Journal of Environment, Climate, and Ecology (JECE)

Volume 1 Issue 2, (2024)

https://doi.org/10.69739/jece.v1i2.135

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Review Article
Urban Green Infrastructures and Its Impacts on the Urban Environment: A Review

Mohammad Miakhel, 1Amjad Ahmad Abdulrahimzai, 1Ahmadullah Habib, *1 Mohammad Mukhlis Behsoodi
1

About Article ABSTRACT

Urban green infrastructure plays a crucial role in preserving a green urban
Article History environment, thus contributing significantly to human health. The absence
of such infrastructure can lead to environmental challenges, particularly in
Submission : September 03, 2024
the face of escalating global urbanization. Green urban infrastructure proves
Acceptance : October 14, 2024
essential for maintaining cleanliness in urban areas, especially as major
Publication : October 17, 2024
cities worldwide grapple with escalating air pollution exacerbated by the
inadequate presence of green spaces, green roofs, green walls, and domestic
Keywords and private gardens emerge as noteworthy contributors to mitigating these
challenges. As the global population steadily increases, a collective effort is
Environment, Green Infrastructure, Green
imperative to enhance green infrastructure and cultivate public awareness to
Spaces, UGI, Urban
address the pressing issue of air pollution in cities. Green spaces serve as a
pivotal indicator of urban verdancy, offering a myriad of benefits, including
environmental cleanliness, the creation of recreational spaces, the promotion
of health and well-being, the facilitation of children’s mental development,
About Author
the presentation of aesthetically pleasing urban landscapes, temperature
1
Civil Engineering Department, Alfalah reduction, and pollution mitigation. This comprehensive review analyzed
University, Jalalabad, Afghanistan 60-70 studies on urban green infrastructures and their impacts on the urban
environment. A library research methodology was used, focusing on literature
from Google Scholar published in the last two decades which delves into the
multifaceted aspects of urban environmental cleanliness, providing valuable
insights for policymakers, and urban planners with a profound understanding
of their impacts. Stakeholders can proactively implement measures to enhance
cleanliness in the urban environment.

Citation Style:
Miakhel, M., Abdulrahimzai, A. A., Habib, A., & Behsoodi, M. M. (2024).
Urban Green Infrastructures and Its Impacts on the Urban Environment: A
Contact @ Mohammad Mukhlis Behsoodi Review. Journal of Environment, Climate, and Ecology, 1(2), 9-15. https://doi.
[email protected] org/10.69739/jece.v1i2.135

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Journal of Environment, Climate, and Ecology (JECE), 1(2), 9-15, 2024 Page 10

1. INTRODUCTION (Monteiro et al., 2020). While domestic gardens are commonly

“Green spaces” are described by the Environmental Protection recognized as a critical component of green infrastructure, their
Agency as “parks, community gardens, and cemeteries,” with precise contribution is rarely comprehensively assessed, posing
particular reference to “land that is partially or completely a challenge in determining their relative significance within
covered with grass, trees, shrubs, or other vegetation.” the broader urban green space. This raises a notable question:
(Nieuwenhuijsen, 2020). Originally, parklands, greenbelts, should urban planners prioritize allocating future green
swamps, forests, or floodways within and adjacent to cities spaces near buildings to include private gardens? Despite their
were considered part of “green” infrastructure, offering an substantial role in urban green infrastructure, the specific impact
enhanced standard of living and providing “ecosystem services” of domestic gardens on delivering ecosystem services remains
like flood prevention and water filtration (Foster et al., 2011). uncertain (Sangkakool et al., 2018). Urban Green Infrastructure
Specialists in natural resources increasingly use the term (UGI) serves as a gateway to sustainable urban development.
“green infrastructure,” referring to a connected system of green UGI is characterized by the processes guiding the expansion of
space that preserves the purposes and values of the natural green and blue spaces, as well as the multifunctional networks
ecosystem while benefiting the human population (Benedict encompassing these areas. It holds the potential to significantly
& MacMahon, 2002). In this article, “green infrastructure” is contribute to achieving policy objectives, including enhancing
defined as a system of multipurpose green areas throughout a social cohesion, safeguarding biodiversity, promoting public
designated area, providing benefits to both existing and new health, providing recreational opportunities, stimulating local
communities and supporting the creation of an excellent built economic growth, and assisting cities in adapting to a changing
and natural environment. This concept encompasses natural climate (Pauleit et al., 2019).
resource areas such as wetlands, forests, streams, wildlife
habitats, parks, forests, working farms, ranches, and other 2.2. Types of Urban Green Infrastructure
conservation areas (Kambites & Owen, 2006). The popularity of 2.2.1. Green Roofs
urban green spaces has surged due to rapid urbanization, raising Green roofs, positioned atop buildings, comprise vegetated
concerns and discussions in urban planning. International surfaces with plants typically cultivated on a specific substrate
literature identifies various applications for urban green spaces, material. The implementation of green roofs has been suggested
including aesthetic, practical (health and leisure), pedagogical, as a means to enhance sustainability in urban areas. These roofs
technical (storm water management), symbolic, speculative contribute to sustainability by reducing building temperatures
(urban exploitation resource), and ecological purposes. The and manifesting a carbon-sequestering effect. The existence of
term “green infrastructure” refers to the natural surroundings flora and soil media that can both absorb and hold air pollutants
that separate towns, cities, and villages, providing numerous at the building size is what causes this impact (Shafique et
social, economic, and environmental advantages through green al., 2020). Given these attributes, green roofs hold particular
spaces, waterways, gardens, woodlands, street trees, and open significance and relevance. Additionally, green roofs positively
countryside (Sandström, 2002). Green infrastructure plays a influence the microclimate of the surrounding neighborhood,
significant role in addressing public health challenges, such enhancing comfort within urban settings. Particularly in
as combating obesity, as evidenced by the over $8.2 billion urban areas prone to heat waves and stormwater flooding,
spent annually in the UK to counter the effects of poor diet, the installation of green roofs emerges as one of the most
inactivity, and a sedentary lifestyle (Mell, 2016). Recognizing its effective strategies for mitigating the impact of climate change
importance, the European Commission unveiled a definition of (Sangkakool et al., 2018).
“green infrastructure” in 2013, emphasizing its role in territorial
development and space planning across member states. In 2.2.2. Green Walls
addressing previous concerns, green infrastructure proves Green walls, also known as vegetated walls, are structures that
crucial as it constitutes a network of green and blue spaces involve the cultivation of plants on vertical surfaces, creating
planned and maintained to provide various ecosystem services, a living wall of vegetation. The most basic form of a green
particularly important in urban areas (Monteiro et al., 2020). wall entails plants naturally climbing and colonizing these
vertical structures. These walls have been proposed as integral
2. LITERATURE REVIEW components of Green Infrastructure (GI) with the specific
2.1. Urban Green Infrastructure (UGI) purpose of regulating temperatures in both residential and
Urban Green Infrastructure (UGI) functions as a vital tool to commercial structures within urban areas. The effectiveness of a
improve water retention and permeability in densely populated green wall system depends on the selection of robust plant species
areas, alleviate the impact of the urban heat island, and enhance capable of enduring the environmental conditions prevalent
human well-being and biodiversity. The interdependence on vertical surfaces. These plants should exhibit resistance to
between healthy living environments and human wellness diseases, nutrient deficiencies, and chemical toxicity to thrive in
becomes apparent through the ability of urban green spaces to this unique setting (Chiquet et al., 2013). The primary objective
boost social capital. Green Infrastructure (GI) comprises semi- of green walls extends beyond temperature regulation; it is to
natural structures specifically crafted to enhance the quality establish ecological and biodiversity networks within urban
of life in urban settings. Noteworthy benefits of GI encompass environments (Collins et al., 2017). By incorporating green walls,
temperature reduction, pollution mitigation, storage of biological urban areas aim to enhance the overall sustainability, aesthetics,
carbon, and the improvement of human health and well-being and environmental quality of the built environment.

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Journal of Environment, Climate, and Ecology (JECE), 1(2), 9-15, 2024 Page 11

2.2.3. Domestic Gardens is crucial for effective conservation and sustainable urban
The extensive allotment areas dispersed throughout the planning (Muratet & Fontaine, 2015).
city, along with locally utilized private gardens, collectively
constitute a significant portion of the “green space” within 2.2.6. Street Trees
urban areas. The prevalence of domestic gardens underscores Street trees are typically categorized as social, economic, or
their importance in this context. However, there exists a environmental assets. Their significant social impact stems
noteworthy lack of information regarding the dimensions, from their positive influence on people’s health, making
composition, and associated characteristics of this valuable them crucial for fostering thriving urban communities. In
resource. Addressing this gap, this study presents the first addition to benefiting human well-being, street trees provide
comprehensive audit, focusing on Sheffield’s domestic gardens a habitat for urban wildlife, with some species becoming more
as a model study system (Gaston et al., 2005). The findings of prevalent in cities than in the natural vegetation surrounding
this study reveal that between 22% and 36% of the urban area them. Street trees also serve as a vertical barrier, separating
is comprised of domestic gardens. While these gardens play a sidewalks from roads. Furthermore, these trees play a vital role
substantial role in the framework of urban green infrastructure, in environmental conservation. They contribute to stormwater
their precise contribution to the provision of ecological services management by absorbing substantial amounts of rainfall, and
remains uncertain (Cameron et al., 2012). This study seeks they aid in reducing air pollution by absorbing particulates
to shed light on the significance of domestic gardens within from the air through their leaves and branches. Overall, street
the urban landscape, contributing valuable insights that can trees offer a multifaceted set of benefits, making them integral
enhance our understanding of their role in fostering ecological components of urban landscapes (Mullaney et al., 2015).
sustainability and overall urban well-being.
2.2.7. Urban Lawns
2.2.4. Public Parks and Community Gardens Urban lawns indeed provide several ecological benefits;
To fulfill their role in providing ecosystem services for cities however, they also have potential environmental drawbacks
and towns, both community gardens and parks face specific related to water consumption, biodiversity loss, nitrogen and
opportunities and challenges. Community gardens have the phosphorus runoff, and habitat destruction for wildlife (Zhou et
potential to rejuvenate underutilized park landscapes and al., 2009). Lawns occupy a considerable portion of land surface
transform them into vibrant public green spaces. However, (Medl et al., 2017). Estimates indicate that there are 163,800
community gardens stand out for their unique ability to km2 of lawns in the US, and this area continues to expand
contribute services related to agriculture and food production rapidly. While lawns contribute to the aesthetic appeal of urban
within the realm of public green spaces. The cultivation of areas and offer recreational spaces, it’s crucial to carefully
food in these communal spaces can influence individuals to consider and manage their environmental impact to guarantee
make healthier and more sustainable dietary choices. The sustainability and reduce adverse effects on natural resources
establishment of two distinct public entities—community and ecosystems (Raciti et al., 2008).
gardens and other forms of green space—now operates
largely independently, offering the potential to benefit urban 2.2.8. Vertical Greening System
communities by supplying essential ecosystem services(Middle A vertical greening system encompasses any system designed
et al., 2014). The findings reveal that between 22% and 36% of to add greenery to vertical surfaces. These systems heavily
the urban area is comprised of domestic gardens. While these rely on plants, involving the practice of covering buildings
gardens play a significant role in urban green infrastructure, with vegetation. This approach yields positive effects on the
their precise contribution to the provision of ecological services environment, economy, society, and health, making it an
remains uncertain (Larson et al., 2016). integral aspect of sustainable architectural design (Wang et
al., 2022). The term “vertical greening systems” (VGS) can
2.2.5. Private Gardens also encompass bio walls, vertical gardens, or green-wall
The importance of private gardens in urban areas extends technologies. While vertical greening systems have been in
beyond aesthetics, as they serve as significant green spaces existence for some time, their significance is growing as cities
providing essential resources for both humans and wildlife. aim to be more sustainable, and environmental concerns
These spaces contribute to biodiversity by offering food sources become more prominent (Pérez-Urrestarazu et al., 2015). Both
and sanctuaries for various animals, particularly invertebrates. in the summer and winter, vertical and horizontal greening
Despite their importance, studying private gardens poses significantly impact the urban environment and the thermal
challenges due to the diverse range of living and non-living performance of buildings. In warmer climates, vertical
factors that can impact invertebrate abundance. Biotic variables greening becomes crucial during the summer to provide
include the types of plants and their arrangement, while cooling potential on building surfaces (Perini et al., 2011).
abiotic factors encompass environmental conditions such as The techniques involved in vertical greening, such as green
temperature, humidity, and soil composition. Additionally, walls and façade systems, are not new. Green walls and green
the influence of neighbouring landscapes adds complexity façades represent the two primary types of vertical greening
to understanding the dynamics of invertebrate populations systems. Implementing these systems to mitigate temperatures
within these private green spaces. Addressing these challenges in construction canyons is a viable strategy (Medl et al., 2017).

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2.3. Effects of Urban Green Infrastructure 2.5. The Impacts of Urban Green Infrastructure on Urban
Urban green infrastructure (UGI) directly influences the Environment
interior space in terms of climate, air quality, acoustics, and The articles included in this special issue emphasize the critical
aesthetics. Beyond these factors, there are additional benefits role of urban green infrastructure (UGI) in sustainable growth.
to human welfare and the economy associated with greenery. Drawing from various international case studies, ideas, and
When considering the advantages of climate regulation assessment techniques across different fields, the research
services, UGI often leads to reduced energy costs by modifying underscores the importance of UGI for fostering a thriving
indoor temperatures. Deciduous vegetation is particularly urban ecosystem and ensuring good living conditions for city
beneficial, though evergreen vegetation can also reduce dwellers (Breuste et al., 2015). Specifically, By promoting and
building temperatures in winter, potentially increasing energy enhancing ecosystem services linked to reduced flooding risk,
consumption (Kaluarachchi, 2021). Furthermore, slower wind mitigated urban heat islands, improved air quality, reduced
speeds facilitated by UGI may impede heat escape from sun- building energy consumption, carbon storage, preservation of
exposed surfaces and diminish the efficiency of open windows wildlife habitat, and the provision of recreational and leisure
during summertime by slowing air infiltration (Wang et al., amenities that improve the well-being of urban residents,
2014). Urban areas face increased risks of disaster damage UGI shows promise in enhancing urban resilience (Zuniga-
due to rising precipitation, a consequence of impermeable Teran et al., 2020). In the context of a particular city, research
surface expansion and climate change. In densely populated, highlights that accessible lawns and water bodies are crucial
highly developed regions, UGI serves as a valuable alternative park attributes positively influencing respondents’ self-
to traditional mitigation measures. Sea level rise, excessive reported health and well-being. Proximity to green spaces
precipitation, and other climate change-related issues, and has a positive effect on residents’ mental health, particularly
global warming, are frequently linked to urbanization. As when individuals are satisfied with neighborhood green spaces.
global urbanization accelerates city population growth and This emphasizes the subjective evaluation of green spaces in
alters the urban microclimate, public health is significantly people’s living environment as a significant factor (Wu et
impacted. Despite UGI’s demonstrated ability to reduce urban al., 2022). Various UGI strategies, including well-established
warming and improve thermal comfort, research indicates that ones like urban park networks and urban forestry (including
groves with a higher number of trees exhibit the best cooling street trees), as well as newer approaches like green roofs, are
capacity among various UGI types. Although the daily average discussed. Green infrastructure, with its numerous advantages,
air temperature decrease is relatively small (maximum 0.3 °C), plays a pivotal role in adapting to the changing climate,
the findings emphasize the effectiveness of well-planned and mitigating temperature rise, and addressing more frequent and
adequately vegetated urban green spaces (Kim & Kim, 2017). intense heat waves. Crucially, UGI is essential for reducing the
absorption of solar radiation by construction materials during
2.4. Benefits of Urban Green Infrastructure the day and releasing it at night (Gaffin et al., 2012). Green
The ecological services that green infrastructure (GI) and urban infrastructure has many advantages, especially when it comes
forests (UF) provide, Including trees on roadways, alongside to adjusting to the changing climate to mitigate the effects of
streams, in parks, and not just in woodlands but also on rooftops, temperature rise and more frequent and intense heat waves.
offer significant benefits to urban and vulnerable populations Reducing the amount of solar radiation absorbed by building
(O’Brien et al., 2017). Urban agriculture plays a crucial role materials like pavement, walls, and roofs during the day and
in addressing the lack of access to food by serving as a social released at night requires the use of green infrastructure (Lin
safety net, enabling individuals and communities to produce et al., 2016).
and share healthy foods (Lin et al., 2017). Urban agriculture can
help communities and individuals produce and share healthy 3. METHODOLOGY
foods by providing social safety nets to fight food insecurity This review paper employs a library research methodology
(Medl et al., 2017). The definition of urban green infrastructure aimed at synthesizing existing literature on urban green
(UGI) is landscape features that concurrently benefit society, infrastructures and their impacts on the urban environment. A
the environment, and the economy (Van Oijstaeijen et al., 2020). comprehensive search was conducted across various academic
These features provide spaces for people to visit, traverse, databases, including Google Scholar and specialized academic
enjoy, protect, and care for, contributing to the creation of search engines, to identify relevant studies published within
attractive and livable environments in urban areas (O’Brien et the last two decades. This timeframe was prioritized to capture
al., 2017). The multifaceted advantages of UGI extend beyond recent developments and trends in the field.The selection
aesthetics, enhancing the quality of life for urban residents. process involved establishing clear inclusion and exclusion
City infrastructure plays a vital role in facilitating the use of criteria. Only peer-reviewed studies focused on urban green
public areas for civic, commercial, and leisure activities. The infrastructure and its environmental impacts were included,
provision of public services, such as transportation, water use, while papers that did not meet these criteria were excluded
and waste treatment, is integrated into urban infrastructure from the review. Initially, 60-70 papers were identified through
to make it more accessible and convenient for people. This this systematic search, and after applying the established
interconnected approach aims to create well-rounded urban criteria, a total of 40 studies were selected for detailed analysis.
environments that cater to the diverse needs of the population The selected literature was categorized based on different types
(Kaluarachchi, 2021). of green infrastructure, such as parks, green roofs, and urban

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Journal of Environment, Climate, and Ecology (JECE), 1(2), 9-15, 2024 Page 13

forests, along with their associated environmental benefits. highlights the critical importance of urban green spaces—
This categorization facilitated a critical analysis of the findings, including green roofs, green walls, and domestic/private
allowing for the identification of gaps in the existing body of gardens—in mitigating the adverse effects of rapid urbanization,
work. particularly the escalating challenges of air pollution in major
In addition to the literature review, informal discussions cities worldwide. The findings emphasize the urgent need to
were conducted with urban planners and policymakers. strengthen green infrastructure as global populations grow,
These conversations provided valuable context and insights alongside fostering public awareness as fundamental strategies
into the practical applications of the research, enhancing for addressing environmental degradation and promoting
the understanding of how urban green infrastructures can sustainable urban living. The manifold benefits of urban green
be effectively implemented in urban planning. The resulting areas extend beyond improving environmental cleanliness and
synthesis of the literature aims to inform stakeholders, including providing recreational opportunities; they also enhance urban
urban planners and policymakers, providing guidance for resilience, support biodiversity, and improve overall quality of
future urban planning efforts to enhance environmental quality life.
in urban settings. Through this comprehensive approach, the These advantages underscore the necessity for collaborative
study seeks to contribute meaningfully to the discourse on efforts among policymakers, urban planners, and communities
urban sustainability and resilience. to prioritize the expansion and preservation of green spaces
within urban landscapes. Achieving a harmonious balance
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION between urban development and the integration of green
This review highlights the critical role of urban green infrastructure is essential for creating cleaner, greener, and
infrastructure (UGI) in enhancing environmental quality more livable cities.
and addressing the challenges posed by rapid urbanization. By recognizing the substantial positive impacts of urban green
The findings indicate that various forms of UGI, including infrastructure detailed in this review, stakeholders are better
green roofs, green walls, domestic gardens, and public parks, equipped to make informed decisions and implement policies
significantly contribute to mitigating air pollution and that prioritize the incorporation and preservation of green areas
improving urban climates. UGI acts as a natural regulator, in city design. Additionally, promoting public awareness of the
reducing indoor temperatures and energy costs, particularly critical significance of green infrastructure and encouraging
through the strategic use of deciduous trees that provide shade active participation in its development and maintenance are
in the summer. The ecological benefits of UGI extend beyond vital for realizing sustainable urban growth and nurturing
climate regulation, offering vital services such as stormwater healthier urban environments for future generations.
management, carbon sequestration, and biodiversity
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