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 DEDICATION
In Memory of Donald R. LaTorre
Dr. Don LaTorre’s love for students and vision for improving their ability to comprehend and use
mathematics was instrumental in bringing a fresh, innovative teaching approach into the Business Calculus
classrooms of Clemson University. His enthusiasm for this approach provided inspiration to the author team
to prepare the materials used at Clemson University to be written in a form that could be used at other
institutions and which was published as the Preliminary Edition of Calculus Concepts.

Calculus Concepts: An Informal Approach © 2012, 2008, 2005 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning
to the Mathematics of Change, 5e
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 Contents
PREFACE xv

CHAPTER 1 Ingredients of Change: Functions and Limits 1

1.1 Functions: Four Representations 2

Representations of Change 2
Functions 3
Function Output from Different Perspectives 3
Model Output and Units of Measure 4
Function Input 6
Is it a Function? 7
Concept Inventory 8
Activities 8

1.2 Function Behavior and End Behavior Limits 12

A Function’s Behavior Described 12
Direction and Curvature 13
Limits and End Behavior 16
Concept Inventory 19
Activities 19

1.3 Limits and Continuity 22

Functions with Unbounded Output 22
Functions with Specific Limits 22
Where Left Meets Right 23
Where Is the Output Heading? 24
Continuous Functions 25
Limits–Algebraically 26
Concept Inventory 30
Activities 30

1.4 Linear Functions and Models 32

Representations of a Linear Function 32
Slope and Intercept 32
Slope and End Behavior of a Linear Function 34
Elements of a Model 36
Models from Perfectly Linear Data 37
Linear Models from Data 38
Interpretions of Slope 40
Data Alignment 40
Numerical Considerations in Reporting and Calculating Answers 41
Concept Inventory 42
Activities 42

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 vi Contents

1.5 Exponential Functions and Models 46

Representations of an Exponential Function 46
Constant Multiplier of an Exponential Function 46
Percentage Change 48
Exponential Models from Data 49
Doubling Time and Half-Life 51
Concept Inventory 53
Activities 53

1.6 Models in Finance 57

Time-Value of Money 57
Simple Interest 57
Compound Interest 58
Interest Rates—APR vs. APY 60
Frequent Conversion Periods 61
Concept Inventory 63
Activities 64

1.7 Constructed Functions 65

Constructed Functions in Business and Economics 65
Operations for Combining Functions 66
Function Composition 67
Inverse Functions 69
Composition of Inverse Functions 71
Inverse Functions—Algebraically 71
Concept Inventory 72
Activities 72

1.8 Logarithmic Functions and Models 75

Representations of a Logarithmic Function 75
Characteristic Behavior of Logarithmic Functions 76
Log Models from Data 77
Input-Data Alignment for a Log Models 78
The Exponential Model Connection 79
Concept Inventory 80
Activities 81

1.9 Quadratic Functions and Models 86

Representations of a Quadratic Function 86
Characteristic Behavior of Quadratic Functions 87
Quadratic Models from Data 87
Exponential, Log, or Quadratic? 89
Preliminary Steps in Choosing a Model 90
Concept Inventory 91
Activities 91

1.10 Logistic Functions and Models 94

Representations of a Logistic Function 94
Exponential Growth with Constraints 94
Logistic Models from Data 95
Concept Inventory 98
Activities 98

1.11 Cubic Functions and Models 102

Representations of a Cubic Model 102
Characteristic Behavior of Cubic Functions 103

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 Contents vii

Cubic Models from Data 104

Model Choices 106
Concept Inventory 107
Activities 107

1.12 Cyclic Functions and Models 110

Representations of a Sine Function 110
Characteristics of Sine Functions 111
Sine Models from Data 113
Concept Inventory 115
Activities 115

Chapter Summary 120

Concept Check 121
Review Activities 122

CHAPTER 2 Describing Change: Rates 128

2.1 Measures of Change over an Interval 129
Change, Percentage Change, and Average Rate of Change 129
Interpretations of Measures of Change 130
Measures of Change from Graphs 132
Measures of Change from Models 133
Concept Inventory 134
Activities 134

2.2 Measures of Change at a Point–Graphical 138

Speed–An Instantaneous Rate of Change 138
Tangent Lines and Local Linearity 139
Secant and Tangent Lines 140
Tangent Lines on Curves 141
Slopes and Steepness 143
Rates of Change and Percentage Rates of Change 144
Concept Inventory 146
Activities 147

2.3 Rates of Change–Notation and Interpretation 152

Derivative Terminology and Notation 153
Interpretions of Derivatives 154
Function Graphs from Derivative Information 156
Concept Inventory 157
Activities 157

2.4 Rates of Change—Numerical Limits and Nonexistence 160

Slopes—Numerically 160
Points Where Derivatives Do Not Exist 162
Rates of Change and Differentiability 162
Concept Inventory 163
Activities 163

2.5 Rates of Change Defined over Intervals 167

Derivative Functions—Algebraically 167
Limit Definition of the Derivative 168
Rates of Change from Different Perspectives 170
Concept Inventory 172
Activities 172

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 viii Contents

2.6 Rate-of-Change Graphs 174

Rate-of-Change Information from Function Graphs 174
Slope Graphs of Functions with Bounded End Behavior 175
Function Graphs from Rate-of-Change Information 176
Details of Slope Graphs 177
Rate-of-Change Graphs from Data 178
Points of Undefined Slope 179
Concept Inventory 180
Activities 180

Chapter Summary 184

Concept Check 185
Review Activities 185

CHAPTER 3 Determining Change: Derivatives 191

3.1 Simple Rate-of-Change Formulas 192
Rates of Change of Constant Functions 192
Rates of Change of Power Functions 193
Rate-of-Change Functions for Functions with Constant Multipliers 193
Rate-of-Change Functions for Sums and Differences of Functions 195
Rate-of-Change Functions for Polynomial Functions 196
Concept Inventory 197
Activities 198

3.2 Exponential, Logarithmic, and Cyclic Rate-of-Change Formulas 201

Rates of Change of Exponential Functions 201
Rates of Change of the Natural Logarithmic Function 204
Rates of Change of the Sine Function 207
Summary of Simple Derivative Rules 209
Concept Inventory 209
Activities 209

3.3 Rates of Change for Functions That Can Be Composed 211

Graphs for Function Composition 211
The Chain Rule for Functions That Can Be Composed 212
Composite Models Created by Input Alignment 213
Derivatives of Functions That Can Be Nested 215
Concept Inventory 215
Activities 216

3.4 Rates of Change of Composite Functions 219

The Chain Rule for Composite Functions 219
Composite Models 221
Multiple Applications of the Chain Rule 222
Logistic Models and the Chain Rule 222
Concept Inventory 223
Activities 223

3.5 Rates of Change for Functions That Can Be Multiplied 226

Graphs for Function Multiplication 226
Rate-of-Change Notation for Function Multiplication 228
The Product Rule Applied to Models 229
Concept Inventory 231
Activities 232

3.6 Rates of Change of Product Functions 234

A Product Function’s Rate of Change 234

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 Contents ix

Products with Compositions 235

Quotient Functions 236
Concept Inventory 237
Activities 237

3.7 Limits of Quotients and L’Hôpital’s Rule 239

The Limit of a Quotient 239
Limit Rules Revisited 240
Indeterminate Forms of Quotients and Products 241
Limits and L’Hôpital’s Rule 242
The Indeterminate Form 0 ⭈ ⬁ 244
Concept Inventory 244
Activities 244

Chapter Summary 245

Concept Check 246
Review Activities 246

CHAPTER 4 Analyzing Change: Applications of Derivatives 249

4.1 Linearization and Estimates 250
An Approximation of Change 250
Estimates of Change 251
Linearization 253
Concept Inventory 254
Activities 254

4.2 Relative Extreme Points 257

Relative Extrema 257
Points Where Slopes Are Zero 258
Conditions When Relative Extrema Might Not Exist 260
Tests for Extrema 261
Relative Extrema on Functions That Are Not Differentiable at a Point 263
Derivative Information and Function Graphs 263
Concept Inventory 264
Activities 264

4.3 Absolute Extreme Points 266

Absolute Extrema 267
Absolute Extrema over Closed Intervals 267
Unbounded Input and Absolute Extrema 269
Concept Inventory 271
Activities 271

4.4 Inflection Points and Second Derivatives 273

An Inflection Point 273
Second Derivatives 274
The Point of Diminishing Returns 275
Concavity and the Second Derivative 276
First and Second Derivative Information 278
Other Inflection Points 278
Concept Inventory 279
Activities 280

4.5 Marginal Analysis 284

Introduction to Marginal Analysis 284
Marginal Cost and Marginal Revenue 284
Marginals and Maximization 285

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 x Contents

Marginal Product 286

Concept Inventory 288
Activities 288

4.6 Optimization of Constructed Functions 290

Optimization of a Function Given Verbally 290
A Strategy 291
Variables in Verbal Descriptions (Step 1) 291
Sketches Give Insight (Step 2) 292
Construction of the Model (Step 3) 293
Optimization (Step 4) 293
Concept Inventory 298
Activities 298

4.7 Related Rates 303

Interconnected Change 304
Forming Related-Rates Equations 304
A Strategy for Solving Related Rates 306
Related Rates with Models 306
Related Rates with Verbal Descriptions 308
Concept Inventory 309
Activities 309

Chapter Summary 312

Concept Check 312
Review Activities 313

CHAPTER 5 Accumulating Change: Limits of Sums

and the Definite Integral 318
5.1 An Introduction to Results of Change 319
Accumulated Distance 319
Accumulated Change 319
Rates of Change and Function Behavior 322
Concept Inventory 324
Activities 324

5.2 Limits of Sums and the Definite Integral 328

Approximating Accumulated Change 329
Left-Rectangle Approximations 329
Right-Rectangle Approximations 330
Midpoint-Rectangle Approximation 332
Better Estimates of Areas 333
Area as a Limit of Sums 334
Net Change in a Quantity 336
Accumulated Change and the Definite Integral 336
Concept Inventory 337
Activities 338

5.3 Accumulation Functions 342

Accumulation over Time 342
Accumulation Functions Defined 343
Accumulation Function Graphs 343
Accumulation Functions and Concavity 348
Concept Inventory 349
Activities 350

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 Contents xi

5.4 The Fundamental Theorem 354

Connecting Functions, Accumulations, and Slopes 354
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus 354
Reversal of the Derivative Process 355
Antiderivative Formulas for Power Functions 357
Antiderivative Formulas for Functions with Constant Multipliers 358
Antiderivative Formulas for Sums and Differences of Functions 358
Antiderivative Formulas for Polynomial Functions 359
Recovering a Function 362
The Derivative/Integral Connection 362
Concept Inventory 363
Activities 363

5.5 Antiderivative Formulas for Exponential, Natural Log,

and Sine Functions 365
An Antiderivative Formula for a Special Power Function 365
Antiderivative Formulas for Exponential Functions 367
Antiderivative Formulas for Natural Log Functions 369
Antiderivative Formulas for Sine and Cosine Functions 370
Concept Inventory 373
Activities 373

5.6 The Definite Integral—Algebraically 374

Two Ways to Look at Change 374
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (Part 2) 375
Sums of Definite Integrals 377
Definite Integrals and Signed Areas 378
Definite Integtals and Piecewise-Defined Functions 379
Concept Inventory 381
Activities 381

5.7 Differences of Accumulated Change 384

Two Accumulated Changes 384
Area of a Region between Two Curves 385
Difference between Accumulated Changes 386
Differences between Intersecting Functions 387
Concept Inventory 389
Activities 389

5.8 Average Value and Average Rate of Change 393

Averages of Continuous Functions 393
Average Value of a Function 394
Average Rate of Change 396
Averages in Economics 398
Average Values and Sine Models 398
Concept Inventory 399
Activities 399

5.9 Integration of Product or Composite Functions 403

Algebraic Manipulation before Integration 403
Integration by Substitution 405
Concept Inventory 409
Activities 409

Chapter Summary 409

Concept Check 410
Review Activities 411

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 xii Contents

CHAPTER 6 Analyzing Accumulated Change: Integrals

in Action 417
6.1 Perpetual Accumulation and Improper Integrals 418
Improper Integrals from Three Perspectives 418
Improper Integral Evaluations 419
Divergence and Convergence 421
Concept Inventory 422
Activities 422

6.2 Streams in Business and Biology 423

Streams in Business 424
Income Streams and Flow Rates 424
Future Value of a Continuous Stream 425
Flow Rates and Rates of Change 427
Present Value of a Continuous Stream 430
Perpetual Income Streams 432
Streams in Biology 433
Concept Inventory 434
Activities 435

6.3 Calculus in Economics: Demand and Elasticity 438

A Demand Curve 438
Demand Functions 438
Graphs of Demand and Inverse Demand 439
Consumer Expenditure 440
Consumer Willingness and Ability to Spend 441
Consumer Surplus 443
Elasticity of Demand 446
Concept Inventory 447
Activities 447

6.4 Calculus in Economics: Supply and Equilibrium 451

A Supply Curve 451
Supply Functions 451
Graphs of Supply and Inverse Supply 453
Producer Revenue 453
Producer Willingness and Ability to Receive 454
Producer Surplus 456
Equilibrium and Social Gain 458
Concept Inventory 461
Activities 461

6.5 Calculus in Probability (Part 1) 465

Histograms 465
Area as Probabililty 466
Probability Density Functions 467
Measures of Center and Variability 469
Concept Inventory 472
Activities 472

6.6 Calculus in Probability (Part 2) 475

Three Common PDFs 475
Cumulative Distribution Functions 479
Concept Inventory 482
Activities 482

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 Contents xiii

6.7 Differential Equations: Slope Fields and Solutions 486

Differential Equations 486
Slope Fields 487
Solutions of Differential Equations 487
Differentials and Separable Differential Equations 489
Separation of Variables 489
Euler’s Method 491
Concept Inventory 494
Activities 494

6.8 Differential Equations: Proportionality and Common Forms 499

Proportionality 499
Inverse Proportionality 500
Joint Proportionality 502
Second-Order Differential Equations 503
Differential Equations for Cyclic Functions 505
Concept Inventory 506
Activities 507

Chapter Summary 512

Concept Check 513
Review Activities 514

CHAPTER 7 Ingredients of Multivariable Change: Models,

Graphs, Rates 518
7.1 Multivariable Functions and Contour Graphs 519
Representations of Multivariable Functions 519
Multivariable Function Notation 520
Function Output—Algebraically and Numerically 521
Multivariable Functions—Graphically 521
Contour Curves from Data 523
Function Output—Graphically 525
Change and Percentage Change in Output 525
Direction and Steepness 527
Contour Graphs for Functions on Two Variables 528
Formulas for Contour Curves 530
Concept Inventory 532
Activities 532

7.2 Cross-Sectional Models and Rates of Change 540

Illustration of Cross Sections 540
Corss Sections from Three Perspectives 540
Cross-Sectional Models from Data 542
Rates of Change of Cross-Sectional Models 543
Concept Inventory 547
Activities 547

7.3 Partial Rates of Change 551

Tangents to Cross-Sectional Functions 551
Partial Derivatives 552
Partial Derivatives as Multivariable Functions 553
Second Partial Derivatives 553
Concept Inventory 557
Activities 557

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 xiv Contents

7.4 Compensating for Change 561

Rates of Change in Three Directions 561
Lines Tangent to Contour Curves 562
Approximating Change on a Contour Curve 564
The Slope at a Point on a Contour Curve 565
Compensation of Input Variables 565
Concept Inventory 567
Activities 567

Chapter Summary 569

Concept Check 570
Review Activities 570

CHAPTER 8 Analyzing Multivariable Change: Optimization 574

8.1 Extreme Points and Saddle Points 575
A Three-Dimensional Maximum 575
Relative Extreme Points and Saddle Points 575
Relative Extrema on Contour Graphs 576
Saddle Points on Contour Graphs 577
Relative Extreme Points in Tables 578
Absolute Extrema 580
Absolute Extrema on Tables and Graphs 581
Concept Inventory 582
Activities 583

8.2 Multivariable Optimization 587

An Optimal Point 587
When Partial Rates of Change are Zero 588
Second Partials Matrices 591
The Determinant Test 591
Concept Inventory 597
Activities 597

8.3 Optimization under Constraints 600

Constraints from a Graphical Perspective 600
Constrained Optimal Points 601
Numerical Verification of a Constrained Optimum 603
Interpretion of the Lagrange Multiplier ␭ 605
Concept Inventory 607
Activities 607

8.4 Least-Squares Optimization 610

Return to Linear Modeling 610
Deviation from the Data 611
Goodness of Fit and the Method of Least Squares 613
Concept Inventory 615
Activities 615

Chapter Summary 617

Concept Check 618
Review Activities 618

ANSWERS TO ODD ACTIVITIES A-1

SUBJECT INDEX I-1

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 Preface
Philosophy
This book presents an intuitive approach to the concepts of calculus for students in fields such as
business, economics, liberal arts, management, and the social and life sciences. It is appropriate
for courses generally known as “brief calculus” or “applied calculus.”
The authors’ overall goal is to improve learning of basic calculus concepts by involving stu-
dents with new material in a way that is different from traditional practice. The development of
conceptual understanding coupled with a commitment to making calculus meaningful to the stu-
dent were guiding principles during the writing of this text. This material presents many applica-
tions of real situations through its data-driven, technology-based modeling approach. The ability
to interpret the mathematics of real-life situations correctly is considered of equal importance to
the understanding of the concepts of calculus.
Fourfold Viewpoint Complete understanding of the concepts is enhanced and emphasized by
the continual use of the fourfold viewpoint: numeric, algebraic, verbal, and graphical.
Data-Driven Many everyday, real-life situations involving change are quantified numerically and
presented in tables of data. Such situations often can be represented by continuous mathematical
models so that the concepts, methods, and techniques of calculus can be used to analyze the
change.
The use of real data and the search for appropriate models also expose students to the reality
of uncertainty. Sometimes there can be more than one appropriate model, and answers derived
from models are only approximations. Exposure to the possibility of more than one correct
approach or answer is valuable.
Modeling Approach Modeling is considered to be an important tool and is introduced at the
outset. Both linear and nonlinear models of discrete data are used to describe the relationships
between variables of interest. The functions given by the models are the ones used by students to
conduct their investigations of calculus concepts. Most students feel it is the connection to real-
life data that shows the relevance of the mathematics in this course and adds reality to the topics
studied.
Interpretation Emphasis This book differs from traditional texts not only in its philosophy but
also in its overall focus, level of activities, development of topics, and attention to detail. Interpretation
of results is a key feature of this text that allows students to make sense of the mathematical concepts
and appreciate the usefulness of those concepts in their future careers and in their lives.
Informal Style Although the authors appreciate the formality and precision of mathematics,
they also recognize that this alone can deter some students from access to mathematics. Thus they

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 xvi Preface

have sought to make this presentation as informal as possible by using nontechnical terminology
where appropriate and a less formal style of presentation.

Pedagogical Features
• Chapter Opener Each chapter opens with a real-life situation and several questions about
the situation that relate to the key concepts in the chapter.
• Chapter Outline An outline of section titles appears on the first page of each chapter.
• Examples and Quick Examples Each section incorporates short concept development nar-
ratives interspersed with quick examples highlighting specific skills and formal examples
illustrating the application of the skills and concepts in a real-world setting.
• Concept Inventory A concept inventory listed at the end of each section gives a brief sum-
mary of the major ideas developed in that section.
• Section Activities The activities at the end of each section allow students to explore the
concepts presented in that section using, for the most part, actual data in a variety of real-
world settings. Questions and interpretations pertinent to the data and the concepts are
included in these activities. The activities do not mimic the examples in the chapter discus-
sion and thus require more independent thinking on the part of the students. Answers to
odd activities are given at the end of the book. The authors consider Writing Across the
Curriculum to be important, so activities are designed to encourage students to communi-
cate in written form.
• Chapter Summary A chapter summary connects the results of the chapter topics and fur-
ther emphasizes the importance of knowing these results.
• Concept Check A check list is included at the end of each chapter, summarizing the main
concepts and skills taught in the chapter along with sample odd activities corresponding to
each item in the list. The sample activities are to help students assess their understanding of
the chapter content and identify areas on which to focus their study.
• Review Activities An activity section at the end of each chapter provides review of and
additional practice applying the concepts and skills presented in that chapter.

Content Changes in the Fifth Edition

This new edition contains pedagogical changes intended to improve the presentation and flow of
the concepts discussed. It contains many new examples and activities. In addition, many data sets
have been updated to include more recent data.
Three important pedagogical and context changes included in this edition are the restructur-
ing of presentation, the rewriting of narrative, and the reworking of activity sets.
Restructuring The primary goal of restructuring the presentation is to make (as much as possible)
each section teachable in one 50-minute class period. The concept of limits is introduced early in
Chapter 1 and used throughout the discussion of models in the remainder of that chapter as well as
being recalled to describe differentiation and integration. The presentation of sine models has been

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 Preface xvii

incorporated as optional sections or activities throughout the text rather than as a self-contained
chapter. Differential equations and slope fields are introduced as a pair of optional sections at the
end of the integration chapters.
Rewriting The text has been carefully rewritten so that narrative sections are shorter and more
concise. Although real-world context is still used as the platform for most of the discussion, dis-
tracting elements of the context have been set to the side in marginal notes. Definitions and other
important mathematical elements are highlighted in boxes for easy reference, and certain mathe-
matical or interpretation skills are illustrated in the Quick Example feature.
Reworking Each activity set has been reworked to incorporate an orderly development of the
skills and concepts presented in that section. Even-numbered activities reflect but are not neces-
sarily identical to odd-numbered activities. Many activities have been rewritten to be more stu-
dent-friendly. Some activities have been replaced by more appropriate or up-to-date applications.
All solutions have been reworked, and answers have been rewritten to be concise. Activities requir-
ing essay-style answers are clearly marked.

Technology as a Tool
Graphing Calculators and Spreadsheets Calculus has traditionally relied upon a high level of alge-
braic manipulation. However, many students who are required to take applied calculus courses are
not strong in algebraic skills, and an algebra-based approach tends to stifle their progress. Today’s
easy access to technology in the forms of graphing calculators and computers breaks down barriers
to learning imposed by the traditional reliance on algebraic methods. It creates new opportunities
for learning through graphical and numerical representations.
This text requires students to use graphical representations freely, make numerical calculations
routinely, and find functions to fit data. Thus, immediate and continual access to technology is essen-
tial. Because of their low cost, portability, and ability to personalize the mathematics, the use of graph-
ing calculators or laptop computers with software such as Microsoft® Excel® is appropriate.

Resources for Instructors

The Instructor’s Annotated Edition is the text with margin notes from the authors to instruc-
tors. The notes contain explanations of content or approach, teaching ideas, indications of where
a topic appears in later chapters, indications of topics that can be easily omitted or streamlined,
warnings of areas of likely difficulty for students, based on the authors’ years of experience teach-
ing with Calculus Concepts, and references to topics in the Instructor’s Resource Manual that
might be helpful. ISBN: 0538735597
Enhanced WebAssign makes it easy for the instructor to assign, deliver, collect, grade, and record
homework through the Web, with problems pulled directly from the textbook. You save time with
automatically graded homework and therefore can focus on your teaching. Your students benefit from
interactive study and tutorial assistance with instant feedback outside of class. Key features include
algorithmically generated problems based on end-of-section problems; a simple, user-firendly inter-
face; and concept reinforcement exclusive to Cengage Learning, with links to videos, tutorials, and
eBook pages. ISBN: 0840069162

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 xviii Preface

CourseMate provides interactive learning, study, and exam preparation tools that support the
printed textbook. Instructors can address the different learning styles of students with dynamic,
course-specific, online presentation materials, including an interactive eBook, and assess stu-
dent performance and identify students at risk with the Engagement Tracker. Available at
login.cengagebrain.com.
The Instructor’s Resource Manual offers practical suggestions for using the text in the manner
intended by the authors. It gives suggestions for various ways to adapt the text to the instructor’s
particular class situation. It is available at the book’s companion website and contains sample
syllabi, sample tests, ideas for in-class group work, suggestions for implementing and grading
projects, and complete activity solutions.
Solution Builder is a flexible, personalized online tool, available at the book’s companion web-
site, that helps instructors easily build and save their own personalized solution sets either for
printing and personal use or for posting to password-protected class websites.
www.cengage.com/solutionbuilder
PowerLecture with Diploma® Testing is a comprehensive CD-ROM that includes the
Instructor’s Complete Solutions Manual, Microsoft PowerPoint® slides, and Diploma computerized
testbank featuring algorithmically created questions that can be used to create, deliver, and cus-
tomize tests. ISBN: 0538735406
To access additional course materials and companion resources, including Coursemate, please
visit www.cengagebrain .com. At the CengageBrain.com home page, search for the ISBN of your title
(from the back cover of your book) using the search box at the top of the page. This will take you to
the product page where free companion resources can be found.

Learning Resources for Students

CourseMate provides online interactive learning tools to help students achieve better results in their
course. Students can test their understanding of course materials with immediate feedback from online
quizzing, master terminology and core concepts with interactive flashcards and glossaries, and review
course-critical learning objectives with interactive learning tools, including an interactive eBook with
bookmarking, highlighting, and searchable text features. Available at login.cengagebrain.com.
The Student Solutions Manual contains complete solutions to the odd-numbered activities.
ISBN: 0538735414
The Lecture and Notetaking Guide workbook assists students by integrating the discussion of con-
cepts with a visual or graphical emphasis, providing guided solutions of examples illustrating concepts
in a real-world situation and offering specific calculator instruction and a practical interpretation of
the results of the calculations. Contact your local sales rep or visit www.cengage.com/custom.
Two technology guides contain step-by-step solutions to examples in the text and are referenced
in this book by a supplements icon.
The Graphing Calculator Guide contains keystroke information adapted to material in the text
for the TI-83 and TI-84 models and is available on CourseMate.

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 Preface xix

The Excel Guide provides basic instruction and instructional videos for using the Excel spread-
sheet program in an eBook format and includes notetaking and highlighting features. Available
at cengagebrain.com. ISBN: 0840035020

Acknowledgments
We gratefully acknowledge the many teachers and students who have used this book in its previ-
ous editions and who have given us feedback and suggestions for improvement. In particular, we
thank the following reviewers whose thoughtful comments and valuable suggestions guided the
preparation of the outline for the fifth edition.

B. Carol Adjemian, Pepperdine University

Richard A. Di Dio, LaSalle University
Brad Feldser, Kennesaw State University
Brian Macon, Valencia Community College
Carol B. Overdeep, Saint Martin’s University
Mike Rosenthal, Florida International University
Denise Szecsei, University of Iowa
Matt Waldron, University of Oklahoma

We especially acknowledge

Donald King, Northeastern University

Jonathan Lee, University of Oklahoma

who spent many hours reading though the preliminary draft of the fifth edition and offered
invaluable advice on crafting this revision.
Special thanks to Barbara Cavalieri for her work on the Excel Guide, Jon Booze for his care-
ful work in checking the text for accuracy. The authors express their sincere appreciation to
Charlie Hartford, who first believed in this book; to Liz Covello, who decided it was worth the
countless hours it would take to rewrite the text; and to Lauren Hamel, Susan Miscio, Jessica
Rasile, Ashley Pickering, and their associates at Cengage Learning as well as to Katie Ostler, Karin
Kipp, Angel Chavez, and their associates at Elm Street Publishing Services for all their work in
bringing this fifth edition into print.
Heartfelt thanks to our husbands, Sherrill Biggers and Dean Carpenter, without whose
encouragement and support this edition would not have been possible. Thanks also to Jessica,
Travis, Lydia, and Carl, whose cooperation was much appreciated.

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 xx Preface

N
Fourfold Viewpoint Complete understanding
G of the concepts is enhanced and emphasized by
A

the presentation of mathematics from four

V
persepectives: numerically, algebraically, verbally,
and graphically. The NAVG icon highlights examples where
at least three of the four perspectives are presented.

Real-World Motivated Many everyday, real-life situa-

tions manifest themselves through data. We seek, when
appropriate, to make real-life data a starting point of our
investigations. Real-world data has been completely
updated for this edition. Spreadsheets containing data sets
that relate to exercises are also available on the companion
website.

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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