Chapter 7: Electromagnetism 7.1 Magnetic Forces and Fields Magnetism produces attractive and repulsive Socces between objects. The three elemental (ferromagnetic) metals capable of being magnetized: | con nickel and _colba|+ . o Fermanent _ magnets: usually naturally-occurring elements or metal alloys that do not easily lose their magnetism © lemgoraruy magnets: become magnetized when they enter a magnetic field but lose their magnetism gradually as the field is removed ° Blectromaanetic magnets: require an electric current to run through wire coils in order to produce magnetism. A bar magnet, when suspended by a string, will align itself so that one end points towards nort\n and the other end points south. Each magnet has two _poleS —a North (-seeking) Pole anda South (-seeking) Pole. — o Like poles ce pe\ ; © Unlike poles _otiract : Magnetic poles are similar to electric charges, but they cannot be isolated from each other — if you break a magnet in half, each part will have a north and south pole. The Earth’s geographic north pole is actually a magnetic south pole, while Earth’s geographic south pole is a magnetic north pole!7.2 Magnetic Fields ¢ Magnetic fields, like gravitational and electric fields, are_vec\o¢ fields. * Magnetic field lines show the orientation of a_com 5ass © Magnetic field lines outside a magnet flow from north to south © Magnetic field lines _jnside a magnet flow from south to north ¢ The at of field lines at a given point is proportional to the magnetic field strength at that point. © Magnetic field lines always form _closec\ loops.7.3 Electromagnetism ¢ Hans Christian Oersted, while conducting experiments with electricity in 1820, accidentally discovered that an electric_Curcent deflected a compass needle. . ‘ * He discovered that ama. etic _field gis; is produced by a current-carrying wire. fs_¢ No current Current © The direction of the magnetic field is given by the 1 Right Hand Rule © Thum __ points in the Bgtene direction of the current © _Finoers wrap around in the direction of the magnetic field The inner black dot represents a The inner black “X” represents a current flowing out of the page. current flowing into the page. The The other circles show the lines of other circles show the lines of force which are counterclockwise. force which are now clockwise. © © Oe d Oo ® © 9 3Magnetic Fields Review 1. Explain how you determine the north and south poles of an unlabelled magnet. & compass close to ane end , the compass will Words Ine South pele. 2. While holding a magnet in one hand, you suspend five nails in a row from the south pole of the magnet. What is the induced pole on the last nail hanging at the bottom of the five nails? The last nail will be a south pole. S| Ste 3. If four compasses are arranged around a magnet as shown in the diagram below, in what direction will the north end of each compass needle point? Draw the needles in the diagram? ©ME_s|o Q 4. One magnet is suspended by a string and a second magnet is brought close to it, as shown below. Draw the magnetic field lines around both magnets when they interact, but do not touch, 5. What will happen to the suspended magnet as a second magnet is brought close? They, will cepel and the / Sospenaes wragnat ust! move oe ao 1. Draw the direction the compass Ar will point when the compass is placed on the current-carrying conductor in each diagram below. > st + 4 +7.4 Solenoids and Electromagnets * Magnetic fields around single wires are relatively veo! at normal current levels. ¢ Ifa wire is formed into a single turn, the magnetic field looks like this: ¢ When a long coil of wire with many turns is constructed, the coil is called a solenoid . © Inside the solenoid, the lines of force run_Dacal\e\ to each other, just like inside a bar magnet. e If an iron core is placed inside a solenoid, the iron core itself becomes magnetized The magnetic field strength of the combination is much stronger than that of the solenoid itself. og This is called an -clectromagne tT ___ vet The direction of the magnetic field inside the solenoid is given by the 2" Right Hand Rule o Wrap fingers in the direction of the Ss N (conventional) _C urcent” o Thumb points _nor'oExi##1: Which end of the solenoid would be the north pole, A or B? NA ERO) B= -| t+ Ex#2: Draw the direction of the magnetic field inside the loops and outside the loops in the figure below.7.5 Magnetic Field Strength If the length of a solenoid is greater than its diameter _, the magnitude of the magnetic field inside the solenoid is uniform and is found with the formula: N B= uoIn = bol > B= magnetic field strength, T t ry bo = permeability of free space (4m x 107 T+m/A) I= current, A of winds per metre (m”) of total winds L= Total length of solenoid Magnetic Field Strength is measured in teslas (T): Ex#1: A solenoid 25 cm in length has 500 windings. What is the magnetic field inside the solenoid when it has a current of 2.0 A? L= 025m BepolE rh N = 50O4vtas 10 tun a = (4x IG ala ok\ 2Saee sexe +2.0A “an = 5.0268 x10. a ; Po = AXIO TE o (5. oxio °T Ex#2: A solenoid is to be wound on a cardboard form 30.0 cm long. How many turns of wire are needed to produce a magnetic field of 6.28x10° T, if the maximum allowable current is 5.0 A? L= 0:300m Beppo lt <3. . a7 “ Be 628x10 So. .24x\0'r10.300m) xm: 504 Nz B= = = Ne? 7a (rx TT, 5.0A) = 299% — Goo. 40008) 7 HSolenoids and Magnetic Field Strength Practice 1. Asolenoid is 15.0 cm long and has 250 turns. What is the magnetic field strength inside the solenoid if the current in the coils is 3.8A? Bepotd 50 \ 3p = Cat nic” 9620Cz soon] HASTAC TF OxIOT . A solenoid 40.0 cm long has a magnetic field of 5.0x10° T when the current in it is 10.0 A. How many turns of wire does it have? N- BL = (0. coger pst Mey) _ [57-Jturna . A solenoid 0.20 m long has 600 turns of wire. What current must be passed through the solenoid to produce a magnetic field of 2.0x107 T. T=BL - (o.czorlo.20”) 2 5 30s N w - Asolenoid with 5.2 A of current through a magnetic field of 0.35 T at its center. How many turns per metre does this solenoid contain? B=pota op towns, rpot 5, YS _ O.26T ~ 53562 al 64000 Fe ohn N= pol ~ imac gZV52A) ‘A magnetic resonance imaging machine (MRI) is used to take medical diagnostic images of the body. To create these images, a large solenoid is used and the person is placed in the centre of the solenoid. A current of 1500 A is carried through a 2.00 m long solenoid that has 2500 loops. What is the magnetic field strength inside the solenoid? Bopol N. 2 (ame xl0 Sra scod Fone Om / = 2.356T (2.37 v7.6 Magnetic Forces on Current-Carrying Conductors As we have seen, magnetic fields surround any current-carrying wire. Likewise, magnetic forces will act on current-carrying wires placed within magnetic fields. ° Above the conductor, both the fields are inthe Save direction. Therefore, the magnetic lines of force produced by the wire will be fepelled by the magnetic lines of force produced by the permanent magnets, pushing the wire down. HW ® Fon Below the conductor, the magnetic fields are in POS he directions. Therefore, the magnetic field lines of force between the wire and the magnets will attract, p \ing the wire down. a M are : <= * 1 Force (out of pege) Cc : 3° Right Hand Rule: ¥ Palm: F (Force) Fingers: B (Magnetic Field) Thumb: | (Current)Ex#1: The conductor on the left carries a current into the page, while the conductor on the right carries current out of the page. Would these conductors attract each other or repel each other? @)K@ are ali Ke repel! The magnitude of the magnetic force on a conductor can be calculated using: in = BIL sino F, = Magnetic Force (N) B = Magnitude of the magnetic field strength (T) I = Current through the conductor (A) 1 = length of conductor (m) 4 = angle that the conductor makes with the magnetic field line. Ifthe conductor is_pecpendiculal to the magnetic field, this formula can be reduced to: Fy, =BIL (since sin90° = 1) If the conductor is paca \\e) to the magnetic field, there is no magnetic force (since sin 0° = 0)Ex. A 0.15 m long wire carries a current of 1.0 A north through a magnetic field of 7.5x10~ T that is directed vertically upward. What is the magnitude and direction of the magnetic force acting on the wire? re Fae BIL \ Tele Hr! > (95x10 D1 ol 0-15m) Be F-5x10 z _ < e.? » Fel = \.125x\0'N “ a Lely IO'N Least] Ex. 2 In which direction will the force be directed when a current is passed through the conductor positioned between two magnets as shown in the diagram below? 8 f Die Fr (down) Practice: 1. A segment of conducting wire 5.0 cm long carrying 5.0 A of current is perpendicular to a magnetic field of 127. What magnetic force acts on the segment? (3.0 N) F.= BEL = ( 27 \(5.caXo. 0500)2. Awire is 0.75 m long carries a current of 10.0 Ais at a right angle to a uniform magnetic field. The force on the wire is 0.50 N. What is the strength of the magnetic field (0.0067 T) B TL = (son) = 0.066tT Co-cAY 0.75") ~ n@. 0697) 3. What is the magnitude of force on a wire that is 30 cm long and positioned at a right angle to a 0.40 T uniform magnetic field? The current through the wire is 5.0A. (0.60 N) fe: BIL (o. “HOTS: oAXo 30m) C0 -ton) ) n 4. Ahalf-kilometre length of wire is positioned perpendicular to a 0.40 T magnetic field. What is the current carried in the wire if a force of 2.0 N acts on the wire? - Fn (0.01 A) "BU as 2.2% ___ = @ol0A) *(0.40T 1 500") 5. Acopper wire (I = 0.222m) carries conventional current of 0.960A vertically upward through a magnetic field (B=7.50x10"T) that has directed north what is the magnitude and direction of the magnetic force acting on the wire? Fe 7 BIL (1.60x10*N West) = (ascoc8{psunilo22a) 6 at, “ afee7.7 Moving Charges in Magnetic Fields In the same way that charged particles moving through a wire will experience a force in a magnetic field, so will free charged particles (electron, protons, alpha particles, etc.) The magnetic force, Fm depends on: - The_chacae of the particle (the larger the charge, the greater the force) ~ The _ b) If the magnetic field strength is 6.4 T and the alpha particles move with a speed of 6.0x10’ m/s, what will be the magnetic force on the alpha _ we qv® = (2x\-ex5" "e- oxiGn)a{e4) 2 |.2288x10°N a(1.2x 10")Practice: Magnetic Field Strength on Charged Particles 1. A particle carrying a charge of 0.50 uC enters a magnetic field of strength 0.045 T, with a velocity of 350 m/s. The velocity is perpendicular to the magnetic field. What is the magnetic force acting on the charged particle? (7.9x10°°N) FazqvB . = (0.50x\0 2 350mls 0.0487) = BBTSAIOTN @ GIxIo"N) . What magnetic field strength is needed to exert a force of 1.0x 10-5) Noonan electron traveling 2.0 x 10’ m/s? (3.1x10®T) em Be ay Loxton = BA25K10°T = SCY Loxieels a (easreFaondel) o BAxie"T A proton traveling vertically at a speed of 2.10x10° m/s through a horizontal magnetic field experiences a magnetic force of 9.50x10™4 N what is the magnitude of the magnetic field? (2.83 T) Fin Bean om §.50x10 N = 2.9233T . (roxi6 CI z10x1F 19) N ad - Calculate the magnitude and the direction of the magnetic force on an electron traveling north at a speed of 3.52x10° m/s through a vertically upward magnetic field of 2.80x10"T. (1.58x10"4N West) gu ee oN F..- qvs . ; - (rend fa sanadele 2006) wl . = 1.5964bx ION @ 1-58x10 “I Entesi) (HS)5. Calculate the magnitude and the direction of the magnetic force on an alpha particle traveling south at a speed of 7.40x10* m/s through vertically upward magnetic field of 5.50T. (1.30x1073 N West) fae @ . coe "EY4oxt0 mB 5.507) 3 F 1.3024x10°N s¥ o((3on15°N Duet 6. Calculate the magnitude and the direction of the magnetic field that produces a magnetic force of 1.70x10"4N East on a proton that is traveling 1.90x10* m/s North through the magnetic field.(5.59 T up) Bea B tnt Fox "N Tr fete] \. . _ = 5.57317 _ = 7S ai 7 G-cox1O Ei -FOxIomh) o(os9T B) 7. An electron experiences an upward force of 7.1x10"“N when it is traveling 2.7x10°m/s south through a magnetic field what is the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field? (1.6 T West) Rg i» Fen ve B= an Weg |e _ Flxio"N 5 l- LHR * (en"larerh) s = 8. Calculate the magnitude and the direction of the magnetic force on an alpha particle traveling upward at a speed of 2.11 x 10° m/s through a magnetic field that is directed down. (ON) —__ B is paallel tev -7.8 Applications of Electromagnetism 7.8.1 Motors Current-carrying wires perpendicular to a magnetic field experience a force. This phenomenon is used by an electric _weotor to transform electrical energy into mechanical energy. Asimple DC motor consists of a loop of wire that passes through a magnetic field. The ends of the loop are attached to a spilt ring (cornmuta tec) which turns the loop. Fixed _beushes connect the commutator to a voltage source. The commutator (split ring) is important because it _ce ve cseS the current every half-turn. Direction of rotation yy Dh hChUj/}f \ Coil Brush ‘Split Ring Commutator7.8.2 Galvanometers e Agalvanometer is an instrument used to detect electric_f¢uccent e Agalvanometer calibrated to measure current is calledan Gwmeter while one that measures voltage is calleda o\twietec N s © These devices make use of the motor principle: a current carrying wire in a magnetic field will experience a_-C ce proportional to the current. e When a current flows through the wire the needle will experience a force. The needle is attached to a which provides an restorative force. As the coil rotates against the spring, a reading is produced. e Agalvanometer can be converted into an ammeter by placinga Shunt: _ (wire) of low resistance parallel to the coil. In other words, a parallel path for electrons so that only a small fraction of electrons flow through the coil. e Agalvanometer can be converted into a voltmeter by placing a shunt (wire) of high resistance in series with the coil. This greatly reduced the current that flows through the meter. AMMETER VOUTMETER7.8.3 Cathode Ray Tubes If a glass tube with wires inserted in both ends has as much air pumped out of it as possible, then an electric current will produce a beam of electrons called a cathode ray. When the positive end of the tube is painted with a fluorescing material, a focused ‘dot’ forms where the cathode ray strikes it. Consider the following example: an _ High Voltage Generator The electron beam is produced by accelerating electrons through an electric potential difference of 380 V. a) What is the speed of the electrons as they leave the 380 V plate? Exe Ee Lots VQ mN — =I ye (RE. ewe) _ |,1553x15imls_ ma NFO ty w {-2x\0'n[s b) What is the electrostatic force on electrons in the region between the horizontal plates when they are connected to a 9.0 V potential diffe 2 - ' — ay ge. (2.onneni6%) ea | 4 oem 207.8.4 Determining the Mass and Charge of the Electron In the late 1800s, JJ Thomson was able to show that cathode rays were deflected by a magnet, which showed that the particles were charged. Therson Cathode Ray Tbe Espen Later, Thomson made a different CRT with a fluorescent coating at one end and a near perfect vacuum. Halfway down the tube were two electric plates, which deflected the rays, proving beyond a doubt that the rays were made up of charged particles carrying a negative charge. In a third experiment, Thomson was able to determine the mass to charge ratio of the particles by how much they were bent as they passed through the CRT. When a magnetic field is used to deflect electrons in a CRT, the deflection results in circular motion: F.= Fy 2 v’ m—=qvB q_v m TB He found that the charge to mass ratio was extremely large - 1.76 x 101 C/kg - so that meant that either the particles carried a huge charge, or they were a thousand times smaller than a hydrogen ion. He decided that they must be extremely small, and that they emanated from within atoms themselves. This particle became known as the electron. a1Ex1: Charged particles traveling horizontally at 3.60x10° m/s when they a vertical magnetic field of 0.710 T. If the radius of their arc is 9.50x102 m, what is the charge to mass ratio of the particles? Fe = Faw Zz my. q#8 a >t = = AS B4xloH 5) A magnetic field and an electric field can be applied together in a CRT to balance the forces so there is no deflection, in which case: + v Gone) = 5.3373x10 Se. RB = (450x156 mo-HSY m a|é|= qvB, al A Ex2: What is the speed of an electron that passes through an electric field of 6.30x10? N/C and a magnetic field of 7.11x10° T undeflected? Assume the electric and magnetic fields are perpendicular to each other. Fn, far Fe ques EK 3 _E. e20xig ele = BSbotbm/s Bo Falk - 57. fe 227.8.5 Mass Spectrometers Mass spectrometers can be used to determine the mass of unknown substance or to separate similar compounds of slightly different mass. First the sample is vaporized and then it is bombarded with electrons. These high energy electrons ionize the sample by knocking loose electrons. The cations produced are then accelerated by a potential difference and then fired into a perpendicular magnetic field. This field causes them to bend until they strike a detector. Fo= Fn vy? m—=qvB Tad qBr v m= So long as we know gq, B and v, by : measuring r we can find m! magnetic fd perpendeuartothe * + ‘éagam Ex. An alpha particle is accelerated by a voltage of 1530 V and is then deflected by a 0.020 T magnetic field into a circular path of radius 0.40 m. If the alpha particles have a charge of 3.2x10"° C, what is their mass? = Ee, 1 Fa, yy zm LQ ae _ fENG TE me YG Hen... viym 3 ) “ mee a = (3-20 EYL Od22) 15010 2 3.@x) - 6.68x1O 3. A proton travels through a magnetic field at a speed of 5.40x10° m/s perpendicular to the field. If the radius of the arc of the deflected proton is 7.20x10° m what is the magnetic field strength? (7.83x10* T) A [60x10 C cs wn = LEAR oe vie B 25 MOXIOW 5 2 Oe “AYorooxt) A o.ctDn TAN ano" 5 = RE (op wraouf-LOnIO'S) =O. 787 = 6.727) Oe 244. Calculate the charge to mass ratio of a particle that is traveling 3.60x10° m/s and is deflected in an arc with a radius of 7.40x10? m as it travels through a perpendicular magnetic field of 6.10x10" T. (7.98x10° C/kg) y= 3-boxlOms f= Fa Rez O0THOM my. 468 B= 0.4oT eo 36000045, ve = Be * (ooRIONLOUA) = 494SIBEN%, - 5. Alpha particles travel undeflected through magnetic and electric fields that are perpendicular to each other. The speed of the alpha particles is 7.80x105 m/s and the strength of the magnetic field is 2.20x10" T Assuming that the alpha particles are traveling perpendicular to these fields what is the strength of the electric field? (1.72x10° N/C) 7 47 3-15 Fe = Fa m= bBxI Gy OE = ANB B= 0.2207 eevee \ ve 23-8D« IDs - G Boxicnfs (0.2207) = | GOO Ne 6. Positive charged particles travel undeflected through magnetic and electric fields that are perpendicular to each other. The magnetic field strength is 650x107 T and the strength of the electric field is 2.10x10° N/C assuming the charged particles are traveling perpendicular to these fields what is the speed of the charged particles? (3.23x10° m/s) B= 0.6SeT Fn = Fe E = 21cKlo"Ne. =? ye?7. Alpha particles travel through a magnetic field of 3.60x10" T and are deflected in an arc with a radius of 8.20x10m, Assuming the alpha particles are traveling perpendicular to the field what is the energy of each alpha particle. (6.04x10°)) 4 B-0de0T ma - gS R + 0.0820" Er? ve 35S -2t \ 2 . m= 6-b8x10 Eyt zm, ao 6.644, 1O = a4 or) _@ 8A - x 4+ 320K10 - tn (LEE) « a 8. Ina CRT electrons are accelerated from rest by a potential difference of 2.50x10" V. What is the maximum speed of the electrons? (2.96x10" m/s) A\ = 2500N Eps Qave= denv™ ve ae 2 [EGenwtGso0) FA x 107? by 1163315 Hs 0 QaeaiSebD an 9. Ina CRT €lectron reaches a maximum speed of 4.75x10’ m/s'ff this electron is * accelerated from rest what is the potential difference across the tube? 6.42x10" (6.42x ) Ep, = Ex, ve yasniomls ‘ ) 2 m2 4GMlx1OKy GN = 2H zh. o'% a Q> [bOxIONC ale Ne fog 2. 4 ani 4.95n10m/9) _ ane enl = b423V a(Guanlo¥ 2610.In a CRT electrons are accelerated from rest by a potential difference of 1.40x10°V These electrons enter a magnetic field with a strength of 2.20x107 T Assuming the electrons are traveling perpendicular to the field what id'the radius of the arcofthe deflected electrons? (5.74x10%m) fe Nz Hoo En Exe erex\'C — Qy,= zm me FllxiO " 78aNs -7 2 roa yoo) a eae Feo 0207) 22.28 x1 MS 005931 A EAA) 11.Electrons are accelerated fegm rest in a CRT. These elections now passthrougha magnetic field of 1.40 x 10 T and through an electric field of 4.20x105 N/C. The fields are perpendicular to each othér'the electrorfare no deflected, assuming the * electrons are traveling perpendicular to these fields what is the potential difference across the CRT? (2.56x10? V) E%, Bro.oner Ey Ex . Fin = mo V* Zeer “ee? ae Lan AB = = 420x1FY)(a.et6 qe b0x16"C. [Boe E Albx16 Hover acer - = 2seav aC Astov ) 12.A negatively charged particle with a mass of 8.4x107” kg is traveling at a velocity of 5.6x10° m/s perpendicularly through a magnetic field of 2.8x10" T If the radius of the path of the particle is 3.5 cm how many excess electrons does this particle carry? (3) m 284K 6 v = SoD 00045, B= 0.28T Azo 035m - ~ -19 es? (s4xi0*wfoeoudry) 2 48x1O C (0-02 Sm Xo.287 @ _ 48xi0"C N 713.Alpha particles travel at a speed of 3.00x10° m/s through a magnetic field. if the magnetic field strength is 4.2x10? T what is the radius of the path followed by the alpha particles when the magnetic field is parallel to the direction the alpha particles travel? —_—_(no deflection) Vy 2 200x10'm|5 re poralel, no deflection B= o-0neT 14.A proton moves through a 0.75 T magnetic field in a circle with a radius of 0.30m what is the momentum of this proton? (3.6x107° kg*m/s) Boast 28Warm-Up: 1. An alpha particle is accelerated by a voltage of 1530 V and is then deflected by a 0.020 T magnetic field into a circular path of radius 0.40 m. If the alpha particles have a charge of 3.2x10™9 C, what is their mass? Eas : Ee =@ABR WQ= RN 7 aVvQ mm a, ‘e (a8 - ee on ae we gBe 2x case me af -6. was om a anG-tx lo" > 2. A proton travels perpendicular to a magnetic field with trength of 0.78 T. If the speed of the proton is 5.4x10° m/s, what is the radius of the arc of the deflected proton?7.9 Electromagnetic Induction After scientists had discovered that an electric _¢ wr cent can generate amagnetic fel they then wondered if a magnetic i could generate an electric Cocent Michael Faraday discovered many ways to _jyd. ee a current, such as using an induction coil: ° Ifabar ma a moves into or out of a closed conducting loop like a solenoid, a current is induced. * When the magnet is moved one way, the current is in one direction and when it is moved the other way, it Ve VeCmes . INS, Lx bX VE es oe o(2D ean B47 _ £ £ 4 ty Therefore, ¢ = BLv e= EMF B= magnetic field L= length of conductor v= velocity Exd#1: A conducting rod 25.0 cm long moves perpendicular to a magnetic field of 0.20 T at a speed of 1.0 m/s. Calculate the induced EMF in the rod. €-Bw S = (0.20T)(0.250n1-On45) = (0.08 »)Ex#2: A conducting rod 15 cm long moves at a speed of 2.0 m/s perpendicular to a 0.30 T magnetic field. If the resistance of the circuit is 4.0.Q, what is the magnitude of the current flowing through the circuit? Le orn £2 BEV 2 2cTR Ohm's bu! ve doms ~ R= Bly Bx 0307 _ BLy -(020To. 15ela-onfs)_ Roz pow DT R 052 LT 2? Ex#3: A 0.75 m conducting rod is moved at 8.0 m/s across a 0.25 T magnetic field along metal rails. The electric resistance of the system is 5.0. What are the magnitude and direction of the current through point X? 2 0.45m. é=Bly ve $-Dn5 te. Bhy Bt0.95T RR R= 5.00 ze? = (025{o.252{6-0nb) 5-0 = 0.B0A Pera Vwes in the leop), 5° Bis coving \ocaer (maw \ Sad bed As cenesced Cito Ped. Rogers cur\ Clockuse So corer’ Flows righ 33Practice: 1. Amagnetic field of 0.0032 T passes perpendicular through a circular loop of wire (radius of 5.0 cm). What is the magnetic flux through the loop? (2.5x10° Wb) ®=BA snl 0os0iF = (0.03aT LL 0-050m) 22.5Ixiowe aC asxid We) 2. Acircular coil (200 turns, radius of 6.0 cm) is rotated in a uniform magnetic field (B=3.6x10%T). At t=0s the coil is perpendicular to the field and at t=0.015 s the coil is parallel to the field. What is the average emf induced by the coil? (0.054V) E2-NeB _ -N(B,- Bre eo NG@.-* 2 _ -200(0=3.6xi6 TYm{o.00%) 0.05426 ~ O-bIsS oKO.OS4Y . A square loop of wire with an area of 2.5x10° m? is perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field (B=2.2x107 T). If the square collapsed to an area of essentially Om? in a time of 0.100 s as shown in the diagram, what is the average induced emf as it is collapsed and what is the direction of the induced current? (5.5x10“ V Clockwise) ee w \ - >) : ne -\(0-O2Z2TIO =O O625m) theo . @-yoos a Nee ve Fate sprommller So maggeh BSHION cletorie stays in Same cineclin C es) " Coren moved - A square coil (100 turns and each loop has an area of 0.0040 m2) is perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field. When the coil is rotated through 90° in 0.12 s, the average induced emf is 0.92V. What is the magnetic field strength? (0.28 T) Neto pe €= NBAEAD . B t | x €> NBA ) t 2 9. 296T o(Q28D) 345. Acircular coil (10 turns, diameter = 25 cm) is placed perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field (B=2.7x10° T). If the direction of the magnetic field is reversed in 0.30 s, what is the average emf induced in the coil? (8.8x10° V) E = -N(B= BoA + a = ~10(-21 x16 24x10 DONL012S) 0.305 ©.D0BS 26V o(< &xIOv) 6. Assquare loop of wire (area = 7.2x10? m?) has a resistance of 12.0. Assume that the magnetic field drops uniformly from 1.6 T to zero in 0.050 s as the loop is pulled y from the magnetic field. a) What is the average emf induced by the loop? (0.23 V) E = -NABA O. 030s b) What is the current induced in the loop? (0.019 A) T+ &_ 0.2304 R7 \208e \qAD = O-O192A ch 20 c) What is the direction of the electron flow in the loop? (clockwise) Moa. Fad is agthing wealen .. indved field is in the fame duichion ( ovt of pase) akan cl ae Comienicnal comenk wtaps Co" : 2. glock Flas is cleetwouse 7. A conducting rod 0.35 m long moves perpendicular to a magnetic field (B=0.75 T) at a speed of 1.5m/s calculate the induced emf in the rod . (0.39 V) f= 0.25m E-Bky i Be 0.45T = (0-75 TLE 25m I-Sms) ve Sms = 0-3436V C0-37N_) 358. Aconducting rod 0.28 m long moves perpendicular to a magnetic field at speed of 0.80m/s if the induced emf is 0.075 V what is the magnitude of the magnetic field? (0.337) E B- = hy - ©.075V > 0. 3348T “Corsmloxoys) * (@.33T) 9. The conducting rod in the diagram below is 22.0 cm long and is moving at a speed of 1.25m/s perpendicular to a 0.150 T magnetic field If the resistance in the circuit is 2.25 Q what is the magnitude and x direction of the current through the circuit? (1.83x107 A x) x|/Poe x counter clockwise) xx Xx E= Bly . se =. PML. SOT 0 220m |. 2Sm]3 R R 2.2550 = 0-01833A a 0.01839 Pield i getting lager «+ induced cuprent 15 sare ccloduouse 10.The conducting tod in the diagram belowis 30.087 long ands. moving at a speed of 3.00 m/s perpendicular to a 0.600 T magnetic field If the resistance in the circuit is 2.25 Qwhat isthe °| <—*} electric energy dissipated in the resistor in 15.0s? (1.94 J) JH, P-E.G=P4 Pret re + wE,e ert 2(&)t = = (Bie R -Co . 2 ‘ coon{osonals orl Cis) 2255 2V.944T ALT) 36 aa R11.The conducting rod in the diagram is 1.2 m long and is moving at a speed of 2.5 m/s perpendicular to a 0.75 m magnetic field. | | || x x If the current in the circuit is 0.45 A, what is the resistance in the circuit? (5.0 0) E=- Bhy 4 R= BLy R- 8 —_ - ©: asTXI- amas Sls) =(S 02) —O4sK = 12.A conducting rod is 1.0 m long and is moved at a speed of 3.0m/s perpendicular to a 0.95 T magnetic field directed into the page. If the resistance in the circuit is 45.00 how much work is done against the magnetic field in 10. s? (1.8 J) Pe Ee = = x - (oi t eos asr{Lors.on/s( \Ds) R 45.050 = \.30S3 A\ &d») Wee 13.A rectangle loop of wire is moved at a speed of 1.80m/s perpendicular to a 1.30 T magnetic field as shown below. If the length of the side moving perpendicular to the field is + 0.625 m and the resistance in the circuit is 1.500. What is the induced current and its direction? ne 975 A, clockwise) - é= Bly= - Bay. vi elo. L2Smy(i. sny(-804|5) “R 1 SOR = OFA Gis incrtasing -. tndveed Field is inte Page at Bows cloc¥oue 4 corte: 377.10 Back EMF Devices that use mechanical energy to induce an electric current are called de necalnrs _. Many kinds of mechanical energy can therefore be converted into electrical energy such as in hydroelectric dams and wind turbines. This works in the exact_opoositz manner “**" as an electric motor! Motor: <\ech¥ica energy is converted to_mecloa nica” energy Generator: weehoui cab energy is converted to o(schyvical) energy. Note that generators produce alternating current because the coils are reversed every half turn. Mechanica nn ecties utpt g e When a motor in a refrigerator or air conditioner turns on in your house, the lights often dim momentarily. To understand why, we need to understand thata_ Cota\y oe, motor at the same time acts like a generator. Amotor has coils turning inside magnetic fields which induces an ew? © This emf, known as the back emf, acts_Q.aain= the applied voltage that's causing the motor to spin in the first place, and ceAsvsces the current flowing through the coils of the motor. e At the motor's operating speed, enough current flows to overcome any losses due to friction and other sources and to provide the necessary energy required for the motor to do work. This is generally much \ess current than is required to get the motor spinning in the first place. Where Veack = Back EMF Veack =€-I 1 €= Applied EMF {= current r= resistance of motor 38Ex#1: A 120.V motor draws 12 A when operating at full speed. The armature has a resistance of 6.0 Q. a) Find the current when the motor is initially turned on. E=120N Te? R=602 b) Find the back EMF when the motor reaches full speed. News E- TR = \Q0V -(anle-on) " Ex#2: The diagram shows a 0.010 kg metal rod resting on two long horizontal frictionless rails which remain 0.40 m apart. The circuit has a resistance of 3.0 Q and is located in a uniform 0.20 T magnetic field. i { {Bao.207 1 n= 0.010 kg T J 70.40 m lA ValV a) What is the initial acceleration of the bar? Bort gg. _ are Ba. Bel m nm Rm me o20TusvX04# >" “OA O-010 KH) (Gomls® ) u b) What is its top speed? = Ae rep steady 5 2 _ SY ___. . | xgm/s >= =: De) BE Cente) ems )Exif3: The diagram below shows a pair of horizontal parallel rails 0.12 m apart with a uniform field of 0.055 T directed vertically downward between the rails. There is a glider of mass 0.095 kg across the rails. The internal resistance of the 75 V power supply is 0.30 0 and the electrical resistance of the rails and the glider is negligible. Assume friction is also negligible. Glider Switch a ——— Hexm ex xx KX KK RXKXKXKXXXXXXKEANAAEEEARERR f he pyy HER XARA KKK KE CREEK KAA KEK ERR K 919 3O10900000001000000 300. BE 000 90000 KKK KKK a) What is the initial acceleratior ye glider? Fae BIQ = BE i Bel. (0.055 DASNO12%) . 17.36%|S Tae mR (0045 HL O30) o(13-4fs>) b) What is the value of the terminal velocity as limited by the back emf produced by the moving glider? é-Bhy & _ sv = 1 btmls Y" Be = (oossHo.am) “ & 11000m4s_) 1. A120 V motor draws 15.0 A when it reaches its full operating speed and 40.0 A when itis initially turned on. Fin a) The resistance of the armature (2.00 9) R=z BV 3002 x 40.0h * b) The back emf when it reaches its full operating speed. (75 V) Nencx = é-Ir \aoV— US: AL2-005) as5v) VY D} a 402. A120 V motor draws 9.0 A when it reaches its full operating speed. If the resistance of the armature is 5.0 Q, find: a) The back emf when the motor is operating at full speed. New > & IR = \aov — (FOALS. oD = 4sv b) The back emf when the motor is initially turned on. Ov c) The current when the motor is initially turned on. - Av. _(Q4a ) Te Re Fon (NN 3. The current drawn by a 120 V motor when the motor is turned on is 10.0 A and 3.0 A when it is operating at its full speed. a) What is the resistance of the armature? (12.0 Q) E-=IR : - =. av Lar) ® Er \oek% = b) What is the back emf when the motor is operating at full speed? (84 V) Neacw = é- IR = \aon - (2: 0AL2D = \aoV -2ese EN) \l 414, The armature of a 120 V motor slows down because of an increased load (for example, an electric lawn motor enters thick, tall grass). The resistance of the armature is 6.0 Q, and the current drawn by the motor when operating at full speed is 3.6 A. The current drawn by the motor when the increased load is applied is 8.4 A. a) Explain why the motor (armature) gets hotter when the increased load slows it down. Tnowosd resistance b) Explain why the current through the armature increases when the load is increased. lower moter + lees tock em? “mone correnk yeodeds to move anak c) What is the back emf when: a. The motor is operating at full speed? (98 V) \lgecw = é-1e = \aov -@- AL L.oD = qg.4v AF) b. The motor slowed down because of the increased load. (70 V) Neon? = “rR = av -G 46.08) = L4.EN FON 427.11 Transformers When we generate power we ramp up the voltage for transmission (up to 300,000 V!) and then when it arrives at homes we ramp it back down for convenient use (_\2._V). _ or Say we need to transmit a certain amount of power (P= IV). At voltage means a_\o..5 __ current. Since power lost by the wire due to resistance is Pioss = |?R, low current means power loss is at a mMinimom But how is this done? To convert voltage to a higher or lower value, we usea_“ransCormed which consists of a primary coil and a secondary coil. As a current flows through the primary coil, it produces a magnetic field. This magnetic field then _\ndvees an electric current in the secondary coil. Note that tranformers generally only work when using _a\ tetnabing current. If we were to use direct current, then we would need to constantly switch the current on and off. Step Up Transformer When a transformer increases voltage, it is oo Secondary called a_steo - 29 transformer. Ithas sov-z —‘oov more secondary coils than primary coils. WA turns 20tumal 254 = cm 000 w +1000 w When a transformer decreases voltage, it Step Down Transformer is called a_s\teo- Aousntransformer. It ny Pamary acy has more primary coils than secondary toes a me coils. i = —_ 2000 W 2000 4BTo determine the voltage change we use the following: Vp _ Np Vs Ns Vp = primary voltage Vs = secondary voltage Np = primary coils Ns = secondary coils Although we may change the voltage, energy must be conserved! Therefore, power must also be conserved: Pp = Py IpVp = IVs Vp _ Np _ Is Vs Ns Ip Exi##1: A step-up transformer is used to convert 120 V to 15 000 V. If the primary coil has 24 turns, how many turns does the secondary coil have? Ne Ne ngs NeNs = 2H(is 000%) - Gecotume) Ns Ns Ne \aov Ex#i2: A step-up transformer has 1000 turns on its primary coil, and 100,000 turns on its secondary coil. If the transformer is connected to a 120 V power line, what is the step-up voltage? Ne ave v.. YeNs ( Lax 100 008) Ns Ns ° Np 100° 7 \ 1a. o00v )Exit3: A step-down transformer reduces the voltage from 120. V to 12.0 V. Ifthe primary coil has 500 turns and draws 0.0300 A. a) What is the Power deveee by the secondary coil? Bei = "-@. * sonia) Gow ) b) What is the current in the secondary coil? Is Ne 2,-\ele (ad{o-vc0) (0.300%) te NS Vs av Practice: 1. Currents of 0.25 A and 0.95 A flow through the primary and secondary coils of a transformer, respectively. If there are 1000 turns in the primary coil, how w mary turns are in the secondary coil? (260) Ne Te y,. Nel (eodto.254) we eS “ere - CER, ° = ab3.2 (avons) XN . A step-down transformer has coils of 1200 and 150 turns. If the transformer is connected to a 120 V power line, and the current in the secondary coil is 5.0 A, what is the current in the primary coil? (0.63 A) Ne. Ts - lp cTsNs 2 _(s (5-0ai59), oO. 25h Ns Ip Ne 3. Near your home the voltage in the power line is 3600 V. The transformer between your home and the line reduces this voltage to 120 V. If the transformer is to deliver 2400 J of energy each second to your house, what is the current in the primary and secondary coils? (0.67 A, 20.A) +z LF | 2008s - 6 bbt ds s(0-r PF Np * Beno P. _ 200% . 20.46 a QA 45 )4. Astep-down transformer (Np = 150, Ns = 25) is connected to a 120 V primary line. If there is a 75 Q electrical device placed in the secondary circuit, what is the current in the primary coil? (0.044 A) Nee vive pe LN ee ne a0 oats Ns Ns? ° Np R R (6a: Zs -Ne Tp-Nsks latest = 0.0444 A Tp Ns Np 150 n(0.044A ) 5. If the voltage and current of the primary coil is 120 V and 3.0 A, what is the power delivered to the secondary coil? (360 W) Pe = Nee = (1a0f2-08)= 3600 R= %B (Sooo ) 6. If the power delivered to the secondary coil of a step-up transformer is 50. W from a 120 V power line, what is the current in the primary coil? (0.42 A) -%e. . ~ SOW _ A PssNe Te 5h oe e OuibeL 7. Ahigh voltage power line is connected though a step-down transformer (N= 550, Ns = 36) to a 120 V power line. If the current in the primary coil is 1.0 A, what is the power in the secondary coil? Ne ive \,-¥sNe (aoigs0- 1g33V No Ve Ns w P, = TVe=( oss = [Base 3) Por P= \83BUd oh BOO” 8. A100. W transformer (Ns = 1500) has an input voltage of 9.0 V and an output current of 0.65 A, how many turns are on the primary coil? (88) Tp- BP = 1000 _ ya Ve 9.0V (iso9) . 3-75 re tye Bie “OEM 82 Ns ar ex(B8 toms )