HOME AUTOMATION USING PLC

Submitted by
Praveen Kumar P
(22BEE1192)
Rishi Kumar.R.T
(22BEE1312)
Dinesh S
(22BEE1243)

for the course

BEEE210L Power System Analysis

Winter Semester 2024– 2025

School of Electrical Engineering

 Abstract

Home automation is a notion that is gaining popularity as a way for people to improve their comfort,
security, and energy efficiency. The use of programmable logic controllers in the context of home
automation is examined in this research. Programmable logic controllers offer a dependable and
adaptable foundation for automating and regulating a variety of home systems. The key elements
and procedures for implementing home automation using programmable logic controllers are
covered in this paper, including picking the right hardware, programming logic, integrating sensors
and actuators, setting up communication protocols, and developing user interfaces. The idea behind
home automation is to link all the appliances and systems to a single controller so that they can all be
operated remotely and communicate with one another. The primary programmable logic controllers
program is designed using a ladder diagram. This programmable logic controllers has the ability to
process, sequence, time, and store instructions. Additionally, several operations are managed and
controlled through the user central control unit, including main entrance control, power connection
on/off, water and gas valve opening and closing, thief control system on/off, garage door control,
and lighting and heat control of each room according to our predefined schedule. It emphasizes the
significance of security and safety factors in home automation systems. Examined are the possible
advantages and difficulties of employing programmable logic controllers for home automation,
including scalability, customization, and maintenance. As a result, an interactive and comfortable
automation system has been created. The article stresses the modernization and optimization of
domestic living areas with programmable logic controllers-based home automation, resulting in
more comfort and sustainability.

Keywords
Programmable logic controller (PLCs), ladder programming, home automation,
hardware, implementation, security, challenges.
Introduction
Over the years, there has been a continuous evolution in control system engineering. In the past main
methods for controlling a system was manual. Nowadays control of any system is done through
electricity and the basic electrical control was based on relays. Without a mechanical switch these
relays enables power to be turned on and off. The use of relays to make simple logical control
decisions is common. The advent of low cost computer has brought the recent revolution, the
Programmable Logic Controller (PLC), which began in the 1970s and has become the most preferred
choice for manufacturing controls. In this study the controller was designed to provide an automated
home security system at an affordable price. The parameter sensors connected to the controller will
provide the required signals that activate controller processes to and take the specified action.

PLCs
A digital computer-based management system called PLC is used in manufacturing and industrial
automation to manage a variety of equipment and operations. PLCs are made to carry out tasks by
performing user-defined control and logic functions. Here are a few crucial PLC features.
PLC Components Include
1. Central Processing Unit: The PLC’s CPU, which handles processing and carrying out control
programs, is its brain. The input data is read and processed, and control signals are then sent to the
output devices .
2. Input Module: Various sensors and input devices, including switches, sensors, and analog
devices, must be interfaced with input modules. They transform the physical field signals into digital
data that the PLC can process.
3. Output Modules: To regulate the industrial process, these modules interact with output devices,
such as motors, valves, solenoids, and other actuators. They translate the PLC’s digital signals into
tangible actions
4. Memory: PLCs have three main types of memory: system memory, which stores temporary
data and system settings, data memory, which stores variables and values, and program memory,
which stores the control program.
5. Programming Software: Engineers and technicians can construct control logic for PLCs using
a variety of programming languages, including ladder logic, structured text, function block diagrams,
etc., by using specialized software
6. Human–Machine Interface (HMI): It is a component of a PLC system that gives operators a
graphical interface through which to view and communicate with the control system. It has reporting
and warning features, manual control capabilities, and process data display
7. Communication Modules: To facilitate data exchange and network interaction with other
PLCs, SCADA systems, or even enterprise-level systems, certain PLCs are equipped with optional
communication modules.
 A. Features of PLC :
The main difference from other computers is that PLCs are protected from severe conditions
(such as cold, moisture, dust and heat) and have the features for extensive input/output (I/O)
arrangements. A connection between PLC to sensors and actuators is done through these
connections. PLCs read limit switches, analog process variables (such as temperature and
pressure), and the positions of complex positioning systems. Some use machine vision.On the
actuator side, PLCs operate electric motors, pneumatic cylinders, solenoids, magnetic relays or
analog outputs.
B. Advantages of PLC :
Economical control of complex systems. PLC Can be reapplied to control other systems easily
and quickly. • Sophisticated control can be done with computational abilities. Programming is
easier and reduces downtime through troubleshooting ability. Reliability and durability of the
components make PLCs likely to operate for years.

PLC system:
Literature Survey:
Home automation refers to the control of home appliances and systems through automated means,
allowing users to manage various household devices remotely or automatically. As the need for
efficient, safe, and intelligent home environments increases, the integration of automation
technologies like Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) has gained considerable attention.

Study overview:
PLCs were first created for industrial automation, but because of their robustness, flexibility, and
dependability, they are now a popular option for home automation. PLCs have been investigated by
engineers and researchers for a variety of uses in the home, including but not restricted to:
1. Lighting control: PLCs provide accurate lighting system control, allowing users to modify
brightness, establish timetables, and design lighting scenes for various activities. This leads to
energy savings and enhanced ambiance .
2. Energy management: The main goal of home automation is to optimize energy usage. PLCs
can regulate power-hungry appliances and HVAC systems, which lowers energy bills and their
negative effects on the environment.
3. Security and surveillance: PLCs are essential to home security systems since they control
cameras, alarms, and smart locks. These systems can be configured to react to crises or security
breaches.
4. User interfaces: For broad acceptance, user-friendly interface development is essential. PLC-
based home automation frequently incorporates user interfaces for accessibility and convenience of
use, like voice control, touchscreens, and mobile apps.
5. Integration with IoT: As the Internet of Things (IoT) grows in popularity, researchers are
looking into connecting PLCs with IoT devices to provide remote monitoring and control of a
variety of household systems and appliances.
 Ladder Diagram :
The most common method used for programming PLCs is based on the ladder diagrams. Writing a
program is then equivalent or resembles to drawing a switching circuit. The ladder diagram consists
of two vertical lines on either side representing the power rails which are positive and neutral.
Circuits are connected in the rungs of the ladder which are horizontal, between these two rails.
Ladder logic was originally a written method to document the design and construction of relay racks
as used in manufacturing and process control. Each device in the relay rack would be represented by
a symbol on the ladder diagram with connections between those devices shown. In addition, other
items external to the relay rack such as pumps, heaters, and so forth would also be shown on the
ladder diagram. Although the diagrams themselves have been used since the days when logic could
only be implemented using switches and electromechanical relays, the term 'ladder logic' was only
latterly adopted with the advent of solid state programmable logic. Ladder logic acts as a
programming language that represents a program in the form of graphical diagram based on the
circuit diagrams of relay logic hardware and used in industrial control applications. The name
Ladder Logic is appropriate as it resembles a ladder with two vertical rails on either side with a
series of horizontally connected rungs between them. The system in the ladder diagram form will be
programmed into the PLC. Once the programs have been downloaded into PLC, it can be monitored
in the Diagram Workspace during execution. The RSLogix provide the easy user interface to
download the program, to upload the program, and to go back at online mode to see program
desirable state.
Problem Statement:

PLC-based home automation has several drawbacks despite its benefits. Key issues
that need constant attention are ensuring system dependability, managing
cybersecurity risks, enhancing device interoperability, and addressing user privacy
concerns. To ensure that smart homes continue to evolve, potential future
advancements could include improved energy management algorithms, user
interfaces, and increased integration with upcoming technology
Methodology:
The proposed system for home automation using a
Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) follows a structured approach
to ensure efficient control, flexibility, and safety. The steps involved
in the design and implementation of the system are outlined below:
4.1 Requirement Analysis
The initial phase involved identifying the appliances and
devices to be automated within the household environment. This
included lighting systems, fans, power outlets, and security-related
devices. User requirements such as manual control, sensor-based
automation, and scheduling functionalities were considered to
determine the scope of the automation logic.
4.2 Hardware Selection
A suitable PLC was selected based on the required number of
input/output ports, voltage ratings, and communication features.
Sensors such as motion detectors and temperature sensors were
chosen to enable automatic control. Actuators, including relays and
contactors, were selected to interface the PLC with the household
appliances. Where necessary, communication modules (such as Wi-Fi
or GSM) were included to enable remote monitoring and control.
4.3 System Design
The system design involved creating a detailed wiring
diagram to connect all the input and output components to the PLC.
The control circuit ensured the safe and efficient operation of all
devices. The control logic was designed using ladder diagrams and/or
function block diagrams, which are commonly used in industrial
automation.
The design also included the layout for power distribution, ensuring
proper isolation between control and load circuits.
4.4 PLC Programming
The PLC was programmed using the appropriate software
platform (such as Siemens TIA Portal or Allen-Bradley RSLogix).
The logic covered various modes of operation, including:
 Manual control via physical switches or HMI.
 Automatic control based on sensor inputs.
 Scheduled operation using internal timers and counters.
Each section of the logic was tested in simulation mode to verify
correctness before deployment.
4.5 Integration and Testing
All components were integrated according to the system
design. The PLC was loaded with the finalized control logic, and the
system was tested in real-time to validate its operation.
4.6 User Interface Development (Optional)
An optional user interface was developed for remote access
and control using a Human-Machine Interface (HMI) or a
mobile/web application. Communication between the PLC and the
interface was established using protocols like Modbus, MQTT, or
HTTP (via third-party devices). The interface provided users with
real-time monitoring, control, and system status visualization.
4.7 Final Implementation
The complete system was deployed in a test or real home
environment. Electrical safety measures, insulation, and enclosure
design were implemented to prevent hazards. The system was
monitored over a period to ensure stable and consistent performance.
A detailed report including wiring diagrams, program listings, and
user manuals was prepared to support future maintenance or
upgrades.
Specifications:
After the system sequence of operation is determined, all external input and output devices connected
to the PLC must be determined and assigned the number corresponding to the input and output
number.

NAME ADRESS/VALUES COMMENTS

Proximity Sensor 1 I:0.0/0 For opening main gate

Proximity Sensor 2 I:0.0/0 For closing main gate

Proximity Sensor 3 I:0.0/2 For second room

Programming Languages for PLCs

The following languages are commonly used to program PLCs:
1. Ladder Logic: It is a common option for PLC programming because it is simple to understand
and resembles electrical relay schematics.
2. Structured Text: It is more adaptable for complicated jobs since it makes use of structured
programming notions that are comparable to high-level programming languages.
3. Function Block Diagram (FBD): This language depicts control logic as a series of
interconnected blocks that can be used in systems with several simultaneous processes.
4. Sequential Function Chart (SFC): SFCs are like flowcharts and are utilized for intricate,
sequential control activities .
Security Concerns
• Unauthorized Access: One major security risk is unauthorized access to the PLC or home
automation system. An attacker can take control of equipment, undermine security measures, and
even do harm if they manage to get access.

• Data Privacy: User experience and preferences are only two examples of the types of
information that home automation systems frequently gather and send about the home. Maintaining
the confidentiality of this information is essential to preventing breaches and improper use.

• Network Vulnerabilities: PLCs are generally linked to the internet or the home network.
Cyberattacks could target the automation system due to network security flaws.

• Vulnerabilities in IoT gadgets: The IoT, which is known to have security flaws, includes a lot
of home automation gadgets. Attackers may be able to take advantage of these gadgets if they are
linked to the PLC.

• Data Tampering and Eavesdropping: Attackers can intercept data communications that go
between the PLC and devices, which may result in data tampering or eavesdropping. Both power
and privacy could be jeopardized by this.

• Attacks: Denial of Service (DoS) can target PLC-based home automation systems by
overloading the system with traffic, which causes the system to become unusable .
•

Conclusion:
The theory and concept of the Home Automation System is based on the control system. In electrical
design, the features and functions of the electrical components are required to determine the system
requirement. Furthermore, the theoretical of the wiring system is required for connecting the inputs
and outputs devices to PLC. In programming design, understandings of the desired control system
and how to use the Ladder Diagram to translate the machine sequence of operation are the most
important parts, because it has direct effect on the system performance. The main aim in this process
is to apply PLC to design Home Automation system and all objectives in this project ,Were
successfully done as planned. Finally, the basic control system and logic design application can be
used as a
reference to design other applications of automation system, and can also be used as a teaching
material for the Industrial Control subject.

IV.RESULT AND DISCUSSION

In this paper, the real time data acquisition monitoring and control system has been developed using
Programmable Logic Controller and is highly effective, efficient and robust. A number of input-
output modules are attached to a PLC providing its expandability and competence. The new
expansion modules can be either digital or analogue and in thepresent work digital modules are used.
The ease of programming and networking of sensors with PLC demonstrates the
high user friendliness of the device. A single PLC can control whole industry as it easily replaces the
old, obsolete andcumbersome relay logics. Hence the present work is of much importance to the
electrical engineers anddesigners.During the operation, all activities that occur can be observed by
the computer using Logo PLC. The systemneeds to debugged along the way and fine-tuned if
necessary. The system is test run thoroughly until it is safe to be
operated. The prototype was mainly built by combining the mechanical design and the electrical
design. The systemrequires external power supply of 24 V DC and 220 V AC. The requirement of
24 V DC voltages is fulfilled with thehelp of SMPS. The external power supply of 240 V AC is
converted into 24 V DC through SMPS. The reason ofchoosing external Power Supply is that the
PLC is operated on 24 V DC which is not available without any SMPS .

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