3

2 Complete the table to:

●  educe the number of protons, electrons and neutrons in the magnesium atom and copper ion
d
shown
● identify the atom or ion represented by the final row.

number of number of number of

protons electrons neutrons

12Mg
25
12

29Cu
65 2+
36

17 18 20

 [Total: 5]

© UCLES 2021 0620/41/M/J/21 [Turn over

 3

2 Silver has an atomic number of 47.

(a) Naturally occurring atoms of silver are 107Ag and 109Ag.

(i) State the name given to atoms of the same element with different nucleon numbers.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) Complete the table to show the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in each atom
and ion of silver shown.

47Ag 47Ag
107 109 +

protons

neutrons

electrons
[3]

(iii) Complete this definition of relative atomic mass.

Relative atomic mass is the ............................... mass of naturally occurring atoms

of an element on a scale where the ............................... atom has a mass of exactly

............................... units.
[3]

(iv) A sample of silver has a relative atomic mass of 108.0.

Deduce the percentage of 107Ag present in this sample of silver.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(b) Silver nitrate is a salt of silver made by reacting silver oxide with an acid.

Write the formula of the acid which reacts with silver oxide to form silver nitrate.

............................................................................................................................................... [1]

© UCLES 2021 0620/42/M/J/21 [Turn over

 3

2 Complete the table to:

●  educe the number of protons, electrons and neutrons in the boron atom and chloride ion
d
shown
● identify the atom or ion represented by the final row.

number of number of number of

formula
protons electrons neutrons

5B
11
5

17Cl
35 –
17

24 21 30

 [Total: 5]

© UCLES 2021 0620/43/M/J/21 [Turn over

 2

1 The table shows the numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons in particles A to I.

particle protons neutrons electrons

A 1 0 0
B 6 6 6
C 6 8 6
D 10 10 10
E 16 16 18
F 17 18 17
G 18 22 18
H 19 20 19
I 20 20 18

Answer the following questions about particles A to I. Each letter may be used once, more than
once or not at all.

(a) State which of the particles A to I:

(i) is an anion ................................................ [1]

(ii) are cations .................... and .................... [2]

(iii) are noble gas atoms .................... and .................... [2]

(iv) is a halogen atom ................................................ [1]

(v) is a Group I atom ................................................ [1]

(vi) have the same nucleon number .................... and .................... [1]

(vii) causes acidity in aqueous solutions ................................................ [1]

(viii) is used to define the relative atomic mass of elements................................................. [1]

(b) Explain why B and C are isotopes of the same element.

.....................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................... [2]

 [Total: 12]

© UCLES 2021 0620/42/F/M/21

 4

2 This question is about copper and its compounds.

(a) Copper has two different naturally occurring atoms, 63Cu and 65Cu.

(i) State the term used for atoms of the same element with different nucleon numbers.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) The atomic number of copper is 29.

Complete the table to show the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in the particles
of copper shown.

63
Cu 65
Cu2+

protons

neutrons

electrons
[3]

(iii) Relative atomic mass is the average mass of naturally occurring atoms of an element.

The percentage of the naturally occurring atoms in a sample of copper is shown.

63
Cu 65
Cu
70% 30%

Deduce the relative atomic mass of copper in this sample.

Give your answer to one decimal place.

 relative atomic mass = .............................. [2]

© UCLES 2021 0620/41/O/N/21

 5

3 Atoms contain protons, neutrons and electrons.

(a) Complete the table to show the relative mass and the relative charge of a proton, a neutron
and an electron.

relative mass relative charge

proton

neutron

1
electron 1840
[3]

(b) The table shows the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in some atoms and ions.

Complete the table.

atom number of number of number of

or ion protons neutrons electrons

16S
32

19K
39 +

35 44 36
[5]

 [Total: 8]

© UCLES 2021 0620/42/O/N/21 [Turn over

 7

4 Carbon is an important element.

(a) Carbon exists as the isotopes 126C and 136C.

Complete the table.

number of protons number of electrons number of neutrons

isotope
in one atom in one atom in one atom

6C
12

6C
13

[2]

(b) Name two forms of the element carbon which have giant covalent structures.

................................................................... and .................................................................... [1]

(c) The Avogadro constant is the number of particles in 1 mole.

The numerical value of the Avogadro constant is 6.02 × 1023.

(i) Calculate the number of molecules in 22.0 g of carbon dioxide, CO2.

 ............................... molecules [2]

(ii) Calculate the number of molecules in 6.00 dm3 of carbon dioxide gas at room temperature
and pressure.

 ............................... molecules [1]

 [Total: 6]

© UCLES 2021 0620/43/O/N/21 [Turn over

 2

1 This question is about elements X, Y and Z.

34
(a) An atom of element X is represented as 16 X.

(i) Name the different types of particles found in the nucleus of this atom of X.

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(ii) What is the term for the total number of particles in the nucleus of an atom?

........................................................................................................................................ [1]
34
(iii) What is the total number of particles in the nucleus of an atom of 16 X?

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(iv) What is the electronic structure of the ion X2–?

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(v) Suggest the formula of the compound formed between aluminium and X.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(b) (i) What term is used to describe atoms of the same element with different numbers of
particles in the nucleus?

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) Identify the atom against which the relative masses of all other atoms are compared.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(iii) What is the name of the amount of any substance that contains 6.02 × 1023 particles?

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(iv) The constant 6.02 × 1023 has a name.

What is the name of this constant?

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

© UCLES 2020 0620/41/M/J/20

 3

(c) P
 art of the definition of relative atomic mass is ‘the average mass of naturally occurring atoms
of an element’.

Some relative atomic masses are not whole numbers.

Element Y has only two different types of atom, 69Y and 71Y.

The ratio of atoms present in element Y is shown.

69
Y : 71Y = 3 : 2

●● Calculate the relative atomic mass of element Y to one decimal place.

 relative atomic mass = ..............................

●● Identify element Y.

..............................................................................................................................................
[3]

(d) Element Z is in Period 3 and Group V.

(i) Identify element Z.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) Explain in terms of electron transfer why Z behaves chemically as a non-metal.

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [2]

 [Total: 16]

© UCLES 2020 0620/41/M/J/20 [Turn over

 7

3 Chlorine is in Group VII of the Periodic Table.

(a) Two isotopes of chlorine are chlorine‑35 and chlorine‑37.

(i) State why these two isotopes of chlorine have the same chemical properties.

. ............................................................................................................................................

. ............................................................................................................................................

. ...................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii)  omplete the table to show the number of electrons, neutrons and protons in each atom
C
and ion.

number of number of number of

electrons neutrons protons

17Cl
35

17Cl
37 –

 [3]

(b) (i) Chlorine reacts with aqueous sodium bromide.

The equation for the reaction is shown.

Cl 2 + 2NaBr → 2NaCl + Br2

State the type of reaction shown.

. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Why is there no reaction between iodine and aqueous sodium bromide?

. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Magnesium reacts with chlorine to form magnesium chloride.

 omplete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement of the ions in
C
magnesium chloride. Give the charges on the ions.

The inner shells have been completed.

......... .........

Mg Cl

 [3]

© UCLES 2020 0620/43/M/J/20 [Turn over

 3

2 
The table gives information about five particles, A, B, C, D and E.

number of number of number of

particle
electrons neutrons protons
A 10 13 11
B 18 20 18
C 18 18 18
D 10 12 8
E 10 10 10

(a) State the atomic number of A.

............................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) State the nucleon number of B.

............................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Write the electronic structure of C.

............................................................................................................................................... [1]

(d) Give the letters of all the particles which are:

(i) atoms ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� [1]

(ii) positive ions ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ [1]

(iii) negative ions ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� [1]

(iv) isotopes of each other. ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� [1]

 [Total: 7]

© UCLES 2020 0620/43/O/N/20 [Turn over

 3

2 (a) The table gives information about some atoms or ions, A, B and C.

Complete the table.

number of number of electronic

charge
protons electrons structure

A 11 10 2,8

B 18 0

C 10 2,8 –1
[4]

(b) (i) Carbon is an element.

Define the term element.

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

6C, 6C and 6C are isotopes of carbon.

12 13 14
(ii) 

Complete the table.

number of protons number of neutrons

6C
12

6C
13

6C
14

[2]

 [Total: 7]

© UCLES 2019 0620/42/F/M/19 [Turn over

 3

1 This question is about the structures of atoms and ions.

(a) Define the term proton number.

.....................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) (i) Complete the table to show the number of protons, neutrons and electrons present in
24
atoms of 12 Mg and 12
26
Mg.

number of number of number of

protons neutrons electrons

12Mg
24

12Mg
26

[2]
24
(ii) What term is used to describe atoms of the same element, such as 12 Mg and 12
26
Mg?

........................................................................................................................................ [1]
24
(iii) Explain why the chemical properties of 12 Mg and 12
26
Mg are the same.

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(c) Complete the table to identify the atoms and ions which have the following numbers of protons,
neutrons and electrons.

number of number of number of

protons neutrons electrons

11Na
23 +
11 12 10

4 5 4

17 20 18
[4]

(d) State the electronic structure of the following atom and ion.

Al ................................

S2– ...............................
[2]

 [Total: 13]

© UCLES 2019 0620/41/M/J/19 [Turn over

 3

11Na, 11Na and 11Na are isotopes of sodium.

22 23 24
2 (a) 

(i) Describe how these sodium isotopes are the same and how they are different in terms of
the total number of protons, neutrons and electrons in each.

same ....................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

different ................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................
[3]

(ii) Why do all three isotopes have an overall charge of zero?

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(iii) Why do all three isotopes have the same chemical properties?

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(iv) Why do sodium ions have a charge of +1?

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(b) Carbon is an element which exists in different forms.

(i) Name two forms of the element carbon that have giant covalent structures.

............................................................... and ............................................................... [1]

(ii) Name the oxide of carbon that is a toxic gas.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

 [Total: 9]

© UCLES 2019 0620/42/M/J/19 [Turn over

 2

1 Atoms contain particles called electrons, neutrons and protons.

(a) Complete the table.

where the particle

particle relative mass relative charge
is found in an atom
1
orbiting the nucleus 1840

+1

in the nucleus
[3]

(b) How many electrons, neutrons and protons are there in the ion shown?

20Ca
44 2+

number of electrons .................................................

number of neutrons .................................................

number of protons ...................................................

[3]

 [Total: 6]

© UCLES 2019 0620/43/M/J/19

 3

2 (a) Sulfur exists as a number of different isotopes.

What is meant by the term isotopes?

.....................................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) A sulfide ion has the symbol shown.

34
16 S2–
(i) How many neutrons are contained in this sulfide ion?

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) How is a sulfide ion, S2–, formed from a sulfur atom?

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(iii) Which element forms an ion with a 2+ charge that has the same number of electrons as
a S2– ion?

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

© UCLES 2019 0620/41/O/N/19 [Turn over

 2

1 (a) Atoms are made of smaller particles called electrons, neutrons and protons.

Complete the table.

particle relative charge relative mass

1
electron 1840

neutron

proton +1

[2]

(b) The table gives information about atoms and ions A, B and C.

Complete the table.

number of number of number of

symbol
electrons neutrons protons

A 14 13 13Al
27

B 12 12Mg
25 2+

C 10 10 9

[6]

 [Total: 8]

© UCLES 2019 0620/43/O/N/19

 4

2 Flerovium, Fl, atomic number 114, was first made in research laboratories in 1998.

(a) F
 lerovium was made by bombarding atoms of plutonium, Pu, atomic number 94, with atoms of
element Z.

●● The nucleus of one atom of plutonium combined with the nucleus of one atom of element Z.
●●  his formed the nucleus of one atom of flerovium.
T

Suggest the identity of element Z.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) In which period of the Periodic Table is flerovium?

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(c) Predict the number of outer shell electrons in an atom of flerovium.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(d) T
 wo isotopes of flerovium are 286Fl and 289Fl. The nuclei of both of these isotopes are unstable
and emit energy when they split up.

(i) State the term used to describe isotopes with unstable nuclei.

. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Complete the table to show the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in the atoms of
the isotopes shown.

isotope number of protons number of neutrons number of electrons

286
Fl

289
Fl
[2]

(e) O
 nly a relatively small number of atoms of flerovium have been made in the laboratory and the
properties of flerovium have not yet been investigated.

It has been suggested that flerovium is a typical metal.

(i) Suggest two physical properties of flerovium.

1 . .........................................................................................................................................

2 . .........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) Suggest one chemical property of flerovium oxide.

. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]

 [Total: 9]

© UCLES 2018 0620/41/M/J/18

 3

2 (a) 
29
Al is a radioactive isotope of aluminium. The only non‑radioactive isotope of aluminium is
27
Al.

(i) Describe, in terms of protons, neutrons and electrons, how the isotopes 29Al and 27Al are
similar and how they are different.

how they are similar .............................................................................................................

how they are different ..........................................................................................................

[2]

13Al
27
(ii) Complete the table to show the number of nucleons, neutrons and electrons in an 3+

ion.

13Al
number in 27 3+

nucleons

neutrons

electrons
[3]

(b) Aluminium is extracted from its ore by electrolysis.

(i) Name the main ore of aluminium.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) Why is aluminium not extracted from its ore by reduction with carbon?

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(iii) The main ore of aluminium contains aluminium oxide. Aluminium oxide is dissolved in
molten cryolite before it is electrolysed.

Give two reasons, other than cost, why cryolite is used.

1 ...........................................................................................................................................

2 ...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

© UCLES 2018 0620/43/M/J/18 [Turn over

 4

(iv) The reaction at the anode during the extraction of aluminium by electrolysis is shown.

2O2– O2 + 4e–

Is this process oxidation or reduction?

Give a reason for your answer.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(v) During the extraction of aluminium by electrolysis, carbon dioxide is formed at the anode.

Explain how carbon dioxide is formed at the anode.

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(c) When a piece of zinc metal is added to copper(II) sulfate solution there is an immediate
reaction.

Zn + CuSO4 ZnSO4 + Cu

When a piece of aluminium metal is added to copper(II) sulfate solution the initial reaction is
very slow.

(i) Explain why zinc metal reacts with copper(II) sulfate.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) What type of reaction is this?

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(iii) Explain why the initial reaction between aluminium metal and copper(II) sulfate is very
slow.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

[Total: 15]

© UCLES 2018 0620/43/M/J/18

 3

2 The table gives some information about four different particles, A, B, C and D.

number of number of number of electronic charge

particle
electrons neutrons protons structure on particle

A 11 12 11 2,8,1 0

B 14 11 2,8,1 0

C 18 20 2,8,8 0

D 18 20 17

(a) Complete the table. The first row has been done for you. [4]

(b) Give two particles from the table which are isotopes of each other.

............................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Element Z is in the same group of the Periodic Table as A and is less reactive than A.

State the identity of element Z.

............................................................................................................................................... [1]

(d) 
C is unreactive.

Use information from the table to explain why.

............................................................................................................................................... [1]

 [Total: 7]

© UCLES 2018 0620/41/O/N/18 [Turn over

 2

1 This question is about subatomic particles.

(a) Define the terms

proton number, ...........................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................................

nucleon number. .........................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................................
[3]

(b) Why is the 11H hydrogen atom the only atom to have an identical proton number and nucleon
number?

.....................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Complete the table to show the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in the atoms and
ions given.

number of number of number of

protons neutrons electrons
19
F 9

26
Mg 12

31
P3–

87
Sr2+
[6]

(d) (i) Write the formula of the compound formed from fluorine and magnesium.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) Write the formula of the compound formed from Sr2+ and P3–.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

[Total: 12]

© UCLES 2017 0620/41/M/J/17

 2

1 Six different atoms can be represented as follows.

3 3 12 13 14 19
1A 2D 6E 6G 7J 9L

(a) Answer the following questions using atoms from the list. Each atom may be used once, more
than once or not at all.

Select one atom from the six shown which

(i) has exactly seven protons,

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) has exactly six neutrons,

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(iii) has more protons than neutrons,

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(iv) has the electronic structure [2,5],

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(v) is an atom of an element from Group VII of the Periodic Table,

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(vi) is an atom of a noble gas.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(b) Two of the six atoms shown are isotopes of each other.

(i) What is meant by the term isotopes?

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(ii) Which two of the six atoms shown are isotopes of each other?

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(iii) Why do isotopes have identical chemical properties?

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

[Total: 10]

© UCLES 2017 0620/43/M/J/17

 2

1 The table gives information about five particles. The particles are all atoms or ions.

number of number of number of

particle
protons neutrons electrons
A 6 8 6
B 12 12 12
C 13 14 10
D 8 8 10
E 11 12 11

 nswer the following questions using the information in the table.

A
Each particle may be used once, more than once or not at all.

(a) Which particle, A, B, C, D or E,

(i) is an atom with atomic number 12,

. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) is an atom with nucleon number 14,

. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) is an ion with a positive charge,

. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iv) has only one electron in its outer shell?

. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) 
D is an ion of an element.

Identify the element and write the formula of D.

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 6]

© UCLES 2017 0620/41/O/N/17

 3

2 (a) (i) Define the term molecule.

. ............................................................................................................................................

. ...................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Define the term element.

. ............................................................................................................................................

. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) The table shows the composition of four atoms or ions, A, B, C and D.

number of number of number of

protons neutrons electrons
A 10 10 10
B 10 12 10
C 12 10 10
D 13 14 10

(i) What is the atomic number of A?

. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) What is the nucleon number of B?

. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Which of A, B, C and D are isotopes of each other?

. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iv) Which of A, B, C and D are atoms?

. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(v) Which of A, B, C and D are positive ions?

. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) 
Complete the table.

number of number of
protons electrons

Na

S2–

Cl 2
[3]

[Total: 11]

© UCLES 2017 0620/43/O/N/17 [Turn over

 3

2 (a) (i) Define the term atomic number.

. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Define the term nucleon number.

. ............................................................................................................................................

. ...................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) The table shows the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in some atoms or ions.

Complete the table. The first line is given as an example.

number of number of number of symbol or

particle
protons electrons neutrons formula
12
A 6 6 6 6C

B 12 12 12

C 8 16 2-
8O

D 11 10 13
[6]

[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2016 0620/42/M/J/16 [Turn over

 2

1 (a) The table below gives information about particles.

Complete the table. The first line has been done for you.

number of number of electronic charge on

particle
protons electrons configuration particle

A 12 10 2,8 2+

B 18 2,8,8 1–

C 18 2,8,8 0

D 8 10
[4]

(b) Gallium is a Group III element.

Define the term element.

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(c) The following are gallium atoms.

69 71
31
Ga 31 Ga

Complete the following table.

number of number of number of

atom
protons neutrons electrons
69
31
Ga

71
31 Ga

[3]

[Total: 8]

© UCLES 2016 0620/42/F/M/16

 3

2 This question is about atoms, ions and isotopes.

(a) Define the term nucleon number.

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) Give the electronic structure of the following atom and ion.

Na ...............................................................................................................................................

P3– . .............................................................................................................................................
[2]

(c) State one medical use of radioactive isotopes.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(d) What is meant by the term relative atomic mass?

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(e) Suggest why the relative atomic mass of chlorine is not a whole number.

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

© UCLES 2016 0620/42/O/N/16 [Turn over

 2

1 (a) Complete the table.

particle charge relative mass

proton +1

neutron 1

electron

[2]

(b) The following are isotopes of carbon.

12 13 14
6C 6C 6C

(i) In terms of numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons, how are these three isotopes the
same and how are they different?

They are the same because ................................................................................................

. ............................................................................................................................................

They are different because ..................................................................................................

. ............................................................................................................................................
[3]

(ii) Why do all isotopes of carbon have the same chemical properties?

. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Name two forms of the element carbon which have giant covalent structures.

.............................................................. and ........................................................................ [1]

(d) Complete the diagram to show the electron arrangement in a carbon dioxide molecule.
Show the outer shell electrons only.

O C O

[2]

[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2016 0620/43/O/N/16