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Operating system
Operating system (OS) definition: Functions and types
Table of contents
What is an operating system (OS)?
Functions of an operating system
Types of operating systems
What is an operating system (OS)?
An operating system (OS) is the core software that manages your computer's hardware and software
resources. It serves as an intermediary between you, the user, and your device, to coordinate tasks
like running programs and handling files.
An operating system enables you to interact with your personal computer, providing a user-friendly
interface while efficiently managing system operations to make your device function smoothly and
securely.
Functions of an operating system
The primary function of an operating system is to simplify and streamline your computing
experience. Other than that, there are many functions of an operating system 👇
1 - Process management
The OS oversees all running programs or processes. It schedules them, allocates resources (like CPU
time and memory), and ensures they run without interfering with each other. This keeps your
system responsive and efficient.
2 - Memory management
It manages your computer's memory by allocating space for processes and optimising memory usage
to prevent crashes due to insufficient memory.
3 - File system management
The OS organises and stores your files, making them accessible, searchable and secure. It controls
file management, creation, deletion and access permissions.
4 - Device management
It handles communication with hardware devices like printers, keyboards, and network adapters. By
providing device drivers, the OS ensures compatibility and seamless operations.
5 - User interface
The OS offers a user-friendly interface, such as graphical user interfaces (GUIs) or command-line
interfaces (CLIs), enabling you to interact with your computer easily.
6 - Security and access control
It enforces user authentication and access rights. It protects your system from unauthorised access
and malicious software, ensuring the safety of your data.
7 - Networking
The OS facilitates network connections, allowing you to access resources over a network or the
internet. It manages network protocols, configurations and data transfer.
8 - Task scheduling
It prioritises tasks and manages CPU utilisation efficiently. This ensures that essential processes
receive the required resources while maintaining system responsiveness.
9 - Updates and maintenance
The OS often manages software updates and system maintenance, ensuring your computer remains
secure and up to date.
Types of operating systems
There are many different types of operating systems tailored to your specific needs and computing
environments. The choice of operating systems mainly depends on the intended use and hardware
resources of the system.
1 - Single-user operating system
Single-user operating systems are the most common operating systems designed for individual users
on personal devices like laptops and desktops.
They allow only one user to interact with the system at a time and are focused on providing a user-
friendly interface and efficient resource management for a single user's tasks.
Examples of a single-user operating system are Microsoft Windows Vista or Mac OS.
2 - Multi-user operating system
Multi-user operating systems are employed in environments where multiple users need
simultaneous access to a shared computer.
These systems manage resources and ensure fair access for multiple users, like servers, mainframes
or time-sharing systems. An example of a multi-user operating system is Linux (Ubuntu Server).
3 - Real-time operating system (RTOS)
RTOS is used in applications where immediate response and timing precision are critical. This kind of
software is used in control systems, robotics, defence systems and medical devices.
Real-time systems ensure that the tasks are executed within specific time constraints, minimising
latency. An example of a real-time operating system is VxWorks.
4 - Network operating system (NOS)
NOS focuses on network management, making it easier for multiple computers to communicate and
share resources. This type of operating system is commonly used on network servers, where file and
printer sharing are crucial.
An example of a network operating system is Novell NetWare, which is used to manage local area
networks (LANs).
5 - Mobile operating system
Mobile operating systems are designed for mobile devices like smartphones and tablets. Popular
operating systems, like Android and iOS, emphasise touch-based interfaces and app management.
They often have app stores for easy software installation.
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