HFS524 - BREEDING OF FRUIT CROPS(m) (2+1)
Theory Origin and distribution, taxonomical status - species and cultivars, cytogenetics, genetic
resources, blossom biology, breeding systems, breeding objectives, ideotypes, approaches for crop
improvement - introduction, selection, hybridization, mutation breeding, polyploid breeding, rootstock
breeding, improvement of quality traits, resistance breeding for biotic and abiotic stresses,
biotechnological interventions, achievements and future thrust in the following selected fruit crops.
UNIT I
Mango, banana, pineapple, citrus, grapes, guava, sapota, jackfruit, papaya, custard apple. Aonla,
avocado, ber, mangosteen, litchi, jamun, phalsa, mulberry, raspberry, kokam,
UNIT II
Nuts, apple, pear, plums, peach, apricot, cherries and strawberry
Practicals
UNIT III
Characterization of germplasm, blossom biology, study of anthesis, estimating fertility status, practices
in hybridization, ploidy breeding, mutation breeding, evaluation of biometrical traits and quality traits,
screening for resistance, developing breeding programme for specific traits, visit to research stations
working on tropical, sub-tropical and temperate fruit improvement.
SUGGESTED READING
1. Bose TK, Mitra SK & Sanyol D. (Eds.). 2002. Fruits of India – Tropical and Sub-tropical. 3rdEd. Vols. I, II.
Naya Udyog. 2. Chadha KL & Pareek OP. 1996.(Eds.).Advances in [Link].I. Malhotra Publ.
House. 3. Chadha KL & Shikhamany SD. 1999. The Grape: Improvement, Production and Post-Harvest
Management. Malhotra Publ. House. 4. Janick J & Moore JN. 1996. Fruit Breeding. Vols.I-III. John Wiley
& Sons. Nijjar GS. 1977. (Eds.). Fruit Breeding in India. Oxford & IBH. 5. Radha T & Mathew L. 2007. Fruit
Crops. New India Publ. Agency. 6. Singh S, Shivankar VJ, Srivastava AK & Singh IP. (Eds.). 2004. Advances
in Citriculture. Jagmander Book Agency. 7. Tropical fruits volume 1, 2 (Robert E. Paull and OdiloDaurte)
copyright by CAB international. 8. Temperate fruit crop breeding (Germplasm to Genomic) by James F.
Hancock. Copyright b
HFS622 - PRODUCTION & BREEDING OF PLANTATION AND MEDICINAL CROPS(m)(2+1)
Theory
UNIT I
Role of plantation and medicinal crops in national economy, area of production, export potential,
systems of cultivation, multitier cropping, photosynthetic efficiencies of crops at different tiers,
Production including temperature, light, humidity and soil pH, high density planting, nutritional
requirements, role of growth regulators and macro and micronutrients, water requirements, fertigation,
moisture conservation, shade regulation, weed management, training and pruning, crop regulation,
maturity indices, harvesting for following Crops:
Plantation crops: Coffee and Tea, Cashew, Cocoa, Rubber, Palmyrah, Oil Palm, Coconut, Arecanut and
Betel Vine.
Medicinal crops: Senna, Catharanthus, Medicinal solanum, Ashwagandha, Aloevera, Glory lily, Medicinal
Coleus, Isabgol and poppy;
UNIT II
Breeding objectives, approaches for crop improvement, breeding techniques and constraints for the
following crops:
Plantation crops: Coffee and Tea, Cashew, Cocoa, Rubber, Palmyrah, Oil Palm, Coconut, Arecanut and
Betel Vine.
Medicinal crops: Senna, Catharanthus, Medicinal solanum, Ashwagandha, Aloevera, Glort lily, Medicinal
Coleus, Isabgol and poppy
Practical
Unit III
Propagation practices of major plantation and medicinal crops, Varietal identification and description of
plantation and medicinal crops; Identification, description and management strategies of nutritional and
physiological disorders of plantation and medicinal crops; precision farming for plantation crops;
processing methods of plantation crops; Cost benefit analysis under organic farming; Blossom biology,
breeding techniques of plantation and medicinal crops. Good Agricultural practices - organic production
and certification in medicinal crops.
SUGGESTED READING
1.
Chopra VL & Peter KV. 2005. Handbook of Industrial Crops. Panima.
2.
Harler CR. 1963. The Culture and Marketing of Tea. Oxford Univ. Press.
3.
Kurian A & Peter KV. 2007. Commercial Crops Technology. New India Publ. Agency.
4.
Peter KV. 2002. Plantation Crops. National Book Trust.
5.
Pradeep Kumar T, Suma B, Jyothibhaskar & Satheesan KN. 2008. Management of Horticultural
Crops. Part I, II. New India Publ. Agency.
6.
Rai PS &Vidyachandram B. 1981. Review of Work Done on Cashew. UAS, Research Series
No.6, Bangalore.
7.
Srivastava HC, Vatsaya B & Menon KKG. 1986. Plantation Crops – Opportunities and
Constraints. Oxford & IBH.
8.
Kumar N. 2018. Introduction to Spices, Plantation Crops, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants.
Oxford & Ibh
9.
Deepa Devi N.2017. A Text Book of Medicinal and Aromatic Crops. Aavishkar Publishers.
ISBN-13 : 978-8179105481
10. Farooqi Sreeramu. 2004. Cultivation of Medicinal & Aromatic Crops.. Universities Press. ISBN-
13 : 978-8173715044
HOR513 - BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION OF HORTICULTURAL CROPS* (2+1)
Theory
UNIT I
Biodiversity and conservation; issues and goals, centers of origin of cultivated fruits; primary and
secondary centers of genetic diversity. Present status of gene centers; exploration and collection of
germplasm; conservation of genetic resources – conservation in situ and ex situ.
UNIT II
Germplasm conservation-problem of recalcitrancy-cold storage of scions, tissue culture,
cryopreservation, pollen and seed storage; inventory of germplasm, introduction of germplasm, plant
quarantine. Intellectual property rights, regulatory horticulture. Detection of genetic constitution of
germplasm and maintenance of core group. GIS and documentation of local biodiversity, Geographical
indication. Mango, sapota, citrus, guava, banana, papaya, grapes, jackfruit, custard, apple, ber, aonla,
malus, Prunussp, litchi, nuts, coffee, tea, rubber, cashew, coconut, cocoa, palmyrah, arecanut, oil palm
and betelvine.
Practicals
UNIT III
Documentation of germplasm-maintenance of passport data and other records of accessions; field
exploration trips, exercise on ex situ conservation–cold storage, pollen/seed storage, cryopreservation,
visits to National Gene Bank and other centers of PGR activities. Detection of genetic constitution of
germplasm, core sampling, germplasm characterization using molecular techniques. Visit of NBPGR,
New Delhi and Barapani, Meghalaya.
SUGGESTED READING
1. Peter KV & Abraham Z. 2007. Biodiversity in Horticultural Crops. Vol. I. Daya Publ. House. 2. Frankel
OH & Hawkes JG. 1975. Crop Genetic Resources for Today and Tomorrow. Cambridge University Press.
3. Peter KV. 2008. Biodiversity of Horticultural Crops. Vol. II. Daya Publ. House. 4. Tropical fruit tree
diversity (good Practices for in-situ an on-frarm conservation) edited by BhuwanSlhapit, Hugo. A. H.
Lamers, V. Ramanatha Rao and Arwein Bailey. First published by Routledge, 2Park Square, Milton
Park,Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and By Routledege 711rd Avenue , New York, NY 10017
HOR514 - BIOTECHNOLOGY OF HORTICULTURAL CROPS* (2+1)
Theory
UNIT I
Harnessing bio-technology in horticultural crops, influence of plant materials, physical, chemical factors
and growth regulators on growth and development of plant cell, tissue and organ culture. Callus culture
– types, cell division, differentiation, morphogenesis, organogenesis, embryogenesis. Use of bioreactors
and in vitro methods for production of secondary metabolites, suspension culture, nutrition of tissues
and cells, regeneration of tissues, ex vitro, establishment of tissue cultured plants. Micro-propagation –
principles and concepts, commercial exploitation in horticultural crops. Techniques - in vitro clonal
propagation, direct organogenesis, embryogenesis, micrografting, meristem culture. Hardening, packing
and transport of micro-propagules.
UNIT II
Physiology of hardening - hardening and field transfer, organ culture, meristem, embryo, anther, ovule
culture, embryo rescue, somaclonal variation, protoplast culture and fusion. Construction and
identification of somatic hybrids and cybrids, wide hybridization, in vitro pollination and fertilization,
haploids, in vitro-mutation, artificial seeds, cryopreservation, rapid clonal propagation, genetic
engineering in horticulture crops, use of molecular markers. In vitro selection for biotic and abiotic
stress, achievements of biotechnology in horticultural crops.
Practicals
UNIT III
An exposure to low cost, commercial and homestead tissue culture laboratories, media preparation,
inoculation of explants for clonal propagation, callus induction and culture, regeneration of plantlets
from callus, sub-culturing, techniques on anther, ovule, embryo culture, somaclonal variation, in vitro
mutant selection against abiotic stress, protoplast culture, fusion technique, development of protocols
for mass multiplication, project development for establishment of commercial tissue culture laboratory.
Hardening – case studies, micropropagation, explant preparation, media preparation, culturing – in vitro
clonal propagation, meristem culture, shoot tip culture, axillary bud culture, direct organogenesis, direct
and indirect embryogenesis, micrografting, hardening. Visit of Biotech lab at IARI, New Delhi, HAFRP,
Ranchi and private companies at Pune, Bengaluru.
SUGGESTED READING
1. Bajaj YPS. (Ed.).1989. Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry. Vol. V, Fruits. Springer. 2. Brown TA.
2001. Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis and Introduction. Blackwell Publ. 3. Chopra VL &Nasim A. 1990.
Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology – Concepts, Methods and [Link] & IBH. 4. Gorden
H & Rubsell S. 1960. Hormones and Cell Culture. AB Book Publ. 5. Keshavachandran R & Peter KV. 2008.
Plant Biotechnology: Tissue Culture and Gene Transfer. Orient & Longman (Universal Press). 6.
Keshavachandran R, Nazeem PA, Girija D, John PS & Peter KV. 2007. Recent Trends in Biotechnology of
Horticultural Crops. Vols. I, II. New India Publ. Agency. 17 7. Parthasarathy VA, Bose TK, Deka PC, Das P,
Mitra SK &Mohanadas S. 2001. Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops. Vols. I-III. NayaProkash. 8. Pierik
RLM. 1987. In vitro Culture of Higher Plants. MartinusNijhoff Publ. 9. Skoog F & Miller CO. 1957.
Chemical Regulation of Growth and Formation in Plant Tissue Culture in vitro. Symp. Soc. Exp. Biol. 11:
118-131 10. Vasil TK, Vasi M, While DNR &Bery HR.1979. Somatic Hybridization and Genetic
Manipulation in Plants. Plant Regulation and World Agriculture. Planum Press. 11. Williamson R. 1981-
86. Genetic Engineering. Vols. I-V. Academic Press. 12. Genetic Engineering of Horticultural Crops 1st
Edition. Gyana Rout KV Peter. Elsevier (2018) 13. Biotechnology in Horticulture: Methods and
Applications. Peter, [Link] India Publishing Agency (2013) 14. Transgenic Horticultural Crops.
ScorzaMouScorzaMou. Productivity PrInc (2011)
HOR515 - ORGANIC HORTICULTURE* (2+1)
Theory
UNIT I
Organic horticulture – definition, synonyms and misnomers, principles, methods, merits and demerits.
Organic farming systems, components of organic horticultural systems, different organic inputs, their
role in organic horticulture, role of biofertilizers, biodynamics and the recent developments.
Bioformulation-Panchagavya, amritpani, jeevamruth, beejamruth: its preparation and uses. EM
technology and its impact in organic horticulture, indigenous practices of organic farming, sustainable
soil fertility management, and weed management practices in organic farming, biological/natural
control of pests and diseases, organic horticulture in quality improvement.
UNIT II
GAP - Principles and management, HACCP exercise, certification of organic products and systems,
agencies involved at national and international levels, standards evolved by different agencies.
Constraints in certification, organic horticulture and export, IFOAM and global scenario of organic
movement, post-harvest management of organic produce.
Practicals
UNIT III
Features of organic orchards, working out conversion plan, Input analysis-manures, nutrient status
assessment of manures, biocomposting, biofertilizers and their application, panchagavya preparation
and other organic nutrients application, methods of preparation of compost, vermicompost, green
manuring, preparation of neem products and application, BD preparations and their role, EM technology
and products, biological/natural control of pests and diseases, soil solarization, framework for GAP, case
studies, HACCP analysis, residue analysis in organic products, documentation for certification, visit to
fields cultivated under organic practices. Visit of quality control lab at YSPUH&F, Solan, IARI, New Delhi.
SUGGESTED READING
1. Claude A, Vandana S, Sultan I, Vijaya L, Korah M & Bernard D. 2000. The Organic Farming Reader.
Other Indian Press, Goa. 2. Gaur AC, Neblakantan S &Dargan KS. 1984 Organic Manures. ICAR. 3.
Lampkin N & Ipswich. 1990. Organic Farming. Farming Press. London. 4. Lampkin NH &Padel S. 1992.
The Economics of Organic Farming – AnInternational [Link]. 5. Palaniappan&Annadurai.
2008. Organic Farming- Theory and [Link] Publ. 6. Peter KV. 2008. (Ed.). Basics of
Horticulture. New India Publ. [Link] Delhi. 7. Rao S. 1977. Soil Microorganism and Plant Growth.
Oxford & IBH
HOR522 – POST-HARVEST TECHNOLOGY OF HORTICULTURAL CROPS(m) (2+1)
Theory
UNIT I
Maturity indices, harvesting practices for specific market requirements, influence of pre-harvest
practices, enzymatic and textural changes, respiration, transpiration. Physiology and biochemistry of
fruit ripening, ethylene evolution and ethylene management, factors leading to post-harvest loss, pre-
cooling. Treatments prior to shipment, viz., chlorination, waxing, chemicals, biocontrolagents and
natural plant products. Methods of storage- ventilated, refrigerated, MA, CA storage, physical injuries
and disorders. Role of Vitamins.
UNIT II
Packing methods and transport, principles and methods of preservation, food processing, canning, fruit
juices, beverages, pickles, jam, jellies, candies. Dried and dehydrated products, nutritionally enriched
products,fermented fruit beverages,packaging technology,processing waste management, food safety
standards. Excruder Technology.
Practicals
UNIT III
Analyzing maturity stages of commercially important horticultural crops, improved packing and storage
of important horticultural commodities, physiological loss in weight of fruits and vegetables, estimation
of transpiration, respiration rate, ethylene release and study of vase life extension in cutflower using
chemicals, estimation of quality characteristics in stored fruits and vegetables, cold chain management-
visit to cold storage and CA storage units, visit to fruit and vegetable processing units, project
preparation, evaluation of processed horticultural products. Processing of sauces, ketchup, beverages.
Analysis of curcumin. Visit to ICAR institutes like CISH, Lucknow, IARI, New Delhi, private companies at
Sikkim, Tripura, Nagaon, Guwahati, IIHR, Bengaluru.
SUGGESTED READING
1. Bhutani RC. 2003. Fruit and Vegetable Preservation. Biotech Books. & Pareek OP.(Eds.).1996
Advances in Horticulture. [Link]. Malhotra Publ. House. 2. Haid NF & Salunkhe SK. 1997. Post Harvest
Physiology and Handling of Fruits and Vegetables. Grenada Publ. 3. Mitra [Link] Harvest
Physiology and Storage Sub-tropical Fruits. CABI. 4. Ranganna S.1997. Hand Book of Analysis and Quality
Control for Fruit and Vegetable Products. Tata McGraw-Hill. 5. Sudheer KP & [Link] Harvest
Technology of Horticultural Crops. New India Publ. Agency. 6. Willis R, Mc Glassen WB, Graham D &
Joyce D. 1998. Post Harvest. An Introduction to the Physiology and Handling of Fruits,Vegetables and
Ornamentals. CABI. 7. Tripathi, M. K. and Mangaraj, S. (2013) Advances in Food Processing Technology.
Ed. 2013(1st). Pub: Narendra Publishing House, 1417, Kishan Dutt Street, Maliwara, Delhi110006.
Rashtriya Printers Delhi, India. 8. Sharma, S. K. and Nautiyal, M. C. (2009) Postharvest Technology of
Horticultural Crop, Pub: New India Publishing Agency, 101 Vikas Surya Plaza, CU Block, L.S.C. mkt,
PitamPuram, New Delhi-110088. Jai Bharat Printing Press Delhi, India. 22 9. Kalia, M. (2006) Postharvest
Technology of vegetables, Pub: Agro-tech Publishing Academy, 124, Anand Plaza, Universuty Road,
Udaipur-313001SSS. SSS printers New Delhi, India. 10. Gupta, S. (2012) Food Processing and Agro-based
Industries, Pub: Engineer India Research Instt. 4499 NaiSarak, Main Road,Chawri Bazar, New Delhi-
110006. Swastik Offset Delhi, India 11. Chakraverty, A., Majumdar, A. S., Raghavan, G. S. V. and
Ramaswamy, H. S. (2010) Handbook of Postharvest Technology Cereals, Fruits, Vegetables, Tea and
Spices, Pub: Marcel Dekker, Inc. 270, Madison Avenue, Newyork- 10016. NutechPhotolithographers,
United States of America
HOR613 - INTELLECTUAL PROPERTIES RIGHT AND ITS MANAGEMENT IN AGRICULTURE(mi) (2+1)
Theory
UNIT I
Historical perspectives and need for the introduction of Intellectual Property Right regime; TRIPs and
various provisions in TRIPS Agreement; Intellectual Property and Intellectual Property Rights (IPR),
benefits of securing IPRs. Indian Legislations for the protection of various types of Intellectual
Properties; Fundamentals of patents, copyrights, geographical indications, designs and layout, trade
secrets and traditional knowledge, trademarks, protection of plant varieties and farmers‘ rights and
biodiversity protection.
UNIT II
Protectable subject matters, protection in biotechnology, protection of other biological materials,
ownership and period of protection; National Biodiversity protection initiatives, Convention on
Biological Diversity.
Practical
UNIT III
International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture; Licensing of technologies,
Material transfer agreements, Research collaboration Agreement, License Agreement.
SUGGESTED READING
1. Erbisch FH & Maredia K.1998. Intellectual Property Rights in Agricultural Biotechnology. CABI. 2.
Ganguli P. 2001. Intellectual Property Rights: Unleashing Knowledge Economy. McGraw-Hill. 3.
Intellectual Property Rights: Key to New Wealth Generation. 2001. NRDC& Aesthetic Technologies. 4.
Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India. 2004. State of Indian Farmer. Vol. V. Technology
Generation and IPR Issues. Academic Foundation. 5. Rothschild M & Scott N. (Ed.). 2003. Intellectual
Property Rights inAnimal Breeding and Genetics. CABI. 6. Saha R. (Ed.). 2006. Intellectual Property Rights
in NAM and Other Developing Countries: A Compendium on Law and Policies. Daya Publ. House. 7. The
Indian Acts - Patents Act, 1970 and amendments; Design Act, 2000; Trademarks Act, 1999; The
Copyright Act, 1957 and amendments; Layout Design Act, 2000; PPV and FR Act 2001, and Rules 2003;
National Biological Diversity Act, 2003
HVS524 - BREEDING OF VEGETABLE CROPS(m) (2+1)
Theory Origin, botany, taxonomy, cytogenetics, genetics, breeding objectives, breeding methods
(introduction, selection, hybridization, mutation), varieties and varietal characterization, resistance
breeding for biotic and abiotic stress, quality improvement, molecular marker, genomics, marker
assisted breeding and QTLs, biotechnology and their use in breeding in vegetable crops-Issue of
patenting, PPVFR act.
UNIT I
Potato, tomato, Eggplant, hot pepper, sweet pepper and okra, Peas and beans, amaranth, chenopods
and lettuce
UNIT II
Gourds, melons, pumpkins and squashes, cabbage, cauliflower, carrot, beetroot, radish, sweet potato
and tapioca.
Practicals
UNIT III
Selection of desirable plants from breeding population observations and analysis of various qualitative
and quantitative traits in germplasm, hybrids and segregating generations; induction of flowering,
palynological studies, selfing and crossing techniques in vegetable crops; hybrid seed production of
vegetable crops in bulk. Screening techniques for insect-pests, disease and environmental stress
resistance in above mentioned crops, demonstration of sib-mating and mixed population; molecular
marker techniques to identify useful traits in the vegetable crops and special breeding techniques. Visit
to breeding blocks.
SUGGESTED READING
1. Allard RW.1999. Principles of Plant Breeding. John Wiley & Sons. Basset MJ. (Ed.). 1986. Breeding
Vegetable Crops. AVI Publ. 2. Dhillon BS, Tyagi RK, Saxena S. & Randhawa GJ. 2005. Plant Genetic
Resources: Horticultural Crops. Narosa Publ. House. 3. Fageria MS, Arya PS & Choudhary AK. 2000.
Vegetable Crops: Breeding and Seed Production. Vol. I. Kalyani. 4. Gardner EJ. 1975. Principles of
Genetics. John Wiley & Sons. Hayes HK, Immer FR & Smith DC. 1955. Methods of Plant Breeding.
McGraw-Hill. 5. Hayward MD, Bosemark NO & Romagosa I. (Eds.). [Link] Breeding- Principle sand
Prospects. Chapman & Hall. 6. Kalloo G. 1988. Vegetable Breeding. Vols. I-III. CRC Press. 7. Kalloo
[Link].I-III(Combined Ed.). Panima Edu. Book Agency. 8. Kumar JC & Dhaliwal
[Link] of Developing Hybrids in Vegetable Crops. Agro Botanical Publ. 9. Paroda RS &
Kalloo G.(Eds.).[Link] Research with Special Reference to Hybrid Technology in Asia-Pacific
Region. FAO. 10. PeterKV&[Link], ICAR. 11.
RaiN&[Link]. 12. RamHH. 1998.
Vegetable Breeding: Principles and Practices. Kalyani. SimmondsNW.1978. Principles of Crop
Improvement. Longman. Singh BD. 1983. Plant Breeding. Kalyani. 13. Singh PK, Dasgupta SK &Tripathi
SK. 2004. Hybrid Vegetable Development. International Book Distributing Co. 14. Swarup V. 1976.
Breeding Procedure for Cross-pollinated Vegetable Crops. ICAR. 15. Heterosis Breeding in Vegetable
Crops. Nagendra Rai and M. K. Rai. New India Publishing Agency (2006
HVS622 - PRODUCTION & BREEDING OF SPICES AND AROMATIC CROPS(m) (2+1)
Theory
UNIT I
Introduction, importance of spices and aromatic crops - historical accent, present status-
national and international, future prospects; climatic and soil requirements, site selection,
layout, sowing/planting times and methods, nutritional and irrigation requirements,
intercropping, mixed cropping, intercultural operations, weed control, mulching, harvesting,
precision farming, organic resource management, organic certification, quality control,
pharmaceutical significance and protected cultivation of following crops:
UNIT II
Breeding objectives, approaches for crop improvement, breeding techniques and constraints
for the following crops: Spices: Black pepper, Cardamom Clove, Cinnamon and Nutmeg,
Allspice, Turmeric, Ginger and Garlic, Coriander, Fenugreek, Cumin, Fennel, Ajowain, Dill,
Celery, Tamarind, Garcinia and Vanilla. Aromatic crops: Ocimum, Davana, Japanese Mint,
Lemon Grass, Citronella, Geranium, Rosemary,
Palmarosa and Vetiver; Distillation of essential oils.
Practicals
UNIT III
Propagation practices of major spices and aromatic crops, Varietal identification and
description of spices and aromatic crops; Identification, description and management strategies
of nutritional and physiological disorders of spices and aromatic crops; precision farming for
plantation crops; post-harvest handling of major spice crops; Cost benefit analysis under
organic farming; Good Agricultural practices - organic production and certification in spice
crops. Blossom biology, breeding techniques of spices and aromatic crops. Extraction methods
of essential oils aromatic crops.
SUGGESTED READING
1. Agarwal S, Sastry EVD & Sharma RK. 2001. Seed Spices: Production, Quality, Export. Pointer
Publ.
2. Arya PS. 2003. Spice Crops of India. Kalyani.
3. Bhattacharjee SK. 2000. Hand Book of Aromatic Plants. Pointer Publ.
4. Kumar N, A, Khader P, Rangaswami & Irulappan I. 2000. Introduction to Spices, Plantation
Crops, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. Oxford & IBH.
6. Nybe EV, Miniraj N & Peter KV. 2007. Spices. New India Publ. Agency.
7. Parthasarthy VA, Kandiannan V & Srinivasan V. 2008. Organic Spices. New India Publ. Agency.
8. Peter KV. 2001. Hand Book of Herbs and Spices. Vols. I-III. Woodhead Publ. Co. UK and CRC
USA
9. Kumar N. 2018. Introduction to Spices, Plantation Crops, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants.
Oxford& Ibh
10. Deepa Devi N.2017. A Text Book of Medicinal and Aromatic Crops. Aavishkar Publishers.
ISBN- 13 : 978-8179105481
11. Farooqi Sreeramu. 2004. Cultivation of Medicinal & Aromatic Crops. Universities Press.
ISBN-13 : 978-8173715044
