CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 9/12/2024

GETLE 801: LAND USE &ENVIRONMENT

LAND USE PLANNING AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

REQF Level: VIII

Learning hours: 150
Credits: 15
Sector: Construction and Building Services
Department : CIVIL ENGINEERING
Program: GEOMATICS TECHNOLOGY

By
Eng. JMV NIYONZIMA (MSc.)

RP_Kigali College, 2024_2025

PURPOSE STATEMENT Elements of competency Performance criteria

1. Compare Land Tenure and

➢This module describes the knowledge, skills Land law
and attitude required for the student to perform 1. Perform Land
2. Differentiate Land registration
land use planning and environmental Administration and land Administration

management. 3. Manage Land disputes

➢The student should be able carry out Land 1. Identifications of Natural

resources
Administration, Manage Environment, Monitor
2. Delineation of natural resource
Land use, collect land use and environment boundaries with regard to
data and produce a Land Use Plan/Physical 2. Manage Environment environmental regulations

plan 3. Natural resource

conservation/environmental
regulations
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Elements of competency Performance criteria Elements of competency Performance criteria

1. Identification of Zoning and land
1. Conduct Field suitability criteria
3. Conduct feasibility reconnaissance
2. Production of land use plan
study for land use 2. Identification of Resources
3. Identification of approach of
planning 3. Elaboration of Work Plan 5. Land Use Plan consultation Stakeholders

4. Physical plan verification with

1. Identification of Data regard to land policy and
collection methods regulations
2. Identifications of land use
4. Collect data for 5. Implementation Physical Plan
planning guidelines
land use planning 3. Identification of Data
1. Monitoring Land use
collection tools
2. Implementation Land use plan
3. Land use checking with regard to
6. Monitor Land Use land policy, regulations and land
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use plan

INDICATIVE CONTENT MODULE ASSESSMENT

This module will be
1. Perform Land Administration assessed through:
➢2 INDIVIDUAL
2. Conduct feasibility study ASSIGNMENT (10%)
3. Collect data ➢GROUP
ASSIGNMENT+PRACT
4. Produce Land Use Plan ICAL (20%)
➢CONTINOUS
5. Monitor Land Use ASSESSMENT TEST
6. Manage Environment (20%)
➢FINAL EXAM (50%)
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LEARNING EXPERIENCE:
THEORY
• Lectures and Group discussions
• Group presentations
• Demonstrations
• Slide shows
PRACTICAL
• Propose and develop land use plan/layout
plan/master plan
• Produce Physical plan of Given place
(Exam_ Integrated Situation)
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Part I

LAND USE PLANNING

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Introduction INTRODUCTION
▪ Land use planning is done to identify alternatives
✓ Physical planning is the spatial
for land use and to select and adopt the best land
expression of the desired form of
social and economic development.
use options.
✓ Physical Planning is the active
▪ The main objective of land use planning is to
process of organizing the physical
allocate land uses to meet the economic and social
activities and land uses in order to
needs of people while safeguarding future ensure orderly and effective siting
resources. and coordination of land uses.
✓A physical plan may be prepared for
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Keys definition
❖What is land?
Land is defined as: A delineable area of the earth's terrestrial surface, encompassing
all attributes of the biosphere immediately above or below this surface. Including
those of:
➢The near-surface climate;
➢The soil and terrain forms;
➢The surface hydrology (including shallow lakes, rivers, marshes, and swamps);
➢Near-surface sedimentary layers and associated groundwater reserve;
➢The plant and animal populations;
➢The human settlement pattern;
➢Physical results of past and present human activity (terracing, water storage or
drainage structures, roads, buildings, etc.)
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Keys definition (cont’) Keys definition (cont’)

▪ Land resources include: water, soil, minerals, local climate, bio- ❖ Urban sprawl: the rapid expansion of the geographic extent of cities
and towns, often characterized by low-density residential housing, single-
resources (fauna and flora), and ecosystems. Land includes also use zoning, and increased reliance on the private automobile for
infrastructure, buildings, etc. transportation
➢ Economically, socially and environmentally objectionable, is an
❖ Land use
uncontrolled way of locating residential and commercial activities in
▪ Refer to the use of land for multiple purpose the peri-urban landscape.
➢ We use urban sprawl to refer to a situation where the pace of
▪ It include exploitation of land for agriculture, industrial, residential,
change in the use of land for urban use is higher than the rate of
recreational, commercial, educational, or other purposes
population growth.
• The purpose of the Land Use element is to ensure that the
❖ A slum is a residential area with substandard housing that is poorly
distribution of land uses meets the future economic, social,
serviced and/or overcrowded, and therefore unhealthy, unsafe, and
physical and environmental needs of Long County.
socially undesirable
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Keys definition (cont’) Zoning

❖Zoning
• What is zoning
▪ Is the legal of the use of land, that segregates parcels of land
• Why do have zoning
into broad classification of appropriate use such residential,
• Who make zoning decision in Rwanda
industrial, educational, commerce; subdivision regulation,
• How is Zoning different from Land use Plan
and building codes have also been used, as legislative
measures to ensure that use and development of land is
• What types of zones are there (In Rwanda)
according to the approved plans.
• What do you mean Aesthetic?
▪ Zoning involves the division of territory based on the
• Aesthetics should play major roles in zoning,
list them
character of land and structures and their fitness for
• What are economic benefits of historic
particular uses!
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preservation
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Urban Area urbanization

urban area is "a built-up agglomeration
which exceeds 20 sq.km. and has a Urbanization is defined as:
population of more than 10,000 and density ❖the social process whereby cities grow
of more than 500 persons per sq.km." and societies become more urban;
Law No. 10/2023 of 02/05/2012 governing urban
❖the process of the formation and growth of
planning and building in Rwanda has different cities; or
definitions: ❖a historical transition from being mostly
• City has a population of at least 200,000 rural to predominantly urban.
inhabitants.
• Municipality at least 30,000 and less than
Rwanda aspires to achieve 35% rate of
200,000.
• Agglomeration has between 10,000 and 30,000 urbanization by 2024 and 70% by 2050
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Urbanization (con’t) urbanization

a) Prepare Master plans and establish regulatory
o In statistical terms, urbanization reflects
measures to ensure the planned and controlled
an increase in the percentage of a
country‘s total population that lives in development of urban areas;

towns and cities. b) Establish procedures to ensure that urbanization is

controlled and carried out in line with environmental
o This number represents the level of
guidelines;
urbanization of a country. The rate of
urbanization is the speed at which the c) Promote private sector participation in the development

percentage of the total population living of industrial, commercial, residential and recreational
areas under the respective master plans;
in towns and cities is growing.
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Hierarchy of settlements in Rwanda

The Urban Planning Code (UPC) of 2015 has defined a:
1.The Capital City (Kigali) is the national urban center with
international influence and impact;
2. The Satellite Cities play the role of restraining rural migration to
Kigali as population outlets because they have the potential to grow
faster than Secondary Cities
3. A Secondary City is a sub‐national urban center comprised of an
urban area within a Secondary City district, whose functions, services
and facilities impact or influence the district—and beyond its borders.
5. A District Town is the main urban area within a district other than
a Secondary City district, and which provides central urban functions,
public facilities and services for a catchment area of the whole district.
5. A Trading Center is an additional center to the main urban center
of a district, and serves as a hub of socio‐economic opportunities
within a predominantly rural setting.

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The NLUDMP-2050
The NLUDMP-2050 has analyzed and defined the sectorial land
uses to produce optimal land consumption demands for Horizon
2050 and establish policy orientations to guide each Sector:
Urbanization, Housing development , Agriculture, .
Manufacturing, industrial development, and mining,
Transportation , Tourism and conservation, Environment and
natural resources

Urbanization with established urban settlement hierarchy

of (a) City of Kigali, (b) three Satellite Cities – Muhanga,
Bugesera, and Rwamagana, (c) Eight Secondary Cities6
– Nyagatare, Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Karongi,
Kirehe, and Kayonza, (d)16 District towns, (e) 73 rurban
settlements (emerging urban centers).
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Urban growth

• Urban growth definition

• Causes of Urban Growth
• Current Urban Problems
• What are the drivers of urban growth?
The population of each of the Satellites Cities are projected to reach between 800,000
and 1 million people, respectively.
❖ Rwamagana will serve as an agricultural hub,
❖ Bugesera as a logistics and airport city, and
❖ Muhanga as a trade and mining processing hub

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Keys definition (cont’)

Urban Design ❖Infrastructure
• Urban Design: involves the design and o Infrastructure typically refers to the
coordination of all that makes up cities
technical structures that support a society,
and towns
• Names the main elements of urban Design such as roads, water supply, wastewater,
power grids, flood management systems,
communications (internet, phone lines,
broadcasting), and so forth.
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Keys definition (cont’)

❑Guiding principles of infrastructure provision
▪ Equity in infrastructure provision
▪ Access to infrastructure
▪ Level and quality of service Perform Land Administration
▪ Affordability
❑ Access is considered as a set of 4 components:
✓Accessibility
✓Availability
✓Affordability
✓Acceptability
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Components of Land Management

LA Definitions
✓The process of determining, recording and
disseminating information about ownership,
value and use of land and its associated
resources
Perform Land Administration ✓‘The process of determining, recording and
disseminating information about ownership,
value and use of land, when implementing land
management policies’ (UN/ECE,1996).

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Land Administration (Cont’) Basics of Land administration

• LAS provide the infrastructure for implementation of land polices and land
❖Land administration include: management strategies in support of sustainable development

➢ land adjudication,
➢ land registration,
➢cadastral surveying and mapping,
➢fiscal, legal and multi-purpose cadastres
and
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Land administration functions

• Land Tenure: the allocation and security of rights in lands; the LA Objectives
legal surveys of boundaries; the transfer of property through
sale or lease; and the management; adjudication of disputes ❖ The main function/objective of land
regarding rights and boundaries.
administration is to establish and maintain a
• Land Value: the assessment of the value of land and
properties; the gathering of revenues through taxation; and the system of recording, registering, and
management and adjudication of land valuation and taxation managing information about land and its
disputes. ownership, use, and transfer.
• Land-Use: the control of land-use through adoption of planning ❖ Land administration plays a crucial role in
policies and land-use regulations at various levels; the
enforcement of land-use regulations; and the management and ensuring that land rights are secure, updated,
adjudication of land-use conflicts. used efficiently and sustainably.
• Land Development: the building of new infrastructure; the
implementation of construction planning; and the change of
land-use through planning permission and granting of permits.
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LA Processes LA benefits
➢ the determination (sometimes
❖ A good land administration system will:
known as the “adjudication”) of i. Guarantee ownership and security of tenure;
rights and other attributes of the ii. Support land and property taxation;

land, iii. Provide security for credit;

➢ the survey and description of these, iv. Develop and monitor land markets;

v. Protect State lands;

➢ their detailed documentation and vi. Reduce land disputes;

➢ the provision of relevant information vii. Facilitate land reform;

in support of land markets. viii.Improve urban planning and infrastructure development;

ix. Support environmental management;

x. Produce statistical data.

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LA Information System Land Information System (Cont’)

➢In LIS there is need for the systematic
collection, updating, processing and
distribution of spatially referenced land
related data to support legal, administrative
and economic decision-making, for
development planning and for evaluating the
consequences of different action alternatives.

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Land Information (Cont’) Land Administration Challenges

❖ Attribute information may refer to personal information about the
legal subject(s) or the rights they hold e.g. name, date of birth,
address, personal or corporate identity number, group membership,
marital or corporate status, description of rights etc.

❖ Spatial information refers to geographical information about land

objects e.g. area (size), boundary coordinates, land objects
identification number, elevation etc.

❖ Temporal information may include duration of rights, permitted

land use.

▪ Land information may be produced in the form of paper or digital

maps, databases, digital models, written documents and images.

Procedures for Introducing a Land

Land Tenure
Administration System
Land tenure is concerned with the rights, restrictions,
and responsibilities people have with respect to the
land.

Real estate and real property

Often the land and the buildings on the land are referred to as real
estate and the various rights associated with land are called real
property.

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Some basic tenures What is a tenure system?

• Tenures are characterized in terms of both: • A tenure system includes all the tenures present
– The type of right: ownership (freehold), tenancy within a given polity, for example a nation.
(leasehold), usufruct (use right), concession, license. • A tenure system consists of:
– The holder: individual – Tenures (several bundles of rights and
(private), state (public), responsibilities which compliment each other) and
community (common). – Institutions (land management/administration)
• Tenures are not made in – Connections to larger systems (e.g., economic,
political, social systems), which produce certain
Heaven, but are created by
– Results (equity, efficiency, or more narrowly,
law. security, productivity, distribution, marketability,
credit access)
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Land Tenure cont’ Land Tenure Cont’

Land tenure is often categorized as

Land tenure thus constitutes a web of intersecting interests.
These include: • Private: the assignment of rights to a private party who may be an
individual, a married couple, a group of people, or a corporate body such
• Overriding interests: when a sovereign power (e.g., a nation or community has
the powers to allocate or reallocate land through expropriation, etc.) as a commercial entity or non-profit organization.
• Communal: a right of commons may exist within a community where
• Overlapping interests: when several parties are allocated different rights to the each member has a right to use independently the holdings of the
same parcel of land (e.g., one party may have lease rights, another may have a community. For example, members of a community may have the right to
right of way, etc.) graze cattle on a common pasture.

• Complementary interests: when different parties share the same interest in the • Open access: specific rights are not assigned to anyone and no-one can
same parcel of land (e.g., when members of a community share common rights to be excluded. This typically includes marine tenure where access to the
grazing land, etc.) high seas is generally open to anyone; it may include rangelands, forests,
etc, where there may be free access to the resources for all.
• Competing interests: when different parties contest the same interests in the
• State: property rights are assigned to some authority in the public sector.
same parcel (e.g., when two parties independently claim rights to exclusive use of
a parcel of agricultural land. Land disputes arise from competing claims.) 55
For example, in some countries, forest lands may fall under the mandate
56
of the state, whether at a central or decentralized level of government.

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Land Tenure (Cont’) Types of Tenure

• Nationalized Land Tenure: Under this tenure, full ownership

land rights are in the hands of the State
• Freehold Land Tenure: Under freehold land tenure, absolute
ownership rights are envisaged, implying the right to own,
control, manage, use and dispose of property
• Customary Land Tenure: Under customary land tenure, land is
owned by indigenous communities and administered in
accordance with their customs;
• Leasehold Land Tenure: Under leasehold land tenure,
ownership of land is based on the notion of rentals for long
periods. Land belonging to one entity - either the State or an
individual - is, by contractual agreement, leased to another
entity 58

Land Tenure Cont’ Land Tenure (Cont’)

Bundle of right
The representation of property rights by identifying:
• use rights: rights to use the land for grazing, growing subsistence
crops, gathering minor forestry products, etc.
• Control rights: rights to make decisions how the land should be
used including deciding what crops should be planted, and to
benefit financially from the sale of crops, etc.
• Transfer rights: right to sell or mortgage the land, to convey the
land to others through intra-community reallocations, to transmit
the land to heirs through inheritance, and to reallocate use and
control rights.
• Enforcement rights; guarantees all the other rights by providing for
financial or social consequences when the rights are not honored! Very
often the poor in the community have only use rights.

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Land tenure benefits Land Adjudication

Adjudication is the process of final and authoritative
• Contributing to poverty eradication determination of the existing rights and claims of people to land.
• Contributing to ending hunger
• Contribute to gender equality This may be in the context of first registration of those

• Supporting resilience to climate change rights, or it may be to resolve a doubt or dispute after
• Supporting biodiversity monitoring first registration. Adjudication is a prerequisite for
• Enhancing biodiversity in agricultural lands •Land registration (registration of title)
• Reducing deforestation •Land consolidation
•Dispositions of state land

Land Adjudication (Cont’) Land Registration

❑Land registration is a process of official recording of
rights or interests in land.
❑It means that there is an official record (the land
register) of rights on land or of deeds concerning changes
in the legal situation of defined units of land.

Adjudication necessitates determining “who” owns “what”, that is It gives an answer to the question “who” and “how”. There
the rights and ownership must be ascertained as well as the extent are many types of systems of registration based on legal,
of the land affected. The latter means that the boundaries of each organizational, procedural, and information management
parcel must be agreed between the adjoining parties.
distinctions.

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Basic requirements for registration

Types of Land registration systems

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Types of Land registration systems Types of Land registration systems

Types of Land registration systems Types of Land registration systems

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Types of Land registration systems

Land Adjudication (Cont’)

Forms of Land Registration
1. Sporadic adjudication
▪ The word “sporadic” in this context means “here and
there” or “now and then”.

▪ Thus adjudication takes place whenever or wherever

there is a reason to determine the precise ownership
and limits of individual parcels

▪ For example when a dealing is about to take place or

when an owner requests that the land be registered.

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Land Adjudication (Cont’) Land Adjudication (Cont’)

▪ Advantages of sporadic land adjudication 2. Systematic Adjudication
➢ The systematic approach implies a methodical and orderly
✓ Cheaper in the short term sequence wherein, area by area. All parcels are brought onto the
register.
✓ Costs paid by the beneficiaries or applicant (right ➢ It is in the longer term less expensive because of economies of
holders) scale,
➢ Safer because it gives maximum publicity to the determination of
▪ Disadvantages of sporadic land adjudication who owns what within an area,
➢ And more certain because detailed investigations take place on the
✓ Expensive in the long term ground with direct evidence from the owners of adjoining
properties.
✓ Difficult to complete a register

Land Adjudication (Cont’) Land Adjudication (Cont’)

❖The process of systematic adjudication
❑Advantages of systematic land adjudication
• Priorities
✓ Cheaper in the long term • Publicity
✓ Easy to complete a register • Adjudication section, investigation of
documentary evidence
✓ Easy cover an entire area
• Preparation of a demarcation map
❑Disadvantages of systematic land adjudication • Examination of claims, final adjudication and
✓ Bulk of the cost must be borne by the public
appeals

✓ Compulsion necessary

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Land Registration(Cont’) Land registration in Rwanda

Functions of land registration systems Characteristics

✓Identification of the land parcels · Systematic

· Compulsory
✓Verification of the interest
· Title registration
✓Identification of the owner
✓Identification of the interest
✓Increase of the proprietary protection available to the
interest
✓Transaction facilitation by verification of the title (not the
identity) of the person conveying land
✓Proof of registration

Land law
➢ Land Law refers to a legal framework that governs the
ownership, transfer, and privatization of land, including
regulations for different types of property such as privately
owned land, state-owned land, charitable trusts, and public
land.
➢ It plays a crucial role in the integration of land into the global
capitalist economy.
➢ In Rwanda the land law (Law 5 of 2017) establishes Rwanda
Land Management and Use Authority hereafter referred to as
“the Authority”.
➢ It also determines its mission, organization and functioning.
➢ The Authority has legal personality, enjoys administrative and
financial autonomy and is governed in accordance with the
relevant laws.
➢ But now we have NLA

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Land Policy Land Value

❑A land policy can be defined as a set of rules and guidelines
that govern how a country’s administration will govern,
✓Land value is the value of a piece of property
manage and administer land in that country. including both the value of the land itself as well as
❑It should strengthen access to land, tenure security; it should any improvements that have been made to it.
especially ensure the land rights of poor and vulnerable
communities; ensure sustainable land use; provide direction
for fit-for purpose land administration services; and guide the
prevention and resolution of land conflicts and disputes.
❑The overall objective of the national land policy is to establish
a land tenure system that guarantees tenure security for all
Rwandans and give guidance to the necessary land reforms
with a view to good management and rational use of national
land resources.

Group discussions ASSIGNMENT 1 (Individual)

From:
✓Factors Driving/influencing Land Value
➢ Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
➢ Rwanda Vision 2050
✓ROLS&IRPV&RUPI
➢ NLUDMP2020-2050
➢ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
✓Main instrument implemented by the government of
OUTLINE AND DISCUSS for each components Where land

Rwanda to manage the land? management/administration can contribute to reach these

goals and vision
✓Land in other National Policies
Submission: 17th/09/2024

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Introduction
▪ Land use planning is done to identify alternatives
for land use and to select and adopt the best land
use options.

▪ The main objective of land use planning is to

Conduct feasibility study for land use planning
PRODUCE LAND USE PLAN allocate land uses to meet the economic and social
needs of people while safeguarding future
resources.

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Guiding Principles for Land Use and Physical Planning Guiding Principles for Land Use and Physical Planning
1. Land use planning is orientated to local conditions in 7. Land use planning requires transparency. Therefore,
terms of both method and content
free access to information for all participants is a
2. Land use planning considers cultural viewpoints and
builds upon local environmental knowledge
prerequisite
3. Land use planning takes into account traditional strategies 8. The differentiation of stakeholders and the gender
for solving problems and conflicts approach are core principles in land use planning
4. Land use planning assumes a concept which understands
rural development to be a "bottom-up" process based on
9. Land use planning is based on interdisciplinary
self-help and self-responsibility cooperation
5. Land use planning is a dialogue, creating the 10. Land use planning is an iterative process; it is the
prerequisites for the successful negotiation and co- flexible and open reaction based on new findings and
operation among stakeholders
changing conditions
6. Land use planning is a process leading to an
improvement in the capacity of the participants to plan and 11. Land use planning is implementation-orientated
take actions

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Principles of urban policy Considerations in successful land use planning

1. The regional nature of urban policy
2. Polycentric development of the population pattern • Social justice/integrity
3. Strategic and integrated approach to urban • Long-term sustainability of natural
development
resources
4. Promotion of the development of towns as
development poles in a territory • Acceptance and social compatibility
5. Care for the urban environment • Economic efficiency
6. The deepening of cooperation, the creation of
partnerships, and the exchange of experience in
• Viability
sustainable urban development

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Ecological considerations for land use planning

➢ Examine the impacts of local decisions in a regional context.
➢ Plan for long-term change and unexpected events.
➢ Preserve rare landscape elements, critical habitats, and
associated species.
➢ Avoid land uses that deplete natural resources over a broad
area.
➢ Retain large contiguous or connected areas that contain critical
habitats.
1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere (measured as people living on less than ➢ Minimize the introduction and spread of non-native species.
$1.25 a day.))
2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable ➢ Avoid or compensate for effects of development on ecological
agriculture processes.
5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
➢ Implement land-use and -management practices that are
12. Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns compatible with the natural potential
13. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impact
15. Protect,
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Steps in the planning process Steps in the planning process

Tasks involved in Land use plan
❖ Step 1 Establish goals and terms of reference • Step 8 Prepare the land-use plan
(Responsibility: decision-makers and planners together)
❖ Step 2 Organize the work (Responsibility: planning team
(Responsibility: planning team)
leader and administrator) • Step 9 Implement the plan
❖ Step 3 Analyze the problems (Responsibility: planning
team) (Responsibility: Implementing
❖ Step 4 Identify opportunities for change (Responsibility: agencies and planning team together)
planning team)
❖ Step 5 Evaluate land suitability (Responsibility: planning
• Step 10 Monitor and revise the plan
team) (Responsibility: planning team)
❖ Step 6 Appraise the alternatives: environmental,
economic and social analysis (Responsibility: planning
team)
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Field reconnaissance for LUP

➢ Terms References of Land use plan
➢ Preparation for field reconnaissance
➢ Field Reconnaissance data collection
➢ Field reconnaissance report : topographic conditions of the
area, Locational context, Social, economic and Environmental
aspects
➢ Identification of resources: Stakeholders,
Data for Land use planning
Materials/tools/equipment’s, Project Budget estimation, Source
of fund
➢ Elaboration of work plan: Land use plan Goals and Objectives
setting, Scope of work Setting, Detailing team responsibility,
Elaboration of projects schedule

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Data need for Land use plan Data collection method

✓ Topographic data ▪ Ground surveying methods
✓ Remote sensing data ▪ Remote sensing methods
✓ Weather information
▪ Interview and surveys
✓ Soil properties
✓ Existing land use
▪ Documentations
✓ Existing land use development plans ▪ Laser scanner
✓ Productivity of the area Data collection tools
✓ Land value Checklist
✓ Existing infrastructure/facilities/Services Questionnaire
✓ Cultural, Social, economic and environmental data WebApps
✓ Available land (parcels) Mobile Apps
✓ Population pattern
Database
✓ Land ownership
Equipment/Materials
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✓ Other land related documents:

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CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 9/12/2024

Tools for LUP

➢Spatial planning
➢Zoning
➢Master plan
➢Local Development Plan/DLUP
➢Land policy/law
➢Land regulations
➢Etc.
Methods for LUP Produce Land Use Plan
➢Land valuation
➢Agro Ecological Zoning
➢Farming System Analysis
➢Participatory approaches
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Analyze data for LUP Zoning types

▪ Land suitability I. Functional zoning: where land use zones are defined according
to their function such as commercial, residential or industrial
▪ Slope/topo analysis II. Form-based zoning: Define zones according to their physical
▪ Proximity analysis characteristics, mostly from a urban identity perspective such as
the downtown area
▪ Spatial query III. Intensity zoning: Defines land use zones by the level of
permitted intensity, such as the number of residential units per
▪ Modelling unit of surface or allowed commercial surface
▪ Statistical/Demographic data IV. Incentive zoning: Often part of revitalization or development
plans where developers are allowed to build residential,
▪ Land use data commercial or industrial (manufacturing, warehousing) projects
▪ Environmental data in specific areas through the provision of various incentives such
as tax abatements or basic infrastructure (road, utilities, public
transport services).
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CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 9/12/2024

The zoning plan site selection Categories of land use

✓Proximite /access ➢Agricultural land
✓High risk zones ➢Recreation zones
✓Topography ➢Residential/settlement areas
✓Adjacency ➢Industrial zones
✓Dimensions/size of the site ➢Marshland
✓Environmental issues ➢Forest land
✓Geological, geotechnical, ➢Cultural and Administration areas
✓Population pattern ➢Open Space
✓Infrastructures
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Different designations of land use Different designations of land use

There are 8 different designations of land use, often referred to as “zoning” 6. Environmental: Protects sensitive or unstable land from degradation
1. Residential: Permits the building of houses, including low (single family and impacts to sensitive wildlife and vegetation. Allows municipalities
homes), medium (townhouses) and high density (apartments/condos) to protect the public from the impacts of flood, unstable land and
buildings. erosion control.
2. Commercial: Permits facilities that are built for industry, commerce, trade, 7. Crown Land: Cannot be sold because it legally belongs to the public
recreation, or business use. Sometimes referred to as Employment Use. (crown). This includes lands designated as Crown lands, which are not
3. Institutional/Public: Normally permits public uses such as city hall, subject to planning rules. Private development is not normally
municipal facilities, hospitals, museums, religious buildings, permitted on crown lands. The Ministry of Natural Resources and
schools, and colleges Forestry is responsible for managing Crown lands.
4. Industrial: Permits industrial or manufacturing use; that likely generate
8. Bonus - Mixed use: Mixed-use blends is a relatively new zone,
extra noise, traffic, larger areas of land and perhaps air emissions.
which identifies lands where multiple uses (normally residential &
5. Open Space: Any parcel or area of land or water that is essentially
commercial) are permitted to co-exist, where those functions are
unimproved and devoted to outdoor active/passive recreation, public health
and safety, and the preservation of natural resources. Protects public
physically and functionally integrated to encourage pedestrianization
access to shorelines of water bodies. and density while reducing sprawl.

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CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 9/12/2024

Land suitability analysis Land cover classes/Zoning

➢ Agriculture
• Slope analysis ➢ Livestock/Farming
➢ Wetlands,
• Harmful areas/high risk zone ➢ Natural Forests,
• Proximity ➢ Forest Plantations,
• LULC, soil depth, soil texture, soil moisture, ➢ Settlements/housing
➢ Built-up area
soil nutrients, and soil erosion
➢ Water body
• Accessibility ➢ snow,
• Environmental condition ➢ Grassland
➢ bare soil/land
➢ Forest/Shrub

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Zoning regulations Zoning regulations

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CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 9/12/2024

Contents of the land- use plan Physical layout plan production

a. Executive summary Physical plan content/elements
b. Terms of reference
✓Plots standard
c. Land-use problems
d. Land-use types and management ✓Housing design
e. Land suitability ✓Roads
f. Appraisal of alternatives
✓Water
g. Recommended changes in land use
h. The land-use plan ✓Electricity
i. Implementation of the plan ✓Plots dimension
j. Procedures for monitoring and revision
✓Plot layout Size
k. Supporting information
✓Optical fiber
9/12/2024 117 ✓
9/12/2024 118

Zoning layout production Consultation of stakeholders

Zoning layout elements Citizens/Public
✓ Residential area (R1, R2, R3, R1A ,etc)
✓ Commercial area (High Rise Commercial District, Rural market ,etc..) Technician/Engineers/Planners
✓ Mix Use
✓ Agricultural area Investors
✓ Education area Researchers
✓ Industrial area (Light industrial zone, Heavy industry, etc)
✓ Aesthetic zoning Decision makers/politicians
➢ NGOs,
Publishing zoning layout
✓ Export layout ➢ Local authorities
✓ Publishing soft copy
✓ Reporting ➢ Advisory Agencies
➢ Policy makers
➢ Sustainability Experts
➢ Land owners
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CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 9/12/2024

Monitor Land Use RECOMMENDED PLANNING STANDARDS FOR

LAND USE ALLOCATION FOR THE MICRO
❖Setting of land use monitoring strategies ZONE IN RWANDA
❖Performance indicators • SECTOR % ALLOCATION
 HOUSING 58%
❖Monitoring and Evaluation methods  EDUCATION 14%
❖Monitoring and Evaluation procedures  COMMERCIAL 3%
 CIVIC & PUBLIC USE 1%
❖Develop monitoring and evaluation tools  HEALTH 1%
❖Inspection of Land use: Investigation of the site,  ROAD & TRANSPORT 3%
Inspection tools, Inspection methods in quality  INDUSTRIAL 1%
 CULTURAL & TOURISM 1%
control  OPEN SPACES 18%
❖Reporting
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Planning Planning
Are these environmentally safe? Are the 2 enjoying similar internal conditions?

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CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 9/12/2024

Better access to services/utilities /facilities

Why government of Rwanda Urgent need for shelter
National reconciliation and reintegration
adopted the grouped Security: personal and national
Tools for evaluation and future planning
settlement as a solution Rationalization/transformation of the productive sector
Mobilizing rural population for meeting and civil society
settlement solution in rural participation
Environmental protection
areas??? Tool for Land management

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Example of a land use plan

ASPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT
• Human Development

• Social Development

• Economic Development

• Environmental Development

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CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 9/12/2024

KEY CONCEPTS OF DEVELOPMENT PLANNING APPROACHES TO

DEVELOPMENT PLANNING
1- DEVELOPMENT GOALS: National aspirations and philosophy There are entirely two approaches used in
2- DEVELOPMENT POLICY: statutory guidelines can be developed to steer undertaking processes in Development
the development
Planning, viz;
3- DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES: Practical aspects of systematically
recognized set of actions accompanied by financial and technical strategies

4- PERSPECTIVE PLANS: Are strategic long-term consideration programs • TOP – DOWN APPROACH
5- ROLLING PLAN: It is a limited and controlled set of actions over a (CENTRALISED SYSTEM)
stipulated period
• BOTTOM-UP APPROACH
(DECENTRALISED SYSTEM)
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Top-Down Approach BOTTOM-UP APPROACH

• This is more of a grass-root level participatory
• The Top-Down system is more of a approach. In this approach, the decisions on
blue print approach: - leaders just sit development of ideas on projects, the
implementation and maintenance of these
in their offices and think theoretically developments is under the responsibility of the
what the local people need. There is local people. The budget allocation is effected
lack of social mobilization and by the finance and economic planning ministry
through the national planning authority to the
education. provincial/district planning departments who
possess the information about the projects. It
is sometimes called Decentralisation
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CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 9/12/2024

• What makes a successful masterplan?

MASTER PLANNING A successful masterplan must be:
• Visionary: it should raise aspirations and provide a vehicle
for consensus building and implementation
• Deliverable: it should take into account likely implementation
and delivery routes
• Fully integrated into the land use planning system, while
allowing new uses and market opportunities to exploit the
full development potential of a site
• Flexible, providing the basis for negotiation and dispute
resolution
• The result of a participatory process, providing all the
stakeholders with the means of expressing their needs and
priorities
• Equally applicable to rethinking the role, function and form
of existing neighbourhoods as to creating new
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neighbourhoods
9/12/2024 134

• Why master plan? Why master plan?

➢ Master planning is a positive and proactive process and can • With commitment to a good master plan, land
bring significant benefits to all involved. Cities, towns and values can increase and schemes can become
villages have always been subject to change, growth, more viable
contraction or redefinition. • As a clear and precise vision for the future, a
master plan can help to attract private sector
➢ Masterplanning gives all those involved in the regeneration of
investment and identify public and private
places the opportunity to think about physical change on a large
aspirations and roles
scale.
• An innovative and inspired masterplan can be a
➢ Master plans therefore have an important role to play in very useful tool to promote an area and market its
delivering sustainable communities and as a tool in the planning development or regeneration
system.

➢ The preparation of a master plan provides the means to address

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the multi-faceted issues that make places successful.

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CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 9/12/2024

Why master plan? The key components to a

masterplan
• Master plans can help new developments stitch 1. The Strategic Framework
into existing communities • This is the first step in creating a successful masterplan.
The strategic framework contains a statement of aims
• A good master plan can demonstrate authoritative and objectives for physical regeneration over a large area
political leadership of land and may consider a much wider area than the
• A master plan can help bring out the best in an spatial masterplan. It is based on analysis of the baseline
data and is the key output of the prepare stage,
area in terms of its landscape, topography and functioning as the brief for the spatial masterplan.
ecology 2. The Spatial Masterplan
• This develops the broad vision into three-dimensional
proposals. It consists of plans, visuals and written
documentation.

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The key component to a masterplan The common component of a master plan

1. Goals and Objectives
3. Implementation Plan 2. Supply Analysis
• This is the strategy for how to turn the 3. Population Analysis
vision and plans into reality.
4. Needs Assessment
• The masterplan is not complete without
considering and testing how the proposals 5. Standards Analysis
will be implemented. 6. Agency Action Plan
• Implementation will require a written 7. Cost Analysis & Financial Strategies
statement addressing cost, programme 8. Implementation plan
and other issues.
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CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 9/12/2024

Key factors to being a successful

masterplanning client
1. Provide strong client leadership and a
commitment to quality
2. Be clear about your aims and the outputs
you need
3. Learn from your own and other successful
Work with real people projects
Use their intelligence not their prejudice 4. Give enough time at the right time
They don’t know everything 5. Find the right people and development
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partners 142

Key factors to being a successful

master planning client

6. Work with the context: physical,

economic and social
7. Work with your stakeholders
8. Understand that master planning is a
fluid process
9. Work in a collaborative spirit Masterplanning is a means
10. Put in place a strategy and structure for Making Places is an end
implementation
Real Places for Real People
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CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 9/12/2024

GEOMATICIAN/SURVEYORS Roles/Tasks
Group Discussions
-Establishing Property Boundaries

-Identifying Topographic Features

-Assessing Land Suitability

-Supporting Infrastructure Planning

-Collaborating with Stakeholders

➢ NLUDMP
-Monitoring and Compliance ➢ SLUMP
➢ Master plan
-Design and implement land use plans ➢ Zoning
➢ Land use plan
-Identify and map land use zones, ➢ DLUP
➢ Physical plan
scenarios, and alternatives

Land use and mapping services Key land use and mapping services provided
Rwanda case to the public and stakeholders
1. Land use registration: This service included in the
process of registering and issuing land titles and
• The National Land Authority: is a government certificates of ownership to landowners through
agency responsible for managing and regulating various land transactions.
land use and mapping across the country, provides 2. Land use planning and zoning: This service
services of land use and mapping through the involves developing plans and regulations to
Department of Land Use Planning and Mapping guide land use and development in different
areas, and zoning land for different uses, such as
residential, commercial, public facilities,
agricultural

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CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 9/12/2024

Key land use and mapping services provided

NLUDMP (Cont’) ………..
to the public and stakeholders
➢ Kigali City Master Plan and District Land Use Plan Cluster
3. National Land Use and Development Master Plan
(DLUP): prepared by the NLA on behalf of Kigali City and
(NLUDMP): This is a comprehensive plan that outlines the long- district authorities and set out the development priorities
term development vision for the country's land resources. It sets out
the overall land use framework for the country, NLUDMP 2020 – 2050
for each district.
has been approved by Cabinet on 29/07/2020 and published in Official ➢ Sectoral Plans: prepared by specific sectors, such as
Gazette on 20/05/2022. Transportation, Agriculture, Forestry, Water and sanitation,
The NLUDMP 2020 – 2050 is a well-designed countrywide plan and Tourism
stemming from Vision 2050 and which envisages the effective use of
➢ Local Detailed Physical Plans: prepared and implemented
land for the country's economic development and which integratively
covers all sectors (Population, Urbanization, Settlement, Housing, through a participatory approach in line with Land
Spatial economy including Employment, Manufacturing, Industry, Readjustment Guidelines by land owners, local authorities,
Mining, Agriculture, Environmental and natural resources, Tourism investors, and other stakeholders, and set out the land use
and conservation, Transportation, Utilities and public facilities). priorities for the local area.

Key land use and mapping services provided Key land use and mapping services provided
to the public and stakeholders to the public and stakeholders
4. Land use change and rezoning permit: Land
use change is regulated by the Ministerial Order No 005/MoE/22 of 5. Mapping and geospatial information management:
15/02/2022 determining modalities of change of land use This service involves creating and maintaining maps and
There are three modalities provided to change planned land use in the
master plan
geospatial databases that provide information on land use,
1. at individual level, a land owner can only request for land use change to
infrastructure, and natural resources. All the spatial products
comply with the requirements of the master plan of land use and in Rwanda are organized through the NSDI Hub.
development of the place where the land is located; or when
6. Cadastral surveying: this service involves surveying and
2. the land owner has a project of strategic investment or public interests
mapping land boundaries, which is important for land registration and
requiring changing land use as determined by master plan of land use
and development or. Another way is
for resolving land.
3. the change can be done by NLA on its initiative to comply with the land
use plan or rectify defects identified and in that case the NLA send a
notification letter to the concerned land owners.

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CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 9/12/2024

The Rwanda Geodetic Network (RGN)

▪ RGN is a network of Continuously Operating Reference Stations
(CORS) that provide Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) data
consisting of carrier phase and code range measurements in support
of three-dimensional positioning, meteorology, space weather and
geophysical applications throughout Rwanda, its neighboring
countries.
▪ Surveyors, GIS users, engineers, scientists, and the public at large that
collect GNSS data can use GNSS CORS data to improve the precision
of their positions.
▪ CORS enhanced post-processed coordinates approach a few
centimeters relative to the National Spatial Reference System, both
horizontally and vertical Currently,
▪ We have 10 CORS sites in Rwanda (https://corsmap.com/location/Rwanda)

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