Last mission: Final exam\

Question 1
The defeat of the Axis powers by the Allies in the Second World War was the indication of the
victory of ………………………………

- the democracy over fascism.f

- monarchical regime over republican regime.
- fascism over democracy.

- fascism over theocracy

Answer: the democracy over fascism.

Reason: The defeat of the Axis powers –Germany, Italy, Japan, Hungary, Bulgaria, and
Romania– by the Allies –the United States, Soviet Union, Britain, France, Canada, and China–
was the indication of the victory of the demographic values.
In other words, it was the triumph of democracy over fascism. The United States of America
with its capitalist economy and democracy emerged as the dominant world power.

Question 2
Western powers’ occupation of Turkey was repelled by
……………………………………….

Your answer:

- the courageous effort of the Anatolian masses that were leaded by Enver Pasha.

- the military aid of the United States of America to the troops of Atatürk.

- the courageous effort of the Anatolian masses that inspired a nationalist spirit among
the Turkish population.t

- the military aid of the Soviet Union to the troops of Atatürk.

Answer: the courageous effort of the Anatolian masses that inspired a nationalist
spirit among the Turkish population.t

Reason:
The occupation of the country by the Western powers was defeated by the courageous
effort of the Anatolian masses that inspired a nationalist spirit among the Turkish
population. The country was saved from the colonization of the Western powers with a
great effort of whole people, including women. It was under such an atmosphere,
Mustafa Kemal was able to carry out his reforms by the support of intelligentsia without
much resistance from the masses.

Question 3
What was the “National Unity Committee” (Millî Birlik Komitesi)?

Your answer:

-It was the committee formed by the executers of the 1960 coup in order to plan an
economic reform.

-It was the committee established by the executers of the 1960 military intervention to
exerices political power.

-It was the committee formed by the executers of the 1960 coup in order to.

-It was the committee formed by the executers of the 1960 coup in order to draft a new
constitution.

Answer: It was the committee established by the executers of the 1960 military
intervention to exerices political power.
Reason:
The accumulation of the problems –high inflation, authoritarian measures of the Democratic
Party in their favor to win in the elections, the military and intelligentsia classes’ disapproval of
the Democrat Party’s (DP) stance on the secular regime– led to the military’s takeover of politics
on 27 May 1960. Army units arrested all the ministers and deputies of the DP, including prime
minister Adnan Menderes and president Celal Bayar early in the morning on 27 May 1960.
The coup was announced by Colonel Alpaslan Türkes in the morning in radio broadcast.
Emphasizing the non-partisan character of the coup, it was stated that the military forces took
over the ruling of the country in order to ‘prevent fratricide’ and to ‘extricate the parties from the
irreconcilable situation into which they had fallen’. (Zürcher, 253). The military announced that
the political power was in the hands of the “National Unity Committee”, NUC, (Millî Birlik The
Truman Doctrine which was designed by the US to provide economic and military support
toKomitesi).

Question 4
Which of the following was NOT among the secularization reform of the Kemalist regime
in Turkish Republic?

Your answer:

-The foundation of Ministry of Education and Cultural Affairs

-The elimination of the Caliphate

-The elimination of the Ministry of Religious Affairs and Pious Foundations

-The elimination of the Sultanate

Answer: The foundation of Ministry of Education and Cultural Affairs (from the mid)
Reason:
The abolition of the Sultanate (1922), the Caliphate (1924), the Ministry of Religious Affairs and
Pious Foundations, the religious, sharia, courts of law (1924) and the religious colleges (1924)
are the most remarkable examples of well-known secularization reforms.

Question 5
Which of the following was the reason for the Democrat Party to abandon liberal
policies?

Your answer:

The problems in the health system

The intensification of the economic problems.

The tense relations with the US.

The tense relations with the Soviet Union.

Answer: The intensification of the economic problems

Reason:
The DP imported huge quantities of materials and machinery therefore Turkey began to suffer a
trade deficit from 1947 onwards. Even this deficit increased when there was a surplus in the
wheat production and Turkey became a major wheat exporter. Exceptionally good weather
conditions and the expansion of the sown area led to this huge amount of surplus, but
not the improved agricultural techniques and irrigation channels.
When the weather conditions turned into negative, the weakness of the agricultural sector
revealed, and Turkey had to import wheat again.

The good years were replaced by the bad ones, especially between 1956-1959, with spiraling
inflation. While the industrial and commercial classes became prosperous, the Turkish lira was
kept overvalued at 2.8 to the US dollar, although its market value was between 10-12 liras. By
the middle of the 1950s, Turkey was unable to buy capital goods hence machinery in agriculture
no longer serviced properly, while old factories were reduced to operate at half their capacity.

Leaving Liberal Policies These negative developments led the Menderes government to leave
free market/liberal policy
in the economy.

Question 6
Which of the following activities of the Justice and Development Party made a
considerable contribution to increase its vote rate in the 2007 general elections?

Your answer:

The party’s good relations with the high rank Turkish military members.

The votes of the poorly educated low-income people, who lived in the shantytowns and
in rural areas and were given financial aid by the party.

The propaganda for ecularization reform program.

The education reform program of the party.

Answer: The votes of the poorly educated low-income people, who lived in the shantytowns
and in rural areas and were given financial aid by the party.
Reason: From 2002 to 2007 general elections, the JDP increased its votes from nearly ten
million to some sixteen million.

The result was a shock for the secular group, represented by the RPP, and nationalist segment,
represented by the NMP. The strong organizational networks of the JDP enabled it to respond to
the demands of the Turkish poor, who focused on their own socioeconomic problems.

The ideologically motivated Islamist supporters of the JDP were not enough two in the elections.
The votes of the poorly educated low-income people, who lived in the shantytowns and
in rural areas, made a considerable contribution to increase its vote rate. Nearly 65 % of
the Turkish population resided in urban areas by 2010s.

Question 7
What was the “National Unity Committee” (Millî Birlik Komitesi)?

It was the committee formed by the executers of the 1960 coup in order to plan an economic
reform.

It was the committee established by the executers of the 1960 military intervention to exerices
political power.

It was the committee formed by the executers of the 1960 coup in order to.

It was the committee formed by the executers of the 1960 coup in order to draft a new
constitution.

Answer: It was the committee established by the executers of the 1960

military intervention to exerices political power. (REPEATED)

Reason:

Question 8
Which of the following was NOT among the new regulations of the Turkish state after the
outbreak of the Second World War?
Your answer:

-The issue of the National Defense Law through which the government held power to control
prices in the market.

-It used forced labor, especially in the mines.

-The tithe, which was abolished in 1925, was [Link]

-The decision was taken by the parliament to end the mono-party period.

Answer: The decision was taken by the parliament to end the mono-party period. (from the
mid)
Reason:
The state intervened more radically almost in every sphere of society. It
issued ‘the National Defence Law’ (18 January 1940) which gave the
government a large emergency power to control goods and prices in the
market, and use forced labour especially in the mines.

The tithe on the agricultural production, which was abolished in 1925, was
restored by the government with the name ‘payment-in-kind’ tax.

Question 9 Foundation of which party in 1970 increased the impact of political Islam in
Turkey?

Your answer:
The National Order Party

The National Order Party

The Motherland Party

The Justice and Development Party

The Virtue Party

Answer: The National Order Party
Reason: When the Islamist parties could not convince the masses to get
votes, the Islamic brotherhoods supported the center-right parties, the DP
and its successor, the JP. However, the foundation of the National Order
Party in 1970 with the discourse of political Islam by Necmettin Erbakan
changed the political balance.

Question 10
Which of the following was NOT among the secularization reform of the Kemalist regime in
Turkish Republic?

The foundation of Ministry of Education and Cultural Affairs

The elimination of the Caliphate

The elimination of the Ministry of Religious Affairs and Pious Foundations

The elimination of the Sultanate

Answer: The foundation of Ministry of Education and Cultural

Affairs (REPEATED)

Reason:

Question 11
After the ‘soft’ military intervention in February 1997, ………………………….

-the leaders of the coalition government were banned from politics.

-the leader of the Republican People’s Party was given the duty of forming a new cabinet.
-the Welfare Party was banned in 1998.

-the Motherland Party was banned in 1998.

Answer: the Welfare Party was banned in 1998.

Reason: The policies and actions of the coalition leaded by the WP caused to the ‘soft’ military
intervention in February 1997, afterwards the ban of the WP in 1998 and its successor the VP in 2001.

Question 12
Which of the following does NOT accurately describe the nascent Turkey in the early years of
the Republic?

Your answer:

Industrial sector was very weak in Turkey.

The economy was underdeveloped.

Turkey was an industrial country.

Turkey was agrarian and underpopulated.

Answer:Turkey was an industrial country.

Reason: Turkey was agrarian and underpopulated … ...
Young Turkey was not an industrial country, industrial sector was very
weak.

Question 13
…………………………. played active role in the preparation of the new constitution following the
1960 coup to secure more democratic principles and protect the country against anti-secular
tendencies.
Your answer:

Artisans

University professors

Bureaucrats

Big land-owners

Answer:University professors

Reason: Following the coup, holders of the military intervention proposed

preparation of a new constitution to replace the constitution of 1924.
University professors who were already against the ruling of the Democrat
Party were fervent supporters of the 1960 coup. They played active in the
preparation of the new constitution in accordance with more democratic
ideals and against the dangers for secular principles.

Question 14
The period of geopolitical tension between the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc was called
the Cold War period.
- T
- F
Answer: true
Reason: This period of geopolitical tension between the US –the Western
Bloc– and the Soviet Union –the Eastern Bloc– was called the Cold War
period

Question 15
Which of the following was influential for the Justice and Development Party to came to power in
the 2002 general elections?
Your answer:

The inability of the mainstream political parties to solve the socio-economic problems of the
society and the 2001 economic crisis.

The Republican People’s Party’s health reforms.

The Republican People’s Party’s education reforms.

The Democrat Party’s lack of an economic reform program.

Answer: The inability of the mainstream political parties to solve the socio-economic problems
of the society and the 2001 economic crisis.

Reason:Turkey commenced 2000 with a socio-economic and a political crisis. In

addition, the state was not capable of coping with the with a major earthquake in
1999 which led to a thousands of dead and a big economic crisis in 2001 to 2002.
Under these constitutions, the Justice and Development Party held the political
power in 2002, which was a turning point in the history of the Turkish Republic.

Question 16
The 1982 constitution banned all interest groups from pursuing political aims, engaging in
political activities, receiving support [Link], or giving support to political parties.

Your answer:

-True

-False

Answer: True (True from .’s test 100)

Reason: After the 1980 coup, the makers of the 1982 constitution banned
all types of associations and interest groups. The 1961 constitution was
held responsible for the political clash among different student groups. The
new constitution banned all interest groups from pursuing political aims,
Question 17
The United States seeing the impact of communism as a threat for the countries in Eastern
Europe, gave importance …………………..

Your answer:

-for development of friendship between Turkey and India.

-to Turkey’s strategic importance in the region.

-to Japan’s strategic importance in the region.

-to the development of friendship between Turkey and Russia.

Answer: to Turkey’s strategic importance in the region

Reason: The United States considering the Soviet impact over the other
countries, that is, the danger of communism against capitalism in Eastern
Europe, reconsidered Turkey’s strategic importance in the region.

Question 18
The adoption of the Turkish Civil Code in 1926.

Your answer:

Elimination of polygamy.

Giving equal rights of divorce to both parties.

Making polygamy legal.

Answer: Elimination of polygamy.

Reason: The adoption of the Turkish Civil Code in 1926, inspired by the
Swiss Code, abolishment of polygamy, giving equal rights of divorce to
both man parties, and permission for child custody rights to both parents

Question 19
The 1982 Constitution secured the rights and liberties, such as freedom of speech and freedom
of association, of the individuals.

-True

-False

Answer: F
Reason: The 1982 Constitution
The text reversed the gains of the 1961 constitution: it concentrated power in the hands of the
executive body, increased the authority of the president and the National Security Council; it
limited the freedom of the press, the freedom of trade unions, it banned political strikes,
solidarity and national strikes, restricted individual rights and liberties. Although the rights and
liberties, such as freedom of speech and freedom of association, were included in the
constitution, it was stated that they could be suspended or limited in the face of any threat
against national interest, public order, national security, the republican order, and public health.

Question 20
Which of the following was NOT among the efforts of the Turkish state to revive
economy in the early years of the Republic in the 1920s?

Your answer:

It eliminated the opposition to the new regime.

It formed peaceful relations with its close by neighbors, including Greece, and Western powers.

It permitted the foreign investment in the economic sectors for gaining vitality in the economy. İş
Bankası (Business Bank) was founded by the state in 1924.

Democratic system was established through foundation of various opposition parties

Answer: Democratic system was established through foundation of various opposition parties
Reason: As new Turkey found a balance and was in peaceful terms with its close by
neighbors, including Greece, and Western powers by 1930s, it eliminated the opposition to
the new regime, and the government turned to foreign investment for gaining vitality in the
economy.
The state founded Is Bankasi (Business Bank) in 1924 with the aim of competing with foreign
banks and the non-Muslim Turkish citizen minority businessmen who had powerful commercial
ties in İstanbul. This Bank acted as an official lobby through its holdings in various sectors in
favor of private entrepreneurs. It also became a mediator between businessmen and
governmental circles. The interdependent relationship between the bank and the state led the
bank called ‘bank of the politicians’.

Question 21
In 1945, the idea of the abolition of the mono-party system and the need for opposition
parties came from ……………………..

Your answer:

Süleyman Demirel

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk

Bülent Ecevit

İsmet Inonu

Answer: Ismet Inonu

Reason: In 1945, the idea of the abolition of the mono-party system and the need for
opposition parties came from Ismet Inonu.

Question 22
Which of the following did NOT happen during the era of the Democrat Party?

Your answer:

-Arabic was restored in the call for payer and in sermons in mosques.

-Party ignored the illegal Quran courses run by the Islamist brotherhoods.

-The Islamic brotherhoods began to be influential in Turkish politics.

-Turkish replaced Arabic in the call for payer

Answer: Turkish replaced Arabic in the call for payer
Reason:
The Democrat Party acted like an ally of the Nakshibendi and Nurcu
brotherhoods to gain more votes in the general elections. This led to revival of the
Islamic brotherhoods in Turkish politics. Courses on religion became virtually
compulsory under the rule of the Democrat Party.

The law which banned the call for prayer in any language other than
Turkish was eliminated and Arabic was restored in the call for prayer and in
sermons in mosques.

Under the rule of Democrat Party, albeit indirectly, the Islamist

brotherhoods were incorporated into the political system: The Democrat
Party ignored the illegal Quran courses run by the Islamist brotherhoods.
An eight-year trial against members of the Nurcu brotherhood was closed.

Question 23
In the newly established Turkish Republic in 1923 the priority was given to the
secularization in the areas of bureaucratic organizations and organization of social life.

Your answer:

-True

-False

Answer: TRUE
Reason: in the new established Republic, the remarkable point was the
secularization on almost every sphere, from bureaucratic organizations to
organization of social life.

Question 24
In 1945, the idea of the abolition of the mono-party system and the need opposition
parties came from

-Süleyman Demirel
-Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
-İsmet Inonu
-Bülent Ecevit

Answer: İsmet Inonu

Reason: tIn 1945, the idea of the abolition of the mono-party system and the need for
opposition parties came from Ismet Inonu

Question 25
The first constitution of the Ottoman Empire, which was withdrawn by Abdülhamid II,
restored by Abdülhamid II through the Young Turk Revolution in 1908.

Your answer:

True

False

Answer:TRUE
Reason: However, it was the group of students that grown up with liberal
ideas in the newly founded schools forced sultan Abdülhamid II to restore
the constitutional regime which he withdrew in 1878. They played role to
force him to promulgate the Second Constitutional Period in 1908 -with the
Young Turk Revolution, which was discussed in the first part of the course
in HST 1001

Question 26

The so - called ' soft 1997 intervention was not carried out through physical force ,
unlike the earlier three military interventions , it was implemented through the ultimatum
of the National Security Council sent to the government.

-True
-False
Answer: True
Reason:
As a result of a joint reaction of various business circles and civil society
organizations along with the military, the so-called ‘soft’ 1997 intervention
was organized by the military.
However, this time was not carried out through physical force, unlike the
earlier three military interventions, it was implemented through the
ultimatum of the National Security Council headed by General Çevik Bir on
28 February 1997. As a result, the Welfare Party was closed by
the decision of the Constitutional Court of Turkey on the grounds that it
violated the article of the constitution that secures separation of religion and
state.

Question 27
There was a strong opposition of the elites against the ruling of the Democrat Party because of
……………………………

-its cooperation with the Nationalist Movement Party.

-the worsening relations with Turkey’s neighbor both in the Middle East and Europe.

-its rapprochement with the Soviet Union.

-the worsening economic condition and its use of political Islam.

Answer: the worsening economic condition and its use of political Islam.

Reason: After the 1954 elections, the DP began to lose its positive impact mainly because of
the growing economic crisis and dissatisfaction of the ruling elite, especially the academics and
the army.
In the 1957 elections the Menderes government was in extremely difficult position because of
the worsening economic condition. The DP was confronted with a hostile opposition not only
because of the collapsing economy, but also because of the increase in the numbers of the
mosques and religious schools opened under its rule.
Question 28
Although the Welfare Party had the largest share in the 1995 general elections, it was
not allowed to form the cabinet until the secular the Mother-Path coalition government
failed.

-True

-False

Answer: true
Reason:
The WP’s victory depended on its organizational networks established by
Islamist entrepreneurs thus the party expanded its support base beyond
Islamist constituencies. Even the party had the largest share in the 1995
general elections, it was not allowed to form the cabinet until the secular
center-right coalition government failed.
FROM WIKI
Not since before the declaration of the republic had a blatantly religious party emerged as the largest
political force in Turkey. There were fears of the secular armed forces refusing to accept the election
result, perhaps even launching yet another coup. As a national debate waged, Tansu Çiller's
government stayed on, eventually agreeing with Mesut Yılmaz's Motherland Party (ANAP) to form a
minority coalition in March 1996, some three months after the election.
The ANAP-DYP coalition was toppled in an RP censure motion in June, forcing President Süleyman
Demirel to choose between calling a fresh election or asking RP leader Necmettin Erbakan to form a
government. He chose the latter, and the DYP switched allegiances to form Turkey's first Islamist
government with the RP in June 1996.

Question 29

In Kemalist ideology the mission of women was to protect and to be loyal to the
Republican regime which saved women from gendered oppression of the Ottoman
period.

-True

-False
Answer: True
Reason: Women were encouraged to take place in the public sphere to
serve the nation in the Kemalist modernization project. Their mission
was to protect Republican regime which saved them from gendered
oppression of the Ottoman times, according to the Kemalist rulers.
Women should be loyal to the reforms and republican regime since they
allow them to live in a modern society. Although there were various
codification regulations regarding women’s rights, it was after the 1980
military intervention, women could begin to initiate their movements as
a feminism with their own initiatives. This movement facilitated the
democratization of Turkish society through promoting women’s
integration into public life while addressing problems in the private
sphere.

Question 30
What was the initial idea of the intellectuals regarding the 1971 coup?

Your answer:
-They did not welcome the coup since they believed in the necessity of the free-market
economy policies of Demirel’s government.

-They opposed the coup since it was against the ideals of democratic regime.

-They believed that the military intervention was a radical-reformist one, like the 27 May 1960
coup.

-They welcomed the coup since the military members promised to make reforms in the Marxist
line.

Answer: -They believed that the military intervention was a radical-reformist one, like the 27
May 1960 coup
Reason: hii
The intelligentsia hoped that the military intervention was a
radical-reformist one, like the 27 May 1960 coup. Since they were not in
favor of Demirel’s capitalist oriented economic decisions, they welcomed
this action of the army. However, the policies carried out following the 1971
coup indicated that the army did not share the same democratic ideals with
the army in 1961.

Question 31
The priority for the regulations of preservation in the early decades of the Turkish Republic were
given to the national monuments in order to reveal ‘national and historical works’ and ‘superior
monuments of Turkishness’.

-True

-False

Answer: true
Reason:
Since lack of resources constituted the main justification for deficiencies of
upkeep, however, priorities had to be set, and this was accomplished with
recourse to the designations "national patrimony" and "national monument."
The 1931 draft of the law for preservation referred to "national monument"
(milli abide) and prime ministerial decrees of 1934 and 1935 to "national and
historical works" (milli ve tarihi eserler) and "superior monuments of
Turkishness" (Türklüğün yüksek abideleri).

Question 32
In the 1860”s , the Young Ottomans’ struggle played significant role for the promulgation of the
first constitutional period of the Ottoman Empire.

Your answer:

-True

-False

Answer: True
Reason: The Young Ottomans’ struggle in the 1860s played crucial role for the promulgation
of the first constitutional period. Afterwards, as a continuation of the Young Ottomans’, the
Young Turks forced Abdulhamid II to restore the 1876 constitution to curb the power of the
sultan through constitution and parliament. Finally, it was restored by Young Turk Revolution in
1908.

Question 33
Which of the following was the first student movement that was represented in the Assembly
with a political party in the 1970s?

Your answer:

The left-wing revolutionary students.

The Grey Wolfes.

The right-wing revolutionary students.

The Islamist students

Answer: The Grey Wolfes

Reason: the Grey Wolfes. From the 1930s on racist and irredentist ideas were dominated
“Turkist” or “Nationalist” organizations. In Turkey, this was the first student movement that was
represented in the Assembly with a political party,

Question 34
While early republican scholars [Link] the Ottoman architecture, they attempted to
form………………………….

Your answer:

a Mongolian genealogy linking it to the long history of Turkic peoples going back to prehistoric
civilizations of Central Asia.

a Turkic genealogy through linking it to the long history of Turkic peoples going back to
prehistoric civilizations of Central Asia.

an Asian genealogy linking it to the long history of Turkic peoples going back to prehistoric
civilizations of Central Asia.

an Ottoman genealogy linking it to the long history of Ottoman from the Balkans to the Black
Sea region of Turkey.
Answer: a Turkic genealogy through linking it to the long history of Turkic
peoples going back to prehistoric civilizations of Central Asia.
Reason:
When the republican scholars reframe the Ottoman architecture, they
formed a Turkic genealogy, which had a national essence distinguishing it
from Byzantine as well as Islamic architectures and linking it to the long
history of Turkic peoples going back to prehistoric civilizations of Central
Asia.

Question 35
After ………………………………………, Turkey became full member of NATO in 1952.

Your answer:

signing the friendship treaty with the Soviet Union

the military contribution for the Korean War

accepting to implement the economic reform package of the US

accepting to implement socialist principles in the economy

Answer: the military contribution for the Korean War

Reason: After this military contribution the Korean War, Turkey was accepted in NATO and
became full member on 18 February 1952.

Question 36
When the multi-party period began, liberal economy policies were held by the Democrat Party
and accordingly ………………………….. began in the in the architecture.
the Spanish impact

the Russian impact

the German impact

the American impact

Answer: the American impact

Reason: After ending the monopoly of the Republican People’s Party, Turkey became closer
with the United States of America style liberal economy policies

Question 37
Mustafa Kemal carried out his reforms by the support of …………………………………

Your answer:

European powers

the Soviet Union

the military members and intelligentsia

the caliphate
Answer:military members and intelligentsia
Reason:Mustafa Kemal was able to carry out his reforms, by the support of
intelligentsia without much resistance from the masses.

Question 38
Which of the following was a clear indication of the success of the Islamist social movement in
Turkey?

Your answer:
The Felicity Party’s coming to power in 1996.

The Democratic Left Party’s coming to the power in 1996.

The Justice and Development Party’s coming to power in 1996.

The Welfare Party’s coming to power in 1996.

Answer: The Welfare Party’s coming to power in 1996.

Reason: The coming to power of the Welfare Party, WP, in 1996 was a clear indication of
the success of the Islamist social movement in Turkey. The WP’s victory depended on its
organizational networks established by Islamist entrepreneurs thus the party expanded its
support base beyond Islamist constituencies. Even the party had the largest share in the 1995
general elections, it was not allowed to form the cabinet until the secular center-right coalition
government failed. (Chapter in week 10).

Question 39
The discourses of the Democrat Party were more liberal than the
Republican People’s Party therefore it attracted many voters in the first
elections of the multi-party period.

Your answer:

True

False

Answer: True
Reason: Unlike the RPP, it mostly represented the interests of rural Turkey and the provincial
elite. Hence, more liberal economic policy of the DP replaced the etatism of the RPP.

Question 40
The 1961 constitution permitted an extensive scale political activity from the left-wing to
right-wing perspectives.

Your answer:
True

False

Answer: true (100%)

Reason: The 1961 constitution allowed for a larger spectrum of political activity
than before both from the left to the right. The first brand new party emerged out
of the era of Kemalism was the socialist Workers Party of Turkey, WPT, (Türkiye
İsçi Partisi) which was founded in February 1961 under the leadership of Mehmet
Ali Aybar.

Question 41
Which can NOT be said for the nascent Turkish Republic from 1923 until late 1930s?

Your answer:

Kemalist regime preferred to have opposition parties to be a democratic country.

The Kemalist regime did not allow an opposition to grew against the new regime.

The Turkish government appealed to foreign investment for gaining vitality in the economy.

Turkey adopted principle of peace in terms of international relations.

Answer: Kemalist regime preferred to have opposition parties to be a democratic country

Reason: -- When Turkish Republic was established there was only one
party in the country, Republican
People’s Party (RPP), founded by Ataturk, and the formation of others was
not allowed by law.
--As new Turkey found a balance and was in peaceful terms with its close
by neighbors,
--and the government turned to foreign investment for gaining vitality in the
economy.

Question 42
The design and architecture of Ankara eliberalxpressed the oriental Ottoman identity and
struggle to join the eastern civilization.

Your answer:

True

False

Answer: False
Reason:
with the proclamation of the Republic, the status of Istanbul, the
unrivaled primary city of the Ottoman Empire, was ceded to Ankara, which
became the capital of the Republic and the symbolic site of the new order.
Before long, the mission of modern architecture was explicitly connected to
that of Kemalist reforms.
The pure and abstract forms of modernism, purged of historicism, were tied
up with such aspirations of the Republic as emancipation from Oriental
identity and participation in contemporary Western civilization.

Question 43
When the multi-party period began, liberal economy policies were held
by the Democrat Party and accordingly ………………………….. began
in the in the architecture.

the Spanish impact

the Russian impact

the German impact

the American impact
Answer: REPPEATED QUESTION, FOUND IN Q36
Reason:

Question 44
With the foundation of the Turkish Republic, the status of Istanbul was ceded to Ankara which
became the symbol of the new order.

Your answer:

True

False

Answer: true
Reason: With the proclamation of the Republic, the status of Istanbul, the unrivaled
primary city of the Otto-man Empire, was ceded to Ankara, which became the capital of
the Republic and the symbolic site of the new order.

Question 45
Turning Ankara into a capital city mostly achieved through …………………………..

Your answer:

Italian urban planners.

German, Swiss and Austrian architects and urban planners.

Hungarian, Russian and Bulgarian urban planners.

American urban planners.

Answer: German, Swiss and Austrian architects and urban planners.

Reason: Turning Ankara into a capital city mostly achieved through German, Swiss and
Austrian architects and urban planners

Question 46
The reasons of the ‘soft’ military intervention in 28 February 1997 was …………………..
Your answer:

the policies and actions of the coalition leaded by the Republican People’s Party.

the policies and actions of the coalition leaded by the Virtue Party.

the policies and actions of the coalition leaded by the Democrat Party.

the policies and actions of the coalition leaded by the Welfare Party.

Answer: the policies and actions of the coalition leaded by the Welfare Party

Reason: As a result of a joint reaction of various business circles and civil society
organizations along with the military, the so-called ‘soft’ 1997 intervention was organized by
the military.
However, this time was not carried out through physical force, unlike the earlier three military
interventions, it was implemented through the ultimatum of the National Security Council
headed by General Çevik Bir on 28 February 1997. As a result, the Welfare Party was closed by
the decision of the Constitutional Court of Turkey on the grounds that it violated the article of the
constitution that secures separation of religion and state.

Question 47
……………………………., the leader of the most radical group in the National Unity Committee,
attempted to shape and monitor the whole cultural life of the country through totalitarian means.

Your answer:

-Bülent Ecevit

-Alpaslan Türkeş

-Cemal Gürsel

-Süleyman Demirel

Answer:Alpaslan Türkeş

Reason:Forcefully retired officers attempted to achieve the same thing for

themselves but they could not achieve it. Türkes made a further step
through establishing “Turkish Union of Ideals and Culture” (Türkiye Ülkü ve
Kültür Birligi) in order to take over mission of the Ministry of Education, the
Directorate of Religious Affairs and Pious Foundations and the press and
the radio.
That is to say, he aimed to shape and monitor the whole cultural life of the
country through totalitarian means.

Question 48
Which of the following was one of the means the Justice and Development Party effectively
used before it came to power in 2007?

Your answer:

-Its cooperation with the Welfare Party.

-Its cooperation with the Virtue Party.

-Its impressive dialogue with the European leaders.

-It established an extensive social network to reach people and to convince the electorate
through their propaganda.

Answer:It established an extensive social network to reach people and to convince the
electorate through their propaganda.

Reason:The JDP established an extensive social network to reach people and to convince the
electorate through their propaganda.

Or
The JDP’s Ruling
The socioeconomic problems, especially for those of the low-income people, and the extensive social
network of the JDP were regarded as the reason of party’s success in the 2002 and 2007

Question 49
In the first two decades of the 20th century, influx of Muslim refugees from southeastern Europe
and southern Russia to Istanbul led to unprecedented population increase in Istanbul. During
this process, ……………………………………………………

Your answer:

the immigrants settled according to the municipality regulations.

the immigrants settled through ignoring building regulations.

the immigrants settled in accordance with a systematic urban planning.

the immigrants settled in accordance with the modern architectural plan.

Answer: the immigrants settled through ignoring building regulations

Reason: southern Russia, the population nevertheless grew at an unprecedented
rate." The immigrants settled in Istanbul, complying with the old custom of ignoring
building regulations: houses invaded open spaces in and around monuments and
encroached upon streets

Question 50
The Scandinavian countries and some other European countries did not want to accept Turkey
and Greece into North Atlantic Treaty Organization by arguing they were neither Atlantic nor
democratic.

Your answer:

True

False

Answer: True
Reason: Several NATO countries, including the Scandinavian ones did not want Turkey and
Greece to participate since they were neither democratic nor Atlantic.
Question 51
The Democrat Party was in favor of liberal free-market economy, not state-controlled economy
like the Republican People’s Party.

Your answer:

True

False

Answer: true
Reason: The Democratic Party favored transition from state-controlled economy to liberal
free-market economy.

Question 52
After the Second World War, Turkey’s foreign relations was shaped by the Cold War policies in
which Turkey sided with the US.

Your answer:

True

False

Answer: true
Reason: Turkey’s foreign relations after World War II was shaped by the Cold War policies in
which Turkey sided with the US.

Question 53
The Truman Doctrine which was designed by the US to provide economic and military support
to ……………………………..

Your answer:
Bulgaria and Turkey.

Russia and Turkey.

Greece and Syria.

Greece and Turkey.

Answer: Greece and Turkey

Reason: Eventually, the US president Truman announced the “Truman Doctrine” (12 March
1947) which was designed to give military and financial support to Greece and Turkey.

Question 54
Which of the following can be said for the Democrat Party of the 1950s?

Your answer:

It endorsed the six principles of Mustafa Kemal giving different emphasis on them.

It strictly followed principles state control over the economy.

It was against the free market economy.

It clearly expressed its opposition against the secularism principle of the Republican regime.

Answer: it endorsed the six principles of Mustafa Kemal giving different emphasis on them.
Reason: The Democrats adopted the six principles of Ataturk –nationalism, reformism,
revolutionism, secularism, populism, statism– although they placed different emphasis and
interpretation on each of them.

Question 55
Which of the following was NOT among the reasons of the 1960 military intervention in Turkey?

Your answer:
The concerns of the military and intelligentsia classes regarding the Democrat Party’s stance on
the secular regime.

The regulations of Democrat Party in its favor to win in the elections.

High inflation.

The cooperation of the Democrat Party with Soviet Union to install communist regime.

Answer: The cooperation of the Democrat Party with Soviet Union to install communist
regime. (100% sure judy)
Reason: The accumulation of the problems –high inflation, authoritarian measures of the
Democratic Party in their favor to win in the elections, the military and intelligentsia classes’
disapproval of the Democrat Party’s (DP) stance on the secular regime– led to the military’s
takeover of politics on 27 May 1960. Army units arrested all the ministers and deputies of the
DP, including prime minister Adnan Menderes and president Celal Bayar early in the morning on
27 May 1960.

Question 56

The 1961 constitution permitted an extensive scale political activity from the left - wing
to right - wing perspectives .

-True

-False

Answer: true
Reason: The 1961 constitution allowed for a larger spectrum of political activity than before
both from the left to the right

Question 57
Which of the following were NOT among the actions of the Justice and Development Party
when it became ruling party in the 2002 general elections?

Your answer:

It amended the conditions of public-sector workers through increasing their wages and offering
them full-time positions.

It increased number of scholarships to the children of low-income families.

Making regulations in the health care system, constructed considerable number of units of
community housing for low- and middle-income people almost in all provinces.
It began to cooperate with the Republican People’s Party in order to conduct health reform.

Answer: It began to cooperate with the Republican People’s Party in order to conduct
health reform. (.) (.) From MID
Reason:
It also had a large number of votes in the rural areas in eastern, southeastern, and central
Anatolia, the Mediterranean and the Black Sea region. The JDP made regulations for the health
care system, constructed 270,000 units of community housing for low- and middle-income
people in 81 provinces. It amended the conditions of public-sector workers through increasing
their wages and offering them full-time positions. It increased scholarships to the children of
low-income families by 200 percent. Just before the elections, it postponed the debt payment of
rural sectors to the state and increased the rates of state subsidies for certain agricultural
products.

Question 58
Which of the following can be said the Democrat Party of the 1950s?

It clearly expressed its opposition against the secularism principle of the Republican regime.

It strictly followed principles state control over

the economy .

It was against the market economy .

It endorsed the six principles of Mustafa Kemal giving different emphasis on them
Guys please

Answer: REPEATED, FOUND IN Q54

Reason:

Question 59
After ………………………………………, Turkey became full member of NATO in 1952

the military contribution for the Korean War

accepting to implement the economic reform package of the US

signing the friendship treaty with the Soviet Union

accepting to implement socialist principles in the economy

Answer: the military contribution for the Korean War ( true ) (SURE FROM .’S
TEST) OLD
Reason:

Question 60
Which of the following led to a tremendous change in the Turkish
agriculture in the 1950s ?

The usage of traditional seeding and mowing techniques without

mechanization.

The introduction of tractor The usage of ploughs

The introduction of imported wheat seeds .

Answer: The introduction of tractor. OLD 100%

Reason:

Question 61
In the 1860s, the Young Ottomans’ struggle played significant role for the promulgation of the
first constitutional period of the Ottoman Empire.

True

False

Answer: REPEATED, FOND IN Q32

Reason:

Question 62
The discourses of the Democrat Party were more liberal than the
Republican People's Party therefore it attracted many voters in
the first elections of the multi - party period .

True
False
Answer: TRUE OLD 100%
Reason:

Question 63
The Byzantine heritage of Istanbul attracted policy makers attention in the 1950s.
Your answer:

O when the governing Republican People's Party initiated architectural policies for the
restoration of the Byzantine buildings.

O when Mustafa Kemal Atatürk initiated regulations for the restoration of Istanbul's historical
buildings. when the governing Welfare Party initiated architectural policies for the restoration of
the Byzantine buildings.

O when the decision was taken for the International Congress of Byzantine Studies (1955) to be
held in the city.

Answer: when the decision was taken for the International Congress of Byzantine Studies
(1955) to be held in the city. OLD not sure
Reason:
The entire Byzantine heritage of Istanbul became the object of fleeting attention
in the 1950s because the International Congress of Byzantine Studies would
meet there in 1955.
Question 64
The high-ranking military that conducted the 1960 coup established the State Planning
Organization whose primary duty was to ……………………….
Your answer:

install principles of free-market economy.

Take necessary precautions to protect the secular regime.

monitor and supervise economy according to a certain plan.

install principles of Marxist economy.

Answer: monitor and supervise economy according to a certain plan. OLD

100%
Reason:

Question 65
The reasons of the soft ' military intervention in 28 February 1997 was
Your answer :

the policies and actions of the coalition leaded by the Welfare Party.

the policies and actions of the coalition leaded by the Republican People's Party.

the policies and actions of the coalition leaded by the Virtue Party .

the policies and actions of the coalition leaded by the Democrat Party.

Answer: the policies and actions of the coalition leaded by the Welfare Party.
Reason: REPEATED QUESTION: Q46

Question 66
When the revolutionary fervor of the early Republic calmed down , the redevelopment of
Istanbul began in the 1950s
- T
- F
Answer: True OLD
Reason: The redevelopment of Istanbul began in the 1950’s, after the
revolutionary fervor of the early Republic had subsided.
Question 67
İn 1945, the idea of the abolition of the mono-party system and
the need for opposition parties came from

Süleyman demirel
ismet inönü
Bülent ecevit
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk QUESTION 27

Answer: ismet inönü Q24 FINAL

Reason: In 1945, the idea of the abolition of the mono-party system and the need for
opposition parties came from Ismet Inonu International factors encouraged the trends toward
political and economic liberation

Question 68
Western powers occupation of Turkey was repelled

the courageous effort of the Anatolian masses that were leaded by Enver Pasha

the courageous effort of the Anatolian masses that inspired a nationalist spirit among
the Turkish population.

the military aid of the United troops of Ataturk.

Final Q2
Answer: the courageous effort of the Anatolian masses that inspired a nationalist spirit
among the Turkish population (not sure)
Reason: REPEATED, CAN BE FOUND IN Q2

Question 69

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Question 72

Answer:
Reason: In the 1950 elections the Democrat Party held an overwhelming majority of the
seats in the parliament and the Republican People’s Party became the second party.

Question 73
What was the reason for the closure of the Workers’ Party in 1971?
- İnönü convinced the Grand National Assembly to close it since its policies were in the
line of capitalist economy.
- Its leader was accused of being in close cooperation with the United States.
- Its leader was accused of making propaganda of communism and supporting Kurdish
separatism.
- Its leader was accused of being in collaboration with Süleymen Demirel.

Answer: Its leader was accused of making propaganda of communism and

supporting Kurdish separatism
Reason: The Military Intervention, 12 March 1971
Priority was to restore law and order therefore public prosecutor opened a
case against the Workers Party whose leaders was accused of making
propaganda of communism and supporting Kurdish separatism.
Question 74
The design and architecture of Ankara expressed the oriental Ottoman identity and struggle to
join the eastern civilization.
- True
- False
Answer: False (not sure)
Reason: with the proclamation of the Republic, the status of Istanbul, the
unrivaled primary city of the Ottoman Empire, was ceded to Ankara, which
became the capital of the Republic and the symbolic site of the new order.
Before long, the mission of modern architecture was explicitly connected to
that of Kemalist reforms.
The pure and abstract forms of modernism, purged of historicism, were tied
up with such aspirations of the Republic as emancipation from Oriental
identity and participation in contemporary Western civilization.

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Weekly Assignment 10
Question 1
The design and architecture of Ankara expressed the oriental Ottoman identity and struggle to
join the eastern civilization.
- True
- False
Answer: False (. i am not sure)
Reason: with the proclamation of the Republic, the status of Istanbul, the
unrivaled primary city of the Ottoman Empire, was ceded to Ankara, which
became the capital of the Republic and the symbolic site of the new order.
Before long, the mission of modern architecture was explicitly connected to
that of Kemalist reforms.
The pure and abstract forms of modernism, purged of historicism, were tied
up with such aspirations of the Republic as emancipation from Oriental
identity and participation in contemporary Western civilization.

Question 2
With the foundation of the Turkish Republic, the status of Istanbul was ceded to Ankara which became
the symbol of the new order.
- True
- False
Answer: True (.) (.)
Reason: With the proclamation of the Republic, the status of Istanbul, the
unrivaled primary city of the Ottoman Empire, was ceded to Ankara, which
became the capital of the Republic and the symbolic site of the new order.
Before long, the mission of modern architecture was explicitly connected to
that of Kemal ist reforms.

Question 3
In the first two decades of the 20th century, influx of Muslim refugees from southeastern Europe
and southern Russia to Istanbul led to unprecedented population increase in Istanbul. During
this process,
- the immigrants settled in accordance with the modern architectural plan.
- the immigrants settled in accordance with a systematic urban planning.
- the immigrants settled according to the municipality regulations.
- the immigrants settled through ignoring building regulations.

Answer: the immigrants settled through ignoring building regulations (.) (.)

Reason: the population nevertheless grew at an unprecedented rate. 22

The immigrants settled in Istanbul, complying with the old custom of
ignoring building regulations: houses invaded open spaces in and around
monuments and encroached upon streets whose already narrow widths
diminished even further (figs. 4 and 5), increasing the risk of fire not only for
the densely packed houses but also for the public buildings they abutted.

Question 4
When the revolutionary fervor of the early Republic calmed down, the redevelopment of
Istanbul began in the 1950s.
- True
- False
Answer: True (.) (.)
Reason: The redevelopment of Istanbul began in the 1950’s, after the
revolutionary fervor of the early Republic had subsided.

Question 5
Istanbul’s deterioration in its physical structure began towards the end of the nineteenth
century and continued until 1930s.
- True
- False
Answer: True (.) (Not sure) (.)
Reason: The decline and deterioration of the illustrious city, which started
towards the end of the nineteenth century and continued into the 1930s,
transformed its monuments into dilapidated, dysfunctional, and fragmented
buildings surrounded by empty plots and derelict houses.

Question 6
Following the years of the foundation of the Turkish Republic, Istanbul, as the symbol of the
Ottoman Empire, remained in a state of dilapidation.
- True
- False
Answer: True (.) (. not sure)
Reason: During the 1930s, at the height of the revolutionary zeal for nation
building, Istanbul was ignored as the ruinous site of the abandoned
Ottoman and Islamic past, while Ankara was prioritized as the modern and
secular site of the emerging nation-state. Istanbul's dilapidation, inherited
from the Empire, was sustained for decades, its decadence conveniently
serving as a foil for modern and pristine Ankara

Question 7
In the first decade of the Turkish Republic, mosques, buildings of pious foundations, churches,
and city walls were repaired and an extensive restoration program was initiated by the
government.
- True
- False
Answer: false (not sure .)
Reason:

Question 8
The focus of Abdülhak Şinasi Hisar’s work Bosphorus is the intercommunal interaction between
Muslims and non-Muslims in the neighborhood life along Bosphorus.
- True
- False
Answer: True
False (+1)
Reason: Abdülhak Şinasi Hisar depicts the neighborhoods of Boğaziçi
during the 1890s as evincing a distinct combination of Muslim and Turkish
cultures, manifest in a mélange of smells, colors, and sounds that create
serenity and tranquility.
... In Hisar’s Boğaziçi, there is almost no reference to non- Muslims. If you
read the text for a deeper understanding of neighborhood life along
Boğaziçi, youwould not realize that these neighborhoods contained large
non- Muslim popu-lations, especially Greek and Armenian. From time to
time Hisar refers to the multiplicity of cultures in passing while mentioning
Albanians, Circassians,
and Arab merchants and tradesmen of the city, but there is no mention of
non-Muslims as being included in Boğaziçi culture.

Question 9
Which of the texts does NOT describe lived experiences of Istanbul in 1890s?

- My Memoirs by Yorgo Zarifi.

- Bosphorus by Abdülhak Şinasi Hisar.
- Loksandra—An Istanbul Dream by Maria Yordanidu.
- The Clown and His Daughter by Halide Edip Adıvar

Answer: the clown and his daughter by halide edip adivar

Reason: all other names were mentioned in the materials

Question 10
The priority for the regulations of preservation in the early decades of the Turkish Republic were
given to the national monuments in order to reveal ‘national and historical works’ and ‘superior
monuments of Turkishness’.
- True
- False
Answer: true (not sure) +1
Reason: however, priorities had to be set, and this
was accomplished with recourse to the designations
"national patrimony" and "national monument." The
1931 draft of the law for preservation referred to
"national monument" (milli abide) and prime ministe
rial decrees of 1934 and 1935 to "national and histor
ical works" (milli ve tarihi eserler) and "superior monu
ments of Turkishness" (Turklugunyuksek abideleri),93 In
the mid-1930s the Ministry of Education issued to every
school the following decree: "All historic works in Tur
key attest to the creativity and culture of the Turkish
race, even if they are referred to as Hittite, Phrygian,
Lydian, Roman, Byzantine, or Ottoman. Denomination
only designates periods. All are Turkish, and hence it
is the duty of all Turks to preserve them.

Question 11
Istanbul has never been equated with a single ethnicity.

- False
- True

Answer: True
Reason: Istanbul has never been ordered fully in a fashion considered to
be modern. In this regard it is egalitarian; notably, the city has never been
equated with a single ethnicity.

Question 12 The Byzantine heritage of Istanbul attracted policy makers’ attention in the
1950s…………………………………….

- when the decision was taken for the International Congress of Byzantine Studies (1955)
to be held in the city.
- when the governing Republican People’s Party initiated architectural policies for the
restoration of the Byzantine buildings.
 - when Mustafa Kemal Atatürk initiated regulations for the restoration of Istanbul’s
historical buildings.
- when the governing Welfare Party initiated architectural policies for the restoration of
the Byzantine buildings.

Answer: when the decision was taken for the international congress of
byzantine studies (1955( to be held in the city.
Reason: The entire Byzantine heritage of Istanbul became the object of
fleeting attention in the 1950s because the International Congress of
Byzantine Studies would meet there in 1955.

Question 13 Yorgo Zarifi in his work My Memoirs narrates Bosphorus culture in the late
1890s and early 1900s in Istanbul through underlining the upper-class Greek community’s life in
the city.

- True
- False

Answer:
- True
Reason:Yorgo Zarifi’s My Memoirs portrays Boğaziçi culture in the late
1890s and early 1900s quite differently. Yorgo Zarifi was a wealthy Greek
banker and the confidant and personal banker of Sultan Abdülhamit II. His
memoirs offer a detailed picture of the upper- class Greek community’s life
in Istanbul in the late eighteenthcentury

Question 14

Answer:
Reason:

Question 15
Answer:
Reason:
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- ---- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Weekly Assignment 9
Question 1
The Justice and Development Party’s success in the 2007 general elections was celebrated in
every segment of the country.
- True
- False
Answer:
False(.)

Reason:These constituted incentive for the population in the rural area. By the way,
during the propaganda campaign for the general elections, Necmettin Erbakan gave
talks as honorary chair of the VP, to claim that the JDP was not an Islamist party
anymore. Whereas many Islamic brotherhoods and congregations declared that they
would vote for the JDP. In the end, as was the case in the 2002 general elections, a
majority of the Islamist segment of the electorate voted for the JDP. The VP obtained
only 2.3 % of the votes. az

The RPP’s elitist understanding of secularism that Turkish society should embrace a
purely Western, liberal lifestyle while giving only a minimal role to Islam was at odds
with the conservative Muslim value adopted by significant segment of Turkish society.
The RPP’s failure to offer a promising socioeconomic program led to the failure of the
party and contributed to the victory of the JDP.

Question 2
Which of the following was one of the means the Justice and Development Party effectively
used before it came to power in 2007?
- Its cooperation with the Virtue Party.
- Its impressive dialogue with the European leaders.
- Its cooperation with the Welfare Party.
- It established an extensive social network to reach people and to convince the electorate
through their propaganda.
Answer: It established an extensive social network to reach people and to convince the
electorate through their propaganda. (. ) (.)
Reason:
The JDP established an extensive social network to reach people and to
convince the electorate through their propaganda.

Or
The JDP’s Ruling
The socioeconomic problems, especially for those of the low-income people, and the extensive
social network of the JDP were regarded as the reason of party’s success in the 2002 and 2007
general elections.

Question 3
Which of the following was influential for the Justice and Development Party to came to power
in the 2002 general elections?
- The Republican People’s Party’s health reforms.
- The inability of the mainstream political parties to solve the socio-economic problems of
the society and the 2001 economic crisis.
- The Democrat Party’s lack of an economic reform program.
- The Republican People’s Party’s education reforms.
Answer:The inability of the mainstream political parties to solve the socio-economic problems
of the society and the 2001 economic crisis.(.) (.)
Reason:Turkey commenced 2000 with a socio-economic and a political crisis.
In addition, the state was not capable of coping with the with a major
earthquake in 1999 which led to a thousands of dead and a big economic
crisis in 2001 to 2002. Under these constitutions, the Justice and
Development Party held the political power in 2002, which was a turning
point in the history of the Turkish Republic.

Question 4
Which of the following were NOT among the actions of the Justice and Development Party
when it became ruling party in the 2002 general elections?
- Making regulations in the health care system, constructed considerable number of units
of community housing for low- and middle-income people almost in all provinces.
- It amended the conditions of public-sector workers through increasing their wages and
offering them full-time positions.
- It increased number of scholarships to the children of low-income families.
 - It began to cooperate with the Republican People’s Party in order to conduct health
reform.

Answer: It began to cooperate with the Republican People’s Party in order to conduct
health reform. (.) (.)
Reason:
It also had a large number of votes in the rural areas in eastern,
southeastern, and central Anatolia, the Mediterranean and the Black Sea
region. The JDP made regulations for the health care system, constructed
270,000 units of community housing for low- and middle-income people in
81 provinces. It amended the conditions of public-sector workers through
increasing their wages and offering them full-time positions. It increased
scholarships to the children of low-income families by 200 percent. Just
before the elections, it postponed the debt payment of rural sectors to the
state and increased the rates of state subsidies for certain agricultural
products.

Question 5
After the ‘soft’ military intervention in February 1997, ………………………….

- the Welfare Party was banned in 1998

- the Motherland Party was banned in 1998.
- the leader of the Republican People’s Party was given the duty of forming a new cabinet.
- the leaders of the coalition government were banned from politics.

Answer: the Welfare Party was banned in 1998 (.) (.)

Reason: The policies and actions of the coalition leaded by the WP caused to the ‘soft’ military
intervention in February 1997, afterwards the ban of the WP in 1998 and its successor the VP in 2001.

Question 6
During the coalition government of the Welfare Party and the True Path Party between 28 June
1996-30 June 1997 the activities of the leaders of the Welfare Party caused to great unrest
among various business groups and civil society organizations.
- True
- False
Answer: True (.)
Reason: As a result of a joint reaction of various business circles and civil
society organizations along with the military, the so-called ‘soft’ 1997
intervention was organized by the military.

Question 7
Which of the following was a clear indication of the success of the Islamist social movement in
Turkey?
- The Justice and Development Party’s coming to power in 1996.
- The Democratic Left Party’s coming to the power in 1996.
- The Welfare Party’s coming to power in 1996.
- The Felicity Party’s coming to power in 1996.

Answer: The Welfare Party’s coming to power in 1996. (.)(.)

Reason:
The coming to power of the Welfare Party, WP, in 1996 was a clear
indication of the success of the Islamist social movement in Turkey. The
WP’s victory depended on its organizational networks established by
Islamist entrepreneurs thus the party expanded its support base beyond
Islamist constituencies.

Question 8
The Justice and Development Party increased its votes from nearly ten million to some sixteen
million from 2002 to 2007 general elections.
- True
- False

Answer: True (.)(.)

Reason:
From 2002 to 2007 general elections, the JDP increased its votes from
nearly ten million to some sixteen million.

Question 9
Which of the following activities of the Justice and Development Party made a considerable
contribution to increase its vote rate in the 2007 general elections?
- The votes of the poorly educated low-income people, who lived in the shantytowns and
in rural areas and who were given financial aid by the party.
- The propaganda of the ideologically motivated Islamist supporters of the party.
- the party’s good relations with the high rank Turkish military members.
- The education reform program of the party.

Answer: The votes of the poorly educated low-income people, who lived in the
shantytowns and in rural areas and who were given financial aid by the party. (.) (.)
Reason:
The ideologically motivated Islamist supporters of the JDP were not enough
two in the elections. The votes of the poorly educated low-income people,
who lived in the shantytowns and in rural areas, made a considerable
contribution to increase its vote rate. Nearly 65 % of the Turkish population
resided in urban areas by 2010s.
Istanbul, Ankara, and Izmir held one-third of registered voters in the 2007
elections. In these three big cities, the JDP received most of its votes from
districts that received migration from the countryside, especially since the
middle of the-1980s.

Question 10
After the ‘soft’ military intervention in February 1997, ………………………….

Although the Welfare Party had the largest share in the 1995 general elections, it was not
allowed to form the cabinet until the Mother-Path coalition government failed.
- True
- False
Answer: False
Reason: in week 13 (The Split in the Islamist Movement)(amajd)

The WP’s victory depended on its organizational networks established by

Islamist entrepreneurs thus the party expanded its support base beyond
Islamist constituencies. Even the party had the largest share in the 1995
general elections, it was not allowed to form the cabinet until the secular
center-right coalition government failed.

Question 11
By 2000 there was a split within the Islamist Movement in Turkey as ‘reformists’ and
‘traditionalists’.
- False
- True

Answer: False (.)

Reason:
The Split in the Islamist Movement
The closure of the four Islamist parties four since 1970s [National Order
Party (NOP) in 1971; National Salvation Party (NSP) in 1980; Welfare Party
(WP) in 1998; and Virtue Party (VP) in 2001) led to a division within the
movement. Followers of Necmettin Erbakan – “traditionalists” –was
gathered in the Felicity Party (FP) under the leadership of Recai Kutan
who, was a close associate of Necmettin Erbakan, established the Felicity
Party (FP). The other group – “Reformists” – was founded the Justice and
Development Party, JDP, (Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi, AKP) under the
leadership of Tayyip Erdogan.

Question 12
The so-called ‘soft’ 1997 intervention was not carried out through physical force, unlike
the earlier three military interventions, it was implemented through the ultimatum of the
National Security Council sent to the government.
- True
- False

Answer: True (.)

Reason:
As a result of a joint reaction of various business circles and civil society
organizations along with the military, the so-called ‘soft’ 1997 intervention
was organized by the military.
However, this time was not carried out through physical force, unlike the
earlier three military interventions, it was implemented through the
ultimatum of the National Security Council headed by General Çevik Bir on
28 February 1997. As a result, the Welfare Party was closed by the
decision of the Constitutional Court of Turkey on the grounds that it violated
the article of the constitution that secures separation of religion and state.

Question 13
The reasons of the ‘soft’ military intervention in 28 February 1997 was
…………………..…………………...
- the policies and actions of the coalition leaded by the Virtue Party.
- the policies and actions of the head of the Welfare Party.
- the policies and actions of the head of the Democrat Party.
- the policies and actions of the coalition leaded by the Republican People’s Party.f

Answer: the policies and actions of the head of the Welfare Party. (.) (.)
Reason:
The policies and actions of the coalition leaded by the WP caused to the
‘soft’ military intervention in February 1997, afterwards the ban of the WP in
1998 and its successor the VP in 2001.

Question 14

Answer:
Reason:

Question 15

Answer:
Reason:
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- ---- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Weekly Assignment 8
Question 1
………………………………. pioneered the search for a national architecture that was
based on folk culture and traditions, and materials of Turkey and surviving examples of
traditional Ottoman/Turkish houses were the only examples to achieve this.

- Nazım Hikmet
- Sedad Hakkı Eldem
- Bedri Rahmi Eyuboglu
- Nurullah Berk

Answer: Sedad Hakkı Eldem (.)

Correct from nuran’s test (100%)
Reason: Sedad Hakkı Eldem pioneered the quest for a national
architecture that was based on folk culture and traditions, and materials
of the country, and would flourish directly under the sponsorship of the
state.
He established a National Architecture Seminar at the Academy in 1934,
it was dedicated to documenting the surviving examples of traditional
‘Ottoman/Turkish houses’

Question 2
When the multi-party period began, liberal economy policies were held by the Democrat
Party and accordingly ………………………….. began in the in the architecture.

- the Spanish impact

- the Russian impact
- the German impact
- the American impact

Answer: the American impact (Abdallah :100%)

Correct from nuran’s test (100%)
Reason: After ending the monopoly of the Republican People’s Party, Turkey
became closer with the United States of America style liberal economy policies.
By this time Turkey was in a transition period where mechanization of agriculture,
and migration from the countryside to urban centers marked the country.

Question 3
In the early Republican years, Istanbul became to represent patriotism, progress and
modern values, while Ankara represented disloyalty and conservative Ottoman values.

- False
- True

Answer: False (.) (.)

Reason: First, they

extensively criticized characteristics of Istanbul. It was the capital of
dissolved Ottoman Empire, with this they directly referred to the
Ottoman legacy which had a negative conation for them. Their discourse
during the process of nation-building put the Ottoman –as a failed
Empire–against the Turkish Republic. Ankara became to represent
patriotism, progress and modern values, while Istanbul represented
disloyalty and conservative Ottoman values.

Question 4
Celâl Esad Arseven, a leading figure in the architecture in the early years of the
republic, ………………………….

- the nationalist historiography of Turkish art and architecture.

- promoted European modernism.
- Ottoman style residences.
- promoted Asian style architecture.

Answer: the nationalist historiography of Turkish art and architecture. (Not sure)
(.) (.) (.)
Correct from nuran’s test (100%)
Reason: Promoting European modernism, he devoted his entire career to
the nationalist historiography of Turkish art and architecture. His
classic Turkish Art (Türk Sanatı) where he established the quintessential
republican nationalist view of Ottoman and pre-Ottoman Turkish art
and architecture, published in 1928.

Practicing architects and academicians of the early republic attempted to

reconcile nationalist historiography with modernist practice. They
achieved this by reconceptualizing Ottoman architecture as a rational,
tectonic, and functional building tradition and claiming that it was
different from other oriental and Islamic architectures and closer to the
European modernist avant-garde.

Question 5
History of modern Turkish architecture began in 1930 when ………………..

- the Ottoman revivalist National Style (Birinci Millî Üslup) was adopted.
- the Republican People’s party was governing in the 1940s.
- the Democrat party was the ruling party in the 1950s.
- the Ottoman revivalist National Style (Birinci Millî Üslup) was abandoned and the
educational, European modernism was adopted.

Answer: the Ottoman revivalist National Style (Birinci Millî Üslup) was
abandoned and the educational, European modernism was adopted. (.) (Abdallah
:100%)
Correct from nuran’s test (100%)

Reason: History of modern Turkish architecture began in 1930 when the

Ottoman revivalist National Style (Birinci Millî Üslup) of the previous
decades was abandoned, and the educational, professional, and cultural
framework of Turkish architecture adopted European modernism, which
was called New Architecture (Yeni Mimari).

Question 6
The iconographic and decorative elements in domes, arches, and tile decoration in the
Ottoman mosques aesthetically and ideologically were unsuitable for the progressive,
revolutionary discourse of the secular Turkey according to the founding fathers of the
Turkish Republic.

- True
- False

Answer: True (.)(.: I am not sure yet) (baker) (Abdallah :100%)

Reason: Canonic buildings of the early republic built after 1930 was the indication of rejection
of the Ottoman heritage. The iconographic and decorative elements in domes, arches, and
tile decoration in the Ottoman mosque were regarded as aesthetically and ideologically
unsuitable to the progressive, revolutionary discourse of the new Kemalist regime.
However, ironically, the nascent republic showed a new interest and pride in the country’s
Ottoman heritage.

Question 7
While early republican scholars [Link] the Ottoman architecture, they attempted to
form………………………….

- a Mongolian genealogy linking it to the long history of Turkic peoples going back
to prehistoric civilizations of Central Asia.
- a Turkic genealogy through linking it to the long history of Turkic peoples going
back to prehistoric civilizations of Central Asia.
- an Ottoman genealogy linking it to the long history of Ottoman from the Balkans
to the Black Sea region of Turkey.
- an Asian genealogy linking it to the long history of Turkic peoples going back to
prehistoric civilizations of Central Asia.

Answer: a Turkic genealogy through linking it to the long history of Turkic

peoples going back to prehistoric civilizations of Central Asia. (.) (.)
Reason: When the republican scholars reframe the Ottoman
architecture, they formed a Turkic genealogy, which had a national
essence distinguishing it from Byzantine as well as Islamic architectures
and linking it to the long history of Turkic peoples going back to
prehistoric civilizations of Central Asia.

Question 8
Although the Kemalist regime regarded the Ottoman style mosques’ architecture and
decorations as unsuitable for new Turkey, ironically, they reclaimed the Ottoman
mosques as national treasures of modern Turkey and use their images in the official
postcards for official propaganda of the country.

- True
- False

Answer: True (.) (.)

Reason: Canonic buildings of the early republic built after 1930 was the
indication of rejection of the Ottoman heritage. The iconographic and
decorative elements in domes, arches, and tile decoration in the Ottoman
mosque were regarded as aesthetically and ideologically unsuitable to
the progressive, revolutionary discourse of the new Kemalist regime.
However, ironically, the nascent republic showed a new interest and
pride in the country’s Ottoman heritage.
Classical Ottoman mosques were reclaimed as national treasures of
modern Turkey, and their picturesque images were widely circulated as
official postcards and used for official propaganda of new Turkey.

Question 9
……………………. an educator in Turkey between 1936–38, and an outspoken admirer
of Ottoman architecture, stated “all nationalist architecture is bad, but all good
architecture [read, modern] is national”.

- Sedad Eldem
- Clemenz Holzmeister
- Bruno Taut
- Celâl Esad Arseven

Answer: Bruno Taut (.)

Correct from nuran’s test (100%)

Reason: The modernist architect Bruno Taut, a prominent modern architect

of Weimar Germany, an educator in Turkey between 1936–38, and an
outspoken admirer of Ottoman architecture, stated “all nationalist
architecture is bad, but all good architecture [read, modern] is national”.
played a key role for establishing the Turkishness of Ottoman archi

Question 10
Turning Ankara into a capital city mostly achieved through…………………
- German, Swiss and Austrian architects and urban planners.
- Hungarian, Russian and Bulgarian urban planners.
- Italian urban planners.
- American urban planners.
Answer: German, Swiss and Austrian architects and urban planners. (.)
Correct from nuran’s test (100%)

Reason: Turning an insignificant small Anatolian town into a modern

capital required serious planning and funding. Turning Ankara into a
capital city mostly achieved through German, Swiss and Austrian
architects and urban planners. Among them Swiss architect Ernst Egli
and Bruno Taut were especially influential in the process.

Question 11
Canonic buildings of the early republic built after 1930 was the indication of continuation of the
Ottoman style.
- True
- False

Answer: Fasle (.) (.)

Reason: Canonic buildings of the early republic built after 1930 was the
indication of rejection of the Ottoman heritage. The iconographic and
decorative elements in domes, arches, and tile decoration in the Ottoman
mosque were regarded as aesthetically and ideologically unsuitable to
the progressive, revolutionary discourse of the new Kemalist regime.

Question 12
…………………………… played a key role for establishing the Turkishness of Ottoman
architecture.
- Celâl Esad Arseven
 - Bülent Ecevit
- Halide Edib Adıvar
- Clemenz Holzmeister

Answer: Celâl Esad Arseven (.) (.)

Correct from nuran’s test (100%)

Reason: Promoting European modernism, he devoted his entire career to

the nationalist historiography of Turkish art and architecture. His
classic Turkish Art (Türk Sanatı) where he established the quintessential
Or and architecture, published in 1928.

Question 13
Celâl Esad Arseven in his effort to reveal the Turkishness of Ottoman architecture, he ignored
the influences from Byzantium and Anatolian Christendom architecture.
- True
- False

Answer: True (.)

Reason:
When the republican scholars reframe the Ottoman architecture, they formed a Turkic
genealogy, which had a national essence distinguishing it from Byzantine as well as Islamic
architectures and linking it to the long history of Turkic peoples going back to prehistoric
civilizations of Central Asia. They used the word “Ottoman” only to denote a period. Hence,
Ottoman buildings and monuments were perceived and portrayed as part of a vast historical
range beyond dynastic Ottoman history and were interpreted through the ideological lenses of
what many scholars have called “the Sleeping Beauty theory of nationalism”: namely, the theory
that nations have existed since time immemorial albeit in a latent state, waiting to be awakened
to self-consciousness. (Bozdogn, 2007, 202).

Question 14
In the history of modern Turkish architecture, which began in 1930, the earlier Ottoman
revivalist National Style (Birinci Millî Üslup) was abandoned.
- False
- True
Answer: True (.) (.)
Reason: History of modern Turkish architecture began in 1930 when the
Ottoman revivalist National Style (Birinci Millî Üslup) of the previous
decades was abandoned, and the educational, professional, and cultural
framework of Turkish architecture adopted European modernism, which
was called New Architecture (Yeni Mimari).

-- -- -- -- -- -- -- ---- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Weekly Assignment 7
Question 1
The Turkish state banned the usage of headscarf in the universities and sued students who used
headscarf as they acted contrary to the principles of secular Republic in the 1990s.
- True
- False

Answer: True (.)

Reason: The state confronted the students who wanted to attend

universities with headscarf and banned its usage. Most of these women
used headscarf with their personal choice not since they were forced to
do so. They attended secular schools and believed in secular rights,
individual autonomy and right for self-expression. They wanted to have
a secular university education, a profession and participate in public life.
When they were sued by the state because of not obeying the secular
dress code, the constitutional court questioned their commitment to the
secular state.

Question 2
Who did establish the Turkish Women’s Union in 1924?
- Halide Edib Adıvar

Latife Bekir

- Nezihe Muhiddin
 - Nimet Cemil

Answer: Nezihe Muhiddin (.) (.) (.)

Reason: The Turkish Women’s Union was founded in 1924 by Nezihe
Muhiddin, who was the main character in the women’s movement in the
late Ottoman Empire. She was active in the formation of the short-lived
Women’s Popular Party (Kadınlar Halk Fırkası) in 1923. When republican
leadership turned down having a women’s party, she formed Turkish
Women’s Union (TWU) to contend with women’s political participation
through this voluntary [Link] Turkish Women’s Union was
founded in 1924 by Nezihe Muhiddin, who was the main character in the
women’s movement in the late Ottoman Empire. She was active in the
formation of the short-lived Women’s Popular Party (Kadınlar Halk
Fırkası) in 1923. When republican leadership turned down having a
women’s party, she formed Turkish Women’s Union (TWU) to contend
with women’s political participation through this voluntary association.

Question 3
What was the mission and primary aim of the Turkish Women’s Union?
- To provide financial support for the poor students.
- To open hospitals.
- To establish schools for girls.
- To achieve social and political rights for women.
Answer: To achieve social and political rights for women. (.) (.) (.)(.n)
Reason: The mission and primary goal of the TWU was to achieve social
and political rights for women. The Union mobilized women for political
rights at the municipal level in Istanbul.

Question 4
Which author used first time the term “feminism” in the Ottoman Empire?

- Nimet Cemil
- Halide Edib Adıvar
 - Meral Akşener
- Fatma Aliyye

Answer: Nimet Cemil (.) (.) (.)

Reason: Nimet Cemil, who wrote in the Kadınlar Dünyası, used the term
‘feminism’ in 1921:
“There are many important things

in every country even though their exact names or the translations

do not exist in the national language (like telegraph or automobile or

ship).Therefore, we do not need terms like ‘nisailik’ or ‘nisaiyyun’

[both referring to womanhood in Ottoman]. We prefer to use the

word feminism. Let a new word get into out vocabulary, what harm

would it bring. The existence and neccessity of feminism is

undeniable.”

Question 5
Which of the following was NOT among the reforms of the Kemalist regime for women’s
emancipation?

- Elimination of polygamy.
- Giving equal rights of divorce to both parties.
- Making polygamy legal.
- The adoption of the Turkish Civil Code in 1926.

Answer: Making polygamy legal (.) (.) (.)

Reason: Kemalist regime promoted and encouraged education for girls
and women in cities, abolished polygyny and replaced Islamic family law
with the Turkish civil code and encouraged urban middle- and
upper-class women to involve fully in public life through work and
public service. State initiated legal reforms to achieve these. Turkey was
the first country in the Middle East to deal with the issue of women’s
emancipation in the early days of the foundation of the republic. The
Kemalist regime initiated a series of reforms for women’s emancipation.
The adoption of the Turkish Civil Code in 1926, inspired by the Swiss
Code, abolishment of polygamy, giving equal rights of divorce to both
man parties, and permission for child custody rights to both parents

Question 6
Women’s movement played key role for the amendment of the Turkish civil code of 1926.

- True
- False

Answer: True (.) (.)

Reason: Turkey signed the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms

of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) in 1986, however it had large
reservations, most of which arose from the former Turkish Civil Code’s
incompatibility with CEDAW. In 1999, Turkey withdrew a substantial
portion of its reservations due to revisions to the Turkish Civil Code.
Women’s movement played key role for the amendment in the Turkish
civil code.

Question 7
Elites of the Turkish politics welcomed the activism Nezihe Muhiddin showed through the
Turkish Women’s Union.

- False
- True

Answer: False
Reason:
​ In a short period of time, the Union became popular and the most prominent
women’s organization. The base of the Union was in Istanbul and it was
 composed of authors, doctors, lawyers, and educators. Like other liberal feminist
organizations in the world, its members came from the elite class of society.
Muhiddin and other leaders within the TWU sought to join the International
Alliance of Women in the mid-1920s, hoping to make connections with worldwide
women’s groups.

Question 8 Which of the following does NOT describe Turkish state’s approach of women’s
position in the society in the early years of the Turkish Republic?

- It initiated legal reforms for the emancipation of women since women’s visibility in
public life was the indicator of its level of progress in the western sense.
- It appropriated issues related to women and women’s rights into its core ideology.
- The state was not in favor of implementing legal reforms for the political rights of
women.
- The president of the Turkish Republic himself give priority for women’s emancipation.

Answer: The state was not in favor of implementing legal reforms for the political
rights of women.

Reason: In the 1930s, the “woman question” dominated public and political
discourses as in other Middle Eastern countries. Stressing women’s importance
through their reproductive role and raising proper citizens, nationalist ideology
appropriated women’s struggle. Kemalist regime promoted and encouraged
education for girls and women in cities, abolished polygyny and replaced Islamic
family law with the Turkish civil code and encouraged urban middle- and
upper-class women to involve fully in public life through work and public service.
State initiated legal reforms to achieve these.

Question 9
Women could commence their movement as a feminism with their own initiatives following the
years of 1980 military intervention.
- False
- True

Answer: True (.) (.) (.)

Reason: Although there were various codification regulations regarding
women’s rights, it was after the 1980 military intervention, women
could begin to initiate their movements as a feminism with their own
initiatives. This movement facilitated the democratization of Turkish
society through promoting women’s integration into public life while
addressing problems in the private sphere.

Question 10
Women began to struggle for their rights and cultivated their solidarity through publications of
various journals and periodicals following the Young Turk Revolution.

- True
- False
Answer: True (.) (.)
Reason: The first demands for gender equality which were codified by the state
during the Kemalist reforms in 1930, began in the Young Turk Revolution in 1908.
They struggled for their rights and cultivated their solidarity

through publications.

Question 11 Turkey did not sign the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Discrimination against Women, which was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in
1979.
- True
- False
Answer: False (.)
Reason: They referred to the international treaties that the Turkish
government had signed, particularly the Convention on the Elimination
of All Types of Discrimination Against Women, which was adopted by
the United Nations General Assembly on 18 December 1979. 119,000
signatures had been gathered and presented to the President of Turkish
Grand National Assembly in Ankara in February 1993.

Question 12 In Kemalist ideology the mission of women was to protect and to be loyal to
the Republican regime which saved women from gendered oppression of the Ottoman period.
- True
- False

Answer: True (.) (.)

Reason: Women were encouraged to take place in the public sphere to
serve the nation in the Kemalist modernization project. Their mission
was to protect Republican regime which saved them from gendered
oppression of the Ottoman times, according to the Kemalist rulers.
Women should be loyal to the reforms and republican regime since they
allow them to live in a modern society. Although there were various
codification regulations regarding women’s rights, it was after the 1980
military intervention, women could begin to initiate their movements as
a feminism with their own initiatives. This movement facilitated the
democratization of Turkish society throintegration into public life while
addressing problems in the private sphere.

Question 13
When was the first women’s movement seen in the Ottoman Empire?
- In the First Constitutional Period
- In the Second Constitutional Period
- In the Hamidian Period
- In the Tanzimat Period
Answer: In the Second Constitutional Period (.) (.)
Reason: The background of women’s movement in Turkey goes back to
the second Constitutional Period (1908-1918) of the Ottoman Empire. As
it was mentioned earlier, the nascent Turkish Republic adopted a secular
constitution in 1924 –the Constitution of 1924. The Sharia based civil
code of the Ottoman Empire which was called Mecelle was replaced by a
secular civil code (Türk Kanunu Medenisi).

-- -- -- -- -- -- -- ---- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Weekly Assignment 6
Question 1
Which of the following did NOT happen during the era of the Democrat Party?
- Turkish replaced Arabic in the call for payer.
- Arabic was restored in the call for payer and in sermons in mosques
- Party ignored the illegal Quran courses run by the Islamist brotherhoods.
- The Islamic brotherhoods began to be influential in Turkish politics.
Answer: Turkish replaced Arabic in the call for payer. 100%
Reason:
The Democrat Party acted like an ally of the Nakshibendi and Nurcu
brotherhoods to gain more votes in the general elections. This led to revival
of the Islamic brotherhoods in Turkish politics. Courses on religion became
virtually compulsory under the rule of the Democrat Party.
The law which banned the call for prayer in any language other than
Turkish was eliminated and Arabic was restored in the call for prayer and in
sermons in mosques.
Under the rule of Democrat Party, albeit indirectly, the Islamist
brotherhoods were incorporated into the political system: The Democrat
Party ignored the illegal Quran courses run by the Islamist brotherhoods.
An eight-year trial against members of the Nurcu brotherhood was closed.
Question 2
Islamist parties gradually increased their vote rates in Turkey from 1950s to 2000s.
- True
- False
Answer: True 100%
Reason:
Afterwards, among the other Islamist parties, the Justice and Development
Party (JDP), became a party of government when it obtained 34.3 % of the
vote (363 seats in the parliament) in the 2002 general elections. It
increased its popularity as it was apparent in the 2007 general elections, it
had 46.6 % of the vote (341 seats in parliament). In other words, after
seventy years there was a considerable increase in the popularity of
political Islam.

Question 3
The Islamic brotherhoods were incorporated into the political system by the secularization
reforms of Mustafa Kemal.
- True
- False
Answer:
False 100%
Reason:
Under the rule of Democrat Party, albeit indirectly, the Islamist
brotherhoods were incorporated into the political system: The Democrat
Party ignored the illegal Quran courses run by the Islamist brotherhoods.
An eight-year trial against members of the Nurcu brotherhood was closed.

Question 4
Foundation of which party in 1970 increased the impact of political Islam?

- The Motherland Party

- The National Order Party
- The Virtue Party
- The Justice and Development Party
Answer: The National Order Party 100%
Reason: is
When the Islamist parties could not convince the masses to get votes, the
Islamic brotherhoods supported the center-right parties, the DP and its
successor, the JP. However, the foundation of the National Order Party in
1970 with the discourse of political Islam by Necmettin Erbakan changed
the political balance.

Question 5
Which of the following were important two revolts against Kemalist reforms during the
mono-party period?
- The Bektashi Revolt and the Menemen incident
- The 31 March incident and the Sufi revolt
- The Serbian Revolt and The Sheik Said Revol
- The Sheik Said Revolt and the Menemen incident

Answer: The Sheik Said Revolt and the Menemen incident 100%
Reason:
Some local revolt attempts of the Islamic groups occurred during the
mono-party period and they were suppressed by the state. Two most
important ones were the Sheik Said Revolt (1925) and the Menemen
incident.

Question 6
The Islamic brotherhoods supported the center-right parties from 1950 to 1960.
- True
- False
Answer: True 100%
Reason:
Nevertheless, the majority of the votes was shared between the
center-right and center left parties; the moderate conservative Democrat
Party, and later Justice Party as its extension, and the RPP shared the
majority of the votes between 1950 and 1960.
When the Islamist parties could not convince the masses to get votes, the
Islamic brotherhoods supported the center-right parties, the DP and its
successor, the JP.

Question 7
The so-called soft coup in 1997 aimed to curb the impact of political Islam through forcing
Necmettin Erbakan to resign.
- True
- False
Answer: True 100%
Reason:
From February 1997, the military started to counteract what it regarded as
the Islamization of society. This process ended with the forced resignation
of Erbakan from the post of Prime Minister in June 1997, through what has
been called a “soft” or civil coup.

Question 8
Which of the following political parties were representatives of Islamist movement after 1990s?
- The Welfare Party-The Virtue Party-The Justice and Development Party
- The Welfare Party-The Virtue Party-The Republican People’s Party
- The Justice and Development Party-The Democrat Party-Workers’ Party
- The Virtue Party-The Justice Party-The Progressive Republican People’s Party

Answer: The Welfare Party-The Virtue Party-The Justice and Development Party 100%
Reason: Political Islam in Turkey
The Welfare Party
The Virtue Party
another Islamist party was ready to emerge as an influential actor in
Turkish politics, the Justice and Development Party, which will be
discussed in a separate chapter.

Question 9
Which of the following was the first Islamist prime minister of Turkey?
 - Alpaslan Türkeş
- Nihat Erim
- Necmettin Erbakan
- Bülent Ecevit

Answer: Necmettin Erbakan 100%

Reason:
In June 1996, the party formed a government coalition with the True Path
Party that the Republic was for the first time in its history headed by an
Islamist Prime Minster, Necmettin Erbakan.

Question 10
Although liberal policies of the Democrat Party allowed Islam to enter into politics, it became
popular in the real sense after the third military intervention.
- True
- False
Answer: True 100%
Reason:
Islam became more visible in political arena and socio-cultural life through
the policies of the Democrat Party in the 1950s, however it was until the
1980s the Islamist parties became popular, following the third military
intervention.

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Midterm: ‫فريق يدور أسئلة و فريق يدور اجابات‬
‫) حط السؤال اذا مو متكرر‬١
‫) حط الجواب مع السبب عشان غيرك يتأكد من وراك ( و اذا كان في غلط‬٢
)‫ينبه فى الجروب عشان يصير في إجماع سريع‬
): ‫) الرجاء عدم تخريب في الملف او االجوبة‬٣
Question 1 Student movements in Turkey emerged in the early 1920s and lasted until until
the 1960 coup.
False
True

Answer: False (.) (.)

Reason:Student movements began to be influential in the politics of Turkey in 1950s and
reached its peak between 1968-1980.

Question 2
…………………………… who was the leader of the most radical
group in the National Unity Committee forced some members of
the military to retire and dismissed considerable number of
academicians and lecturers from the universities.

Adnan Menderes
İsmet İnönü
Tarık Zafer Tunaya
Alpaslan Türkeş

Answer: Alpaslan Türkeş (True from .’s test 100) (True from .’s test 100)
Reason: Although Cemal Gürsel was the leader of the coup, in fact, Colonel Alpaslan Türkes,
consultant to Gürsel, was the most influential member in the early days of the coup. He was well
educated and fluent in English. He was not very popular in the public, even he had a bad
reputation at the end of the World War II as being Pan-Turkist with possibly pro-Nazi sympathies
from which he acquitted later.

As being the leader of the most radical group in the NUC, he was in favor of a complete reform
in the political system and he had no confidence in political [Link] was him who forced the
NUC members to retire 235 out of 260 generals and some 500 colonels and majors on 3 August
[Link] reason of their retirement was suspicions about their political reliability. After the army
members, the turn came for the university professors and lecturers.

Question 3
Which of the following led to a tremendous change in the Turkish
agriculture in the 1950s?

- The introduction of tractor.

- The introduction of imported wheat
seeds.[Link]
-answers/back-diffusion-water-equal-electroosmotic-drag-ga
ses-saturated-inlet--net-water-transport--q67320937

- The usage of traditional seeding and mowing techniques

without mechanization.
- The usage of ploughs.

Answer: The introduction of tractor. (True from .’s test 100) (SURE
FROM .’S TEST)
Reason: The Democrats imported machinery through these credits.
Mechanization led to a great change in the basic structure of Turkish agriculture.
The introduction of tractor was a turning point. They provided farmers tractor that
increased immensely the amount of the acreage under cultivation.

Question 4
There was a strong opposition of the intelligentsia against the
ruling of the Democrat Party because of ……………………………

- its rapprochement with the Soviet Union.

- the worsening economic condition and its use of political
Islam.
- its cooperation with the Nationalist Movement Party.
- the worsening relations with Turkey’s neighbos both in the
Middle East and Europe.
Answer: the worsening economic condition and its use of political
Islam. (.) (True from .’s test 100) (True from .’s test 100)(100% from .’s
test)

Reason: The accumulation of the problems –high inflation, authoritarian measures of the
Democratic Party in their favor to win in the elections, the military and intelligentsia classes’
disapproval of the Democrat Party’s (DP) stance on the secular regime– led to the military’s
takeover of politics

Question 5
After the Second World War, Turkey's foreign relations was
shaped by the Cold War policies in which Turkey sided with the
US.

False
True

Answer: True
Reason:
Turkey’s foreign relations after World War II was shaped by the Cold War
policies in which Turkey sided with the US.

Question 6
The 1961 constitution restricted freedoms and formation of
intellectual societies and associations of students.
- True
- False
Answer: False
Reason:
The 27 May Coup was seen as a revolution and the 1961 constitution introduced liberal
features. Thus, for the first time in decades, the WPT, had chance of openly presenting its ideas
clashing directly with those of the ruling class. Unlike the DP’s time, the 1961 constitution
guaranteed freedoms and allowed formation of intellectual societies and associations of
students. Radical leftist groups were organized in the universities to debate and publicize
Turkey’s problems.

Question 7
Who was the symbol of the mono-party system and elitist
mentality in the Turkish Republic?
- Mehmet Ali Aybar
- İsmet İnönü
- Adnan Menderes
- Süleyman Demire
Ikkkk

Answer: İsmet İnönü (True from .’s test 100)(100% from .’s test)

Reason:
What was the advantage of the Democrats if there was hardly difference
between the programs of the two parties? It was Inonu's active role in
politics. Inonu was Ataturk's supporter in the salvation struggle and the
commander in the national salvation war. He was seen as the symbol of the
mono-party system, elitist mentality and reflected the view that citizens
should be grateful to the reforms came from the top and abolished the past
oppression they experienced.

Question 8
The introduction of the Truman Doctrine led to a tension between
……………………
- The United States and Turkey
- the United States and the Soviet Union
- The Soviet Union and Iran
- Britain and the United States
Answer: the United States and the Soviet Union (True from .’s test
100) (True from .’s test 100)

Reason:
The launching of the “Truman Doctrine” created a tension between the
United States and the Soviet Union –and their respective allies.

Question 9
The democratic party was in favour of liberal free-market
economy, not state-controlled economy like Republican people's
party
- True
- False
Answer: True
Reason: The Democratic Party favored transition from state-controlled economy
to liberal free-market economy. Democrats were the main advocators of
free-market economy since 1946. Like the RPP, the DP was aware of the fact that
modernization of the country should begin with Agriculture, which was the
strongest side of Turkey.

Question 10
………..,the leader of the most radical group in the National Unity
Committee, attempted to shape and monitor the whole cultural life
of the country through totalitarian means.
- Bülent Ecevit
- Necmettin Erbakan
- Süleyman Demirel
- Alpaslan Türkeş
Answer: Alpaslan Türkeş (True from .’s test 100)(100% from .’s
test)(100% from .’s test)
Reason:
Forcefully retired officers attempted to achieve the same thing for
themselves but they could not achieve it. Türkes made a further step
through establishing “Turkish Union of Ideals and Culture” (Türkiye Ülkü ve
Kültür Birligi) in order to take over mission of the Ministry of Education, the
Directorate of Religious Affairs and Pious Foundations and the press and
the radio.
That is to say, he aimed to shape and monitor the whole cultural life of the
country through totalitarian means.

Question 11
Which of the following can be said for the response of the society
regarding the 1960 coup?
- The military expressed its resentment about the coup.
- The academicians in general expressed their disapproval of
the military intervention.
- It was welcomed by the intelligentsia and student population
of the big cities.
 - It was celebrated with a great joy in the countryside

Answer: It was welcomed by the intelligentsia and student

population of the big cities. (.)(SURE FROM .’S TEST)(100% from
.’s test)(100% from .’s test)
Reason: The military intervention was celebrated with a great joy in İstanbul and Ankara,
especially among the large student population of the both cities and the intelligentsia in The
Scandinavian countries and some other European countries did not want to accept Turkey and
Greece into North Atlantic Treaty Organization by arguing they were neither Atlantic nor
democratic.

general. There was no reaction from the rest of the country, especially from the countryside.

Question 12
The government of the Justice Party effectively controlled political
turmoil, violence and spiraling inflation by the end of the 1960s.

- T
- F
Answer: False ( from .’s test 100)(SURE FROM .’S TEST)
Reason: The Demirel government was ineffective in front of the political turmoil and violence
in the daily life. The chief of the armed forces gave an ultimatum to Demirel on 12 March 1971.
The demand was the formation of a new effective government which capable of ending the
‘anarchy’ and proceed to rule in accordance with the Kemalist reforms. Moreover, Demirel was
unable to control the spiraling inflation that created tension and insecurity in all sections of
Turkish society.

Question 13
Which of the following was NOT among the reasons of the 1960
military intervention in Turkey?
- The cooperation of the Democrat Party with Soviet Union to
install communist regime.
- The regulations of Democrat Party in its favor to win in the
elections.
- High inflation.
- The concerns of the military and intelligentsia classes
regarding the Democrat Party’s stance on the secular
regime.

Answer: The cooperation of the Democrat Party with Soviet Union

to install communist regime.(.) (True from hamza’s test 100)
Reason: The accumulation of the problems –high inflation, authoritarian measures of the
Democratic Party in their favor to win in the elections, the military and intelligentsia classes’
disapproval of the Democrat Party’s (DP) stance on the secular regime– led to the military’s
takeover of politics

Question 14
The 1961 constitution permitted an extensive scale political
activity from the left-wing to right-wing perspectives.
- true
- false
Answer: True (True from .’s test 100)(SURE FROM .’S TEST)

Reason: The 1961 constitution allowed for a larger spectrum of political activity
than before both from the left to the right. The first brand new party emerged out
of the era of Kemalism was the socialist Workers Party of Turkey, WPT, (Türkiye
İsçi Partisi) which was founded in February 1961 under the leadership of Mehmet
Ali Aybar.

Question 15
 The United States seeing communism as a threat for the
countries in Eastern Europe, gave importance …………………..
- to Japan’s strategic importance in the region.

- for development of friendship between Turkey and Russia.

- for development of friendship between Turkey and India.

- to Turkey’s strategic importance in the region.

Answer: (to Turkey’s strategic importance in the region.) (True from

.’s test 100)(.’s test 100%)(100% from .’s test)
Reason: The United States considering the Soviet impact over the other countries,
that is, the danger of communism against capitalism in Eastern Europe, reconsidered
Turkey’s strategic importance in the region.

Question 16
The Democrat Party was in favor of liberal free-market economy,
not state-controlled economy like the Republican People’s Party.

Your answer:

False
True

Answer: True (True from .’s test 100)(100% from .’s test)(100% from .’s
test)
Reason:
The Democratic Party favored transition from state-controlled economy to
liberal free-market economy. Democrats were the main advocators of
free-market economy since 1946.

Question 17
Which of the following can be said for the Democrat Party (DP)
and Republican People’s Party (RPP)?

- The DP was in favor of socialist regime, while the RPP was in favor of
capitalist regime.
- The DP was strictly adopted principle of Ataturk while the RPP put
different emphasis his reform principles.
- The DP was in favor of liberalization reforms, the RPP was adopted
principle of Ataturk, especially in terms of secularization and
state-controlled economy.
- The RPP was in favor of liberalization reforms unlike the authoritarian
tendency of the DP.

Answer: The DP was in favor of liberalization reforms, the RPP was

adopted principle of Ataturk, especially in terms of secularization and
state-controlled economy. (True from hamza’s test 100) (True from
.’s test 100)

Reason: Democrats stressed the free enterprise as the major element of their
program. Liberal ideas in economic sphere attracted big businessmen,
commercial class, and big landowners. In time the DP became the party of
businessmen and merchants.

On the face of liberal discourses of the Democrats, the RPP was divided into two
as an extremist wing and a reformist wing. While the former was favoring strict
adherence to Ataturk’s reforms, especially in terms of secularization, the latter
was sympathetic to the liberalization reforms but without putting nation’s
independence in to danger.

Question 18 Which of the following was NOT among the

secularization reform of the Kemalist regime in Turkish Republic?

The elimination of the Sultanate

The elimination of the Caliphate

The foundation of State Planning Institution

The elimination of the Ministry of Religious Affairs and Pious

Foundations

Answer: The foundation of State Planning Institution (.) 100%from

my score (True from .’s test 100) (100% from .’s test)(100% from .’s test)
Reason: The abolition of the Sultanate (1922), the Caliphate (1924), the Ministry of Religious
Affairs and Pious Foundations, the religious, sharia, courts of law (1924) and the religious
colleges (1924) are the most remarkable examples of well-known secularization reforms.

Question 19
The discourses of the Democrat Party were more liberal than the
Republican People’s Party therefore it attracted many voters.
- T
- F
Answer: True (True from .’s test 100)(100% from .’s test)
Reason:Unlike the RPP, it mostly represented the interests of rural Turkey and the provincial
elite. Hence, more liberal economic policy of the DP replaced the etatism of the RPP.

Question 20
Which of the following was the reason for the Democrat Party to
abandon liberal policies?
-The intensification of the economic problems.
-The tense relations with the US.
-The problems in the health system.
-The tense relations with the Soviet Union.

Answer: The intensification of the economic problems. (True from .’s

test 100)(100% from .’s test)(100% from .’s test)
Reason: The DP imported huge quantities of materials and machinery therefore Turkey
began to suffer a trade deficit from 1947 onwards. Even this deficit increased when there was a
surplus in the wheat production and Turkey became a major wheat exporter. Exceptionally good
weather conditions and the expansion of the sown area led to this huge amount of surplus, but
not the improved agricultural techniques and irrigation channels.
When the weather conditions turned into negative, the weakness of the agricultural sector
revealed, and Turkey had to import wheat again.

The good years were replaced by the bad ones, especially between 1956-1959, with spiraling
inflation. While the industrial and commercial classes became prosperous, the Turkish lira was
kept overvalued at 2.8 to the US dollar, although its market value was between 10-12 liras. By
the middle of the 1950s, Turkey was unable to buy capital goods hence machinery in agriculture
no longer serviced properly, while old factories were reduced to operate at half their capacity.

Leaving Liberal Policies

These negative developments led the Menderes government to leave free market/liberal policy
in the economy.

Question 21
Following the 1980 coup, the National Security Council was
established, and it ruled the country until the elections in 1983.
- T
- F
Answer: True (sure 100%) *Check
Reason: The Declaration of the 1980 Military Intervention
General Kenan Evren, the leader of the coup, announced the third military
takeover in a broadcast over radio and television on 12 September 1980.
He talked on behalf of the four chiefs; army forces, navy, air force, and the
gendarmerie and promulgated the formation of the National Security
Council (NSC) which ruled Turkey until the general election in November
1983. ‫من االسايمينت‬

Question 22
The government of the Justice Party could NOT control political
turmoil, violence and spiraling inflation by the end of the 1960s.

- True
- False

Answer: True (It was ineffective so it could not control) (SURE FROM .’S
TEST)
Reason: The Demirel government was ineffective in front of the political turmoil and violence
in the daily life. The chief of the armed forces gave an ultimatum to Demirel on 12 March 1971.
The demand was the formation of a new effective government which capable of ending the
‘anarchy’ and proceed to rule in accordance with the Kemalist reforms. Moreover, Demirel was
unable to control the spiraling inflation that created tension and insecurity in all sections of
Turkish society.

Question 23
In the 1950 elections the Democrat Party held an overwhelming
majority of the seats in the parliament and the Republican
People’s Party became the second party.
True
False

Answer: True (.n 100%)

Reason:
The DP held an overwhelming majority of the seats -408- against 69 of the
Republican People’s Party (RPP). The first action of the Assembly was to
elect Celal Bayar as the president of the Republic.

Question 24
played active role in the preparation of the new constitution
following the 1960 coup to secure more democratic principles and
protect the country against anti-secular tendencies.
- Diplomats
- University professors
- Big land-owners
- Small land-owners

Answer: University professors (.n 100%)(100% from .’s test)

Reason:
Following the coup, holders of the military intervention proposed
preparation of a new constitution to replace the constitution of 1924.
University professors who were already against the ruling of the Democrat
Party were fervent supporters of the 1960 coup. They played active in the
preparation of the new constitution in accordance with more democratic
ideals and against the dangers for secular principles.

Question 25
Which of the following was NOT among the aims of the left-wing
student demonstrations in the 1960s?
 - American Marxism
- Russian imperialism
- British colonialism
- American Marxism

Answer: American Marxism (1), Russian imperialism

Reason: Student movements had been influential around the world in the
1960s. In the US, libertarian
and anti-militarist hippies were very critical of American values in the
1960s, they defended
alternative values without excluding the philosophies and features of the
oriental civilizations

Question 26
After the Second World War, Turkey’s foreign relations was
shaped by the Cold War policies in which Turkey sided with the
US.

Your answer:
-True
-False

Answer: True ( SURE FROM .’S TEST)

Reason: Turkey’s foreign relations after World War II was shaped by the Cold War
policies in which Turkey sided with the US.

Question 27
The Scandinavian countries and some other European countries
did not want to accept Turkey and Greece into North Atlantic
Treaty Organization by arguing they were neither Atlantic nor
democratic.
- T
- F
Answer: True
Reason: When North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was created in 1948,
the ruling RPP (The Republican People’s Party) expressed its demand to join it.
Several NATO countries, including the Scandinavian ones did not want Turkey and
Greece to participate since they were neither democratic nor Atlantic.

Question 28
Which of the following was NOT among the new regulations of the
Turkish state after the outbreak of the Second World War?

-The issue of the National Defense Law through which the

government held power to control prices in the market.

-The decision was taken by the parliament to end the mono-party

period.

-The tithe, which was abolished in 1925, was restored.

-It used forced labor, especially in the mines.

Answer: The decision was taken by the parliament to end the

mono-party period. (True from .’s test 100) (SURE .’S TEST)
Reason: The state intervened more radically almost in every sphere of society. It
issued ‘the National Defence Law’ (18 January 1940) which gave the
government a large emergency power to control goods and prices in the market,
and use forced labour especially in the mines.
The tithe on the agricultural production, which was abolished in 1925, was
restored by the government with the name ‘payment-in-kind’ tax.

Question 29
Which of the following was the first political party that had a real
ideological base, despite its low vote rate?
- The Justice Party

- The Nationalist Movement Party

- The Workers’ Party

- The Democrat Party

Answer: The Workers’ Party (.) (True from .’s test 100)
Reason: The importance of the WPT in the politics of the country was not its low-level
vote (3 %), but its political stance as the first real ideologically based party to join the
elections.

Question 30
The high-ranking military that conducted the 1960 coup
established the State Planning Organization whose primary duty
was to ……………………….
- take necessary precautions to protect the secular regime.

- monitor and supervise economy according to a certain plan.

- install principles of free-market economy.

- install principles of Marxist economy.

Answer: monitor and supervise economy according to a certain plan. (True
from .’s test 100)(100% from .’s test)
Reason:
The high-ranking military became a privileged class in the society in the
days following the 27 May 1960 coup. They were sympathic to the political
parties which shared their political views regarding the regime. Their main
concern to find an immediate solution for the bankrupted economy which
remained from the DP years. Therefore, they established the State
Planning Organization in September 1960 (Devlet Planlama Teskilatı)
whose primary mission was to monitor and supervise economy within
the framework of a plan.

Question 31
After ………………………………………, Turkey became full
member of NATO in 1952.
- accepting to implement the economic reform package of the
US

- signing the friendship treaty with the Soviet Union

- accepting to implement socialist principles in the economy

- the military contribution for the Korean War

Answer: the military contribution for the Korean War ( true ) (SURE
FROM .’S TEST)
Reason: However, Adnan Menderes, as the prime minister of the time, used a trump card in
1950 through proposing sending troops to Korea to counter the invasion from the North in the
war between North Korea (supported by China and the Soviet Union) and South Korea
(supported by the United Nations, but basically the US). After this military contribution the
Korean War, Turkey was accepted in NATO and became full member on 18 February 1952.
Question 32
……………………………………………...emerged after the 1980
coup as a challenge against secular and unitarian Turkish state.

Socialism and Turkish nationalism

Socialism and Feminism

Political Islam and market economy

Political Islam and Kurdish nationalism

Answer: Political Islam and Kurdish nationalism (True from .’s test 100)

Reason: Two new movements arose as influential to resist the secular and
unitarian state; the rise of political Islam, as represented by mainly the
Welfare Party, WP, and the rise of Kurdish nationalism or at least Kurdish
demands for cultural recognition whose cultural identity was represented by
several covered associations, societies, and organizations. Islamist student
movement replaced revolutionary or leftist student movements as a new

Question 33
Which of the following can be said for the Democrat Party of the
1950s?
- It endorsed the six principles of Mustafa Kemal giving
different emphasis on them.
- It strictly followed principles state control over the economy.
- It clearly expressed its opposition against the secularism
principle of the Republican regime.
 - It was against the free market economy.

Answer:It endorsed the six principles of Mustafa Kemal giving

different emphasis on them. (.n 100%)(100% from .’s test)

Reason: ...This was the sign of the trend for authoritarianism which the
Democrats criticized in the
Republican People’s Party before being elected.

Question 34
Which of the following was one of the results of the internal
migration in Turkey?
- Growth of wealt in the countryside.
- Emergence of squatter housing districts in the big cities.
- Construction of geometrically designed neigborhoods.
- Increase in the economic welfare of the big cities.

Answer: Emergence of squatter housing districts in the big cities.

(True from .’s test 100)
Reason:
One significant result of the internal migration was the uneven distribution
of wealth and income between regions that have traditionally received
migration, the western part, and migrant-sending regions such as the
eastern Black Sea coast and southeast Turkey.

Question 35
In the newly established Turkish Republic in 1923, the priority was
given to the secularization from bureaucratic organizations to
organization of social life.
- T
- F
Answer: T (True from .’s test 100) (True from .’s test 100)(100% from .’s
test)(100% from .’s test)
Reason: In the new established Republic, the remarkable point was the secularization on
almost every sphere, from bureaucratic organizations to organization of social life.

Question 36
Which of the following was the first student movement which
closely associated with a political party in the 1970s?
The Islamist students.

The right-wing revolutionary students.

The Grey Wolfes.

The left-wing revolutionary students

Answer: The Grey Wolfes. (.n 100%)(. 100%)

Reason:
In 1973, in front of the suppressed, daunted, and unsupervised leftist
movement, there was another student movement that was well-organized,
structured in bureaucracy and represented in the National Assembly
through the political party they belonged: the nationalist students who
absorbed the ideology of Turkism, the Grey Wolfes. From the 1930s on
racist and irredentist ideas were dominated “Turkist” or “Nationalist”
organizations. In Turkey, this was the first student movement that was
represented in the Assembly with a political party, the Nationalist

Question 37
The 1982 constitution banned all interest groups from pursuing
political aims, engaging in political activities, receiving support
from, or giving support to political parties
- T
- F
Answer: True
Reason: After the 1980 coup, the makers of the 1982 constitution banned
all types of associations and
interest groups. The 1961 constitution was held responsible for the political
clash amongfthe
different student groups. The new constitution banned all interest groups
from pursuing political
aims, engaging in political activities, receiving support from, or giving
support to political parties

Question 38
After the 1971 coup, National Front Coalition governments were
formed in order to find a solution for the insecurity in the daily life
and financial problems.

- T
- F
Answer: True (sure from .’s test 100)(100% from .’s test)(100%
from .’s test)
Reason: The National Front coalition governments were established to
overcome the economic crisis and social unrest in the 1970s, however this
was no help.

Question 39
Mustafa Kemal carried out his reforms by the support of
…………………………………
Soviet Union
European powers
military members and intelligentsia

the caliphate

Answer: military members and intelligentsia (true 100)(100% from .’s

test)(100% from .’s test)
Reason:
Mustafa Kemal was able to carry out his reforms, by the support of
intelligentsia without much resistance from the masses.

Question 40
Which of the following was among the aims of the left-wing
student demonstrations in the 1960s?
to protest and denounce Russian imperialism

- to protest and denounce American Imperialism

- to protest and denounce American Marxism

- to protest and denounce British colonialism

- to protest Chinese Marxism

Answer: to protest and denounce American Imperialism( True from
hani’s test 100)(100% from .’s test)(100% from .’s test)
Reason:In the 1960 students began to make big demonstrations to protest and denounce
American Imperialism.

Question 41

Answer:
Reason:

Question 42
in the 1950 elections, the Republican People’s Party was the
victorious one, the Democrat Party became the second party.

- T
- F
Answer: False (sure from .’s test)(100% from .’s test)

Reason: The alliance among the military and civilian bureaucracy, intelligentsia and the urban
middle class, and the big landowners of Anatolia in the early Republican years was already
abolished because of the RPP’s –state’s– extensive intervention in political and economic
sphere of the country. This provided the Democrats suitable base to attract people. In the first
democratic elections in 1946, the RPP won the election, although the masses were in
opposition against its strict adherence to the secularization process. In the second elections in
1950, the RPP lost political power to the Democrats.

Question 43
…………………………………………………………….., the new
political restructuring program stated that students, teachers, and
civil servants were banned from party membership.
- As a result of the adoption of the 1982 constitution

- As a result of the adoption of the 1924 constitution

- As a result of the adoption of the 1971 constitution

- As a result of the adoption of the 1961 constitution

Answer: As a result of the adoption of the 1982 constitution (True

from .’s test 100)(100% from .’s test)
Reason: The 1982 Constitution, After the adoption of the constitution, a new
politicalrestructuring program was announced. A new law about political parties in March
declared the politicians of before September 1980 were banned from politics for 10 years. New
parties could be established however their founders needed the approval of the National
Security Council according to the new constitution. Students, teachers, and civil servants
werebanned from party membership.

Question 44
The Marshall Plan of the US was an extensive financial support to be
provided to the ………………………. to recover their economies.

Baltic countries
Middle Eastern countries
European countries
Asian countries

Answer: European countries (True from hamza’s test 100)

Reason:
After the “Truman Doctrine”, in the same year in June, The Marshall Plan
which was a large-scale financial support to the European countries to
revive their economies was offered.

Question 45
The Truman Doctrine which was designed by the US to provide economic
and military support to

-Bulgaria and Turkey.

-Greece and Syria.
-Russia and Turkey.
-Greece and Turkey.

Answer: Greece and Turkey (True from .’s test 100)

Reason:
Eventually, the US president Truman announced the “Truman Doctrine” (12
March 1947) which was designed to give military and financial support to
Greece and Turkey.

Question 46
Answer:
Reason:

Question 47
What was the “National Unity Committee” (Millî Birlik Komitesi)?

- It was the committee formed by the executers of the 1960 coup in

order to plan an economic reform.

- It was the committee formed by the executers of the 1960 coup in

order to draft a new constitution.
 - It was the committee established by the executers of the 1960 military
intervention to exerices political power.

- It was the committee formed by the diplomats to organize

international policy of Turkey.

Answer: It was the committee established by the executers of the 1960

military intervention to exerices political power (True from .’s test
100)(100% from .’s test)
Reason: The accumulation of the problems –high inflation, authoritarian measures of the
Democratic Party in their favor to win in the elections, the military and intelligentsia classes’
disapproval of the Democrat Party’s (DP) stance on the secular regime– led to the military’s
takeover of politics on 27 May 1960. Army units arrested all the ministers and deputies of the
DP, including prime minister Adnan Menderes and president Celal Bayar early in the morning on
27 May 1960.

The coup was announced by Colonel Alpaslan Türkes in the morning in radio broadcast.
Emphasizing the non-partisan character of the coup, it was stated that the military forces took
over the ruling of the country in order to ‘prevent fratricide’ and to ‘extricate the parties from the
irreconcilable situation into which they had fallen’. (Zürcher, 253). The military announced that
the political power was in the hands of the “National Unity Committee”, NUC, (Millî Birlik The
Truman Doctrine which was designed by the US to provide economic and military support
toKomitesi).

Question 48
The period of geopolitical tension between the Western Bloc and
the Eastern Bloc was called the Cold War period.
- T
- F
Answer: True (True from .’s test 100) (100% from .’s Test)
Reason:
This period of geopolitical tension between the US –the Western Bloc– and
the Soviet Union –the Eastern Bloc– was called the Cold War period.

Question 49
The Truman Doctrine which was designed by the US to provide
economic and military support to

- Greece and Syria.

- Russia and Turkey.

- Greece and Turkey.

- Bulgaria and Turkey.

Answer: Greece and Turkey. (True from hamza’s test 100) (True
from .’s test 100) (True from .’s test 100)(100% from .’s test)(100% from .’s
test)

Reason: Eventually, the US president Truman announced the “Truman Doctrine” (12 March
1947) which was designed to give military and financial support to Greece and Turkey.

Question 50
After ………………………………………, Turkey became full
member of NATO in 1952.

-signing the friendship treaty with the Soviet Union.

-accepting to implement socialist principles in the economy.

-the military contribution for the Korean War.

-accepting to implement the economic reform package of the US.

Answer: the military contribution for the Korean War(true
100%)(100% from .’s test)
Reason: After this military contribution the Korean War, Turkey was accepted in NATO and
became full member on 18 February 1952.

Question 51 Which of the following can be said for the Democrat

Party (DP) and Republican People’s Party (RPP)?

-The DP was in favor of liberalization reforms, the RPP was

adopted principle of Ataturk, especially in terms of secularization
and state-controlled economy.

-The DP was strictly adopted principle of Ataturk while the RPP

put different emphasis his reform principles.

-The DP was in favor of socialist regime, while the RPP was in

favor of capitalist regime.

-The RPP was in favor of liberalization reforms unlike the

authoritarian tendency of the DP.

Answer: The DP was in favor of liberalization reforms, the RPP was

adopted principle of Ataturk, especially in terms of secularization and
state-controlled economy. (100% from .’s test)(100% from .’s test)

Reason: Democrats stressed the free enterprise as the major element of

their program. Liberal ideas in economic sphere attracted big businessmen,
commercial class, and big landowners. In time the DP became the party of
businessmen and merchants.
On the face of liberal discourses of the Democrats, the RPP was divided
into two as an extremist wing and a reformist wing. While the former was
favoring strict adherence to Ataturk’s reforms, especially in terms of
secularization, the latter was sympathetic to the liberalization reforms but
without putting nation’s independence in to danger.

Question 52 The Marshall Plan of the US was an extensive

financial support to be provided to the ………………………. to
recover their economies.

European countries

Asian countries

Middle Eastern countries

Baltic countries

Answer: European countries

Reason: After the “Truman Doctrine”, in the same year in June, the Marshall Plan which was
a large-scale financial support to the European countries to revive their economies was offered.
This plan had three aims:

Question 53 From HW
What was the reason of Turkish state’s deviation from the civic definition of citizenship and
national identity?
- Its concerns about the integration of the newcomers from the Balkans into
Turkish society.
- Its concerns about the territorial and political unity of new Turkey because of
presence of non-Muslim minorities in overall Turkey.
- Its concerns about the territorial and political unity of new Turkey in the face of
Kurdish uprising and growth of political Islamic movement against secularism.
 - Its concerns about the territorial and political unity of new Turkey because of
migration of Gagauz Turks who settled in Turkey in 1930s

Answer: Its concerns about the territorial and political unity of new Turkey in the
face of Kurdish uprising and growth of political Islamic movement against
secularism. (sure 100%)(100% from .’s test)
Reason: The nation builders in the Turkish Republic initially adopted a civic
definition of citizenship and national identity, as it was clearly expressed in
the 1924 constitution. According to this constitution, all citizens of Turkey
irrespective of their religious and ethnic background were
defined as Turks. However, state practice moved away noticeably from this
definition over the years. The governing elites’ concerns about the territorial
and political unity of new Turkey in the face of Kurdish rebellion and Islamic
uprising against secularism let the state to restrain the civic understanding
of national identity.

Question 54 the question is written above

True
False

Answer:
Reason:

Question 55 The 1961 constitution restricted freedoms and formation of intellectual

societies and associations of students.

True
 False

Answer: False (100% from .’s test)(SURE FROM DEAN’S TEST)

Reason: The 27 May Coup was seen as a revolution and the 1961 constitution introduced
liberal features. Thus, for the first time in decades, the WPT, had chance of openly presenting its
ideas clashing directly with those of the ruling class. Unlike the DP’s time, the 1961 constitution
guaranteed freedoms and allowed formation of intellectual societies and associations of
students. Radical leftist groups were organized in the universities to debate and publicize
Turkey’s problems.

Question 56

Answer:
Reason:

Question 57

Answer:
Reason:

Question 58

Answer:
Reason:

Question 59

Answer:
Reason:

Question 60
Answer:
Reason:

Question 61

Answer:
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Question 62

Answer:
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Question 63

Answer:
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Question 64

Answer:
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Question 65

Answer:
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Question 66

Answer:
Reason:

Question 67

Answer:
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Question 68

Answer:
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Question 69

Answer:
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Question 70

Answer:
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Question 71

Answer:
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Question 72

Answer:
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Question 73

Answer:
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Question 74

Answer:
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Question 75

Answer:
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Question 76

Answer:
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Question 77

Answer:
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Question 78

Answer:
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Question 79

Answer:
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Question 80

Answer:
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Question 81

Answer:
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Question 82

Answer:
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Question 83

Answer:
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Question 84

Answer:
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Question 85

Answer:
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Question 86

Answer:
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Question 87

Answer:
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Question 88

Answer:
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Question 89

Answer:
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Question 90

Answer:
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Question 91

Answer:
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Question 92
Answer:
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Question 93

Answer:
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Question 94

Answer:
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Question 95

Answer:
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Question 96

Answer:
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Question 97

Answer:
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Question 98

Answer:
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Question 99

Answer:
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Question 100

Answer:
Reason:

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Weekly Assignment 5
Question 1
After the mono-party period, there was a population influx from rural to urban area so much so
that 65 % of the population became urban residents by 2000s.
- True
- False

Answer: True (sure 100%)

Reason: migration to urban centres. When the first population census was
taken in 1927 almost 80% of the population lived in the rural areas and this
rate continued until the 1950s.
Afterwards, the ratio gradually changed and as the 2000 census indicated
almost 65% of the population in Turkey move to urban area at the turn of
the 20th century. This population transformation brought in Turkish labour
migration to western European countries from 1960s onward. Moreover,
there was a migration wave towards Turkey from the collapsed Soviet
Union in the 1990s.

Question 2
Which of the following played key role was among the laws and regulations of the Turkish state
to implement its migration policy?
- The Compulsory Agreement of Population Exchange between Turkey and
Bulgaria in 1923.
- The settlement law of 1914.
- Turkey’ membership in NATO
- The Settlement Law of 1934

Answer: The Settlement Law of 1934 (sure 100%)

Reason:The Republican regime used various laws and regulations to
implement its migration policy.
The most famous one was the settlement law of June 1934, which divided
the people into three groups and its territory into three zones:

Question 3
Which of factors played role for the immigration of Turks to western European countries?
- The liberal 1961 constitution and implementation of free market economy.
- Implementation of free market economy and the 1934 Settlement Law.
- The liberal 1982 constitution and labour demand of East Germany
- The liberal constitution of 1982 and labour demand of Soviet Union

Answer: The liberal 1961 constitution and implementation of free market

economy. (sure 100%)
Reason: There were some factors that led to the immigration Nationals to
Europe:
1. The liberal 1961 constitution of Turkey made possible free travelling
which was previously complicated and strictly regulated process.
2. After the introduction of free market economy in the 1950s, state
regulations were back into the economy. Turkish government adopted its
first five-year development plan in 1962, one of the aims of the program
was ‘the export of labor’.

Question 4
Which of the following groups settled in Turkey as refugees?
- Greeks, Kurds, Moldavians.
- Serbians, Pomaks, Albanians.
- Greeks, Armenians, Kurds. <
- Pomaks, Bosnians, Kosovars.

Answer: Pomaks, Bosnians, Kosovars. (sure 100%)

Reason: In 1952 and 1989
– Turks and Pomaks were allowed to come from Bulgaria and settle in
Turkey in 1952 and 1989. The government adopted special policies to
facilitate their integration into Turkish society.
Between 1992 and 1995
– Bosnian Muslim refugees came to Turkey. The state preferred to provide
them ‘temporary asylum’ which gave them access to education, health
services and employment opportunity.
In 1999
– A majority of these refugees returned their homes. This policy was also
applied to the Kosovar refugees in 1999.

Question 5
The nation builders of the early Turkish Republic deviated from the civic definition of citizenship
and national identity over time.
- True
- False

Answer: True (sure 100%)

Reason:The nation builders in the Turkish Republic initially adopted a civic
definition of citizenship and national identity, as it was clearly expressed in
the 1924 constitution. According to this constitution, all citizens of Turkey
irrespective of their religious and ethnic background were
defined as Turks. However, state practice moved away noticeably from this
definition over the years.
Question 6
A civic definition of citizenship and national identity was adopted by the nation builders in the
Turkish Republic.
- True
- False

Answer: True (sure 100%)

Reason: The nation builders in the Turkish Republic initially adopted a civic
definition of citizenship and national identity, as it was clearly expressed in
the 1924 constitution. According to this constitution, all citizens of Turkey
irrespective of their religious and ethnic background were defined as Turks.

Question 7
Internal migration of Kurds and compulsory re-settlement of Kurds by the state authorities in
the southeast and eastern part of Turkey began before 1980, and it grew by late 1990s.
- True
- False
Answer: True (sure 100%)
Reason: Internal migration and re-settlement of Kurds in a compulsory way
in the southeast and eastern part of Turkey were already began before
1980, but it increased in the middle of the 1980s and continued until late
1990s. The emergence of Kurdish nationalism against Turkish nationalism
in the region created a conflict so that hundreds of thousands of Kurds had
to move from the rural areas to the towns and cities in the southeast or to
western Anatolia in the search of a more secure life.

Question 8
During the early decades of the new Turkish Republic most of the population lived in the rural
area as was demonstrated by the first census in 1927.
- True
- False
Answer: True (sure 100%)
Reason: When the first population census was taken in 1927 almost 80% of the population
lived in the rural areas and this rate continued until the 1950s.
Question 9
What was the reason of Turkish state’s deviation from the civic definition of citizenship and
national identity?
- Its concerns about the integration of the newcomers from the Balkans into
Turkish society.
- Its concerns about the territorial and political unity of new Turkey because of
presence of non-Muslim minorities in overall Turkey.
- Its concerns about the territorial and political unity of new Turkey in the face of
Kurdish uprising and growth of political Islamic movement against secularism.
- Its concerns about the territorial and political unity of new Turkey because of
migration of Gagauz Turks who settled in Turkey in 1930s

Answer: Its concerns about the territorial and political unity of new Turkey in the
face of Kurdish uprising and growth of political Islamic movement against
secularism. (sure 100%)
Reason: The nation builders in the Turkish Republic initially adopted a civic
definition of citizenship and national identity, as it was clearly expressed in
the 1924 constitution. According to this constitution, all citizens of Turkey
irrespective of their religious and ethnic background were
defined as Turks. However, state practice moved away noticeably from this
definition over the years. The governing elites’ concerns about the territorial
and political unity of new Turkey in the face of Kurdish rebellion and Islamic
uprising against secularism let the state to restrain the civic understanding
of national identity.

Question 10
Which of the following was one of the outcomes of the internal migration in Turkey?
- Growth of wealth in the rural area.
- Economic growth of the urban centres which brought well-fare to its inhabitants
- Emergence of systematically constructed geometric designed districts
- Emergence of squatter housing neighbourhoods in urban centres
Answer: Emergence of squatter housing neighbourhoods in urban centres (sure 100%)
Reason:
One significant result of the internal migration was the uneven distribution of wealth
and income between regions that have traditionally received migration, the western
part, and migrant-sending regions such as the eastern Black Sea coast and southeast
Turkey.

The internal migration led to a profound transformation of Turkey in many perspectives;

the physical appearance of many urban centres has changed with the impact of
migration, illegal squatter housing (gecekondu) became stereotype view by 1970s in
major urban centres.

Question 11
Many within the new governing elite of the nascent Turkish Republic had come to Turkey from
either the Balkans or Caucasia, and Danube.
- True
- False

Answer: True (sure 100%)

Reason: This historical background had a profound effect on the new
Turkish state and its policies towards migration. Most significantly the elite
of the new regime –statesmen, generals, bureaucrats– shaped these
population movements. Many of the new Turkish elite were actually arrived
in Turkey as a result of the migrations during the Balkan Wars (1912-1913)
and later in the First World War (1914-1918).
The newcomers were either among those who had been forced to migrate
from the remaining Balkan territories of the Ottoman Empire during the
Balkan wars or they were descendants of people who settled in Turkey
from Caucasia, Crimea, and Danube region as a result of the Russian
expansion.

Question 12
Which of the following was among the population movements Turkey experienced after 1950?
- Labour migration to western European countries and migration from the collapsed
Soviet Union to Turkey.
 - Labour migration to Canada.
- Labour migration to western European countries and China.
- Migration from urban centres to rural area within the country.

Answer: Labour migration to western European countries and migration from the
collapsed Soviet Union to Turkey. (sure 100%)
Reason: Changing demographic factors played crucial role in Turkey’s
transformation. Labour migration to Western Europe starting in the 1960s
was important in this process. The Labour migration was followed by the
ones to the Middle East, Russian Federation and Central Asian Turkic
Republics. According to the statistics there were over 3.5 million Turkish
citizens living abroad in 2003.
This population transformation brought in Turkish labour migration to
western European countries from 1960s onward. Moreover, there was a
migration wave towards Turkey from the collapsed Soviet Union in the
1990s.

Question 13

Answer:
Reason:

Question 14

Answer:
Reason:

Question 15

Answer:
Reason:

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Weekly Assignment 4
Question 1
After the 1980 coup, the number of the arrested people reached to 10.000.

- True
- False

Answer:
False (sure 100%)
Reason:A wave of arrests occurred in the country. After the coup on 12
September 1980, in the first six weeks 11,500 people were arrested, by the
end of 1980 the number had grown to 30,000, and in a year, it reached to
122,600. This policy reduced the number politically motivated terrorist
attacks by over 90%.

Question 2
Who was the author of Turkish national anthem?

- Necmetin Erbakan
- Mehmet Akid Ersoy
- Bülent Ecevit
- Nihat Erim
Answer: Mehmet Akid Ersoy (sure 100%)
Reason: The followers of the NSP and some other Islamist groups
gathered on 6 September 1980 in Konya for a mass demonstration; they
called for a return to the Islamic holy law, Sharia, and refused to sing the
Turkish national anthem, despite the poet of the anthem, Mehmet Akif
Ersoy, was greatly respected withing the Islamist circles as being the
representative of Islamist thought in the 1920s.

Question 3
What were the two movements that emerged after the 1980 coup as a challenge against secular
and unitarian Turkish state?
- Socialism and Turkish nationalism.
 - Political Islam and market economy.
- Political Islam and Kurdish nationalism.
- Feminism and Kurdish nationalism.

Answer: Political Islam and Kurdish nationalism. (sure 100%)

Reason: Two new movements arose as influential to resist the secular and
unitarian state; the rise of political Islam, as represented by mainly the
Welfare Party, WP, and the rise of Kurdish nationalism or at least Kurdish
demands for cultural recognition whose cultural identity was represented by
several covered associations, societies, and organizations. Islamist student
movement replaced revolutionary or leftist student movements as a new
challenge to the Turkish State, this time; the threat was not that of
‘communism’, but ‘failure of secularism’ and that of ‘Unitarianism’.

Question 4
Which of the following was among the tasks of the Higher Education Authority?
- It had the authority to appoint rectors and deans.
- It had the authority to appoint high school teachers.
- It had the authority to suspend the old politicians from the politics
- It had the authority to implement economic reform program.
Answer: It had the authority to appoint rectors and deans. (sure 100%)
Reason: (From: Control and Discipline (6))
The universities became under strict centralized control through the
establishment of the Higher Education Authority (Yüksek Ögretim Kurulu, YÖK). It
had the authority to appoint rectors and deans.

Question 5
The 1982 Constitution secured the rights and liberties, such as freedom of speech and freedom
of association, of the individuals.
- True
- False
Answer: False (sure 100%)
Reason: The 1982 Constitution
The text reversed the gains of the 1961 constitution: it concentrated power
in the hands of the executive body, increased the authority of the president
and the National Security Council; it limited the freedom of the press, the
freedom of trade unions, it banned political strikes, solidarity and national
strikes, restricted individual rights and liberties. Although the rights and
liberties, such as freedom of speech and freedom of association, were
included in the constitution, it was stated that they could be suspended or
limited in the face of any threat against national interest, public order,
national security, the republican order, and public health.

Question 6
Which of the following was the political parties that were allowed to join the elections following
the 1980 coup?
- The Nationalist Movement Party-The True Path Party-The Motherland Party
- The Motherland Party- The Populist Party- The Party of Nationalist Democracy
- The Motherland Party- The Populist Party-The Democrat Party
- The Justice Party-The Party of Nationalist-Democracy-The Nationalist Movement Party

Answer: The Motherland Party- The Populist Party- The Party of Nationalist
Democracy (sure 100%)

Reason: Finally, three parties were allowed to join the elections on 6

November 1983
1) The Party of Nationalist Democracy, PND, (Milliyetçi Demokrasi Partisi),
which was led by retired general Turgut Sunalp.
2) The Populist Party, PP, (Halkçı Parti), which was led by Necdet Calp.
3) The Motherland Party, MP, (Anavatan Partisi) led by Turgut Özal

Question 7
In the 1970s, National Front Coalition governments were formed in order to find a solution for
financial problems and the insecurity in the daily life.
- True
- False
Answer: True (sure 100%)
Reason: The National Front coalition governments were established to
overcome the economic crisis and social unrest in the 1970s, however this
was no help.

Question 8
Who announced the 1980 coup in the radio and TV broadcast?
- Orhan Aldıkaçtı
- Süleyman Demirel
- Necdet Üruğ
- Kenan Evren
Answer: Kenan Evren (sure 100%)
Reason: General Kenan Evren, the leader of the coup, announced the third
military takeover in a broadcast over radio and television on 12 September 1980.

Question 9
Although the arrestments of the holders of the 1980 coup was biased against left-wing people,
they also arrested many members of the Grey Wolfes.
- True
- False
Answer: True (sure 100%)
Reason: Although arrestments were biased against the left-wing people,
anti-terrorist policy was somewhat less unbiased than it had been after the 1971
coup in that many members of the Grey Wolfes were arrested as well.

Question 10
From 1970s to 1980s, political violence had an enormous impact over the daily life in Turkey.
- True
- False
Answer: True (sure 100%)
Reason: During the late 1970s, political violence became a real problem.
Several extremist youth groups on the left and the Gray Wolfes and
fundamentalists on the right fought for control of the streets and campuses.
The well-planned military operation ended the political deadlock which gave
a release to most of the people who suffered from the political violence in
daily life.

Question 11
The 1982 constitution banned all interest groups from pursuing political aims, engaging in
political activities, receiving support from, or giving support to political parties.

- True
- False

Answer: True (True from .’s test 100)

Reason: After the 1980 coup, the makers of the 1982 constitution banned
all types of associations and interest groups. The 1961 constitution was
held responsible for the political clash among different student groups. The
new constitution banned all interest groups from pursuing political aims,
engaging in political activities, receiving support from, or giving support to
political parties.

Question 12
Following the 1980 coup, the National Security Council was established, and it ruled the
country until the elections in 1983.

- True
- False

Answer: True (sure 100%)

Reason: The Declaration of the 1980 Military Intervention
General Kenan Evren, the leader of the coup, announced the third military
takeover in a broadcast over radio and television on 12 September 1980.
He talked on behalf of the four chiefs; army forces, navy, air force, and the
gendarmerie and promulgated the formation of the National Security
Council (NSC) which ruled Turkey until the general election in November
1983.

Question 13
What was the main aim of the National Security Council?

- It aimed to implement radical changes through reversing the developments in the

1961 constitution.
- Its main purpose was to install Turkish-Islamic synthesis over Turkish state.
- It aimed to find a middle way between the old politicians and new ones.
- It aimed to find a middle way between the old politicians and the leaders of the
coup.

Answer: It aimed to implement radical changes through reversing the

developments in the 1961 constitution. (sure 100%)
Reason: Almost from the beginning it was clear that the military planned an
eventual return to a democratic system, thus they aimed to implement
radical changes in the political system before handing power back to
civilians. Their main purpose was to reverse the works of their
predecessors on 27 May 1960 coup. Their first action was abolishing the
27 May and 1May as national holidays.

Question 14 As a result of the adoption of the 1982 constitution, the new political
restructuring program stated that …………………….

-new parties could be established however their founders needed the approval of the Higher
Education Authority.
-students, teachers, and civil servants were banned from party membership.
-new parties were allowed to organize strikes, they were not allowed to form women’s or youth
branches and to develop links with trade unions or to open branches in villages.
-the politicians of 1970s were allowed to deal with politics
Answer: students, teachers, and civil servants were banned from party
membership (Zienab ) (Luj)
Reason: After the adoption of the constitution, a new political restructuring
program was announced. A new law about political parties in March
declared the politicians of before September 1980 were banned from
politics for 10 years. New parties could be established however their
founders needed the approval of the National Security Council according to
the new constitution. Students, teachers, and civil servants were banned
from party membership.
New parties were not allowed to organize strikes, they were not allowed to
form women’s or youth branches and to develop links with trade unions or
to open branches in villages. Fifteen parties were founded but twelve were
unacceptable for the military. The ‘Great Turkey Party’ and the ‘Party of the
True Path’ were clear successors to Demirel’s Justice Party and the Social
Democrat Party was successor to the ‘Republican People’s Party’, which
were among the banned ones by the military.

Question 15
Answer:
Reason:

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Weekly Assignment 3
Question 1
Who was the leader of the National Order Party?

- Necmettin Erbakan
- Süleyman Demirel
- Alpaslan Türkeş
- Tarık Zafer Tunaya

Answer: Necmettin Erbakan (.nnnnnn) (.)(.)

Reason: The Major Political Parties in the 1960s
Necmettin Erbakan, leader of the National Order Party

Question 2
What was the reason for the closure of the Workers’ Party in 1971?
- İnönü convinced the Grand National Assembly to close it since its policies were in the
line of capitalist economy.
- Its leader was accused of being in close cooperation with the United States.
- Its leader was accused of making propaganda of communism and supporting Kurdish
separatism.
- Its leader was accused of being in collaboration with Süleymen Demirel.

Answer: Its leader was accused of making propaganda of communism and

supporting Kurdish separatism (.)(.)
Reason: The Military Intervention, 12 March 1971
Priority was to restore law and order therefore public prosecutor opened a
case against the Workers Party whose leaders was accused of making
propaganda of communism and supporting Kurdish separatism.

Question 3
After the 1971 coup, the influential and charismatic leaders of the left-wing revolutionary
students …………………………………... were executed on 6 March 1972.
- Deniz Gezmiş, Yusuf Aslan, Nihat Erim.
- Hüseyin İnan, Deniz Gezmiş, Yusuf Aslan.
- Mahir Çayan, Yusuf Aslan, Hüseyin İnan.
- Ulaş Bardakçı, Deniz Gezmiş, Yusuf Aslan.

Answer: Hüseyin İnan, Deniz Gezmiş, Yusuf Aslan. (.) (.)

Reason: The students of the leftist organizations paid the price for their
militant struggle: after the 1971 coup, the influential and charismatic leader
of the revolutionary students, Deniz Gezmis, Yusuf Aslan and Hüseyin İnan
were executed on 6 March 1972. Just before their execution, another tragic
event occurred: To prevent their execution, members of the organization
were making demonstrations.

Question 4
The government of the Justice Party was very effective in controlling the political turmoil,
violence in the daily life, and spiraling inflation at the end of the 1960s.
- True
- False
Answer: false (.)
Reason:
The Demirel government was ineffective in front of the political turmoil and violence in the daily
life. The chief of the armed forces gave an ultimatum to Demirel on 12 March 1971. The
demand was the formation of a new effective government which capable of ending the ‘anarchy’
and proceed to rule in accordance with the Kemalist reforms. Moreover, Demirel was unable to
control the spiraling inflation that created tension and insecurity in all sections of Turkish society.

Question 5
Which of the following was the first student movement that was represented in the Assembly
with a political party in the 1970s?
- The Islamist students.
- The Grey Wolfes.
- The left-wing revolutionary students.
- The right-wing revolutionary students.

Answer: The Grey Wolfes. (.)(.)

Reason: In 1973, in front of the suppressed, daunted, and unsupervised
leftist movement, there was another student movement that was
well-organized, structured in bureaucracy and represented in the National
Assembly through the political party they belonged: the nationalist students
who absorbed the ideology of Turkism, the Grey Wolfes. From the 1930s
on racist and irredentist ideas were dominated “Turkist” or “Nationalist”
organizations. In Turkey, this was the first student movement that was
represented in the Assembly with a political party, the Nationalist Movement
Party, NMP. Its leader Alparslan Turkes was one of the officers of the
military coup of 1960 (the chapter in week 4).

Question 6
Who was the leader of the Republican People’s Party?
- Alpaslan Türkeş
- Süleyman Demirel
 - İsmet İnönü
- Bülent Ecevit

Answer: İsmet İnönü (.) (.)

Reason:
The Major Political Parties in the 1960s
The universities played crucial role in over-throwing the Menderes
government and writing of the 1961 Constitution.
Ismet Inönü, leader of the Republican People's Party
The population of students and industrials works increased, which
constituted the base of the modernized RPP.

Question 7
The Grand National Assembly (GNA) decided to make some revision in the constitution
following the 1971 military intervention. Which of the following among these new regulations?
- Restricting certain civil liberties and the power of the courts.
- Strengthening the executive power of the GNA.
- Increasing the autonomy of the military.
- All the answers.

Answer: All the answers. (.) (.)

Reason: The 1961 constitution was seen as an advanced constitution that
gave freedom in political, social and economic spheres, including press and
[Link], some amendments were seen necessary by the
Grand National Assembly (GNA) after the 1971 coup. These amendments
can be grouped in three categories: first, curtailing certain civil liberties in
conjunction with the restrictions of power of the courts; second,
strengthening the executive power of the GNA; third, increasing the
autonomy of the military. Therefore, constitutional change was effectuated
by disagreement, that is to say without process of genuine negotiation and
compromise among the political parties.

Question 8
Who was the leader of the Justice Party?
 - Mehmet Ali AybarIn the early Republican years, Istanbul became to represent
patriotism, progress and modern values, while Ankara represented disloyalty and
conservative Ottoman values.
-
-
- Süleyman Demirel
- Alpaslan Türkeş
- Bülent Ecevit
Answer: Süleyman Demirel (.) (.) (.)
Reason: The Major Political Parties in the 1960s
Süleyman Demirel, leader of the Justice Party

Question 9
What was the initial idea of the intellectuals regarding the 1971 coup?
- They did not welcome the coup since they believed in the necessity of the free-market
economy policies of Demirel’s government.
- They opposed the coup since it was against the ideals of democratic regime.
- They initially believed that the military intervention was a radical-reformist one, like the
27 May 1960 coup.
- They welcomed the coup since the military members promised to make reforms in the
Marxist line.
Answer: They initially believed that the military intervention was a radical-reformist one, like
the 27 May 1960 coup. (.) (.)
Reason:
The intelligentsia hoped that the military intervention was a
radical-reformist one, like the 27 May 1960 coup. Since they were not in
favor of Demirel’s capitalist oriented economic decisions, they welcomed
this action of the army. However, the policies carried out following the 1971
coup indicated that the army did not share the same democratic ideals with
the army in 1961.

Question 10
Following the 1971 coup, Nihat Erim was appointed to form a new effective cabinet.
- True
- False
Answer:
True (.) (.) confirmed
Reason: Erim’s new cabinet was composed of technocrats out of the
political circles. He announced that his government would restore law and
order and implement socio-economic reforms. He described himself as the
head of the national government without mentioning left or right tendencies.
However, he became a nominal leader of a predominantly conservative and
repressive regime. He rather than forming a national government capable
of creating consensus, formed a cabinet full of contradictions and disunity.
This government could not restore law and order, and all the political
turmoil, kidnappings, robberies, and street violence reappeared.

Question 11
Following the 1971 coup, Süleyman Demirel was appointed to form a new effective cabinet.
- True
- False

Answer:
True
Reason: The Demirel government was ineffective in front of the political
turmoil and violence in the daily life. The chief of the armed forces gave an
ultimatum to Demirel on 12 March 1971. The demand was the formation of
a new effective government which capable of ending the ‘anarchy’ and
proceed to rule in accordance with the Kemalist reforms. Moreover, Demirel
was unable to control the spiraling inflation that created tension and
insecurity in all sections of Turkish society.

Question 12
Who was the leader of the Nationalist Movement Party?
- Necmettin Erbakan
- Alpaslan Türkeş
- Süleyman Demirel
- Mehmet Ali Aybar

Answer: Alpaslan Türkeş (.)

Reason: The Major Political Parties in the 1960s
Alparslan Türkes, leader of the Nationalist Movement Party

Question 13 Which of the following was NOT among the political parties of the 1960s?

- The Republican People’s Party

-The Democrat Party
-The Justice Party
-The Workers Party

Answer: The Democrat Party

Reason:
The ban in the political activity was lifted in January 1961 so that various political parties had
chance to join the elections. In addition to the Republican People’s Party and Republican
Peasants’ National Party, RPNP, 11 more parties were founded. Of these the most influential
one was the Justice Party (Adalet Partisi) which was founded by the arrested Democrats and
retired officers.

It was seen as the continuation of the Democrat Party of Menderes and Bayar. Therefore, its
relationship with the NUC was delicate from the beginning. However, no tension occurred with
the NUC with the moderate attitude of its leader, Ragıp Gümüspala, who was one of the retired
generals.

Question 14
From 1968 to 1971 there was a peaceful societal condition in Turkey.

True
False

Answer: False
Reason:
In 1969 and 1970, bombing attacks, robberies, and kidnappings followed the violent affrays
during the presence of the American Sixth Fleet in the Bosporus from July 1968 to February
1969 in which many people had killed, (the chapter in week 5). From 1968 to 1970, political
violence marked the life in Turkey; the violence of the left wing was suppressed by the militant
right, namely by the Grey Wolves.
Question 15

Answer:
Reason:

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Weekly Assignment 2
Question 1
Which of the following was NOT among the demands of the student movements by
1968?

Opening more private colleges.

The vote right in dean and rector elections.
Abolishment of the registration fee.
Involvement of the students in the administration of the universities.

Answer: Opening more private colleges. (.)

Reason: Their demands can be summarized as follows: they protested the
register fee given to the state office; they asked to be involved in the
administration of the university; they asked for the vote right in dean and
rector elections; they wanted to involve in the preparation of curriculum;
they asked the prohibition of university professors to teach in private
colleges; they wanted to eliminate the discipline regulations and
preparation of new one by the participation of students.

Question 2
In Turkey, radical leftist groups were organized in the universities to debate and
publicize Turkey’s problems which were …………………………………………………
according to them.

imperialism, fascism, and inequality

nationalism, Islamism, and capitalism
capitalism, nationalism, and inequality
capitalism, market-economy and Islamism

Answer: imperialism, fascism, and inequality (.) (.)

Reason: Radical leftist groups were organized in the universities to debate
and publicize Turkey’s problems.
Radical leftist groups were against imperialism, fascism, and exploitation,
which were present in the Democrat Party government, according to them.

Question 3
Unlike the ruling of the Democrat Party, the 1961 constitution guaranteed freedoms and
allowed formation of intellectual societies and associations of students.

True
False

Answer: True (.)

Reason: The 27 May Coup was seen as a revolution and the 1961
constitution introduced liberal features. Thus, for the first time in decades,
the WPT, had chance of openly presenting its ideas clashing directly with
those of the ruling class. Unlike the DP’s time, the 1961 constitution
guaranteed freedoms and allowed formation of intellectual societies and
associations of students. Radical leftist groups were organized in the
universities to debate and publicize Turkey’s problems.

Question 4
The first organized student protest occurred in Turkey for
……………………………………………..

promoting national education.

promoting national tourism.
promoting national petrol.
promoting American petrol.

Answer: promoting national petrol.

Reason: The first serious protest was in 1965 about the petrol problem. On
13 January 1965 a group of students started to make a campaign for
promoting national petrol. They published informatory bulletins for the
public about the problem.

Question 5
Student movements in Turkey emerged in the late 1950s and continued until the 1980
coup.

False
True

Answer: True
Reason: national culture and enhancing national life. Thus, the student
movement had been a stimulus for nationalism in many new emerging
nations, as happened in the 1950s in the young Turkish Republic.
That is to say, student movement is political in nature. Student movements
had been influential in the politics of Turkey from 1950 to 1980. It was
completely abolished by the military coup d'état in 1980 and never had the
character of being a social movement again.

Question 6
In general student movements can be classified into three in Turkey, which are
………………………………

The leftists, the rightists, the nationalists.

The leftists, the capitalists, the monarchists.
The rightist, the hippies, the nationalists.
The hippies, the leftists, the capitalists.

Answer: The leftists, the rightists, the nationalists.

Reason: After the middle of 1950s student organizations can be classified
into three groups: the leftists, the rightists, and the nationalists. The most
influential one which had the character of
being a social movement was that of the leftists or namely ‘revolutionary
student organizations’ that reacted against state policies and questioned
underdevelopment and democracy.

Question 7
Che Guevara ………………………………………………

went to the United States to support the student movement in the 1960s.

witnessed social inequality and poverty of people during his trips in Latin America and
as a solution to overcome these he suggested implementation of the principles of
capitalism.

believed in Marxism and socialism as a solution for the economic inequality in Latin
America.

advocating development of capitalism as a solution for the economic inequality in Latin

America.

Answer: believed in Marxism and socialism as a solution for the economic

inequality in Latin America.
Reason: Latin American revolutionist Ernesto Che Guevara from Argentina
witnessed the poverty of the people during his trips in all over Latin
America, while studying medicine. He believed in Marxism and socialism as
a solution for the economic inequality in the region. He fought in Fidel
Castro’s movement for his aims.

Question 8
Students protested …………………………………………………… to Turkey, in the
Middle East Technical University in 1969.
American president Dwight Eisenhoweer’s visit
Queen Elisabeth’s visit
Russian ambassador Robert Komer’s appointment
American ambassador Robert Komer’s appointment

Answer: American ambassador Robert Komer’s appointment

Reason: While they were dealing with a series of demonstrations to protest
the American sixteenth fleet, the appointment of Robert Komer as
ambassador to Turkey increased their anger: The students did not protest
his appointment just because he was American, but that meant something
else for them: in that period America’s situation was becoming worse in
Vietnam.
The heads of leftist revolutionary student organizations were influential
leaders who could organize effective protests, and they proved this through
burning his car during his visit in the METU on 6 January 1969.

Question 9
The student movements in the United States of America in the 1960s
………………………………..

demanded the elimination of the corrupted institutions.

demanded the closure of the factories.
demanded industrialization reforms.
advocated change in the political regime in the lines of socialism.

Answer: demanded the elimination of the corrupted institutions.

Reason: Student movements had been influential around the world in the
1960s. In the US, libertarian and anti-militarist hippies were very critical of
American values in the 1960s, they defended alternative values without
excluding the philosophies and features of the oriental civilizations. They
were advocating the elimination of the corrupted institutions in overall
country. Students were the main component of the hippie movement in the
US. The movement reached its peak in 1968.
Question 10
Student movement can be described as association of students which has a specific
ideological doctrine and might be political in nature.
True
False

Answer: True
Reason: Student movements can be defined as “association of students
inspired by aims set forth in a specific ideological doctrine, usually,
although not exclusively, political in nature”.
(Altbach, 82).

Question 11
What happened during the event ‘Bloody Sunday’ in İstanbul?

- Nationalist and rightist wing students attacked each other in the Beyazıd square
- Two students stabbed to death from the leftist wing and many injured.
- Two students stabbed to death from the rightist wing and many injured.
- Nationalist and rightist wing students attacked each other in the Taksim square.

Answer: Two students stabbed to death from the leftist wing and many injured.
Reason: They easily crossed the police barricade which was quite weak, and the police did
not attempt to prevent them to proceed. Leftist students were beaten and dispersed, the result
was two deaths and hundreds of injured. During the event, two students from the left wing,
Ali Turan Aytaç and Duran Erdogan, stabbed to death.

Question 12
In Turkey, the most influential group in the student movements which had a character of
social movements was …………………….
- that of the nationalist student organizations
- that of the capitalist student organizations.
- that of the republicanist student organizations.
- that of the revolutionary student organizations.
Answer: that of the revolutionary student organizations
Reason: Student Movements in Turkey, the 1950s
After the middle of 1950s student organizations can be classified into three groups: the
leftists, the rightists, and the nationalists. The most influential one which had the
character of being a social movement was that of the leftists or namely ‘revolutionary
student organizations’ that reacted against state policies and questioned
underdevelopment and democracy.

Question 13
Leftist student organizations protested …………………………… in 1968 since it was a tool of
imperialism in their opinion.
- The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
- The European Union
- The United Nations
- The North Atlantic Treaty Organization.

Answer:The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (Abul Meez)

Reason: In 1968, they organized a campaign against the NATO
(North Atlantic Treaty Organization). Students made
announcements, traveled to other cities to inform people about
the NATO and its aims in Turkey, they explained how it served
as a tool of imperialism in Turkey.

Question 14
In Turkey, a professor of constitutional law, when denounced the measures of the government
as unconstitutional and declared that journalists and writers were not bound to law to obey
them, he was suspended by the DP government. Who was this professor?
- Adnan Menderes
- Hüseyin Nail Kubalı
- Mehmet Ali Aybar
- Süleyman Demirel
Answer: Hüseyin Nail Kubalı
Reason: Hüseyin Nail Kubalı, the professor of constitutional law,
denounced the measures of the government as unconstitutional and
declared that journalists and writers were not bound to law to obey
them. He was suspended by the DP government.

Question 15
Student movement can be a fraternity association, a social club, or an academic society.
- True
- False

Answer:False (.
Reason: Student movement is not a fraternity association, a social
club, an academic society, although under certain circumstances it
may contain the activities and functions of such groups. .

Question 16
The first physical fight occurred between the leftist and rightist students in
1966 which was a …………………………….. and the professor of the
Istanbul University protested this event through a protest march.

- car attack.
- factory attack.
- work-place attack.
- dormitory attack.

Answer: Dormitory attack (.)

Reason: The first physical fight occurred between the leftist and rightist
student groups in 1966. There was an unexpected dormitory attack of the
rightist students against dormitory of the leftist ones.

Question 17
In Turkey, in the 1960, students began to make big demonstrations to
protest and denounce …………………………………………………

-American Imperialism
-American Marxism
-Russian imperialism
-British colonialism

Answer: American Imperialism (.)

Reason: In the 1960 students began to make big demonstrations to protest
and denounce American Imperialism.

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Weekly Assignment 1
Question 1
Which of the following was among the reasons of the 1960 military intervention in
Turkey?

Problems in the economy

Democrat Party’s use of religion in politics
Authoritarian rule of the Democrat Party for the sake of its own success in the election
All the answers

Answer: All the answers

Reason: The Military Intervention, 1960
The accumulation of the problems –high inflation, authoritarian measures of the
Democratic Party in their favor to win in the elections, the military and intelligentsia
classes’ disapproval of the Democrat Party’s (DP) stance on the secular regime– led to
the military’s takeover of politics on 27 May 1960,The combination of these
political debates with the collapsed economy led the military take over on
27 May 1960,

Question 2
The main concern of the military elites who conducted the 1960 coup was to find an
urgent solution for the economy therefore they established …………….
the State Planning Organization.
the The Workers’ Party.
the National Unity Committee.
Turkish Union of Ideals and Culture.
Answer: the State Planning Organization. (.)
Reason:Therefore, they established the State Planning Organization in
September 1960 (Devlet Planlama Teskilatı) whose primary mission was to
monitor and supervise economy within the framework of a plan.

Question 3
The main concern of the holder of the 190 coup was to find an immediate solution for the
bankrupted economy remained from the DP years.

False
True
Answer: True (.)
Reason:The high-ranking military became a privileged class in the society
in the days following the 27 May 1960 coup. They were sympathic to the
political parties which shared their political views regarding the regime.
Their main concern to find an immediate solution for the bankrupted
economy which remained from the DP years.

Question 4
Who dominated the Republican People’s Nation Party and renamed it as the Nationalist
Action Party?

Celal Bayar
Alpaslan Türkeş
Süleyman Demirel
Mehmet Ali Aybar

Anwer: Alpaslan Turkes

Reason: Israel(‫ )دولة االحتالل الصهيوني‬was the victorious party, it captured the West
Bank, East Jerusalem, the Gaza Strip, the Golan Heights, and the Sinai
Peninsula. While America and Britain supported Israel through giving weaponry,
Russia provided weapons to the Arab party. By the way, colonel Türkes managed
to control the Republican People’s Nation Party in 1965 and renamed it as the
Nationalist Action Party, the NAP, (Milliyetçi Hareket Partisi).

Question 5
After the 1960 coup, eleven new parties were founded in addition to the Republican
People’s Party and Republican Peasants’ National Party. Among them
………………………. became the influential one and marked the politics of the
country for long years.

The Workers’ Party

The Reliance Party
The Progress Party
The Justice Party

Answer: The Justice Party

Reason: The ban in the political activity was lifted in January 1961 so that
various political parties had chance to join the elections. In addition to the
Republican People’s Party and Republican Peasants’ National Party, RPNP, 11
more parties were founded. Of these the most influential one was the Justice
Party (Adalet Partisi) which was founded by the arrested Democrats and retired
officers.

Question 6
The 1960 military intervention was celebrated with a great joy in İstanbul and Ankara,
especially in the countryside.

True
False

Answer: False (.)

Reason: The military intervention was celebrated with a great joy in
İstanbul and Ankara, especially among the large student population of the
both cities and the intelligentsia in general. There was no reaction from the
rest of the country, especially from the countryside.

Question 7
What did happen to the leaders and members of the Democrat Party as a result of the
1960 coup?

They continued to live their usual lives.

They were arrested for the trial.
They were placed under house arrest.
They were exiled abroad.

Answer: They were arrested for the trial. (.)

Reason: Despite all the preparations and discussions for the new
constitution, this issue did not dominate the public discourses in those
years. People mostly interested in the fate of the arrested leaders of the
Democrat Party. The trials took place in Yassıada (a small island on the
Sea of Marmara) under great security measures.

Question 8
Who was the rising young politician in the Republican People’s Party whose ideas
influenced Ismet Inonu?

Sületman Demirel
Bülent Ecevit
Necmettin Erbakan
Adnan Menderes

Answer: Bülent Ecevit (.)

Reason:Two politicians in the RPP, Bülent Ecevit and Turhan Feyzioglu,
wrote a manifesto for the RPP for the 1965 elections. They emphasized the
need for social justice and social security without being explicitly socialist.
As a young politician in the RPP, he convinced Inonu that the RPP should
take the votes of the workers and inhabitants of the squatter towns
(gecekondu) in the big cities where the immigrants from inner and eastern
Anatolia settled in.

Question 9
As a result of the 1960 coup, the political power was in the hands of the ……………….

Republican People’s Party.

Democrat Party.
State Planning Institution.
National Unity Committee.

Answer: National Unity Committee (.)

Reason: The Military Intervention, 1960
The coup was announced by Colonel Alpaslan Türkes in the morning in
radio broadcast. Emphasizing the non-partisan character of the coup, it
was stated that the military forces took over the ruling of the country in
order to ‘prevent fratricide’ and to ‘extricate the parties from the
irreconcilable situation into which they had fallen’. (Zürcher, 253). The
military announced that the political power was in the hands of the
“National Unity Committee”, NUC, (Millî Birlik Komitesi).

Question 10
………………………….. played active in the preparation of the new constitution in
accordance with more democratic ideals and against the dangers for secular principles.

University students
Alpaslan Türkeş
Süleyman Demirel
University professors

Answer: University Professors

Reason: Following the coup, holders of the military intervention proposed
preparation of a new constitution to replace the constitution of 1924. University
professors who were already against the ruling of the Democrat Party were
fervent supporters of the 1960 coup. They played active in the preparation of the
new constitution in accordance with more democratic ideals and against the
dangers for secular principles. The law professors from the University of Istanbul
headed by its rector Prof. Sıddık Sami Onar pioneered for the preparation of the
new constitution.

Question 11
Which parties formed the first coalition government in Turkey?

The Workers Party-The Republican People’s Party

The Worker’s Party-The Justice Party
The Republican People’s Party-The Reliance Party
The Republican People’s Party-The Justice Party

Answer: The Republican People’s Party-The Justice Party (.)

Reason:Nevertheless, the first coalition government in the history of
Turkish Republic was founded by the RPP and the JP (1961-1962).

Question 12
Who did attempt to take over the missions of the Ministry of Education, the Directorate of
Religious Affairs and Pious Foundations and the press and the radio following the 1960 coup?

Celal Bayar
Alpaslan Türkeş
Cemal Gürsel
Bülent Ecevit

Answer:Alpaslan Türkeş (.)

Reason:Türkes made a further step through establishing “Turkish Union of
Ideals and Culture” (Türkiye Ülkü ve Kültür Birligi) in order to take over
mission of the Ministry of Education, the Directorate of Religious Affairs and
Pious Foundations and the press and the radio.

Question 13
When the Justice Party won the 1965 elections, who was its leader?

Tarık Zafer Tunaya

Bülent Ecevit
Süleyman Demirel
Alpaslan Türkeş

Answer: Süleyman Demirel (.)

Reason: The Justice Party under the leadership of Demirel won the 1965
elections.

Question 14
Who did lead the 27 May 1960 military intervention?

Cemal Gürsel
Alpaslan Türkeş
Celal Bayar
Süleyman Demirel

Answer: Cemal Gürsel (.)

Reason: This leader was Cemal Gürsel who was a senior officer and a
former commander-in-chief of the land forces. (Week 4/The Military
Intervention, 1960)

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Weekly Assignment 8
Question 1

Answer:
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Question 2

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Question 3

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Question 4

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Question 5

Answer:
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Question 6

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Question 7

Answer:
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Question 8
Answer:
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Question 9

Answer:
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Question 10

Answer:
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Question 11

Answer:
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Question 12

Answer:
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Question 13

Answer:
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Question 14

Answer:
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Question 15

Answer:
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