morga's Sucesos de las Islas
*German Filipinas, a rare Philippine history book housed in the
*Chinese British Museum
* and several filipino languages BIRTH OF PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT
SYNOPSIS OF NOLI ME: (Association La Solidaridad)
: Lead by Juan Crisostomo Ibarra: a youthful and :Dec 13 ‘88: La Solidaridad was founded, for ambition
optimistic man, returns home after spending seven to build a totally Filipino organization.
years in Europe :Galicano Apacible.: president of La Soli and cousin
:Don Rafael: father of Ibarra, who advocates reform of Rizal other Officers:
:Padre Salvi: Bitter opponent of ibarra, accused him >Graciano Lopez-Jaena: VP
of insurrection. >Mariano Ponce: Treasurer
:Maria Clara: The beloved of Ibarra, who also used :Morayta's Madrid group: rival of La Soli.
against him. : but this two organizations collaborated on a petition
:Capitan Tiago: Step father of Maria to the Minister of the Colonies
:Alfonso Linares: Supposed to be the one Maria
Marry
Feb 15 ‘89: Filipino propagandists were able to unite :began writing: Calamba, Laguna, Oct 1887
behind a new journal known as La Solidaridad, which :Finished: March 29, 1891
became the primary organ of the propaganda >El:leave readers with feelings of resentment,
movement for more than five years (from Feb 15 ‘89 contempt, and aversion.
to Nov 15 ‘95), >Noli: combines aspiration, beauty, passion, mercy.
:La Solidaridad (written in spanish) was a liberal, SYNOPSIS OF EL:
reformist-oriented political propaganda paper Simoun: the one who plan to have revenge to
dedicated to combating all forms of reaction. Spanish officials,
>Graciano Lopez-Jaena: first editor of this La Soli Basilio: one of the recruits of Simoun
>Marcelo H. Del Pilar: The on who replace Jaena. 2 revolutionaries of Simoun: (fails)
LESSON 10: >During Maria Clara’s Death:
1. Antonio Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas >Wedding of Paulita Gomez & Juanito Palaez
and Rizal’s Annotation: :Padre Florentino: kung aha nag tago si Simoun
:Antonio: Spanish officer stationed in the RIZAL’S UNFINISHED NOVELS:
Philippines in 1580, born in Seville in 1559. 1892: Rizal moved to Hong Kong to start on 3rd book
:1593: he is chosen as Lieutenant-Governor in Phil. :written in Taglog
Works: Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas :first chapter: titled: Makamisa “After Mass”
:Published in Mexico in 1609 w/ 8 chapters. The book discovered by: Ambeth Ocampo, he saw
Governors general who ruled in Phil: 245-page manuscript named "Borrador del Noli Me
>Miguel Lopez de Legazpi in 1565 Tangere.
>Pedro de Acuna in 1606—were the subject of the : "The whole length of Rizal's third book is ten pages,
first seven chapters. Last chapter: prior to the with just one chapter.
entrance of the Spaniards in the sixteenth century,
:1889: Rizal came into a copy of Sucesos de las Islas
Filipinas by Antonio Morga at the British Museum, and
he started to copy the text by hand.
:Sep ‘89:the Paris-based printing business Garnier
Hermanos was the means through which Rizal chose
to self-publish the annotations.
:Ambeth Ocampo:(civil administrator,) outlines five
factors that led to Rizal's choice, she also stated that
the first reason was the scarcity of Morga's work in its
original Spanish translation.
:Rizal's annotation of Morga's Sucesos is not just an
attempt to write the history of the country; it also
needs to be understood in the context of the
Propaganda Movement.
2.Publication of essays of Rizal in La Solidaridad:
●​ Filipinas Dentro de Cien Años (The
Philippines Within a Century): (4 sections), about
political ties between the Philippines and its mother
nation.
2 options that rizal gave to Spain:
>reform > independence
●​ Sobre La Indolencia de los Filipinos (The
Indolence of the Filipinos): (5 piece essay)(1890), was
written in reaction to the claim that Filipinos were
slothful and would sooner gamble their money away
than toil on the farm.
3.Rizal-Del Pilar Rivalry and Retirement from
Propaganda Movement: in 1890, conflict between
Rizal and Del Pilar, Del Pilar had taken over as La
Solidardad's proprietor and editor, replacing Graciano
Lopez Jaena.
:1st week of feb: voting took place
Division of Filipino
>Rizalistas >Pilaristas
LESSON 11:
Conception and Publication of El Filibusterismo:
El the 2nd novel of Rizal (written spanish)
:written for:three killed priests
:published: Sept 18, 1891 in Ghent, Belgium
ART *Tertiary:mixing one primary color with one secondary
LESSON 1: PAINTING color.
:a visual art form that uses colors applied to a flat (OTHER CLASSES)
surface like canvas, paper, or wood to evoke *Complementary:these colors sit opposite each other
emotions.A successful painting achieves harmony by on the color wheel. Since they are opposite, they tend
effectively combining its various elements. to look lively when used together. When applied
6 ELEMENTS IN PAINTING: together, each of them seems more visible.
>LINE: most basic and essential element of art, two *Analogous: colors sit next to each other on the
points and connects these points, connects points wheel, pleasant to look at because they are closely
a.Vertical: stress action, strength, and dynamism tend related.
to express and as well as arouse emotions *Neutral: “earth tones”. These colors do not usually
b.Horizontal: show repose, serenity, calmness, show up on the color wheel.
stability, and quiescence. *Warm: consist of colors orange, red, and yellow.
c.Diagonal: suggest action and express tension and They tend to impart warmth to any composition.
movement, give animation *Cool: colors green, blue, and purple. These colors
d.Curve: grace and joyousness and appears soft, help us think of simple and peaceful things. They
flexible, and gentle, never harsh. cause surfaces covered with them to appear
e.Zigzag: travels straight with severe bends and to recede.
angles. It conveys confusion and nervousness. It may SYMBOLISM & MEANING OF COLORS:
also imply danger and destruction. 1.Red: most inviting of all the colors. Extroverts,
>COLOR: propeerty of light, most challenging particularly guys, are the most likely to choose this
element of art to define.Color theory is a body of data color. Strong life and vitality meaning
>TEXTURE: refers to surface quality, It can be -increase enthusiasm and interest
created through the physical properties of materials or -It gives energy
the artist's techniques.Whether it's the actual feel of a - It reinforces actions and confidence
sculpture or the illusion of texture on a flat surface, -It protects us from fears and anxieties.
this element adds depth and interest to a piece. 2.Blue: warmest color, similar to the ocean and the
a.Abstract: aesthetic and decorative purposes. sky. It's the color of spirituality, sincerity, and
b.Real texture- refers to the actual feel and looks of inspiration. For conservatives
the surface of an object. -It is a sign of calmness and relaxation
c.Simulated: surface that looks real but is not. -It opens the flow of communication
>PERSPECTIVE: effect of distance upon the -It broadens one’s perspective for new information
appearance of the objects technique for creating a -It implies solitude and peace
three-dimensional illusion with depth and space. 3.Yellow :easiest color to recognize, and it's a symbol
a..foreground: appears to be closer to the viewers of intellectual vigor and innovation. Knowledge, clarity
b.Middle ground: area that lies between the -It helps us in making decisions
foreground and backdrop. -It relieves us from burnout, panic, nervousness,
c.background: appears farther from the viewers. exhaustion
d.Linear:representation of distance appearance - It sharpens our memory and concentration skills
through converging lines. -It protects us from depression
e.Aerial: represents objects' relative distances by tone (OTHER COLOR CONNOTATION: naa sa module)
and color gradations. MEDIUMS IN PAINTING: medium refers to the
>SHAPES: two-dimensional works of art, flat areas materials and techniques used to create a piece.
created when two ends of a line are linked, and space *Oil: the slow-drying paint
is enclosed.Refers to physical form or figure *Pastel: shape of a stick or crayons. It consists of a
a.Geometric: shape that remains virtually unchanged pure powdered color and a binder.
if moved or flipped off a surface. *Acrylic: fast-drying paint, become water resistant
b.Organic: shapes with a natural look or curving *Watercolor: suspended in a water- soluble vehicle. It
appearance. is usually transparent and luminous because the
c.Biomorphic:any non-representational form or pattern pigment is placed in a relatively pure form with little
that resembles a living organism in shape or type of filler obscuring the pigment colors.
appearance *Ink: create an image, text, or design. It is for drawing
>SYMBOLS:made up of a specific meaning or and writing with a brush or pen.
message. It's utilized to express concepts like death, *Encaustic: heated beeswax to which colored stains
hope, and life. are added. The paste is applied to a wood-based
COLOR WHEEL & CLASSIFICATION: canvas.
(CATEGORIES OF COLOR) *Fresco: Italian word affresco, which means “fresh”
*Primary: consist of colors red, yellow, and blue, They *Gouache: water-based paint consisting of pigment
are the original colors because they cannot be and other materials designed using an opaque
produced from any other color combination. painting technique.
*Secondary: consist of green, orange, and purple. It is *Enamel: paint that air dries to a durable, usually
a mixture of 2 primary colors. glossy, and reliable finish.
WESTERN STYLE OF PAINTING: *Carving: characterized by figures only slightly
1. Abstraction: "To go away or separate" raised from the surface to the background.
2. Expressionism:introduced in Germany during the -Stone:It shapes pieces of rough natural stone using
first decade of the twentieth century. To depict inner essential hand tools like a hammer and chisel.
feelings and anguish, artists distort color and form. -Wood: employing cutting tools to shape wood items.
3. Baroque:It comes from the Italian word "barucco," *Casting: method by which a liquid material is usually
which means "opposing" or "contradicting" This style's poured into a hollow cavity of the desired shape and
hallmarks are the heavy dosage of realism, energy, then frame or pattern
and elongated figures. -Glass:pieces of rough natural stone using hand tools
4. Impressionism:art in which painters depicted the -Slip: technique for the mass production of pottery
consequences of experience on the artist's *Molding: additive process. It is made in soft or
conscience. plastic materials
5. Modernism: is defined as carefully rejecting *Assemblage: “putting together.” process of
previous styles in favor of invention and gathering and combining various components to form
experimenting with materials and techniques to a finished piece of art.
produce better artworks. : MEDIUM:
MODERN PAINTING STYLES a.Wood: Hardwoods such as Narra & bamboo
1. Realism- most prevalent method of exhibiting a b.Stone:most prevalent material used in sculpture.
work of art. artwork tries to depict the subject as it is. c.Marble: hard limestone with a smooth and veined
Their major purpose is to describe what is observed texture that evokes elegance and is commonly used
through the senses as accurately and honestly for ornamentation and sculptures in classical art.
2. Symbolism- visible representation of something d.Semi-precious stones: like jade and crystals.
otherwise intangible, such as an idea or a quality. e.Ceramics:type of clay used in the art of pottery
3. Fauvism-first significant art trend of the 1900s. It's a production.
painting style in which painters attempted to depict f.Terracotta:figurines made by hand from baked clay
comfort, joy, and pleasure. that has been fired at a low temperature.
4. Cubism- type of abstraction in which items are g.Metal: strong material that is hammered into shape
reduced to cubes before being flattened into after being heated. Bronze is a popular material
two-dimensional shapes. BASIC SCULPTURE TERMS:
5. Surrealism- opposed to an abstraction. Surrealism 1.Armature-skeleton-like framework used to support
is a made-up word that means "hyper-realism." It's a the building of paper maché,usually made of stiff wire.
modern art genre that depicts the subconscious mind 2.Base-portion of the work where the sculpture rests.
in unusual ways. It seeks to expose a new and more 3.Craftsmanship-skill with which one uses tools and
significant reality than everyday life. materials to produce art.
LESSON 2: SCULPTURE 4.Plaster of Paris-fine white powder that sets hard
: (L)- “sculpere”= “to carve” when mixed in the water.
:3-dimensional art form that shapes materials like 5.Freestanding sculpture-type of monumental
stone, wood, metal, or clay sculpture in the round. It's a technique used when a
:most common purpose: was associated with religion. sculpture is meant to be viewed from all angles.
TYPES OF SCULPTURE: LESSON 3: PHOTOGRAPHY: used to record or draw
>Bust: upper part of the human figure like head/neck long-lasting images using photographic film or an
>Statue: a life-size or larger sculpture of a person or image sensor
an animal made of metal, stone, or wood. :(G): “phos” (light) & “graphe” ( to draw)
>Architectural: universal classification used to :1930: Color photography transformed from a
describe a structural design such as buildings scientific marvel to a widely accessible medium with
>Relief: (L): “Levo”= “to raise” must affirm that the the introduction of Kodak's Kodachrome film
sculpted materials have been raised above the DIGITAL ERA OF PHOTOGRAPHY:
canvas. The back of the relief is not meant :DIGITAL CAMERA:store images electronically,
to be seen, and the entire design can be understood eliminating the need for physical film development,
from a frontal view. 3 TYPES: uses electronic sensors to record light and store
*High: dramatically raised from the background and images as digital files, can easily edited, shared,
are sometimes nearly sculpted in the round. printed
*Sunken: known as incised or intaglio relief. made by 1600: origin of camera
having image carved below the sculpture's surface. :CAMERA OBSCURA: latin word means dark room
*Bas: “low relief” characterized by figures only slightly This early device used a pinhole to project images
raised from the surface to the background. onto a surface, laying the groundwork for modern
MAJOR PROCESSES IN SCULPTURE: photography. Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo are
1.Subtractive: characterized by figures only slightly believed to have experimented with this technique.
raised from the surface to the background. :JOSEPH NICEPHORE NIEPCE:created first
2.Additive: characterized by figures only slightly permanent photograph in the early 1820s.
raised from the surface to the background.
TECHNIQUES:
:EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY: established by 3.Electronic sensor- transmits and detects information
George Eastman (1854-1932), first camera in the used to make an image.
neighborhood was Kodak No. 1. 4.Lens-camera's eye is used with a camera body and
:CHARGE-COUPLED DEVICE:developed by Willard mechanism to capture images of objects.
Boyle and George Smith of Bell's Laboratories on 17 5.Shutter Release Button-The button is on a camera
October 1969, a sensor type capturing an image by used to take photos.
converting light into numerical data 6.Viewfinder-It is used to view the captured image of
:STEVEN SASSONS:engineer at Eastman Kodak, the subject.
undertook the first attempt in December 1975 to OTHER COMPONENTS OF CAMERA:
construct a digital camera prototype. The camera was 1.Camera Body-mIt is the housing for the camera.
9 pounds tall and captured black and white photos on 2.Built-in Flash- to capture a shot of weakly lit views.
a cassette. To see the pictures, Kodak engineers had 3.Focus Point Selection Button- position to set the
to build a unique screen. A copy of a.01-megapixel focus (the AF point) is selected during AF shooting.
image (10k pixels) was recorded for a tape in 23 sec 4.Hot Shoe- is the top of the camera and is used to
:FUJIFILM DS-1P:first digital camera to record attach a flash unit.
images digitally and was released in 1988. In that 5.Lens Mount- section connecting the exchangeable
year, the first JPEG and MPEG standards were set. lens to the camera body.
:DYCAM MODEL: first digital camera commercially 6.Release Button- button used to detach the lens
accessible in 1990. 7.Live View Shooting (Movie Shooting Switch)- turns
RULE OF THIRDS COMPOSITION: Composition is a the Live View feature on or off.
crucial element in creating compelling photographs. 8.Self-Time- extends the period between pushing the
The Rule of Thirds, a fundamental guideline in shutter button and the camera taking the picture.
photography and design, suggests dividing an image
into nine equal parts using two horizontal and two
vertical lines. You create a more visually appealing
and dynamic photograph by placing key elements
along these lines or at their intersections. This
technique helps to balance your image and draw the
viewer's eye to the most important parts of the scene.
TYPES OF PHOTOGRAPHY:
>AERIAL: taking of photographs of the ground from
an elevated position.
>ASTROPHOTOGRAPHY: focuses on capturing
images from space.
>COMMERCIAL: work done for marketing
(types in the module) .
>FINE ART: captures images with an abstract
influence.
>FORENSIC: known as crime scene photography,
>HEADSHOT: primarily concerned with the person's
face. “Mug shot”
>MACRO: Close-up photos of a specific theme are
referred to as this.
>NATURE:main subject has somewhat to do with
nature. emphasizes plants, wildlife, underwater,
>NUDE: portraying the human body in its naked form.
>PORTRAIT: about capturing a person's mood,
emphasizing the face and expression of a person.
>STILL-LIFE:capturing objects on camera that are
deliberately grouped to create a particular
composition.
>STREET: candid images of open places or people in
their normal element.
>TRAVEL capturing images of a particular landscape,
traditions, customs, or people from different places.
BASIC COMPONENTS AND FEATURES:
1.aperture- light-traveling opening in a camera that
may be changed to control the quantity of light that
reaches the image sensor.
2.Data display- displays the menu for adjusting the
different camera operations.
GENSOC *Legislative: make and appeal law and also controls
LESSON 7: HUMAN RIGHTS APPROACH: goal is to national finances or budgets
respect and protect and fulfill human rights *Executive: enforces law and runs the government of
>DUTY BEARERS: anyone from government, must the day, to implement of laws and deliver services
fulfill their obligation towards the rights-holders *Judiciary: responsible for administration dor justice
>RIGHT HOLDER: has the right to claim their rights and interpreting the constitution and various laws
to the duty bearer SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS:
HUMAN RIGHTS PRINCIPLE: :address the root causes of poverty and inequality
*PARTICIPATION today, or simply in gender equality
*ACCOUNTABILITY : are built from the MDGs and desire to continue the
*NON-DISCRIMINATION
latter's goals and complete the targets by 2030
Philippine Commission on Women (PCW): advocates
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS 5:
for gender equality and women's empowerment.
*9 target
CONVENTION ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL
FORMS OF DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN *14 indicators
:also known as the International Bill of Rights of GOAL OF SDG 5 is to achieve gender equality and
Women, is the only human rights treaty that affirms empower all women and girls thru
women's reproductive rights while focusing on culture -ending gender disparities
and tradition as influential forces shaping gender roles -eliminate violence against women's lives
and family relationships. -eliminate early and forced marriage
●​ NON-DISCRIMINATION: -secure equal participation and opportunities for
-Direct: Laws na direct mag discriminate leadership
-Indirect: -universal access to sexual and reproductive rights
:Patriarchy: men are more valued than women LESSON 8:
Non discrimination for women must exist in GODDESS WORSHIP TO GOD WORSHIP: The theory
• jury: of law claimed that women were less valued, and their
• Defacto: fact or reality status was threatened with the expansion of phallus
DE JURE: non discriminatory and gender neutral worship around 1500 BC.
policy in place :PHALLIC WORSHIP: adoration of nature's
DE FACTO: an actual fact women cannot benefit reproductive powers as represented by the male
despite the jury as local culture already generative organ.
disadvantaged women :ROSALIND MILES: discusses that early civilizations'
●​ SUBSTANTIVE EQUALITY:it differentiates first great gods were women. There is proof of the
men and women; in reality, men and women are equal worship of a mother goddess figure dating back 5000
but different years in the world's leading cultures.
:it assures women has equality and opportunities EGALITARIAN: (the idea that everyone is equal and
3 APPROACHES: deserves the same rights and opportunities)
*Formal: society ignores that men and women are EVE AND THE OTHER: Eve had caused the downfall of
actually different, follows men's standard, disregards humanity because she had listened to the snake.
humans' need :PANDORA: (most beautiful and desirable women)
*Protectionist: women lose opportunities because first woman created by Zeus as a form of petty
women are seen as vulnerable and are not permitted revenge on humankind because they had received the
to participate in activities, it denies the correct way of gift of fire from Prometheus.
correcting issues :Prometheus admonished Epimetheus not take gifts
*Corrective:priority is given to correcting the from Zeus. Still, he is persuaded to accept Pandora
environment to benefit to both men and women, it SHIFT TO PRODUCTION: likewise a plausible theory
leads to substantive equality, recognizes differences for suppressing women.
but affirms equality, proper way of correcting the WOMEN’S OPPRESSION: Mistreatment and
issue discrimination that women received. Oppression of
●​ STATE OBLIGATION: those countries who women is possible because existing systems orient
engaged and entered in this CEDAW is to measure to people toward oppressing women, not because
improve women's status in the country women are fundamentally weaker or flawed.
:188 countries who participated in CEDAW as of may :ESSENTIALIST: the one who justify this idea
2014, and must act due to diligence 2 PHILIPPINE HISTORY OF WOMEN’S OPPRESSION:
: evry 4 years to report in CEDAW ●​ Pre-spanish era: women and men are equal.
>RESPECT >PROMOTE :”BABAYLAN”: Oppression of women is possible
>PROTECT >FULFILL because existing systems orient people toward
3 BRANCHES OF POWER: must work together to oppressing women, not because women are
achieve gender equality fundamentally weaker or flawed. The babaylans
Oppression of women is possible because existing
systems orient people toward oppressing women, not
because women are fundamentally weaker or flawed.
:”ULOG” by the bontocs: Oppression of women is
possible because existing systems orient people
toward oppressing women, not because women are
fundamentally weaker or flawed.
:The ulog is said to give the Bontoc female a sense of
genuine empowerment since she is given a choice to
choose her husband.
:FERTILITY IS MORE VALUED THAN VIRGINITY
:PRINCIPLE OF MOTHER RIGHTS: matriarchal
custom that makes men and women equal.
●​ Spanish era(1500-1897): The Spanish
introduced patriarchy, the feudal system, and the
encomienda system.
:Maria Clara: she embodied innocence and purity.
Maria Clara's portrayal as modest, humble, and
self-effacing presented a perfect "image" of what a
Filipina should be.
:women @30 : "ugly, grumpy girls, no one will court" .
:women can’t give birth: “worthless”
:VIRGINITY IS VALUED RATHER THAN FERTILITY
●​ American period(1898-1946): brought
colonial education and reinforced the feudal system
of land ownership.
:women were treated worse, they are treated as sex
objects.
:PURA VILLANUEVA KALAW: first beauty queen of
the Phil. and vocal supporter of women's rights. She
established the first all-female suffrage movement in
the Philippines, Asociacion Feminista Ilongga, in
1906.
:1907: her campaign succeeded in getting the first
suffrage bill introduced in the Philippine Assembly.
●​ Japanese Interlude(1941-1945): women
submitted to the Japanese to free their husbands
from prison, torture, and execution. Also a sex
providers and caregiver to the soldiers
:1000 women were forced to work as comfort women
:JOSEFA LLANES ESCODA: teacher who eventually
became a social worker. As the Japanese slowly
conquered the Philippines, Josefa, together with her
husband Antonio, supplied necessities such as food,
clothes, and medicines, as well as messages to both
Filipino and American war prisoners and internees in
concentration camps. Antonio was executed, while
Josefa was later presumed to be executed and buried
in an unmarked grave.
SCIENCE 2 VIRTUES:
LESSON 8: >rational (dianoetic)
Aristotle: “The first teacher” “The philosopher”, he >moral (ethical).
also was one of the greatest philosophers ever and :Aristotle believed virtues were not innate but could be
the first genuine scientist in history. developed through training and practice.
:composed of 200 works; 31 only survive. THE VIRTUE OF THE ULTIMATE GOOD:
:NICOMACHEAN ETHICS: his theory on the *INTELLECTUAL VIRTUE: developed through
appropriate way to live life. explores the concept of instruction and education, involving reason and
virtues and their contribution to leading a satisfying intellect.
life. It contains 10 books (name after aristotle son) 3 INTELLECTUAL VIRTUES: to achieve eudaimonia
: in this Aristotle seeks to provide practical guidance >Episteme (scientific knowledge): scientific
on how individuals can lead virtuous and fulfilling knowledge or understanding gained through logical
lives. deduction and empirical observation.
CONCEPT OF EUDAIMONIA: (G) means; >techne (art or skill):practical knowledge or skill
"flourishing" or perhaps "well-being.". gained through experience and practice.
:ultimate goal or telos of human life is "eudaimonia." >phronesis (practical wisdom): refers to practical
CANDIDATE TO ULTIMATE GOOD/EUDAIMONIA: wisdom, or prudence gained through experience and
●​ PLEASURE: refers to a state of enjoyment reflection.
or gratification that arises from sensory experiences *MORAL VIRTUE:resides as a common ground
or the fulfillment of desires. between two extremes: excess and deficiency
:that pleasure is a crucial component of the good life : acquired through practice and habituation, enabling
but not the only component. Also: pleasure is not the individuals to act by reason
ultimate good but a byproduct of living a good life. :He also believed that moral virtues are necessary for
:Hedonistic lifestyle: where individuals prioritize individuals to achieve eudaimonia
immediate gratification over long- term well-being and In order to define moral virtue he used the concept:
personal growth. >Genus: general category to which a virtue belongs,
●​ WEALTH: accumulating material >Differentia: the specific characteristic distinguishing it
resources, possessions, and financial assets, can from other virtues in the same category.
provide individuals with a comfortable and luxurious EXAMPLES OF MORAL VIRTUE:
lifestyle. >Courage: between the excess of rashness and the
:not ultimate good, it does not guarantee genuine deficiency of cowardice
happiness or fulfillment. >Temperance:between the excess of self-indulgence
●​ FAME & HONOR: refer to public recognition, and the deficiency of insensibility
esteem, and acclaim for achievements, talents, or >Generosity:between the excess of wastefulness and
contributions. the deficiency of stinginess
: can provide a sense of validation, social validation, >Honesty:between the excess of boastfulness and the
and significance. deficiency of self- deprecation
: not sufficient for achieving happiness and that they >Friendliness: between the excess of flattery and the
could even be obstacles to living a good life if pursued deficiency of rudeness
for their own sake LESSON 9:
●​ HAPPINESS :happiness refers to S. ROMI MUKHERJEE: esteemed scholar and senior
eudaimonia, which can be understood as flourishing lecturer in Political Theory and the History of
or living a fulfilling life following one's true nature and Religions, at the Paris Institute of Political Studies.
Potential. : offers valuable insights into the intersection of
: Aristotle believed that happiness, or eudaimonia, is science, technology, and development from a human
the ultimate good. rights-based perspective
:EUDAIMONIA:"the highest of all goods achievable :contributed significantly as an associate researcher
by action." UNDERSTANDING THE HUMAN-RIGHTS BASED
:For Aristotle, human flourishing or happiness the APPROACH: seeks to establish a strong connection
individual and society's final goal or purpose. between science and human rights principles.
ARISTOTLE TRIPARTITE SOUL: soul illustrates the :It emphasizes the integration of human rights
nested hierarchy of the soul's functions and activities, considerations into scientific endeavors and practices.
highlighting the interconnectedness and progression :involves considering the rights and responsibilities of
of these functions. both rights holders and duty bearers.
HUMAN SOUL 3 PARTS: :UN development programmer;characterizes this
>Rational part: for reasoning and decision-making. approach as one that "leads to better
>Spirited part: for emotions and desires, and more sustainable results by analyzing and
>Appetitive part: for basic biological needs such as addressing the inequalities, discriminatory practices,
hunger and thirst. and unjust power relations often at the heart of
ARETE AND HUMAN HAPPINESS: believed virtues development problems
were essential for a good life. : ‘Belize Human Rights Based Approach:
Arete: refers to excellence or compliance with a goal. published in the year 2011,
REED: Nor does He suggest that wealth is an antithesis of
LESSON 3: BEATITUDE: (L): Beatus/ Beatitudo= poverty. Jesus meant that the poor must live a life
Made happy worthy of a human being.
:form of speech that proclaims one or more persons b3: Kingdom of God as Good News to the
happiness or blessedness in certain circumstances or Poor:They are setting up movements for liberation
under certain conditions. from poverty.
: In the Beatitudes, Jesus gives clear-cut statements ●​ “Blessed are you who are hungry now, for
about the blessedness of those who will receive you will be filled”:addresses the problem/issue closely
Salvation related to poverty, called hunger.
:Beatitudes are not a series of commands, Beatitudes a1: Hunger (luke) : concrete – sociological hunger
do not tell us how to live or how to be. a1: Hunger (Matt): religious – moral hunger
:Beatitudes were to be proclamation of salvation, not b2: shall be satisfied Satisfaction means to fill in a
bits of advice towards a certain way of living nor a certain basic need of survival.Satisfaction from
recommendation for certain virtues hunger means FOOD for the hungry.
2 ASPECT OF BIBLICAL RELIGION: b2: Gospel terms for food:
1.Gospel Aspect (Kerygma):announcement or b2: Food as Kingdom of God: today or in the future:
proclamation of the good news of Salvation refers to the future and definitive salvation or final
2.Law Aspect (Parenesis): exhortation of virtue and Kingdom of God.
morality and the moral demands of believers of God. :Daily: (G): Epiousion meanings:
The Beatitude in the Gospel: (2 parts of beatitude): 1.​ refer to “daily” or from day to day. In other
>First part:recipients or persons who will receive words, it can refer to the usual food we ordinarily eat
salvation; 2.​ comes out from the mouth of Jesus to refer
:contains the beneficiaries of Salvation to food of the coming Kingdom of God at end of time.
>Second: where we search the Biblical Terms or ●​ “Blessed are you who weep now, for you will
blessings for Salvation since it describes the different Laugh”:
faces of salvation or blessings of salvation. a1: The Sorrowing:The first 3 recipients of Salvation,
: contains a specific aspect or blessing or description the Poor, hungry, and sorrowing, are the same group
of the Reign-Kingdom of God. of people in society. referring to one: Poor and the
EIGHT BEATITUDE OF JESUS: Oppressed (Anawim)
●​ “Blessed are you poor, yours is the Kingdom b2:Comfort, Joy, Laughter:There will be no place for
of God.”: addressed mainly to people suffering from tears of sadness in the Kingdom of God.
and are victims of the social illness called poverty. ●​ “Blessed are the Meek, for they will inherit
:JUSTICE AND LIBERATION, for the poor/oppressed the Earth.”
3 kinds of poverty in NT: a1: The meek, the humble: meek refers to the
>Poverty of destitution: dehumanizing situation or humble person sociologically and economically.
condition of life. people who have no choice because of poverty.
>Poverty in Spirit: this is what Matthew emphasizes. b2: Inheriting the Earth: Earth is God’s. It is His gift
>Evangelical:The religious circles refer to poverty. to people to sustain the life He gave to us. Salvation
This is the practice of leaving home, family, and here is not heaven but earth.
possessions in the following of Jesus. ●​ “Blessed are the merciful, for they will
A : CLEARING OUT DIFFERENCES: receive mercy.”:
a1: Poor: (ANAWIM) sociologically,economically, and a1: The Merciful: compassionate people. Those have
materially. exercised righteousness or moral rightness as
: They are the poor who were suffering from poverty expressed in their social life.
brought on by injustices and oppression. b2: They Shall obtain Mercy: (H): Checed=
a1: Poor in Spirit: people who are inwardly poor, in compassion that goes hand in hand with justice.
our terms, humble. ●​ “Blessed are the PURE in HEART, for they
a2: Heaven as an entity: heaven is commonly shall see God.”
understood as a “place” above where God resides. a1: The pure in Heart: whose eyes are not clouded
a2: Heaven as a Substitute for God: word ‘Heaven’ with the comforts and conveniences of life.
substitutes for the word ‘God.’ To show reverence for b2: Seeing God/Vision of God: Seeing God is not
the Sacred Name of God eyeball-to-eyeball, but seeing God's presence in the
B: MEANING OF SALVATION: concrete works of His hands.
b1: Kingdom of God means Justice and ●​ “Blessed are the peacemakers for they will
Liberation:Kingdom of God/Heaven is a generic be called Children of God”
name used by Jesus in the Ministry to mean a1: The Peacemakers: Amidst the world’s intense
salvation, from the word “Malkuth.” misunderstanding, chaos, conflicts, and troubles,
b2: Kingdom of God as Deliverance from Poverty there is a cry for the makers of peace. Those who are
and Oppression: Jesus does not say in this not afraid to tell the truth.
Beatitude, “Blessed are poor because you will b2: Children of God: becoming sons and daughters
become wealthy,” of God
LESSON 1: MIRACLES: are wonderful signs of the : Stories should never be too obvious. It must leave
power or force God exercises in less obvious ways. the listener to imagine beyond what has been told.
(L): Miraculum=“something to be marveled at.” : parable is a short fictitious story based on a familiar
:(G): >Dunameis: force, energy, act of power or experience, having an application to the spiritual life.
>Simeon:which means Signs or :Parable has to be distinguished from:
>Ergon: which means activity or work. >Fable:short story not based on facts
MIRACLES IN NT: Jesus worked miracles of all >Allegory: a symbolical narrative
kinds, including exorcisms, healing the sick, and >Myth:an invented legend or story to tell the truth.
mastery over nature and power over death. All WHY MUST JESUS USE PARABLE:
evangelist: present Jesus as a person who a. to get his message across without antagonizing his
demonstrated extraordinary powers. audience
>Mark: Jesus started His ministry in Capernaum b. To preserve the mystery of the kingdom.
>Matthew: ten miracles and reports the outset of c. to involve the audience
Jesus’s ministry LEVELS OF UNDERSTANDING JESUS’
>John: only 7 miracles PARABLES:
>Luke: public ministry of Jesus by reading Isaiah’s >Literal:refers to the usual story situation that Jesus
description of a Messiah describes. We only need to know what the words
PURPOSE OF JESUS’ MIRACLES: performed mean at their face value and what the author intended
miracles during His ministry, He had holy intentions in them to mean.
line with God’s always wanting to save. >Spiritual: refers to the beyond of the Literal
(Jesus must perform miracles: Sense.This sense will focus on the spiritual benefit we
>Miracles are for Limitations: get from the parables.
>Miracles are Signs of Father’s Compassion:Jesus’
miracles were the natural outflow of his close
relationship with God.
>Miracles are Signs of the Kingdom: Gospel
describes Jesus’ miracles not as kindness but as
signs and power
>Miracles are intended to call to Faith: Jesus’
miracles symbolize the very meaning of his life: he is
a great forgiver.
*Healing Miracles as the Kingdom of God: For
Jesus, salvation consists of making both humans and
nature whole.
*Casting out Evil as the Kingdom of God:
“exorcism”, Apocalyptic Tradition upheld the belief
that the earth was under the Reign of Satan. The
Bible taught that evil was not just an impersonal force;
it was not something, but it was someone, a
personalized force. Satan was one of the names
given to this personalized evil force.
:SATAN: (H): =”Enemy” , (G): Diablos=“Slanderer.”
SATAN WAS THOUGHT TO EXERCISE:
a) over individuals: causing physical or mental
affliction;
b) over nature, causing calamities;
c) over history and world,
*Power over Nature as the Kingdom of God:
Yahweh is pictured as the Master of Nature. He brings
rains and storms and sends winds to dry the flood.
*Power over Death as Kingdom of God: Death is
the strongest sign of Satan’s reign over life, which no
one can avoid. Some prophets had shown that God’s
power could postpone death;
>Elijah brings back the dead son of Zareaphath
>Elisha revives the son of Shunammites.
LESSON 2:PARABLES:(L):Parabola =“comparison.”
(G):parabole= “placing beside a comparison.”
(H): Mashal:= “to set side by side.”
:35 parables in the Gospel
:Parable, form of a story. Storytelling has been a
powerful means of teaching.