Brick work
Brick masonary
It is a highly durable form of construction built by bricks with mortar in a systematic manner
to withstand exerted loads.
Brick masonary is constructed in a systematic arrangement called bonds
Bricks are soaked in water before construction
Damaged bricks should not be used in construction
The thickness of mortar in brick masonry is 12mm
Brick work should not be carried out more than 1m at a time
Damp proof course (DPC) is provided at 1m height to avoid the imbalancement
Plumb bob is used to check the orientation of wall
At the end of the work face of the wall is cleaned
Linthels are provided above all the openings in walls to give a framed structure.
Types of bonds
1. Stretcher bond : it is the arrangement in which longer narrow face of the brick is seen
in a single course , it is also called as running bond. It is used to construct half brick
thick wall.
2. Header bond : it is the arrangement in which all bricks in each course are placed as
headers on the faces of the wall. It is used to construct full brick thick wall.
3. English bond : it consist of one stretcher course and above that one header course and
similarly constructed throughout the wall .
4. Flemish bond : one header brick and one stretcher brick are placed in a single course
above that in next course is layer such that header lies in the middle of the stretcher in
course below to brake the vertical joints in the successive courses .
Stair case
It is a series of steps properly arranged to connect different floors of buildings
A horizontal portion of a step is called thread
A vertical portion of steps is called as riser
Reinforcement of stairs is connected with the beam and slab reinforcement
Minimum number of steps provided per running length is 9
Landing is provided at middle of the total height to avoid the tiredness of person.
RCC SLAB
Concrete floor slab construction process includes erection of formwork, placement of
reinforcement, pouring, compacting and finishing concrete and lastly removal of formwork
and curing of concrete slab .
Concrete floor slab construction process
1. Assemble and erect formwork
2. Prepare and place reinforcement
3. Pour, compact and finish concrete
4. Curing concrete and remove formwork
[Link] and erect formwork for slab
The formwork shall be designed to withstand construction loads such as fresh concrete
pressure and weight of workers and operators and their machines .guide to formwork for
concrete ACI 347-04 shall be followed for the design of formworks . moreover ,there are
various construction aspects that need to be considered during the erection of formworks . for
example ,it should be positioned correctly ,lined and levelled ,joints sealed adequately, and
prevent protruding of nails into the concrete etc… furthermore,different materials such as
wood ,steel, and aluminium can be used for the formworks of concrete floor slab
Finally, there are several common formwork construction deficiencies that site engineer
needs to be aware of and prevent their occurrence otherwise formwork failure may
[Link] construction deficiencies are provided below
Poor or lack of formwork examination during and after concrete placement to identify
uncommon deflection or other indications of possible failure that could be corrected
Inadequate nailing,bolting ,welding ,or fastening
Improper lateral bracing
Construct formwork that does not comply with form drawings
Lack of proper field inspection to ensure that form design has been properly
interpreted by form builders
Use of damaged or inferior lumber having lower strength than needed
2. prepare and place reinforcement for slab
Prior to the placement of reinforcement for concrete floor slab construction ,inspect and
check forms to confirm that the dimensions and the location of the concrete members
conform to the structural plans .Added to that ,the forms shall be properly cleaned and oiled
but not in such amount as to run onto bars or concrete construction joints .design drawings
provides necessary reinforcement details ,so it only needs understanding to use designated
bar size ,cutting required length ,and make necessary hooks and bents .after preparation is
completed ,steel bars are placed into their positions with the provision of specified sapcings
and concrete cover . the concrete cover and spacing for floor slabs can be maintained by
introducing spacers and bars supporters .wires are used to tie main reinforcement and
shrinkage and temperature reinforcement ( distribution reinforcement
It should be known that incorrect reinforcing steel placement can lead to seious
concrete structural failures .improper concrete cover exposes reinforcement bars
to danger and jeopardize concrete –steel bond . finally , after all requirements of
reinforcement placements (positions, concrete cover ,spacing and correct bars
size ; length ; hooks ; and bending ) are finalized , then site engineer can order
concreting .
Slabs are classfied into two types
1. One way slab
2. Two way slab
One Way Slab
One way slab is a slab which is supported by beams on the two opposite sides to carry the
load along one direction
The ratio of longer span (l) to shorter span (b) is equal or greater than 2 ,considered as one
way slab because this slab will bend in one direction i.e in the direction long its shorter span
Due to the huge differences in length ,the load is not transferred to the shorter beams .Main
reinforcement is provided in shorter span and distribution reinforcement in a longer span
The structural action of a one way slab can be visualized in terms of the deformed shape of
the loaded surface .The deflected shape of a rectangular slab ,simply supported along its two
opposite long edges and free of any support along the two –opposite short edges is shown in
figure . The deflected shape is shown by solid lines.
Bending moments are the same in all strips (S) spanning in a short direction between
supported edges whereas there is no bending moment in the long strips (l) parallel to the
supported edges .the surface is approximately cylindrical.
Two Way Slab
Two way slab is a slab supported by beams on all the four sides and the loads are
carried by the supports along with both directions ,it is known as two way slab . in two
way slab ,the ratio of longer span (l) to shorter span (b) is less than 2
In two way slabs ,the load will be carried in both the directions .So, the main
reinforcement is provided in both directions for two way slabs .
Example : these types of slabs are used in constructing floors of a multi –storeyed
building.
Bar Bending Schedule Of Column
This procedure involves two steps :
Step 1: calculation of vertical bars
Length of 1 vertical bar = H + Ld
Ld = development length
Length of 1 vertical bar = 3500 +40d
Length of 1 vertical bar = 3500 +40(20)
Length of 1 vertical bar = 3500 +800
Length of 1 vertical bar = 4300 mm
Length of 1 vertical bar = 4.3m
Total no of bars = 6
Total Length of vertical bar = 6 x 4.3
= 25.8 m (20mm bar)
Total weight of vertical bars = 25.8 x 2.47
= 63.724 kg
Step2 : calculation of ties
Calculation of side “A” of column :
A = horizontal distance -2 (clear cover)
A = 450 -2 (40)
A = 370 mm
Unit weight of a bar
W = D2/162.162
W = 202/162.162
W = 2.47 Kg/m
Calculation of side “B” of column
B = Vertical distance – 2(clear cover)
B = 350 -2(40)
B = 270 mm
Cut length of 1 tie
= ( 2 x A ) + (2 x B ) + (hook) –( bend)
= ( 2 x A ) + (2 x B ) + (2 x 10 d) – (3 x 2d) – ( 2 x 3d )
= ( 2 x 370 ) + ( 2 x 270 ) + ( 2x 10 x8 ) – ( 5 x2 x 8) –(2 x 3 x 8)
= (740) + ( 540) + (160) –(80) – (2x3x8)
= 1312 mm = 1.312 m
No of ties
= total length /spacing +1
= 3500/150 +1
= 24.33 nos say 25 nos
Total length of tie bars = 25 x 1.312
=32.8 mm 8mm bar
Unit weight of a bar
W = D2/ 162.162
W = (8)2/162.162
W = 0.395 Kg
Quantity of steel in beam
Given data : length = 5m =5000mm
Width = 0.3m =300mm
Depth = 0.3 m =300mm
4 no’s of 12mm longitudinal bars
8mm stirrups @ 150 mm c/c
Clear cover = 20mm
MAIN BARS
Cutting length of top bars = L +Ld+Ld
= 5000+(40 x 12) +(40 x 12)
=5960mm or 5.96 m
No of top bars=2
Cutting length of bottom bar = L+Ld+Ld
=5000+(40x12) +(40x12)
= 5960mm or 5.96m
No of bottom bars =2
Total length of bars = length of bar x no of bars
Total length of top bars = 5.96 x2 =11.92 m
Total length of bottom bars = 5.96 x2 =11.92 m
Wt per m of bar =D2/162 kg/m
Wt per mof top bar =122/162 kg/m =0.89 kg/m
Wt per m of bottom bar =122/162 kg/m =0.89 kg/m
Total wt of bars =total length x wt per m
Total wt of top bars =11.92 x0.89 = 10.6 kg
Total wt of bottom bars =11.92 x0.89 =10.6 kg
STIRRUPS BARS
Cutting length of stirrups =2(L+B)+9D +9D
= 2(0.24+0.024)+9(0.008)+9(0.008)
=1.104m
No of stirrups =(actual length /spacing) +1
=(5/0.15) +1
=33 bars
Total length of stirrups bars = length of stirrups x no of stirrups
=1.104 x 33
=36 m
Wt per m of stirrups =D2/162
=8x8/162
=0..395 kg/m
Total wt of stirrups = total length x wt per m
= 36 x 0.39
=14 kg
