GENERAL BIOLOGY 2
LESSON 5a GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS
USES OF GMO’S BIOTECHNOLOGY
GENETIC ENGINEERING
Cosmetic genetically modified plants resist natural BENEFITS OF GMOs
Genetic engineering has been with the human society since
Preservation- discoloration. ex.(artic apple. Suppress the
selective breeding was introduced to humankind, when animal
Browning of an apple due superficial damage.) Higher efficiency in farming
were domesticated.
Increase a genetically modified Organisms that has Increase in harvest
It wasRate
Growth in 1951 that yield
higher the genetic engineering
in growth than normalwasspecies.
coined Ex.
by Control in fertility
Jack Williamson, author of theSalmon.
( Acquadvantage science fiction
Ocean novel
pout +Dragon's
Pacific Increase in food processing
Island. Chinook Salmon. ) Improvement of desirable characteristics
Non- Food Crops and Microorganism Nutritional and pharmaceutical enhancement
This was year's before actual research findings on DNA's rule Reduce the use of fertilizer
Flower
in GMOs
heredity and in flower production
it's structure, are seen
the double-helix in modified
of Watson and
Production color Biosafety
and extended
Crick, we're published. onvase
GMO’s
life flowers. Ex.(Blue
Potential Risks of GMOs
Rose) for the protection of the general human
There are initiative
1. Sinceregarding
population genetic engineering
the issue and is concern
still young branch
about GMOs. of
Paperscience, modified
there characteristics
PLASMIDS
are inadequate of trees
studiesfor higher
on the yield
effect GMO’s
Internationalof paper
Production organization
production. developed
Ex.( Poplar principles and MUTATION OF GENETICALLY ENGINEERED
of that
GMODirect Environmental
to human and environment. Risktrees.)
treaties somehow
Small supplemental circles of DNA ensure biosafety on GMOs. Some of A
MICROORGANISM- genetically modified bacteriawhose
genetically modified organism (GMO) is any organism and
•theseMay
2.
5000 cause
Genetic harmful
engineering
initiative are as follows:
- 20,000 base effects
pairs to
promoteecosystem
mutation processes
in organismif genetic
viruses material
may mutate has been alteredmore
to become usingresistant
genetic or
engineering
virulent
PharmaceutiGMO which
self-replicating modified
interfere
the with
long plants
the
term to produce
natural
effect is pharmaceutical.
biochemical
still unknown. cycles. Ex.( techniques. It is more
also the result diseases
of a laboratory process where
The Periwinkle
Codex Alimentarius Commission that may cause dreadful for human being.
carry• cal The
extra
3. persistence
genes
The vinblastine,
Human Food of plant).
GMO
and anAgriculture
consumption
Enhance
genes
of GMO
it's production
after its harvest
Organization
might have
of
(fAO)
the
genes from the DNA of one species are extracted and artificially
CLONING- the asexual reproduction of an organism using
Production
2-30 genes alkaloid usually added to drugs forced into the genes of an unrelated plant or animal. It is
which
together may the
with
following cause negative
world
effect; health impact to the consumer
organization created the parent cell through genetic engineering.
genes for cancer
forproducts. treatment.
antibiotic resistance sometimes called "transgenic" for transfer of genes. GMO as an
codexof GMO
alimentarius commission
Bioremediati
can be exchangedMore useallergic reaction
of modified
between plants that . canCodex
bacteria assist inisthe an Organisms either plant, animal, or microorganisms, which the
Potential
on Indirect
intergovernmental
Gene human Environmental
mutation
bioremediationhealth
body risk
that
of cause Risk
develops
polluted by GMO’s
sites. the codex
Ex.(shrub genetic material (DNA) has been altered in a way that does not
bacterial sex!!
alimentarius,
A major
• rapid concern tobacco).
know
in the ususe
Antibiotic resistant
evolution Modified
theand International
consumptionwith Food phytochelatin,
of Code.
GMO isCodex
its occur naturally by mating or natural recombination.
Alternation of agriculture
accumulates zinc, practice
lead , like managing
cadmium, nickel and
effect
can are
beon responsible
human
imported for environment
beings,
Nutritional
from the development
primarily
value on human of standard,
health. Somecode of
negative boron,impacttoofproduceGMO to thebiomass.
high environment such us
practice,
potential human guidelines,
health risk and arerecommendation
identified suchon as:food safety.
Enzymes evolution
And
Potential ofEnvironmental
use insect,
of modifiedpest and weeds that
microorganisms became
that can in
With the pressing issuesRisksand Cause
concernby on GMOs
GMOs, USES OF GMO’S
resistant to
Drug GMO crops,
produce enzymes for food processing and
2003,
1. codex
Consumption hasofflow
developed
GMOEx. principles
may(cyclomatltodextrin
have adverse for human
effect health
since
• 1.May
Production Risks in medicine.
have geneimpact to biodiversity caused by the
glycosyl In food and Agricultural Industries
riskit analysis of
is not naturally genetically
transferase.
modified
or organically
A food
(GM)
produce.
enhancer
food products.
and Artemisia for
alteration
2.Consumption
Emergence in agricultural
of a new formpractices
of Help ,
resistance
The
2. principles How
antiinclude
of
Can pre-market
GMO
Plasmid
malarial may
drug extracted the and
assessment
alter Us? of secondary
balance
from GM foods
of Pest genetically modified plants to resist certain pest.
• May have
pest and varied
andwormwood
weed environment
problem impacts due to sweet
GMO
products
existing its evaluation
microorganism plant.) of direct
in the and indirect
human effects.
digestive Resistance Ex.(Bt Corn. Modified with gene of Bacillus
interaction and release in the natural environment. thuringiensis)
A way
3.system; to get genes
Cartagena
Recombination intoand
of Protocol
virus bacteria easily
on Biosafety
bacteria to produce new
3. Production
insert
Pathogens f
new gene
Established toxins
in intomay
2003, be
plasmid detrimental
Cartagena protocol to human is an
health;
Direct
Virusin and
GMOs Indirect
the medical field-
genetically Environmental
genetic
modified engineering
plants isRisks
playing
to resist viruses. Ex. a
international environmental
insert plasmid into bacteria = vector treaty that regulates the trans Resistance ( GM papaya. Immune in PRSV papaya
significant role from diagnosis to treatment of human- ring spot
4. Production
boundary of
movements allergens
of may
living
bacteria now expresses new gene bacteria have
modified adverse
organism effect on
(LMOs). Direct
virus.)ItEnvironmental
dreaded diseases. Risk of drugs, gene
helps in the production
Thehuman.
Cartagena Protocol requires to seek consent from the • Introduction of GMOmodified
in the plants
natural
makebefore new protein therapy,
Herbicide andgenetically
laboratory researches. to environment
Ex.( Humulin.
tolerate may
Insulin
herbicide.
importers
Other Potentialits firstthat
Risk shipmentRaiseofMajor LMOs Concern
. cause
Tolerance disruption
ex.(Roundup of natural communities
Ready bySoybean. through
Glyphosate,
use by type 1 diabetes patients, inserting the gene for
International Trade Agreement on Labeling of competition
insulin
or interference.
introduced to Soybeans making it produce
tolerant to it.)
HUMAN GENOME PROJECT (HGP)- Mapping of human
GM food products • The possibility of unexpected behavior of GMO inalmost
to a bacterial DNA that was able to the
genes to provide framework for research and studies in the exactly the same
Fortification
environment ifhuman
genetically insulin.)
modified
its escapes plants fortified
its intended use and with
maycertain
post
The agreement requires
field of medicine. It was feared that exporter of GM
the ability food and
to produce threats orminerals. Ex.( Golden rice. With vitamin A ,
become pests.
human genetic information would create biases and rights
food products to label their products and give given to through biosynthesis.)
much power to people holding the information and to theThe
importing parties to reject or accept the GM products.
premise ofof
disadvantage this policy
those whois have
that consumer
the genetichave right to know
information.
and the freedom to choose GM or non-GM products.
GENERAL BIOLOGY 2
LESSON 5a GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS
GMO’s in Philippine Context
The GMO concern started in the 1990s with the
creation of National Commitee on Biosafety of
Philippines (NCBP) through Executive Order No. 430 of
1990.
In 2002, the Department of Agriculture released
Administrative Order No. 8, the guideline for the
importation and release into the environment of GM
plants and plant products. On that same year,
importation started (Baumuller,2003)
The Philippine was marked to be the first country in
Asia to approved commercial cultivation of GMO's
when GM corn planting was approved in 2002 (Serapio
& Dela Cruz , 2016)
In 2004, the Philippines was classified by International
Service for acquisition of agri-biotech as one of the
fourteen biotech-mega countries which grow 50,000
hectares or more of GMO crops annually.
In 2006, the Philippines became part of Cartagena
Protocol on Biosafety.
In 2010, the Organic Agriculture Act was issued,
encouraging organic agriculture than GMO-related
agriculture.
In 2012, Representative Teddy Casiño , together with
other congressmen, filed a bill pushing for mandatory
labeling of GM food product.
In December 2015, the Supreme Court ordered to put
an end to the field testing of GMO Bt eggplant and
declared Administrative Order No. 8,series of 2002 of
the Department of Agriculture as null and void.
In March 7,2016 five government agencies namely,
the Department of Science and Technology,
Department of Agriculture, Department of
Environment and Natural Resources, Department of
Health and Department of the Interior and Local
Government, passed a Joint Department Circular No. 1,
series of 2016 on rules and regulations.
