Geography

Geography has been derived from the Greek word Geo + Graphos- means description of Earth.
Father of geography Eratosthenes (276 to 194 BC).

Universe: - Totality of everything that exist, including all physical matter and energy, the planet, the stars, galaxies etc.
Study of universe is known as cosmology.
Diameter of Universe- 108 light year.
Galaxy: - Consist of large number of star held together by the force of gravity.
1 universe - 100 billion (1011) galaxies in each universe - 100 billion stars in each galaxy.
In each galaxy- Total stars 1022 Stars.
Milky way (Akash Ganga)- Home of The Earth and our solar system.
First person to see this galaxy Galileo Galilei.
Latest Known Galaxy- Dwarf Galaxy.
Nearest Galaxy- Andromeda

Star: - Clumps of dust and gas in Nebula come together due to Gravity and form Stars.
They Emit light and heat.
Closest star of solar system- Proxima Centuary.

Solar system
It consists the Sun (star), 8 planet and their satellites (moon) and other body such as Asteroid, comet and Meteors.

The sun
 At the center of the solar system.
 109 times bigger than Earth.
 Diameter is 14 Lakh km
 Main gases- Hydrogen (71%), Helium (26.5%).
 Surface Temperature- 5504° C.
 Sunlight reaches Earth - 8 minute, 16.6 second.
 Distance between sun and earth- 150 million km.

The planet
Inner Planet Outer Planet
Rocky / inner / Terrestrial planet Outer / Jovian / Gaseous planet
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
Nearest to the sun Far away from the Sun
Made up of metallic metal Made up of hot gases hydrogen in helium
Move faster and have shorter period of Revolution Move slowly and longer period of Revolution
Thin, Rocky crust Made of Gases
 Core of molted metal Ring system around them
Few natural satellite Large number of natural satellite

Planet in the descending order of size

Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Earth, Venus, Mars and Mercury

Mercury: - Rotation- 58.65 days, Revolution- 88 days

Closest planet to the sun extremely hot planet.
Presence of magnetic field.
It has no moon, No water on it, No gas, No protective blanket like Ozone.

Venus: - slowest rotation- 257 days, Revolution- 224.7 days

Earth’s TWIN because only 500 km less diameter than earth.
Nearest to the earth and brightest planet.
Also known as evening star as well as morning star
Hottest planet in solar system, contain 90 to 95% CO2
Rotate backward Clockwise direction.
It has no satellite (moon).

Mars: - Rotation- 24.6 hours, Revolution- 687 days

Iron rich red soil and pink sky of Mars- named Red Planet.
Mars has a cold desert world, half the size of Earth.
Like Earth, Mars has season, polar ice cap, Volcano, Canyon, weather, gases (CO2, nitrogen and Argon).
Mass has two moon (satellite)- Phobos and Diemos.
Mars orbital mission (MOM)- ISRO launch in November 5, 2013.

Jupiter: - Fastest rotation- 9.8 hours, Revolution- 12 years

Largest planet (71% of the total mass of all planet) called “Lord of the Heaven”.
Also known as winter planet (-148° C).
It has 63 satellite like Ganymede (largest satellite), Europa, Calisto etc.
Saturn: - Rotation- 10.3 hours, Revolution- 29 years
Saturn is the second largest planet.
It has bright concentric ring.
It has 60 satellite- “Titan” largest satellite of Saturn

Uranus: - Rotation- 10.8 hours, Revolution- 84 year

Greenish in colour because presence of Methane (CH4).
Discovered in 1781 by Sir william Herschel.
Temperature (-190° C), Rotate East to West like Venus.
It has 27 satellite – Miranda, Ariel etc.

Neptune: - Rotation- 15.7 days, Revolution- 165 year

It also greenish in colour like Uranus twin.
Discovered by J. G. Galle (Berlin) in 1846.
It has 13 satellite- Triton, Nereid etc.

Pluto: - Pluto is NOT a planet now (Rotation- 6.4 days, Revolution- 248 years)
Discovered by Clyde Tombaugh in 1930 but in August 24, 2006 International Astronomical Union (IAU)
declared that Pluto is not a planet.

2nd Largest known dwarf planet after ERIS

Also called blue planet, Asteroid number- 134340
Asteroid: - Also called minor planet, revolve around the sun on their axis. Also called Planetoids.
Mostly found between the orbit of Mars and Jupiter.
More than 5000 Asteroid found.
Largest Asteroid is CERES (Diameter- 1025 km)

Comet: - Move around the sun in Regular Orbit.

Made up of frozen gases which hold together Rocky and metallic materials.
It has head and tail.
Halley's cornet - Reappears after 76 years (Last seen in 1986).

Meteors, Meteoroids and Meteorite

Meteors: - are a smaller in size. Scattered in the inter planetary space of solar system. Burn due to Contact with
Earth’s atmosphere.
Meteoroids: - Floating around in Space. A space rock is called o Meteoroids.
Meteorites: - In the solar system without fire on the earth.

The earth
 Largest of the inner planet and fifth largest of our solar system.
 Earth is tilted 23.5° on its axis.
 Earth known as watery planet or blue planet.
 Rotation- 23 hours, 56 minute and 4.091 second with the speed of 1610 kilometer per hour on its axis.

 Revolution- 365 days, 5 hours and 48 minutes with the velocity of 29.8 km per hour.
Moon
 only satellite of the earth.
 Diameter- 3475 km and Circumference- 10864 km.
 Maximum distance (Apogee)- 406000 km
Minimum distance (Perigee)- 364000 km
Average distance - 384400 km.
 It rotates on its access 27 days, 7 hour and 43 minutes called Sidereal Month
It revolve around the earth 27 days, 7 hour and 43 minutes.
 Most period of revolution with reference to the sun is about 29 days, 12 hours, 44 minute and 2.8 second called
Synodic month.
 We see only 59% of moon.
 Moon has no atmosphere, no Twilight and no sound.
 Moonlight takes 1.3 second to reach Earth.
 Temperature- Day time (100°C) and at night (-180°C)
 Size of moon is one fourth the size of the Earth.
 Gravitational pull of moon is 1/6th that of Earth.
 Study of moon Called Selenology.

Full moon

Super Moon: - A Full or New Moon that occurs when the center of the Moon is less than 360,000 kilometers from
the center of Earth.

Blood Moon: - Lunar eclipses occur when the moon, Earth and sun are aligned and the moon passes into
Earth's shadow. Total lunar eclipses are sometimes known as blood moons because of the dramatic coloring
caused by Earth's atmosphere, which scatters light from the sun and brandishes it on the face of the moon.

Blue Moon: - A blue moon is an additional full moon that appears in a subdivision of a year: the third of four full
moons in a season.

Lunar eclipse solar eclipse

 Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin reaches moon on July 21, 1969 on Apollo- XI
 Chandrayaan 1 - 22 October 2008 (ISRO) from Satish Dhawan space center in Sri Harikota of Andhra Pradesh.
Launching Vehicle- PSLV- C1
 Chandrayaan 2 mission- July 22, 2019 (Launching vehicle- GSLV MK III- m1).
 Evolution of The Earth
The origin of the Earth dated back to 4.6 billion years ago.
Early theory: - (1) Nebular theory (by Kant and Laplace - 1796) (2) Planetesimals Theory (3)
Revised Nebular hypothesis.
Modern theory: - Big Bang theory / expanding universe Theory (1920) - Edwin Hubble - 13.7
billion years ago.

Black holes: -Mysterious place in space with such enormous mass and extreme gravity that
nothing can escape it.
Black hole cannot destroy Earth and even solar system because it is far from them.

The shape of the earth

Isaac Newton (1687)- OBLATE spheroid
Today's Earth considered GEOID means shape of the earth is uniquely earth shape.
Equatorial diameter - 12756 km
Polar diameter - 12714 km (Difference 0.3%)
Equatorial circumference - 40075 km
Polar circumference - 40024 km

Latitudes
Main latitudes 181 parallaels of latitude at 1 degree interval

Longitudes
Prime meridian

The prime meridian is the line of 0° longitude, the starting point for measuring distance both east and west around Earth.
At 0° passes through Greenwich near London. 180 ° west and 180° east.
Earth spin on its axis 24 hours
360° = 24 hours, 1° = 4 minutes, 15° = 1 hour
Standard time and time zone
Central meridian is known as the standard time.
Indian standard meridian 82.5° east.
Earth is divided into 24 time zone.
France has 12 time zone, USA has 11 time zone, Russia has 11 time zone.
International date line
Crossing the date line from West to East -- Gain a day.
Crossing the date line from East to West -- loose a day.
Opposite of Prime Meridian-- Aluction Island of Alaska.
Daylight saving time
In 1784, concept given by US scientist Benjamin Franklin.
On Sunday morning of last weekend in April - 1 hour forward.
On Sunday morning of last weekend in October - 1hour backward (spring forward fall back).

India follows single time zone at 82 .5° East.

IST cross UP, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha and Andhra Pradesh
 Interior of Earth
Radius of earth 6378 km.
Direct source: - Mining and Volcanic eruption.
Indirect source: - Change in temperature, pressure and density, gravitation (greater near pole
and less at equator)
magnetic source, seismic wave etc.
Seismic wave
Waves of energy that travel throw the earth's layer and are a result of earthquake.
Seismic wave / Earthquake waves
All-natural earthquake take place in the lithosphere.
Earthquake is of two types
1. Body wave: - P-Wave (Primary wave) and S-Wave (Secondary wave).
2. Surface wave: - L-Wave (love wave) and Rayleigh wave.
Shadow zone
P-Wave - between 105° to 142° do not receive P-Wave
S-Wave – Entire Zone beyond 103° do not receive S-Wave

The structure of the earth

1. The Crust: - Outermost solid part of the earth.
2. The Mantle: - below the crust.
3. The Core: - Deepest part of the Earth.

Crust: - Upper Part (Granitic Rock SiAl- Silica and Aluminum)

Lower Part (Basaltic Rock SiMa- Silicon and Magnesium)
Mantle: - Density higher than crust.
Lower Mantle is hotter and denser than Upper Mantle.
Lower Mantle is in Solid State (FeMa- Ferrous and Magnesium).
Core: - Outer core is in a liquid state and Inner core is in the solid state.
Very heavy material like NiFe (Nickel and Frrous).

Rocks
The earth’s crust is a composed of rocks.
Soft Rock (Eg- Soapstone) and Hard Rock (Eg- granite).
Three typse of rocks
1. Igneous Rock: - Cooling and Solidification of molted Rock (Magma) from beneath the
earth’s crust.
 Plutonic Rock and volcanic Rock.
It also called primary rock
2. Sedimentary Rock: - It is result of the deposition of fragment of Rock by exogenous
process.
Sedimentary Rock are classified according to their age. Eg-
sandstone, limestone etc.
3. Metamorphic Rock: - All rocks whether Igneous or Sedimentary may become a changed
Rock under great
heat and pressure. Eg- Limestone into marble, Sandstone into
Quartize, Coal into Graphite.

Evolution of ocean and continents

Continental drift hypothesis by Alfred Wegener in 1915.

Pangea and Panthalassa (250 million year ago)

Gondwana Land and Laurasia (200 million year ago)

North America, South America, Eurasia, Africa, Australia, Antarctica (50 million year ago)
Plate Tectonic
In 1967, Parker and Morgan give plate Tectonic Theory of plate tectonic.
Seven Major and 20 Minor type of Lithospheric Plates.
(1) Eurasia (2) African (3) Indo-Australian (4) Pacific (5) North America (6) South America (7)
Antarctic plates

Plate boundary
1. Divergent Boundary Eg- East African Rift Valley
2. Convergent Boundary Eg- Himalayan Boundary Fault
3. Transform Boundary Eg- San Andreas (USA)

Movement of Indian plate

Till 225 million year ago Indian peninsula and Asian continent separated by Tethys Sea.
 Earthquake
Causes of earthquake
1. Sudden break and movement of the tectonic plate.
2. Volcano
Human Induced
3. Intense Mining Activity
4. Any explosion of chemical or nuclear devices.
5. Large Reservoir

Distribution of earthquake
1. circum Pacific belt (Ring of Fire)- 68%
2. Alpine Himalaya (Midcontinental belt)- 21%
3. Mid Atlantic Belt Mid Atlantic Ridges- 11%

Earthquake in India
Seismic zone Intensity Area
Zone- V 9 (and above) Andaman & Nicobar Island, North East
area, J&K
Zone- IV 8 Northern India
Zone- III 7 Kerala, Goa, Central India
Zone- II 6 (and less) Tamil Nadu, Banglore
Tsunami
Tsunami is a series of ocean wave that sends surges of water, sometimes reaching heights of
over 100 feet height, onto the land.

Volcano and volcanic landforms

Volcano is a vent in the earth’s crust from which a fiery hot magma erupts from the earth’s
interior.
Origin: - (1) Heat and Pressure inside the earth (2) Plate Tectonic (3) Volcanic Material
Erupt through Volcano
Vapour and Gases - 60 to 90%
Magma and Lava
Pyroclastic fragmental material- solid (Rock material)

Types of Lava
Basic Lava: - Highly fluid and Hottest Lava. Dark in colour . Rich in iron and magnesium poor in
Silica.
Acidic Lava: - Highly Viscous. Light in colour. Rich in Silica.

Types of volcanos
1. Active volcano
2. Dormant volcano
3. Extinct Volcano

Volcanic belt of the world

1. Circum Pacific belt (ring of fire)- Mt. Catopaxi (Equador) is the highest volcanic mountain
(6035m) in the world.
2. The mid- continental belt- Kilimanjaro (Rift Valley Africa).
3. Mid Atlantic belt

Mountain
A portion of land rising considerably above the surrounding country either as a single eminence
(Kilimanjaro) or in range (the Himalaya, Rockies, Andes) is known as mountain.

1. Fold mountain: - Eg- the Himalaya (Asia), the Rockies (North America), Andes (South
America), Alps (Europe).
2. Block Mountain: - Eg- Great Rift Valley (Africa), the Rhine valley (Germany), Vosges
mountain (Europe).
3. Dome mountain: - Eg- Half Dome Mt. (Sierra Nevada)
4. Volcanic mountain: - Eg- Mount Mauna Loa (Hawaii Island), Mount Fiji (Japan)
5. Residual mountain or Relict Mountain: - Eg- Satpura hills, Vindhyas Hill, Aravalli Hill,
Rajmahal Hill, Nilgiri Hill etc.

World highest mountain

Mountain Height Range
Country
 1. Mount Everest 8848meter Himalaya
Nepal / Tibet
2. K2 (Mt Godwin Austin) 8611meter Karakoram
Pakistan / China
3. Kanchenjunga 8586meter Himalaya
India / Nepal
4. Lahotse 8516meter Himalaya
Nepal/ Tibet
5. Makalu 8485meter Himalaya
Nepal/ Tibet

Mt. Everest (8848meter- 1999)

Named after Sir George Everest 1832 - 1843 AD
Edmond Hillary first to scale Mt. Everest -1953
Nowang Gombu- Two times scale Mt. Everest -1963
Bachhendri Pal- First Indian woman to scale Mt. Everest – 1984
Arunima Sinha- First Physically Handicap Indian Women to Scale Mt. Everest - 2014

Atmosphere.
A blanket of gases is hold to the earth by the focus of gravity. Atmosphere extend to 10000 Km.
But about 50% it’s mass is contained with first 5.5 KM and about 90% of its mass is it contained 30 Km from the Earth
surface.
Composition of atmosphere.
1 Nitrogen- 78%. 2 Oxygen- 20.95%. 3. Argon- 0.93%. 4. Carbon dioxide- 0.04%.
5 Neon- 0.0018%. 6 Helium- 0.0005%. 7 Ozone- 0.0006% 8 Hydrogen- 0.00005%.
Layer of the atmosphere.
1 Troposphere 2 stratosphere 3 Mesosphere 4 Thermosphere 5 Exosphere.

1. Troposphere: - Extend up to 18 kilometer (Equator) and 8 kilometers (poles).

“Increase in height, decrease in temperature”
Tropopause- when temperature stop decreasing (-58° C).
2. Stratosphere: - Extend up to the height of 50 kilometers.
“Increase in height, increase in temperature”.
Ozone layer present in this layer and absorb ultraviolet rays. That’s why increase the temperature.
Temperature increases up to 4°C (called Stratopause).
3. Mesosphere: - Extend up to 80 kilometers.
“Increase in height decrease in temperature”.
Falling as low as -90°C. End of this layer is known as mesosphere.
4. Thermosphere: - Extend up to 513 kilometers (By NASA).
“Increase in height increase in temperature”.
Temperature increases up to 2500° C.
Temperature increases due to gaseous molecule absorb X-ray and ultraviolet rays.
Molecule charge positive and negative known as ionosphere.
In this layer thermosphere reflect radio waves from Earth back into space.
5. Exosphere: - Outermost layer of atmosphere.
“Increasing height, increase in temperature”.

Wind
Movement of air horizontally called wind. Air near the Earth moves from low pressure to high pressure. Wind is always
named as per the direction of origin.
Factor of moving air
1. Pressure gradient force
2. Coriolis force
3. Force of friction

Zone of conversion and diversion of air

Cyclonic Condition (Low Pressure at Centre) Anti-cyclonic Condition (High Pressure at center)

Ferrel Model (By Wlliam Ferrel- 1856)

Types of wind
1. Trade winds 2. Westerlies 3. Polar Easterlies

Air circulation in southern Hemisphere

1. Roaring Forties- 40°S 2. Furious Fifties- 50°S 3. Shrieking Sixties- 60°S

Local Wind
Chinook- Hot and dry wind (Near Rockies Mt. North America).
Foehn- Hot and Dry wind (Near Alps Mt. Europe).
Sirocco- Warm and Dry (Sahara Desert).
Black Roller- North America
Yoma- Warm and Dry (Japan).
Temporal- Central America
Willy-Willy- Australia
Loo- Hot and Dry wind (Northern India) or Heat Wave.

Normal Lapse Rate – 6.0°C per Km. (Increase in Height, Decrease in temperature 6.0° C per Km.)

Climate
Describe the average weather condition for a particular location and over a long period of time.
Mediterranean type climate- Summer hot and dry (Trade wind) and winter cool and wet (westerlies).
India’s climate- Summer (hot and wet) and Winter (cold and dry).
Monsoon type climate.

Season
A season is a division of the year based on changes in weather, ecology, and the number of daylight hours in a
given region. On Earth, seasons are the result of Earth's orbit around the Sun and Earth's axial tilt relative to
the ecliptic plane.

Types of Seasons
1. Spring 2 Summer 3 Autumn 4 winter.

Reason for season

1. Earth revolution in its orbit around the sun.
2. Earth daily rotation on its axis.
3. Tilt or inclination of the Earth’s axis.
4. The unchanging orientation of the earth axis (axial parallelism).
5. Earth’s spherical shape.

Cloud
Aggregate of innumerable tiny water droplets, ice particles, or mixture of both in the air, generally much above the
ground.
Measurement of Clou: - called Oktas or Eight (8/8 Maximum Cloud and 0/8 Minimum Cloud).
Types of cloud on the basis of height.
1. High cloud (height- 42500 feet to 216500 feet or 13 Km to 5 kilometer).
(a) Cirrus Cloud: - having fibrous (Chain Like) or silky appearance. No rainfall. Indicator of cyclone.
(b) Cirrocumulus: - white in colour. Wave like form.
(c) Cirrostratus: - white in color. Like Milky thin sheet. Also, indicator of upcoming cyclone.
2. Middle Cloud (Height- 23000 ft to 6500 ft or 7Km to 2 Km)
(a) Altostratus: - Thin sheet of Grey or blue colour. Continuous precipitation.
(b) Altocumulus: - White and Grey WAVY layer.
3. Low Cloud (Height- 6500 ft to 0 or 2 Km to 0 Km)
(a) Stratus cloud: - Dense, Fog like cloud, dark and grey colour. Found in subtropical region in the winter season due
to convergence of two air masses.
(b) Cumulostratus: - Light grey or whitish colour. Cover entire sky in winter season. Fair and clean weather.
(c) Cumulus Cloud: - Dense, widespread and Dome shape with flat base. Fair and Clean weather.
(d) Cumulonimbus: - Thunderstorm cloud. Very dark and dense cloud. Spread over large area. Heavy rainfall,
hailstorm, Thunder etc. Rainfall in both tropical and temperate. Cyclone is caused by these clouds.
(e) Nimbostratus cloud: - Low cloud of dark color. Close to Earth surface. High thickness. Increase the humidity in
atmosphere. Precipitation starts soon.
Rainfall
Cloud droplets became so large due to coalescence that the air become unable to hold them.
Classification based on origin
1. convectional rainfall: - Surface heated warm and moist air reaches up to a certain height saturated
form cumulonimbus cloud Heavy rainfall.
2. Orographic or relief rainfall: - Hills or Mountain are situated near the parallel to the coast.
Warm and moist air obstructed by any hills or plateau Get cooled precipitation.
3. Cyclonic or Frontal rainfall: - Ascending of moist air and adiabatically cooled Precipitation.

Rainfall in India
Highest rainfall in India- Mawsynram (Meghalaya) - 467.4 inch per year.
Second highest rainfall in India- Cherrapunji- 450 inch per year.
Lowest rainfall in India- Jaisalmer (Rajasthan)- 8.25 inch per year.

Hydrosphere

The mass of water that cover about 71% of the Earth’s surface.
1. Continental shelf: -Depth 100 fathom (600 feet). 7% Area cover of total ocean area. Richest fishing zone.
20% of petrol and gases found in this area.
2. Continental slope: - Depth up to 2000 fathom (12,000 feet). 8.5% area covered of total ocean area.
3. Continental rise: - Foot of the slope area. Oil deposits.
4. Abyssal (the deep-sea) plains: - 40% of the total ocean floor. Which cover plateau, ridges, trench, oceanic island etc.

Ocean of the Earth

1. Pacific Ocean 2. Atlantic Ocean 3. Indian Ocean 4. Southern Ocean 5. Arctic Ocean

1. Pacific Ocean: - Largest Ocean in the world. Area- 166240000 sq km. (1/3 area of earth surface).
Water- Approx 46% of all the Ocean Water.
Deepest Trench- Mariana Trench (Challenger Deep). World Largest deep of Ocean (11 km).
Average Depth- 4280 m.
2. Atlantic Ocean: - Second Largest Ocean in the World. Area- 106460000 sq km. (20% of earth surface area).
Water- Approx 29% of earth ocean water.
Deepest Trench- Puerto Rico (8605 m). Average Depth- 3646 m.
Youngest Ocean, Saltiest (33 to 37 PPM), Highest Tide, Richest Fishing Zone.
Iceland is the largest of Volcanic Origin.
3. Indian Ocean: - Third Largest Ocean. Area- 73440000 sq Km.
Water- 19.8% Water on earth surface.
Deepest Trench- Java Trench (7258 meter). Average Depth- 3960 m.
Island- Sri Lanka, Madagascar, Mauritius, Andaman and Nicobar. Maldives, Lakshadweep etc.
4. Southern Ocean or Antarctic Ocean or Austral Ocean: - Fourth largest ocean. Area- 20300000 sq km.
4% of Earth surface.
Comprises the southernmost water of the World Ocean. South of 60° S latitude.
Deepest trench- South Sandwich trench (7236 m). Average depth- 33270 meter.
5. Arctic Ocean: - The smallest Ocean (North Pole region). Area- 14056000 sq km. 3% of Earth surface
Water- 1.3% of earth water surface.
Deepest point- Molloy deep (2700 meter). Average depth- 987 meter.
Ocean current.
Flow of large amount of water in a definite direction with a great intensity of 6 to 8 Km. per hour.
Ocean current are of two types.
1. Warm current 2. Cold current.

Warm Current Cold Current

1. North Equatorial current 1. Labrador current
2. South Equatorial Current 2. Canaries current
3. Counter Equatorial current 3. Oyashio current
4. Gulfstream 4. Peru current
5. North Atlantic drift 5. Benguela current
6. Brazil current 6. West Australian current
7. East Australian current 7. California current
8. Agulhas Current or Mozambique current 8. Okhatsk Current.
9. Kuroshio (Japan) Current 9. Falkland current
10. Florida Current 10. West wind drift
11. North Pacific Current 11. East Greenland current

Al- Nino: - Flood and cold in North America, Low rainfall in India, Fire in Indonesia, drought in Australia and Africa.
La- Nino: - Low rainfall in North America. High rainfall in India, Indonesia, Australia.

Indian Geography
Location

Total Area of India- 3287263 sq km. (2.4% of world Area)

India- 16% of world Population after China

Largest Country (Area wise)-

1. Russia (170 Lakh sq km), 2. Canada- (99.8 lakh sq km) 3. USA- (98.2 lakh sq km) 4. China- (95.9 lakh sq km)
5. Brazil- (85.1 lakh sq km) 6. Australia- (75.4 lakh sq km) 7. India- (32.8 lakh sq km)

Mainland coastline of India- 6100 Km.

Including Lakshadweep and Andaman and Nicobar Island coastline - 7517 Km.

Tropic of Cancer Passes through Indian State (From Left to Right)

1. Gujrat, 2. Rajasthan, 3. Madhya Pradesh, 4. Chhattisgarh,
5. Jharkhand, 6. West Bengal, 7.Tripura and 8.Mizoram.

Neighbouring countries
 Country Name Length of the Border (Km) Indian State Sharing Border Name of Border Line
India- Pakistan 3323 Gujrat, Rajasthan, Punjab, Jammu & Redcliffe Line
Kashmir and Ladakh
India- Afghanistan 106 Ladakh Durand Line
India- China 3488 Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Mc Mohan Line
Sikkim And Arunachal Pradesh
India- Nepal 1850 Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West
Bengal and Sikkim
India- Bhutan 699 West Bengal, Sikkim, Assam and
Arunachal Pradesh
India- Myanmar 1543 Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur
and Mizoram
India- Bangladesh 4096 West Bengal, Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura Redcliffe Line
and Mizoram

India- Sri Lanka- Divided by Palk Strait. (Gulf Of Mannar).

Physiography
1. Mountain- Cover 10.7% of total area) 2. Hills- (Cover 18.6% of total Area)
3. Plains- (Cover 43.3% of total Area) 4. Plateau- (Cover 27.7% of total area)

1. Mountain of India- The Himalaya

Trans Himalaya- Karakoram, Ladakh. Jessica.
Great Himalaya- Himadri
Lesser Himalayan (Himachal)- Pir Panjal, Dhauladhar
Outer Himalaya- Shivalik.

Great Himalaya Passes

Jammu & Kashmir- Burzil and Zozi La
Hiachal Pradesh- Shipkila and Bara Lapcha La
Uttarakhand- Niti and Nathu La

2. Hills
Aravalli Range (Rajasthan)
World oldest Hill- Mount Abu (Height- 1717m) of Aravalli Hills
Vindhyas Range (Madhya Pradesh)- North of Narmada River.
 Satpura Range (Madhya Pradesh) – South of Narmada River.

North East Hills- Garo Hills, Khasi Hills, Jaintia Hills, Mijo Hills, Naga Hills, Patkai Bum

3. Northern Plains
Formed by the Alluvial Deposits. These plains formed by Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra River.
Northern Plain extend up to 3200 km and width is 150- 300 km.
North to South- Divided in 3 Zones
1. Bhabar- 8 to 10 Km
2. Tarai- 10 to 20 Km
3. Alluvial- (a) Khadar and (b) Bangar

4. Peninsular Plateau- South of Gangetic plain, western ghat and eastern chart.
Peninsular Plateau can be divided into 3 broad category
1. Deccan Plateau 2. Central highland 3. Northeastern.

1. Deccan Plateau: - Largest Plateau in India. It cover Western Ghat, Eastern Ghat and Satpura Range.
2. Central Highland: - Aravalli Hills, Malwa Plateau, Chhota Nagpur Plateau.
3. Northeastern plateau: - Between Rajmahal Hills and Meghalaya Plateau.

The Indian Desert (Great Indian Desert)

 Northwest of the Aravalli Hills. Low Rainfall- 15 cm per year

The Island
Arabian Sea Bay of Bengal
Group of 25 Island Group of 512 Island
Lakshadweep Island Andaman and Nicobar Island
North- Lakshadweep, South- Minicoy North- Andaman, South- Nicobar
9° channel separate Lakshadweep and Minicoy 10° Channel separate Andaman and Nicobar
8° Channel separate Minicoy from Maldives Barren Island (Active Volcano)- in Nicobar

Drainage System
1. Himalayan Drainage 2. Peninsular Drainage
1. Himalayan Drainage- Indus River, Ganga River and Brahmaputra River.
(a) Indus River: - Largest River Basin of the world- (1165000 sq km), In India- 321289 sq km.
Total Length of the river- 2880 km, In India- 1114 km.
Origin- Tibet Near Man Sarovar Lake

Jhelum River: - Originated from Pir Panjal Range (J & K)

Chenab River: - Originated from Baralacha La Pass (Himachal Pradesh)
Rabi River: - Rohtang Pass (Himachal Pradesh)
Beas River: - Beas Kund (Rohtang Pass- Himachal Pradesh).
Satluj River: - Rakas Lake near Man Sarovar Lake Tibet
Beas and Satluj River meets at Harike (Punjab).
(b) The Ganga: - Origin at Gangotri Glacier. Total river Basin- 8.6 lakh sq Km.
Total Length of the River- 2525 Km.
Left Bank Tributaries- Ramganga, Gomti, Ghaghra, Gandak, Kosi
Right Bank Tributaries- Yamuna, son River, Punpun River, Damodar River.
Ganga River passes through these State- Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal.
(c) Yamuna River: - Originated from Yamunotri Glacier.
Total Length- 1376 km
Tributaries of this River- Tons, Hindon, Chambal, Sindh, Betwa, Ken

(d) Brahmaputra River: - Originated from Chemayungdung Glacier near Man Sarovar Lake (Tibet).
Total Length of the River- 2900 Km, In India- 750 Km.
In Tibet- Named as Tsangpo River. In Arunachal Pradesh- Dihang
World Largest Riverine Island- Majuli Island (Brahmaputra River).
Left Bank Tributaries- Dibang, Lohit, Dhansri, Kapili
Right Bank Tributaries- Subansri, Komeng, Manas, Sankosh, Tista.
2. Peninsular River
East Flowing River
River Origin of river Length (Km) Left Bank Tributary Right bank Tributary
Mahanadi River Kauker Basin (Raipur, 858 Seonath, Hasdeo, Sondur, Ib, Ong, Tel
Chhattisgarh) Mand
Godavari River Nasik (Maharashtra) 1465 Purna, Pranhita, Pravara, Manjira, Maner
Indravati,Sabri
Krishna River Mahavaleshwar 1401 Bhima, Dindi, Musi Loyna, Panchganga,
(Maharashtra) Dudhganga, Ghatprabha,
Malprabha, Tungbhadra
Cauvery River Brahmagiri Hills 800 Harangi, Hemvati, Lakshmantirth, Kabbani,
(Karnataka) Shimsha Bhawani, Noel, Amravati

West Flowing River

River Origin of river Length (Km)
Narmada River Amarkantak Plateau (Madhya Pradesh) 1312
Tapi River Satpura Range (Betul District, Madhya Pradesh) 724
Savarmati River Aravalli Hills 416
Luni River Aravalli Hills 450
Mahi River Vindhyas Range (Madhya Pradesh) 560

Largest in the world and in India

Description World India
Longest River 1. Nile River (6650 km) 1. Ganga River
2. Amazon River (6575 km) 2. Godavari River
3. Yangtze River (6300 km) 3. Krishna River
Largest River Amazon River Ganga River
Deepest River Congo River (720 ft) Brahmaputra River (380 ft)
Highest waterfall Angel Fall (Venezuela)- 979 m Kunchikal Fall (Karnataka)- 455 m
Largest Lake Caspian Sea (371000 sq km) Vembanad Lake (Kerala)- 2033 sq km
Largest Fresh Water Lake Lake Baikal (Russia) Wular Lake (J & K)
Most Saltiest water Lake Lake Van (Turkey) Chilika Lake (Orissa)

Dam
1. Hira kKnd Dam: - Largest dam in India. On Mahanadi River.
Length- 25.8 kilometer, Height- 61 meter.
2. Tehri Dam: - Highest Dam in India. On Bhagirathi River.
Length- 575 meter, Height- 261 meter.
3. Sardar Sarovar Dam (Gujarat): - On Narmada River.
Length- 1210 meter, Height- 163 meter.
4. Nagarjun Sagar dam (Telangana): - On Krishna River.
Length- 1450 meter, Height- 124 meter.
5. Bhakra Nagal dam (Punjab and Himachal Pradesh): - On Sutlej River.
Length- 520 meter, Height- 226 meter.

Area of India’s State in descending order- Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Gujrat
Smallest State- Goa, Sikkim
Largest Union Territory- Ladakh
Smallest Union Territory- Lakshadweep
Agriculture
1. Kharif crop: - (From May- June to September- October)
Crop- Rice, Jowar, Bajra, Maize, Cotton, Jute, Sugarcane, Pulses, Tobacco etc.
2. Rabi Crop: - (From October- November to February- April)
Crop- Wheat, Barley, Oilseeds, Gram, Potato etc.
3. Zaid Crop: - (April to June)
Melon, Watermelon, Cucumber etc.