PGDBA WORKSHOP 3

INTEGRATION

List of Formulae & Concepts

 INTEGRATION
? Definition: A function F(x) is called an antiderivative of the function f(x), if the derivative F '(x)
= f(x).

? Uniqueness Theorem: If F and G are two antiderivatives of f on some interval I i.e.,

F'(x) = G'(x) = f(x) for all x in I, then there exists a constant c such that F(x) = G(x) = c for all x in
I.
As a consequence of this theorem, we will usually add the constant c to an integral.
The expression F(x) + c is the indefinite integral of the function f(x). It is denoted by ò f (x ) dx
and is given by, ò f ( x ) dx = F(x) + c, if F'(x) = f(x) where F(x) is an antiderivative of the function
f(x), c is an arbitrary constant called as the constant of integration. Here, ò is the integral sign,
x is the value of integration, f(x) is the integrand and dx is the differential of x.

? Inverse Property of Indefinite Integrals:

d
1.
dx
ò f(x) dx = f(x)
2. ò g¢(x) dx = g(x) + c

? Some Elementary Formulae on Indefinite Integrals:

1. ò kf (x) dx = k ò f ( x ) dx ; k is a constant 2. ò [f (x) ± g(x)] dx = ò f (x) dx ± ò g(x) dx
x n +1
ò òx
-1
3. x n dx = + c 4. dx = log e x + c
n +1

ax
ò e dx = ex + c òa
x
x
5. 6. dx = +c
log e a

7. ò sin x dx = –cosx + c 8. ò cos x dx = sinx + c

9. ò sec x dx = tanx + c 10. ò cosec x dx = –cotx + c

2 2

11. ò sec [Link] x dx = secx + c 12. ò cosec [Link] x dx = –cosecx + c

13. ò tan x dx = log sec x + c = –log cos x + c 14. ò cot x dx = log sin x + c

15. ò sec x dx = log sec x + tan x + c 16. ò cosec x dx = log cosec x - cotx + c

æp xö æxö
= log tanç + ÷ + c = log tanç ÷ + c
è4 2ø è2ø

1 –1 æ x ö -1 dx æxö
17. ò 2
a - x
dx = sin ç ÷ + c
2 èaø
18. ò 2
a - x 2
= cos –1 ç ÷ + c
èaø

1 1 æxö -1 1 æxö
19. òa 2
+ x 2
dx =
a
tan–1 ç ÷ + c
èaø
20. òa 2
+ x 2
dx =
a
cot–1 ç ÷ + c
èaø
1 1 æxö 1 1 æxö
21. òx 2
x - a 2
dx =
a
sec -1 ç ÷ + c
èaø
22. ò- x x - a 2 2
dx =
a
cosec -1 ç ÷ + c
èaø
 dx dx
23. ò 2
x + a 2
= log x + x 2 + a 2 + c 24. ò x -a2 2
= log x + x 2 - a 2 + c

dx 1 a + x dx 1 x -a
25. òa 2
- x2
=
2a
log
a - x
+ c 26. òx 2
- a 2
=
2 a
log
x + a
+ c

27. ò a 2 - x 2 dx 28. ò x 2 + a 2 dx

x a2 - x2 a2 æxö x x2 + a2 a2
= + sin -1 ç ÷ + c = + log x + x2 + a2 + c
2 2 èaø 2 2

29. ò x 2 - a 2 dx

x x2 - a2 a2
= - log x + x2 - a2 + c
2 2

? Methods of Integration:
Integration by the Method of Substitution: The method of evaluating an integral by reducing
it to standard form by a proper substitution is called integrating by substitution.
For e.g., We know that I = ò sin x dx = cos x + c
Now, if we have the integration of the form I = ò sin [f(x)] f ' (x) dx
Then we have to solve this integration by the method of substitution.
Let f(x) = t Þ f'(x) dx = dt
\ I = ò sin t · dt = cos t + c
Thus, to evaluate integrals of the form ò f [g(x)] g¢(x) dx , we substitute g(x) = t and g'(x)dx =
dt.
It reduces the above integral to ò f (t) dt .
Once the evaluation is done, we substitute back the value of t.
Integration by Parts: If the integral function is the product of two functions, then we evaluate the
integral by the method of integration by parts.

Rule for Integration by Parts:

ì df ü
If f and g are two functions of x then, ò fg dx = f ò g dx – ò í ò g dx ý dx i.e.,
î dx þ
the integral of the product of two functions
= (First function) × (Integral of the second function) – Integral of {(Differentiation of the
first function) × (Integral of the second function)}

To Choose the First and Second Function:

We can choose the first function which comes first in the word ILATE, where
I - stands for the inverse trignometric functions,
L - stands for the logarithmic functions,
A - stands for the algebraic functions,
T - stands for the trignometric functions, and
E - stands for the exponential functions.

Method of Splitting into Partial Fractions: In this method, we integrate an integral which is of
f(x)
the form I = ò g(x) dx , where g(x) = (x – a)(x – b)(x – c) ... and f(x) is the polynomial of degree
less than the degree of g(x).
? Definite Integrals:
dF( x )
Let F(x) be an antiderivative function of f(x) defined on [a, b] i.e., = f(x) .
dx
b
Then, the definite integral of f(x) over [a, b] is denoted by ò f ( x ) dx and is defined as
a
b
F(b) – F(a) i.e., ò f ( x ) dx = F(b) – F(a) .
a

The numbers a and b are called the limits of integration, a is called the lower limit and b is called
the upper limit. The interval [a, b] is called the interval of integration.
2
2 é 3x 3
2 ù
For e.g., ò (3x + 2) dx = ê + 2x ú
1 ë 3 û1

3
[ ]
2
= x + 2x 1 = 2 3 + 2(2) – (1 3 +2(1)) = 8 + 4 – 1 – 2 = 9
x1
Note: ò f ( x ) dx is read as “the integral of f(x) from x 1 to x2”.
x2
b
The definite integral ò f ( x ) dx of a continuous function f(x) defined on an interval [a, b] can be
a

evaluated using the following algorithm:

1. First step is to find the indefinite integral ò f (x ) dx . Let this be F(x). There is no need to keep
the constant term of integration.
2. Evaluate F(b) and F(a).
3. Calculate F(b) – F(a).
b
After the third step, we get a number which is the value of the definite integral ò f ( x ) dx .
a

? Properties of Definite Integrals:

b b
1. ò f ( x ) dx = ò f(t) dt
a a
b a
2. ò f ( x ) dx = – ò f(t) dt
a b
b c b
3. ò f ( x ) dx = ò f(x) dx + ò f(x) dx ; where a < c < b
a a c

b c1 c2 b
In general, ò f ( x ) dx = ò f(x) dx + ò f(x) dx + ... + ò f(x) dx where a < c 1 < c2 < ... < c n < b
a a c1 cn

a a
4. ò f ( x ) dx = ò f (a – x ) dx
0 0
b b
5. ò f ( x ) dx = ò f (a + b – x ) dx
a a
b b
6. ò f ( x ) dx = 2 ò f ( x ) dx ; if f(x) is an even function.
–b 0

= 0; if f(x) is an odd function.