Pakistan Studies Notes
1. Ideology and Its Types
Ideology is a system of ideas and ideals that forms the basis of economic, political, or social theory and
policy. It guides individuals or groups in interpreting the world and taking action based on their beliefs.
Purpose of Ideology:
- Provides a sense of purpose and unity
- Helps in setting goals and making policies
- Offers guidelines for social, political, and economic conduct
Types of Ideology:
1. Political Ideology: Democracy, Communism, Fascism, Monarchism.
2. Economic Ideology: Capitalism, Socialism, Mixed Economy.
3. Religious Ideology: Islamism, Christian Democracy.
4. Social Ideology: Feminism, Multiculturalism, Environmentalism.
2. First Constitution of Pakistan (1956)
Background:
After gaining independence in 1947, Pakistan functioned under the Government of India Act 1935. The first
constitution was created to define Pakistan's identity and governance.
Key Features:
- Enforced on 23rd March 1956
- Declared Pakistan as an Islamic Republic
- Parliamentary system with unicameral legislature
- President as Head of State, Prime Minister as Head of Government
- Fundamental rights included
- Islam declared state religion
- Independent judiciary and adult franchise
Downfall:
Pakistan Studies Notes
- Abrogated on 7th October 1958 by President Iskander Mirza with General Ayub Khan's support.
3. Constitution of 1973
Background:
The 1973 Constitution was drafted after the separation of East Pakistan and came into effect during Zulfiqar
Ali Bhutto's leadership.
Key Features:
- Enforced on 14 August 1973
- Federal Parliamentary Republic
- Bicameral legislature: National Assembly and Senate
- Prime Minister as chief executive
- Islam as the state religion
- President is a ceremonial figurehead
- Judicial independence and fundamental human rights
- Urdu as national language
- Objective Resolution in preamble
- Provincial autonomy
Current Status:
Still active, with several amendments.
4. Constitutional Amendments
First Amendment (1974):
- Modified after Bangladesh's creation
- Removed East Pakistan references
- Foreign affairs updates
Second Amendment (1974):
- Declared Ahmadis non-Muslims
Pakistan Studies Notes
- Added Muslim definition
Eighth Amendment (1985):
- During Zia-ul-Haq's regime
- Allowed President to dissolve National Assembly (58(2)(b))
Eighteenth Amendment (2010):
- Reversed presidential powers
- Strengthened parliamentary democracy
- Provincial autonomy increased
- NWFP renamed to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
- Stronger judiciary and Election Commission
5. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto as a Reformer
Background:
Founder of PPP, served as President and Prime Minister.
Reforms:
1. Political:
- 1973 Constitution
- Democratic institutions
- Islamic Socialism
2. Economic:
- Nationalization of banks and industries
3. Land:
- Redistributed land to reduce feudalism
4. Education:
- Free and technical education reforms
Pakistan Studies Notes
5. Labor:
- Legalized unions, improved conditions
6. Foreign Policy:
- Non-aligned and Muslim country relations
- Nuclear program start
- 1974 Islamic Summit in Lahore
