ART APPRECIATION a.

Mesopotamia
b. Egypt
PHILIPPINE ARTS AND CRAFTS: A c. Greece
CHRONOLOGY d. Rome
According to the Philippine Art Period e. China
Timeline, the history of Philippine art is f. India
described in detail. g. Persia

ART HISTORY Functions of Arts

 to tell stories
I. Prehistoric Art (40,000-4,000 BC)  decorate utilitarian objects like
 relied on the use of natural bowls and weapons
pigments  display religious and symbolic
 stone carvings to create imagery,
representations of objects,  demonstrate social status
animals, and rituals that governed  depict stories of rulers, gods, and
a civilization’s existence. goddesses.
 Wall/cave paintings
Sample Ancient Artworks
Art Forms  Mesopotamia
 Stationary 1. Code of Hammurabi
 Portable Art  Created around 1792 B.C., the
piece bears a Babylonian set of
Example Artworks laws carved in stone
1. Lascaux Cave paintings in France
 the Great Hall of the Bulls  Greece
 The Chamber of Felines 1. Parthenon (Architecture)
 The Shaft of the Dead Man.  a temple in honor of the city’s
2. Venus of Willendorf patron goddess Athena.
 fertility sculpture found in 2. Venus de Milo (Sculpture)
Willendorf Austria  carved in 100 B.C. during the
3. Stonehenge (Post and Lintel) Hellenistic Age by the little-known
 Salisbury Plain Wiltshire,England Alexandros of Antioch
 discovered in 1820 on the island
Philippine Prehistoric art of Melos.
1. Angono Petroglyphs 3. Kerch vases (Pottery)
 the oldest known artworks in the  is an archaeological term
Philippines. 127 figural carvings describing vases from the final
engraved on the wall of a shallow phase of Attic red-figure pottery
cave of volcanic tuff. production.
2. Manunggul Jar 4. Krater or crater (Pottery)
 a secondary burial jar excavated  (Greek: κρατήρ, kratēr, literally
from a Neolithic burial site in the "mixing vessel") was a large vase
Manunggul cave of the Tabon in Ancient Greece, used for the
Caves at Lipuun Point in dilution of wine with water.
Palawan, Philippines. 5. Pelike (Pottery)
3. Maitum Jar  It has two open handles that are
 are earthenware secondary burial vertical on their lateral aspects
vessels and even at the side with the
 discovered in 1991 by the edge of the belly, a narrow neck,
National Museum of the a flanged mouth, and a sagging,
Philippines' archaeological team almost spherical belly
in Ayub Cave, Barangay Pinol,
Maitum, Sarangani Province, III. Medieval Art (500–1400)
Mindanao, Philippines.  often referred to as the “Dark
Ages,”
II. Ancient Art (4,000 B.C.–A.D. 400)  marked a period of economic and
 Art was produced by advanced cultural deterioration following the
civilizations, which in this case fall of the Roman Empire in 476
refers to those with an established A.D.
written language.
Characteristics  Lindisfarne Gospels- illuminated
 artwork produced reflects that manuscript
darkness  Byzantine mosaics at The
 characterized by grotesque Palatine Chapel in Sicily.
imagery and brutal scenery.  Notre-Dame Cathedral- gothic
 centered around the Church. architecture
 more sophisticated and
elaborately decorated churches IV. Renaissance Art (1400–1600)
emerged  period of "rebirth" in arts, science,
 windows and silhouettes were and culture, and is typically
adorned with biblical subjects thought to have originated in Italy
 scenes from classical mythology.  capture the experience of the
 emergence of the illuminated individual and the beauty and
manuscript and Gothic mystery of the natural world.
architecture style
Famous Artist
Art forms 1. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
1. Relief sculptures  the ultimate “Renaissance man”
 sculpture is any work which  epitomized the Renaissance
projects from but which belongs humanist ideal.
to the wall, Famous works:
 a sculpture with figures that  “Mona Lisa” (1503-05)
protrude from a background while  “The Virgin of the Rocks” (1485)
still being attached to it.  “The Last Supper” (1495-98),
2. Fresco paintings Fresco
 method of painting water-based  Vitruvian Man- allowed him to
pigments on freshly applied reproduce reality with a
plaster, usually on wall surfaces remarkable degree of accuracy.
3. Mosaics
 a pattern or image made of small 2. Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-
regular or irregular pieces of 1564)
colored stone, glass or ceramic,  the dominant sculptor of the High
held in place by plaster/mortar, Renaissance
and covering a surface Famous works:
4. Metal works  Pietà in St. Peter’s Cathedral
 useful and decorative objects (1499)
fashioned of various metals,  David in his native Florence
including copper, iron, silver, (1501-04)
bronze, lead, gold, and brass.  Giant fresco covering the ceiling
5. Stained glass of the Sistine
 refers to glass that has been  Chapel, completed over four
colored by metallic oxides during years (1508-12) an depicting
the manufacturing process various scenes from Genesis.
6. Gothic architectures
 a European style of architecture 3. Raphael Sanzio (Raffaelo Da
that values height and exhibits an Urbino)
intricate and delicate aesthetic.  the youngest of the three great
 Pointed arches High Renaissance masters,
 Large, stained window glass Famous works:
 Rib vaults  Sistine Madonna
 Madonna of the Chair
Art Period  The School of Athens
a. Early Medieval Art
b. Romanesque Art 4. Filippo Brunelleschi
c. Gothic Art.  father of Renaissance
architecture,
Sample Artworks and architecture Famous works:
 Rose window  Duomo of Santa Maria del Fiore
 Mosaic of Jesus Christ in  Florence’s central cathedral
Istanbul, Turkey.
 Hagia Sophia in Constantinople
5. Donato Di Betto Bandi (1386-1466)  possessing an exceptional ability
 Donatello to render people in their various
 one of the best-known sculptors moods and dramatic guises.
of the Renaissance  The Night Watch, Man with the
 His most famous piece, the Golden Helmet, Descent from the
bronze David, was the first free- Cross
standing nude statue made since
antiquity VI. Rococo Art (1700-1800)
 It is characterized by lightness,
6. Sandro Botticelli (1445-1510) elegance, and an exuberant use
 renowned rennaisance painter of curving natural forms in
Famous work: ornamentation.
 Primavera’,  The word Rococo is derived from
 The Adoration of the Magi the French word rocaille, which
 ‘Venus and Mars’ denoted the shell covered rock
 The Birth of Venus work that was used to decorate
artificial grottoes.
7. Giovanni Bellini (1430-1516)
 Italian renaissance painter 1. Jean Antoine Watteau (1684–1721)
 Venetian painters  The father of Rococo painting
Famous work:  who invented a new genre called
 Portrait of Doge Loredano fêtes galantes, which were
scenes of courtship parties.
V. Baroque (1600–1750)  La Surprise
 over-the-top visual arts and
architecture. VII. Neoclassic
 characterized by grandeur and  was the predominant movement
richness in European art and architecture
 stylistically complex. during the late 18th and early 19 th
centuries.
1. Michelangelo Merisi Caravaggio  Neoclassical works (paintings and
(1573-1610) sculptures) wereserious,
 Realistic religious depictions, unemotional, and sternly heroic.
done on a grand scale,
 Italian painter 1. Jacques-Louis David (1748-1825)
 Known for: dramatic use of  The Oath of the Horatii, The
lighting in Baroque paintings Death of Socrates, The Lictors
 Death of the Virgins Returning to Brutus the Bodies of
his Sons, The Death of Marat,
2. Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1598-1680) Bonaparte Crossing the Grand
 Italian sculptor and architect Saint- Bernard Pass, 20 May
 Known for: creating the Baroque 1800
style of sculpture
2. Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres
3. Diego Rodríguez de Silva y  La Grande Odalisque, The Vow
Velázquez (1599-1660) of Louis XIII, The Apotheosis of
 Portrait of Philip IV, Las Meninas Homer, The Turkish Bath

4. Peter Paul Rubens (1577 – 1640) VIII. Romanticism

 Flemish painter, draughtsman,  The artists emphasized that
and diplomat sense and emotions - not simply
 Assumption of the Virgin, reason and order - were equally
Judgement of Paris, The Garden important means of
of Love understanding and experiencing
the world.
5. Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn  Romanticism celebrated the
(1606-1669) individual imagination and
 Dutch Baroque painter and intuition in the enduring search for
printmaker individual rights and liberty.
 one of the greatest storytellers in
the history of art, 1. Francisco Goya (1746 -1828)
 Spanish painter and printmaker
  The Black Duchess, The Nude Two kinds of arts as to subject
Maja, The Third of May, 1808, 1. Representational Art or Objective
Saturn Devouring His Son Art
 arts which depict (represent)
2. Théodore Géricault (1791-1824) objects that are commonly
 French Painter recognized by most people
 The Raft of the Medusa, Portrait  Arts that have subjects (paintings,
of Mustapha sculpture, literature, graphic arts,
theater arts)
3. Eugène Delacroix (1798 -1863)
 French Painter 2. Non-representational Art or Non-
 widely regarded as the leader of objective Art
the Romantic movement in 19th-  Arts that do not have subject
century French art. (Music, Architecture, and many of
 Scenes from the Massacres of the Functional art)
Chios, The Death of  They do not present descriptions,
Sardanapalus, Liberty Leading stories, or references to
the People, Apollo Slaying the identifiable objects or symbols
Serpent  Appear directly to the senses
primarily because of the satisfying
ART APPRECIATION, ART, organization of their sensuous
CREATIVITY, IMAGINATION, AND and expressive elements.
EXPRESSION
Kinds of subjects
Beauty  Landscapes, Seascapes, and
 Sensual qualities in a thing or Cityscapes
idea which excites one’s  Still Life
immediate admiration, pleasure  Animals
or satisfaction for itself rather than  Portraits
for its uses.  Figures
 Everyday Life
Sources of beauty  History and Legend
1. Nature  Religion and Mythology
 “Mother of all arts”  Dreams and Fantasies
2. Art
 Made by man, not imitative but Functions of Art
creative 1. Aestetic Function
 Through art, man becomes
Art Definition conscious of the beauties of
 The expression or application of nature and the benefits he gets
human creative skill and from his own work and those
imagination done by his fellow man.
 The term ART derives from the 2. Utilitarian Function
old Latin, which implies a “craft or  Art provides comfort and
specialized sort of expertise, as happiness
carpentry or smithing or surgery”  Shelter, clothing, landscaping,
(Collingwood, 1938). etc.
3. Cultural Functions
Essential Requirements of Arts  Transmit and preserve skills and
1. Art must be man-made knowledge from one generation
2. It must benefit and satisfy man to another
3. It must be expressive through certain  Broadens one’s cultural
medium or material background
4. Social Function
The subject in art  Through civic and graphic arts,
 refers to the main idea that is man learns to cooperate, love
represented in the artwork and help each other.
 The subject of art is VARIED.
 Usually anything that is
represented in the artwork.
(Person, object, sense, or event).
  Anything printed from raised or
Classification of Art sunken reliefs and plain surfaces.

A. Fine or Aesthetic Art ASSUMPTIONS OF ARTS

1. Music
 Harmonious combination of 1. Art Is Universal
sound  Timeless, transcending
 Most dynamic, most emotional, generations and nations through
most universal, and most abstract and through.
of all fine arts  Misconception: Artistic created
2. Painting long time ago.
 Visual art which expresses either  Age is not a factor in determining
by line, form, texture, or value of art.
color  Literature has contributed crucial
3. Sculpture terms of art.
 Express by carving, shaping, or  lliad and the Odyssey are the two
modeling Greek Epics that one’s being
4. Architecture taught in school.
 Most useful of all the fine arts  The Sanskrit compositions
 Sometimes called as “frozen Mahabharata and Ramanaya are
music” because it has many also classics in this
rhythmic features such as  domain.
windows, ornaments, columns,
and floorings. 2. Nature Is Not Art, and Art Is Not
5. Literature Nature
 Includes the writing of poems,  In the absence of a depiction of
short-stories, novels, plays, reality, art may be thought of as a
histories, biographies, essays, perspective of reality.
etc.  In the Philippines, it is fairly
6. Dancing uncommon for some viewers of
 Based upon music or rhythmic local films to express their
sound dissatisfaction with the films'
 Characterized by rhythm or realism by stating that they are
repetition unrealistic.
 The only art having one medium  They argue that local movies are
– the performer or dancer based on a set of formulas that
7. Drama are detrimental to the content and
 Includes acting, directing, stage fidelity to reality of the films they
setting, stage lighting and public produce
speaking  'Well and Grinding' is a painting
by French artist Paul Cezanne
B. Practical or Useful Art that depicts a situation from
1. Industrial Art reality.
 Changing raw material into some  The Chateau Noir's Forest has a
significant product or human wheel, and it is located there.
consumption or use.
2. Applied or household art 3. Art is a result of personal
 Refers mostly to household arts experience
such as, flower arrangement,  It is not a comprehensive guide,
interior decoration, dressmaking, but rather an experience. The
embroidery, make-up, etc. actual act of accomplishing
3. Civic Art something.
 Refers to civic planning and  For others, reaching this point
beautification to improve the without having a good definition of
standards of living art might seem bizarre and
4. Commercial Art bizarre. For most people, art does
 Involves business propaganda in not need a comprehensive
the form of advertisements in definition. Art is nothing more than
newspaper, magazines, a sensory experience.
signages, billboards, and the likes
5. Graphic Art
 volume, having length, width, and
height.

VISUAL ARTS a. Geometric forms

 are forms that are mathematical,
I. Elements of Arts precise, and can be named
 The elements of art are the basic  sphere, cubes, cone, pyramid
components of art-marking. b. Organic forms
 They are the building blocks of  are those that are free-flowing,
composition in arts curvy, sinewy, and are not
symmetrical
1. Lines  They most often occur in nature,
 Refers to the contour, profile, or as in the shapes of flowers,
outline of an object. branches, leaves, puddles,
 It determines the shape or form of clouds, animals, the human
the object figure, etc.
Type of lines
a. Straight lines 4. Color
 horizontal lines  It originates from a light source,
 vertical lines that is either view directly or as
 diagonal or slanting lines reflected light.
 zigzag lines  Color is one of the most
b. Curved Lines expressive elements because its
 Spiral quality affects our emotions
 Wave directly and immediately
 Concave Categories of Color
 Convex A. Properties of colors
a. Primary colors
2. Shapes  Independent colors
 It is an enclosed line  Red, yellow and blue
 a two-dimensional area that is b. Secondary Colors
defined by a change in value or  Mixture of two equal amount
some other form of contrast. of primary colors
 An element of art that is two-  Green, violet, orange
dimensional, flat, or limited to c. Tertiary or intermediate colors
 height and width.  Mixture of two equal amount
Types of Shapes of primary and secondary
a. Geometric shapes colors
 Can be described using  Yellow green, yellow orange,
mathematical terms blue green, blue violet, red
 They are very regular or precise orange, red violet
 They are more often found in B. Hue
man-made things because they  The actual color, or the identity of
are easier to reproduce and make a color
things with  Red, yellow, blue, pink, orange
 Types of geometric shapes C. Intensity
Examples: Circle, square, triangle,  is the brightness or dullness of
rectangle, etc color
b. Free-form or organic shapes  is a color’s strength, saturation,
 shapes that seem to follow no purity
rules D. Temperature of colors
 shapes that are irregular or a. Warm colors
asymmetrical in appearance and  Cheerful, exciting, aggressive
tend to have a curvy flow to them colors
 Nearly all shapes found in nature  Red, yellow, orange
are organic in appearance. b. Cool colors
Examples are leaves, flowers etc.  Calm, restful and depressing
 Blue, green, violet
3. Form E. Color Harmony
 It connotes something that is  a pleasing combination of colors
three-dimensional and encloses
  Harmonious combination of  Used to create a sense of stability
colors Types of Balance
a. Monochromatic Colors a. Symmetrical balance
 This scheme may be b. Asymmetrical balance
achieved using tints and c. Radial balance
shades of one hue
 Mono means one or single
 Chroma means color 3. Rhythm
b. Analogous colors  The regular, uniform, or related
 One or more adjacent colors movement made through the
in the color wheel. repetition of a unit or motif
c. Complementary Colors  Rhythms can be broadly
 Combination of any two categorized as random, regular,
opposite colors in the color alternating, flowing, and
wheel progressive
d. Triad Colors
 Combination of three colors 4. Proportions
which form an equilateral  is the relationship of sizes
triangle in the color wheel between different parts of a work.
 The lightness or darkness of  Ratio, harmony of size, beautiful
a color sizes, law of space relationships
 Adding black will darken a
hue or lower its value. This is 5. Emphasis
called a SHADE.  The dominance and
 Adding white will lighten a subordination, center of interest,
hue or raise its value. This is dominant interest.
called a TINT.
6. Variety
5. Value  Contrast, variation
 It is the perceived surface
7. Movements
6. Texture  Using art elements to direct a
 quality of a work of art. viewer's eye along a path through
 the roughness or smoothness of the artwork, and/or to show
the material from which it is movement, action and direction
made.
Types of Texture ASIAN ART
a. Physical Texture Asian art is diverse and rich as a result of
 Experience texture trough touch thousands of years and the contributions
b. Implied Texture of numerous nations. It is also well
 An artist may use his/her skillful renowned for its calligraphy, which is
painting technique to create the regarded as the highest form of art in
illusion of texture. East Asian art, along with ritual bronzes,
exquisite ceramic sculptures, jades,
7. Space textiles, poetic painted landscapes,
 The distance around, between, garden design, amazing temples, shrines,
above, below, and within an pagodas, and stupas. Fan Kuan's
object. Travelers amid Mountains and Stream,
Katsushika Hokusai's series of 36 views
II. Principles of Design of Mount Fuji, and Basawan's Akbar
 Harmonious arrangement of Restraining the Enraged Elephant Hawai'i
elements of arts are just a few instances of artworks that
have stood the test of time (Akbar
1. Harmony Restraining the Enraged Elephant
 Order or unity Hawaii). In recent years, Asia has
 It is the quality which unifies significantly influenced modern art. Asian
every part of an arrangement modern art has gained popularity
recently. The number of regional
2. Balance biennials and triennials, the opening of
 Equal distribution of VISUAL new contemporary art museums, and the
weight on either side of a international acclaim of artists like Cai
composition’s center Guo-Qiang (born in China), Miwa Yanagi
(born in Japan), Suh DoHo (from Korea), better understanding, listen to this
and Rirkrit Tiravanija (from Thailand), synthesised example of a parallel
among others, have all contributed to the organum. melismatic organum
exponential growth of Asian (melismatic organ)
contemporary art in recent years.
The other accompaniment component
THE DEVELOPMENT OF WESTERN wanders around above the pitch on which
ART one section of the accompaniment stays
The Classical, Medieval, Byzantine, fixed. Listen to this synthesized sample
Romanesque (including Baroque and and observe how the second voice stays
Rococo), Renaissance (including on the same note while the first voice
Baroque and Rococo), Neolassicism sings the melody, as well as how the
(including Neoclassicism), Romanticism second voice stays on the same note
(including Realism), Impressionism while the first voice sings the melody.
(including Impressionism), Modernism
(including Modernism and NUEMES
Postmodernism), and Postmodernism are The direction in which the pitch was
among the successive periods and or shifting was indicated by these symbols
movements that are distinguished in the engraved above chants.
history of Western art (including
Postmodernism). The flute is a type of musical instrument
constructed of wood. Medieval flutes
A GREEK CHANT (GREGORIAN resembled modern recorders more in
CHANT) appearance since they had finger
One of the most well-liked styles of music apertures rather than keyholes.
during the Middle Ages was this one,
which featured a single line of vocal Dulcimer The Middle Ages' dulcimers
melody that was unaccompanied and in were originally plucked, but as technology
free rhythm. This is not at all surprising advanced, hammers were used to strike
given the importance of the Catholic them.
church throughout this time period. The
Mass, which commemorates and Lyra The lyra, which dates back
celebrates the Last Supper of Jesus toantiquity, is frequently recognized as
Christ, has always been and will always one of the earliest known bowed
be a ceremonial event using predefined instruments.
words (liturgy), which were both spoken
and sung throughout the service. Two more medieval instruments that can
be found are the recorder and the lute.
MUSICAL POLYPHONIC Traveling singers and performers called
DEVELOPMENT troubadours and trouvères were also
Composers began experimenting with commonaround this time.
new methods as the Medieval Period
went on, and as a result, polyphonic MIDDLE EASTERN MUSIC HAS ITS
genres were born. OWN SPECIAL STYLES

ORGANUM Ars Nova, which is Latin for "new art,"

Organum was a crucial early strategy that was a brand-new kind of music that
made it possible to investigate polyphonic evolved in the 14th century and had its
texture. It had two lines of voices and a roots in France and Italy.
selection of different heterophonic
textures. The three major kinds of The phrase comes from a work written by
organum are as follows: Philippe de Vitry and published in France
in 1320.
A type of organum that coexists alongside
another organum is called a parallel In writing, the style was characterized by
organum, alsoreferred to as a "strict a wider variety of rhythms, the usage
organum." time, and a higher level of freedom and
autonomy. These experimental initiatives
One voice sings the melody while the laid some of the groundwork for later
other sings at a set interval, giving the musical development throughout the
impression that the two voices are Renaissance. During the Art Nova era,
moving parallel to one another. For a
the chanson was the most popular thought, it was meant to make the listener
secular genre. feel good. The most well-known
composers that utilized this technique
were Johann Christian Bach and C.P.E.
Bach.
THE ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE ORCHESTRA IS ON THE WAY
BAROQUE MUSIC THROUGHOUT The size of the Orchestra began to grow.
HISTORY The use of the harpsichord continuo
Baroque music was a style of Western art gradually decreased in the repertory.
music that was composed in the Western Horns in particular were more important
world from roughly 1600 and 1750. The in tying the texture together than other
Classical era came next, coming after this wind instruments. In spite of this, the
era, which occurred after the main instrument was still the string
Renaissance. The name "baroque," section, to which two horns, one or more
which is derived from the Portuguese flutes, or a pair of oboes could be added.
word barroco and means literally Gradually, as needed, composers started
"misshapen pearl," was used pejoratively adding one or two bassoons, along with a
to describe the complex and ornately pair of trumpets or a pair of kettle drums.
embellished music of this era. Later, the Clarinets were initially made available in
phrase began to be used to describe the the latter part of the 18th century. Due to
same era's architecture as well. his compositions, Mozart is credited with
making the clarinet more well known.
As a large portion of the "classical music"
canon, baroque music is still frequently Simple broken chords repeated in the left
studied, performed, and heard today. hand make up the Alberti Bass,which
drives the beat and defines the harmony.
Johann Sebastian Bach, George Frideric One of the first composers for the piano,
Handel, Alessandro Scarlatti, Domenico C.P.E. Bach began his work around
Scarlatti, Antonio Vivaldi, Henry Purcell, 1750. J.C. The first piano recital by Bach
Georg Philipp Telemann, took place in London. Many pieces of
music were published for harpsichord or
Jean-Baptiste Lully, Arcangelo Corelli, piano, although harpsichord uses teadily
Tomaso Albinoni, François Couperin, declined.
Denis Gaultier, Claudio Monteverdi,
Heinrich Schütz, Jean-Philippe Rameau, SONATA
Jan Dismas Zelenka, and Johann A sonata is a piece of music with one or
Pachelbel more movements for one or more
instruments. It is a trio with three
CLASSICAL MUSIC instruments, a quartet with four, and a
The history of classical music is a long quintet with five.
one (1750-1810) The term "classical,"
with a capital "C," designates anything of SYMPHONY
the greatest level and is frequently linked A symphony is an orchestral sonata. The
to the ancient Greeks and Romans. The Symphony evolved from the Italian
letter "C" stands for it and designates a Overture, however it features three
certain composer's style. Any non- movements rather than three sections.
contemporary music is incorrectly
referred to as traditional music while First movement: Usually fast, and in
discussing classical music. This type of sonata form.
music is actually referred to as "art
music" by composers from the era. Second movement: Usually slower and
more song-like. It could be in sonata form
The most important composers to or ternary form, and perhaps with
remember and admire are those who variations.
have been designated with an asterisk.
Third movement: Haydn and Mozart
Galant is a name in fashion. This early wrote a minute in trio at this point.
classical style is also referred to as Beethoven later turned this into a
"galant," which is a French word that Scherzo (A direct translation is joke.)
means "galant" or "galant-like." This early
classical design also has a very courtly Fourth movement: Fast, often light
aspect. Instead of trying to provoke hearted, perhaps in Rondo form, or
sonata form, or with variations. Haydn actions more important in the opera. At
wrote numerous sonatas, including the the start of the opera, the overture
Surprise Symphony, the Drum Roll prepared the audience for what was to
Symphony and the London Symphony. come, Mozart wrote operas including The
Trios and quartets were also in four Marriage of Figaro, The Magic Flute and
movements. Sonatas might have three or Don Giovanni. The Magic Flute is an
four movements. The Classical Concerto example of singspiel (an opera in which
did not include the minuet, so only had singing is mixed up with dialogue). The
three movements.Sonata Form Sonata orchestra mirrors the mood and drama of
form is a way of building up an individual the action. Don Giovani is an example of
movement, not a piece. It consists of 'opera buffa' (comic opera).
three sections:
LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN (1770-
1. The Exposition: The composer 1827)
exposes his musical ideas. The main Beethoven composed to please himself.
ideas are called subjects. The first subject He wrote 32 piano sonatas, nine
is in the tonic, which modulates (changes symphonies. The 9th Symphony is the
key) near the end to a bridge (transition) Choral Symphony. He wrote one opera,
passage, which leads to the second called Fidelio. Towards the end of his life
subject. The second subject is in a new, he became deaf. He could still composer,
but related, key, often the dominant (Sta) and hear the sounds in his head, but had
or relative major (If the first subject is m a great difficulty in conducting his works.
minor key). The second subject is usually
more tuneful. Beethoven modified Classical music. His
music is weightier, and on a larger scale.
2. Development: Here the ideas are There is more emotion in his music, and
developed. It creates a feeling of tension his last movements are usually the most
and conflict. The climax may be in this important. He uses more discords, more
section. dynamic contrast and more contrast in
pitch. He increased the size of the
3. Recapitulation: The music is repeated orchestra, for example, he often added a
from the beginning, but the second 3rd horn and a piccolo, and also added a
subject is now in the tonic. Finally, the choir in his 9th symphony.
music may have a coda (A direct
translation is tail), which rounds off the SOULMAKING
music. Soul-making is a nontraditional method of
getting to know oneself and delving into
THE CONCERTO the depths and true significance of what
It contains a solo instrument and an we do in our daily lives. It encourages the
orchestra. There are three movements development of our inner artist while also
(slow, fast, slow). The first movement has assisting us in communicating with
a double-exposition. The first is for the others, understanding culture, and
orchestra alone, followed by the soloist. embodying tolerance and peace. It opens
The second, with the second subject the door to a plethora of different
group in the related key. Then comes the intelligences and expressions.
development and the recapitulation, for
both the orchestra and the soloist. SOUL-MAKING is the process of creating
Towards the end, the orchestra pauses, and deriving meaning through art. For a
and the soloist plays a cadenza (a short person to make sense of language and
passage,'based on themes heard earlier, draw meaning from words, it is necessary
which displays the brilliance of the to take into consideration semantic and
player.) When the soloist finishes, the grammatical principles.
soloist ends with a trill, which signifies the
orchestra should come in and finish off ART FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF
the piece. The orchestra plays the coda PHILOSOPHY
to end.
Art as a kind of emulation
OPERA Plato's The Republic portrays artists as
Classical composers wrote much vocal mimics, and art as nothing more than a
music, especially opera. Gluck was an collection of imitations. He believes that
important opera composer. Orfeo ed the things that exist in this world are
Euridice is one of his works. He made the simply copies of the original, the eternal,
and that authentic beings can only be 2. Non – Representational Art or Non-
discovered in the World of Forms, Objective Art
according to his metaphysics or  Uses “content” and concerned with
perspective of reality. Art is nothing more “how” the artwork is depicted.
than a copy of another's work. In the
World of Forms, a painting is just a copy
of nature, which in turn is an imitation of Methods of Presenting Art Subjects
reality in the actual world.  Realism
 Began in France 1850s
Art as a means of communication  Believed in the ideology of
In agreement with Plato, Aristotle, on the objective reality and revolted
other hand, saw art as a tool to help against exaggerated
philosophy in the pursuit of the truth. Art emotionalism
is a representation of a version of reality.  Depict what the eyes can see,
Aristotelian philosophy holds that art has what the ear can hear, an what
two distinct purposes: it allows for the the sense faculty may receive.
enjoyment of pleasure, and it has the  Gustave Courbet and Honore
power to be instructional, teaching its Domier
audience valuable lessons about life and
its surroundings.  Abstraction
 In abstract art, the artist does not
Art as a kind of unbiased evaluation show the subject at all as an
Kant's Critique of Judgment asserted that objective reality, but only his
the judgment of beauty, which he ideas or his feeling about it
regarded to be the foundation of art, was (exaggerated emotionalism).
something universal, despite the fact that  Wassily Kandivinsky
it was susceptible to subjectivity. In his a. Distortion
understanding of beauty, he  Subject is in misshapen
acknowledged that it is subjective. condition, irregular shape,
twisted out
The Subjects of Art and the Method of  Form of emphasizing detail to
Presenting Them the point that something in no
longer “correctly” depicted.
Subject of Art  The old guitarist – Pablo
 The matter to be described or to be Picasso.
portrayed by the artist. b. Elongated
 Person, object, scene, event.  Being lengthen
 Protraction or extension.
2 kinds of art as to subject c. Mangling
1. Representational Art or Objective  Not commonly used to portray
Art abstract art.
 Uses “form” and is concerned with  Cut, lacerated, mutilated,
“what” is to be depicted in the torn, hacked, or disfigured.
artwork. d. Cubism
a. Still Life  Early 1900s
 Depicting mostly inanimate  Combination of basic
object matter, typically geometric shapes –
commonplace objects which sometimes showing multiple
may be either natural (food viewpoints of a particular
flower, plants, rocks, shells) or image.
man-made (drinking glasses,  Looking like a piece of
books, vases, coins, pipes, etc.) fractured glass.
in an artificial setting. e. Abstract Expressionism
b. Portraiture  Modern art movement in
 Portrait America (WWII)
 Painting, photograph, sculpture,  Depart completely from the
or other artistic representation subject matter from the
of a person, in which the face studied precision and from
and expression is predominant. any kind of preconceived
c. Landscapes, design. (parang batik batik
 Seascapes, and Cityscapes lang kagaya kay JC Intal)
 Symbolism ii. Levitation – floating objects that
 Systematically uses symbols to don’t normally float.
concentrate or intensify meaning, iii. Juxtaposition – joining 2 images
making the work of art more together in impossible combinations.
subjective (rather than objective) iv. Dislocation – taking an object away
and conventional. from its usual environment and
 Spolarium placing it in an unfamiliar one.
v. Transparency – making objects (that
 Fauvism are not transparent) transparent.
 Les Fauves “the wild beast” vi. Transformation – changing objects
 Emphasized spontaneity and use in unusual way; dahon na may bitak
of extremely bright colors. na parang puzzle piece tas naging
 A color red tree. butterfly.
 Henri Matisse
 Impressionism
 Dadaism  Optical realism
 Dada “hobby – horse”  Focused on directly describing
 System of art which is per the visual sensation derived from
se“non- essential” nature.
 Strives to have no meaning at all.  Devotees impressionism were not
 Post – WW cultural movement concerned with the actual
against the barbarism. depiction of the object they
 Fake urinal turned into fountain painted; they were concerned
with the visual impressions
 Futurism aroused by those objects.
 Modernist movement celebrating
the technological, future era. Art as a means of conveying emotional
 A love of speed, technology, and content
violence. Tolstoy believed that art has a significant
function in communicating feelings that
 Surrealism the creator has previously experienced to
 Offshoot or child of dada. an audience via communication.
 Also known as “super realism” Emotions are communicated via art.
 Dream like
 Fantasy PSYCHOLOGY OF COLORS

a. Veristic Surrealism  RED (PHYSICAL)

 Allowed images of the Positive:
subconscious to be  Physical courage, strength, warmth,
undisturbed so that the energy, basic survival, 'fight or flight’,
meaning could be understood stimulation, masculinity, excitement
through analysis. Negative:
 They follow images if the  Defiance, aggression, strain
subconscious until
consciousness can  BLUE (INTELLECTUAL)
understand the meaning. Positive:
 Rene Magritte, Salvador Dali.  Intelligence, communication, trust,
efficiency, serenity, duty, logic,
b. Automatism or Abstract Surrealism coolness, reflection, calm
 Images of the subconscious Negative:
should not be burdened by  Coldness, aloofness, lack of emotion,
meaning, so they are unfriendliness.
represented in an abstract
form.  YELLOW (EMOTIONAL)
 Focused more on the feelings Positive:
and less analytical  Optimism, confidence, self-esteem,
 Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud extraversion, emotional strength,
friendliness, creativity
Surrealistic Techniques Negative:
i. Scale – changing an objects scale or  Irrationality, fear, emotional fragility,
size. depression, anxiety, suicide
 GREEN (BALANCE)
Positive:
 Harmony, balance, refreshment,
universal love, rest, restoration,
reassurance, environmental  BROWN
awareness, equilibrium, peace Positive:
Negative:  Seriousness, warmth, nature,
 Boredom, stagnation, blandness, earthiness, reliability, support.
enervation Negative:
 Lack of humor, heaviness, lack of
 VIOLET sophistication.
Positive:
 Spiritual awareness, containment,
vision, luxury, authenticity, truth,
quality
Negative:
 Introversion, decadence,
suppression, inferiority.

 ORANGE
Positive:
 Physical comfort, food, warmth,
security, sensuality, passion,
abundance, fun
Negative:
 Deprivation, frustration, frivolity,
immaturity

 PINK
Positive:
 Physical tranquility, nurture, warmth,
femininity, love, sexuality, survival of
the species.
Negative:
 Inhibition, emotional claustrophobia,
emasculation, physical weakness

 GRAY
Positive:
 Psychological neutrality.
Negative:
 Lack of confidence, dampness,
depression, hibernation, lack of
energy.

 BLACK
Positive:
 Sophistication, glamour, security,
emotional safety, efficiency,
substance.
Negative:
 Oppression, coldness, menace,
heaviness.

 WHITE
Positive:
 Hygiene, sterility, clarity, purity,
cleanliness, simplicity, sophistication,
efficiency.
Negative:
 Sterility, coldness, barriers,
unfriendliness, elitism.