Preeti Kumari, Int. J. of Pharm. Sci.

, 2025, Vol 3, Issue 4, 1359-1367 | Review

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF
PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES
[ISSN: 0975-4725; CODEN(USA): IJPS00]
Journal Homepage: https://www.ijpsjournal.com

Review Article

Overview on Tulsi
Preeti Kumari*, Sahaj Singh

Aakash Institute of Medical Science.

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Published: 11 April. 2025 Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum), also known as Holy Basil, holds a special position in
Keywords: traditional medicine and Ayurveda. This plant has extensive therapeutic properties. It is
Tulsi, Ocimum sanctum, rich in bioactive compounds, such as eugenol, ursolic acid, and rosmarinic acid. The
eugenol, ursolic acid, plant exhibits potent anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and adaptogenic effects
responses, boosting (Pattanayak et al., 2010). Scientific research highlights role of Tulsi in modulating stress
immunity. responses, boosting immunity, and acting as a natural remedy for infections (Cohen,
DOI: 2014; Prakash & Gupta, 2020). Modern pharmacological studies support its
10.5281/zenodo.15193315 effectiveness in managing lifestyle issues, such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.
Additionally, Tulsi’s antioxidant properties make it a potential candidate for neuro-
protection and anti-aging applications (Bhattacharyya et al., 2017; Prasad & Kumar,
2021). With increasing global interest in herbal medicine, Tulsi is expected to be a focal
point of research, bridging traditional knowledge with contemporary scientific
advancements.

INTRODUCTION which contribute to its potent antioxidant, anti-

inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects
Ocimum sanctum is often referred to as the "Queen (Pattanayak et al., 2010; Singh et al., 2019).
of Herbs”. Tulsi has been valued for centuries for Research has shown that this plant plays a crucial
its diverse therapeutic properties and cultural role in stress management, immune system
significance. Historically, it has been used in enhancement, and cardiovascular health
Indian households not only for religious rituals, improvement medicine. Additionally, its
but also for treating ailments ranging from adaptogenic properties make it a natural solution
respiratory disorders to digestive issues. for reducing anxiety and improving overall health.
Scientifically, this plant is famous for its rich Tulsi has gained recognition in global
phytochemical composition, including eugenol, pharmacological studies since modern science
ursolic acid, rosmarinic acid, and flavonoids,
*Corresponding Author: Preeti Kumari
Address: Aakash Institute of Medical Science.
Email : [email protected]
Relevant conflicts of interest/financial disclosures: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of
any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 1359 | P a g e

 Preeti Kumari, Int. J. of Pharm. Sci., 2025, Vol 3, Issue 4, 1359-1367 | Review
continues to explore plant-based medicines. It’s Tulsi in Traditional and Folk Medicine
applications extend beyond traditional medicine,
greatly influencing contemporary fields such as Beyond India, Tulsi has been used in traditional
nutraceuticals, cosmetics, and alternative Chinese medicine and Siddha medicine for its
healthcare (Gupta & Misra, 2020; Sharma et al., various properties (Kumar et al., 2019). In African
2022). This paper aims to explore the historical and Caribbean cultures, Tulsi has historically been
significance, chemical composition, used to treat fevers and respiratory infections
pharmacological properties, and modern (Owolabi et al., 2018).
applications of Tulsi, bridging ancient wisdom
Tulsi in Historical Trade and Agriculture
with scientific evidence for highlighting its
immense potential in healthcare. During ancient times, Tulsi was an essential part
of herbal trade routes across Asia and the Middle
Historical Significance of Tulsi
East. It was cultivated not only for its medicinal
Tulsi has always held immense historical and benefits, but also as an insect repellent and food
cultural significance in Indian history. Ayurvedic preservative for a very long time (Sharma & Patel,
and religious traditions highlight its importance 2021).
throughout ancient texts, medicinal practices, and
Botanical Description and Classification
spiritual beliefs.
Tulsi belongs to the Lamiaceae family, and is
Tulsi in Ancient Texts and Ayurveda
widely cultivated across tropical and subtropical
Tulsi is extensively mentioned in Ayurvedic regions around the world. India is one of the major
scriptures, including the Charaka Samhita (1000 producers of Tulsi. Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu,
BCE) and Sushruta Samhita, where it is described and West Bengal contribute most, due to its
as an elixir of life with the ability to balance the religious and medicinal significance (Patra et al.,
body's doshas (Vata, Pitta, and Kapha) (Dash & 2016). In Southeast Asia, countries like Thailand
Kashyap, 2020). It has been used to treat and Indonesia cultivate Tulsi for traditional
respiratory diseases, digestive disorders, and medicine (Singh et al., 2010). It is also grown in
infections from Vedic period (Pattanayak et al., Nigeria, Kenya, and Ethiopia in Africa for its
2010). therapeutic properties (Owolabi et al., 2018).
Additionally, Tulsi is found in Brazil, the
Religious and Cultural Importance Caribbean, and parts of Australia, where it is used
in herbal remedies and teas (Hassan et al., 2017).
In Hinduism, Tulsi is revered as a sacred plant, and
it is associated with Lord Vishnu and Goddess The plant is classified into three primary
Lakshmi. It is often grown in temple courtyards varieties: Krishna Tulsi (Ocimum tenuiflorum
and homes as a symbol of purity and protection with purple leaves), Rama Tulsi(Ocimum sanctum
(Gupta & Singh, 2018). The Tulsi Vivah festival, with green leaves), and Vana Tulsi (Ocimum
celebrated in India, marks the ceremonial wedding gratissimum, a wild variety) (Singh et al., 2010).
of Tulsi with Lord Vishnu, highlighting the Morphologically, Tulsi is an aromatic, perennial
beginning of the Hindu wedding season shrub with a height ranging from 30 to 60 cm
(Bhattacharyya, 2017). (Patra et al., 2016). The plant features ovate leaves

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 1360 | P a g e

 Preeti Kumari, Int. J. of Pharm. Sci., 2025, Vol 3, Issue 4, 1359-1367 | Review
with slightly serrated edges and purplish or green Tulsi exhibits potent anti-inflammatory properties
inflorescences, depending on the variety (Kumar by inhibiting inflammatory pathways, making it
et al., 2021). The phytochemical composition of beneficial in managing conditions like arthritis,
Tulsi changes from one species to another. Krishna asthma, and inflammatory bowel disease (Patel et
Tulsi is popular for its high eugenol content; al., 2017; Verma & Singh, 2020).
whereas, Rama Tulsi contains more linalool,
which contributes to its distinct aroma (Singh et Study Evidence: Singh et al. (2015) reported that
al., 2002). Its adaptability to different soil and Tulsi extracts significantly inhibited pro-
climate conditions makes it a resilient plant for inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6,
medicinal and commercial cultivation (Pandey & reducing inflammation-related diseases.
Madhuri, 2010). The classification of Tulsi based
Mechanism: Essential oils, like eugenol and beta-
on its biochemical constituents has been explored
caryophyllene block COX-2 enzymes, similar to
in various taxonomical studies, highlighting its
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
significance in both traditional medicine and
modern pharmacology (Sharma, 2018). Antimicrobial and Antiviral Properties
Health Benefits of Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) Tulsi is an effective natural remedy for infections.
It possesses strong antimicrobial activity against
Tulsi has been extensively studied for its diverse
bacteria, fungi, and viruses, helping in improving
medicinal properties. It is revered in Ayurveda and
overall health.
modern science for its potential in promoting
overall health and well-being. Below is a detailed Study Evidence: Pandey et al. (2017) found that
discussion of its health benefits, supported by Tulsi essential oil exhibited antibacterial activity
references. against E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and
Salmonella typhi.
Adaptogenic and Stress-Relieving Properties
Mechanism: Tulsi contains phytochemicals, like
Tulsi is classified as an adaptogen since it helps the
ursolic acid and carvacrol. These compounds
body adapt to stress and maintain homeostasis. It
disrupt microbial cell membranes and inhibit viral
reduces physical, metabolic, and psychological
replication.
stress by modulating cortisol levels.
Cardiovascular Protection
Study Evidence: A clinical study by Cohen
(2014) found that Tulsi supplementation Regular consumption of Tulsi has been proven to
significantly reduced stress, anxiety, and improved heart health by reducing cholesterol, and
depression in individuals. As a result of which hypertension.
cognitive function and emotional well-being
enhanced. Study Evidence: A study by Pattanayak et al.
(2010) found that Tulsi reduced LDL cholesterol
Mechanism: Active compounds, like eugenol and while increasing HDL levels in hyperlipidemic
ocimumosides A and B regulate cortisol and help patients.
in maintaining neurotransmitter balance.

Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Effects

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 1361 | P a g e

 Preeti Kumari, Int. J. of Pharm. Sci., 2025, Vol 3, Issue 4, 1359-1367 | Review
Mechanism: Flavonoids and polyphenols in the Study Evidence: A study by Singh et al. (2015)
plant are known to reduce oxidative stress and highlighted that its extract inhibited the growth of
inflammation in blood vessels, preventing breast, liver, and lung cancer cells in vitro.
atherosclerosis.
Mechanism: Tulsi contains rosmarinic acid and
Blood Sugar Regulation and Diabetes apigenin, which are crucial to suppress tumor
Management growth and enhance detoxification enzymes.

Tulsi plays a significant role in managing diabetes Neuroprotective Effects

by lowering blood glucose levels and improving
insulin sensitivity. Tulsi supports brain health by protecting against
neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's and
Study Evidence: A random trial by Mondal et al. Parkinson's disease.
(2009) found that patients with type 2 diabetes
who consumed Tulsi leaves daily showed a 17% Study Evidence: Research by Cohen (2014)
reduction in fasting blood glucose levels. found that Tulsi improved memory retention and
reduced oxidative damage in the brain.
Mechanism: Tulsi stimulates insulin secretion,
reduces glucose absorption in the intestine, and Mechanism: Antioxidants like luteolin and
improves overall pancreatic beta- cell function. vicenin protect neurons from amyloid plaque
formation and oxidative stress.
Respiratory Health and Immunity Boosting
Gastrointestinal Health
Tulsi has been used for centuries to treat
respiratory disorders, like asthma, bronchitis, and Tulsi has gastro-protective properties and aids in
sinusitis due to its expectorant and digestion, preventing ulcers, acid reflux, and
immunomodulatory effects. indigestion.

Study Evidence: Bhattacharyya & Kumar (2019) Study Evidence: Pattanayak et al. (2010) found
observed that Tulsi extracts enhanced lung that Tulsi extracts reduced gastric ulcer severity by
function and reduced bronchoconstriction in 20–30% in animal models.
asthmatic patients.
Mechanism: Tulsi increases mucus production in
Mechanism: The bioactive compounds, including the stomach lining, reducing acid-induced
camphor and cineole, clear mucus from airways damage. Ultimately, improving the
and reduce inflammation. As a result, patients can gastrointestinal health
breathe without much difficulty.
Skin and Hair Health
Anti-Cancer Properties
Tulsi is widely used in skincare and hair care due
Tulsi is becoming well-known for its potential role to its antibacterial, anti-fungal, and antioxidant
in cancer prevention due to its ability to neutralize properties.
free radicals and induce apoptosis in cancer cells.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 1362 | P a g e

 Preeti Kumari, Int. J. of Pharm. Sci., 2025, Vol 3, Issue 4, 1359-1367 | Review
Study Evidence: Pandey et al. (2017) found that Standardisation and Challenges: While Tulsi is
topical application of Tulsi reduced acne and widely used in herbal medicine, issues such as
fungal infections. optimal dosage standardisation and bioavailability
remain challenges for its integration into
Mechanism: The presence of ursolic acid and mainstream pharmaceuticals.
linalool promotes collagen production and reduces
scalp infections. Agricultural and Environmental Significance

Scientific Studies and Validation Agricultural Significance

Scientific research on Tulsi has provided Growing Tulsi is a sustainable practice for farmers
substantial evidence supporting its traditional as it is adaptable to a wide range of soil types and
medicinal uses. Several clinical trials and in- vitro climate which makes it a valuable crop. Its drought
studies validate its pharmacological effects: tolerance and ability to grow in marginal soils
further enhance its suitability for organic farming.
Clinical Trials on Human Health: Studies have Chemical inputs during farming are minimised
shown that Tulsi supplementation reduces stress, making it environment friendly. Moreover, by
improves cognitive function, and supports immune being naturally resistant to many pests, Tulsi
health (Cohen, 2014). The adaptogenic properties reduces the need for synthetic pesticides and
of it are particularly significant in managing stress chemical fertilisers, thus promoting soil health and
and promoting overall wellness (Cohen, M., "The reducing chemical runoff into nearby water bodies
effects of Tulsi on stress and cognitive function," (Sharma, 2018). Studies have shown that Tulsi’s
Journal of Herbal Medicine, 2014). essential oils, particularly its volatile compounds,
possess insect-repellent properties. Which can
Comparative Studies with Modern Medicine:
help mitigate pest infestations in surrounding
Tulsi's anti- diabetic properties have been
crops, making it an excellent companion plant in
compared with standard hypoglycemic drugs,
agro-ecological systems for getting maximum
showing significant blood glucose-lowering
yield (Ghosh & Banerjee, 2021).
effects (Mondal et al., 2009).
Environmental Benefits
Antimicrobial Efficacy: Research highlights
Tulsi’s antibacterial and antiviral properties Tulsi contributes to environmental conservation in
against pathogens like E. coli, Salmonella typhi, several ways. One of which is its ability to purify
and Staphylococcus aureus (Pandey et al., 2017). air. It is known to absorb harmful pollutants, such
as nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide from the
Cardio-protective Benefits: Studies have already
air and release oxygen; thus, significantly
shown that Tulsi contributes to cardiovascular
improving air quality in urban areas (Kumar &
health by improving lipid profiles and reducing
Gupta, 2020). Tulsi’s ability to filter particulate
oxidative stress. Pattanayak et al. (2010) found
matter and reduce air toxicity has made it a
that regular Tulsi consumption significantly
common feature in urban gardening initiatives for
reduced levels of LDL cholesterol and
controlling air pollution (Sharma et al., 2017). In
triglycerides in test subjects while enhancing their
terms of its role in climate change mitigation, Tulsi
body's ability to neutralise oxidative stress.
has been observed to aid in carbon sequestration.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 1363 | P a g e

 Preeti Kumari, Int. J. of Pharm. Sci., 2025, Vol 3, Issue 4, 1359-1367 | Review
Research suggests that planting Tulsi can Impact: With increasing global demand for herbal
sequester carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and organic products, Tulsi cultivation offers
helping to reduce greenhouse gas concentrations economic opportunities for farmers. Large-scale
and mitigate global warming (Sarkar et al., 2019). Tulsi farming is supported by governments and
This is particularly valuable in urban and suburban private industries promoting herbal exports
environments, where the proliferation of green (Sharma, 2018).
spaces can play a crucial role in combating climate
change. Challenges and Future Prospects

Commercial Applications Despite its numerous benefits, Tulsi cultivation

and commercialisation face several challenges
Tulsi's has a commercial potential in multiple even in these modern times. One of the major
industries, making it a valuable economic crop concerns is the lack of standardisation in herbal
with widespread applications. Herbal and medicine, leading to inconsistencies in the quality
Ayurvedic Products: Tulsi is a key ingredient in and efficacy of Tulsi-based products (Sharma,
herbal teas, essential oils, and Ayurvedic 2018). The absence of universally accepted
formulations. Many national and international guidelines for processing and dosage remains a
companies market Tulsi-based supplements for limitation in integrating Tulsi into mainstream
immunity enhancement and stress relief (Pandey healthcare practices (Kumar & Gupta, 2020).
& Madhuri, 2010). Pharmaceutical Industry: Another challenge is the impact of climate change
Extracts from Tulsi are used in modern medicine on Tulsi cultivation. Variations in temperature,
for their antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory rainfall, and soil conditions can affect the yield and
properties. Clinical research is supporting its role potency of bioactive compounds in Tulsi,
in managing diabetes, respiratory disorders, and necessitating further research in adaptive farming
cardiovascular health (Singh, Hoette, & Miller, techniques (Pandey & Madhuri, 2010).
2002). Cosmetic and Skincare Industry: Tulsi- Additionally, future projects should focus on
based face packs, creams, and hair care products genetic research to enhance Tulsi’s medicinal
are popular due to their antioxidant and properties through selective breeding (Sharma et
antibacterial properties, promoting healthy skin al., 2020). Biotechnology applications, such as
and hair (Sharma, 2018). It is a million dollar tissue culture and genetic modification, could play
industry in modern times. Food and Beverage a role in increasing the yield and potency of
Industry: Tulsi-infused beverages, herbal candies, medicinal compounds (Singh, Hoette, & Miller,
and flavouring agents are gaining popularity due 2002). Expanding clinical research on Tulsi’s
to their health benefits. Tulsi is also used in pharmacological benefits could facilitate its
organic cooking and dietary supplements owing to acceptance as a complementary therapy in modern
its enormous health benefits (Pandey & Madhuri, medicine (Kumar & Gupta, 2020). Government
2010). Aromatherapy and Wellness: Tulsi initiatives and funding for sustainable cultivation
essential oil is widely used in aromatherapy for its practices and market expansion can further boost
calming effects. Tulsi-based incense sticks and air the global demand for Tulsi (Singh et al., 2021).
purifiers contribute to a holistic living Strengthening global supply chains and promoting
environment during aromatherapy sessions Tulsi-based products in international markets will
(Singh, Hoette, & Miller, 2002). Economic

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 1364 | P a g e

 Preeti Kumari, Int. J. of Pharm. Sci., 2025, Vol 3, Issue 4, 1359-1367 | Review
help in maximising its economic potential sanctum (Tulsi): A review. International
(Sharma, 2018). Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review
and Research.
CONCLUSION 6. Pandey, G., Verma, K. K., & Singh, M. (2017).
Antibacterial properties and chemical
Tulsi is a cornerstone of traditional medicine and a
composition of Ocimum sanctum Linn (Tulsi):
promising candidate for modern healthcare
A review. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical
applications (Patel et al., 2022). Its diverse
Biomedicine, 7(8), 727–734.
medicinal, agricultural, and commercial benefits
7. Pattanayak, P., Behera, P., Das, D., & Panda,
highlight its importance as a crop (Sharma &
S. K. (2010). Ocimum sanctum Linn.: A
Gupta, 2021). However, addressing
reservoir plant for therapeutic applications –
standardisation issues, climate resilience, and
An overview. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 4(7),
large-scale production challenges is vital to
95–105.
maximise its potential. Future research should
8. Prakash, P., & Gupta, N. (2005). Therapeutic
emphasise scientific validation and sustainable
uses of Ocimum sanctum Linn (Tulsi) with a
cultivation to integrate Tulsi more effectively into
note on eugenol and its pharmacological
global wellness markets. This articles concludes
actions: A short review. Indian Journal of
that the increasing recognition of Tulsi in the
Physiology and Pharmacology, 49(2), 125–
pharmaceutical, agricultural, and health sector will
131.
continue to expand in future as well.
9. Sharma, R. (2018). The role of medicinal
REFERENCES plants in sustainable agriculture: A case study
on Tulsi. Journal of Agricultural Research.
1. Bhattacharyya, D., & Kumar, S. (2019). *Tulsi 10. Singh, N., Hoette, Y., & Miller, R. (2002).
(Ocimum sanctum Linn.) and its medicinal Tulsi: The mother medicine of nature*.
benefits: A review: Journal of International Institute of Herbal Medicine.
Ethnopharmacology, 245, 112154. 11. Singh, S., Majumdar, D. K., & Rehan, H. M.
https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.jep.2019.112154 S. (2015). Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi): Bioactive
2. Cohen, M. M. (2014). Tulsi - Ocimum compounds and therapeutic potential in human
sanctum: A herb for all reasons. Journal of health. Phytomedicine, 22(1), 23–39.
Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine, 5(4), 12. Sharma, P. K., Yadav, S., & Joshi, R. (2017).
251–259. Tulsi in urban agriculture: Environmental and
3. Kumar, A., & Gupta, V. (2020). Air-purifying health benefits. Environmental Sustainability,
properties of Ocimum sanctum in urban 8(2), 89-100.
environments. Environmental Research 13. Sarkar, D., Banerjee, S., & Saha, R. (2019).
Journal. Carbon sequestration potential of Tulsi in
4. Mondal, S., Mirdha, B. R., & Mahapatra, S. C. urban ecosystems. Journal of Environmental
(2009). The science behind the sacredness of Management, 22(4), 256-267.
Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum Linn.). Indian Journal 14. Ghosh, P., & Banerjee, S. (2021). Tulsi: A
of Physiology and Pharmacology, 53(4), 291– plant with insect- repellent properties for
306. sustainable agriculture. Journal of
5. Pandey, G., Madhuri, S. (2010). Agroecology, 15(3), 123-135.
Pharmacological activities of Ocimum

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 1365 | P a g e

 Preeti Kumari, Int. J. of Pharm. Sci., 2025, Vol 3, Issue 4, 1359-1367 | Review
15. Patra, K. C., Pareta, S. K., Harwansh, R. K., & Ocimum sanctum. Journal of Herbal Research,
Kumar, K. J. (2016). Traditional uses, 10(2), 112–120.
phytochemistry, and pharmacology of 24. Patel, D., Kumar, S., & Mehta, R. (2022).
Ocimum sanctum Linn. Pharmacognosy Ocimum sanctum: Bridging traditional
Reviews, 10(20), 94–105. wisdom and modern therapeutic applications.
16. Singh, S., Taneja, M., & Majumdar, D. K. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 284, 115120.
(2010). Biological activities of Ocimum 25. Sharma, R., & Gupta, V. (2021). Economic
sanctum L. fixed oil—An overview. Indian and therapeutic significance of Ocimum
Journal of Experimental Biology, 48(3), 203– sanctum in sustainable agriculture and herbal
208. industries. Journal of Medicinal Plant
17. Owolabi, M. A., Jaja, S. I., & Coker, H. A. B. Research, 15(3), 78–85.
(2018). Bioactivity and ethnomedicinal uses of 26. Dash, B., & Kashyap, P. (2020). Traditional
Ocimum gratissimum L. in Africa. Journal of Ayurvedic uses of Ocimum sanctum: A
Medicinal Plants Research, 12(25), 408–417. historical perspective. Journal of Ayurveda
18. Hassan, W., Noreen, H., & Rehman, S. (2017). and Integrative Medicine, 11(4), 235–242.
Ethnobotanical significance of Ocimum 27. Pattanayak, P., Behera, P., Das, D., & Panda,
sanctum in herbal medicine. Australian Journal S. K. (2010). Ocimum sanctum Linn. A
of Herbal Medicine, 29(4), 112–119. reservoir plant for therapeutic applications: An
19. Singh, S., Taneja, M., & Majumdar, D. K. overview. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 4(7), 95–
(2010). Biological activities of Ocimum 105.
sanctum L. fixed oil—An overview. Indian 28. Gupta, R., & Singh, S. (2018). The cultural
Journal of Experimental Biology, 48(3), 203– significance of Tulsi in Hindu traditions.
208. Indian Journal of Religious Studies, 12(2), 45–
20. Patra, K. C., Pareta, S. K., Harwansh, R. K., & 58. Bhattacharyya, R. (2017). Tulsi Vivah and
Kumar, K. J. (2016). Traditional uses, its impact on Hindu rituals. South Asian
phytochemistry, and pharmacology of Folklore, 5(1), 102–117.
Ocimum sanctum Linn. Pharmacognosy 29. Kumar, A., Verma, P., & Mishra, R. (2019).
Reviews, 10(20), 94–105. Ethnopharmacological significance of
21. Kumar, P., Mishra, S., & Ramesh, K. (2021). Ocimum sanctum beyond Indian medicine.
Morphological and phytochemical variations Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 238, 111-120.
among different varieties of Ocimum sanctum. 30. Owolabi, M. A., Jaja, S. I., & Coker, H. A. B.
Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 15(6), (2018). Bioactivity and ethnomedicinal uses of
101–110. Ocimum gratissimum L. in Africa. Journal of
22. Sharma, A., Gupta, R., & Patel, V. (2020). Medicinal Plants Research, 12(25), 408–417.
Advances in genetic improvement of Ocimum 31. Sharma, V., & Patel, N. (2021). Historical and
sanctum for enhanced therapeutic potential. economic perspectives on the cultivation of
Journal of Medicinal Plant Studies, 8(4), 45– Ocimum sanctum. Journal of Herbal Medicine,
52. 9(3), 67–80.
23. Singh, R., Verma, P., & Sharma, A. (2021). 32. Pattanayak, P., Behera, P., Das, D., & Panda,
Role of government policies in promoting S. K. (2010). Ocimum sanctum Linn. A
medicinal plant cultivation: A case study on reservoir plant for therapeutic applications: An

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 1366 | P a g e

 Preeti Kumari, Int. J. of Pharm. Sci., 2025, Vol 3, Issue 4, 1359-1367 | Review
overview. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 4(7), 95– alternative healthcare. International Journal of
105. Pharmaceutical Sciences, 14(1), 101–112.
33. Cohen, M. M. (2014). Tulsi - Ocimum 38. Pattanayak, P., Behera, P., Das, D., & Panda,
sanctum: A herb for all reasons. Journal of S. K. (2010). Ocimum sanctum Linn. A
Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine, 5(4), reservoir plant for therapeutic applications: An
251–259. Prakash, P., & Gupta, N. (2020). overview. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 4(7), 95–
Therapeutic uses of Ocimum sanctum with a 105.
focus on immune modulation. Journal of 39. Singh, R., Kaur, N., & Kishore, L. (2019).
Herbal Medicine, 8(2), 102–110. Phytochemical and pharmacological aspects of
34. Bhattacharyya, D., Sur, T. K., & Jana, U. Ocimum sanctum: A comprehensive review.
(2017). Anti-aging and neuroprotective Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 13(4),
potential of Ocimum sanctum: A review. 78–92.
Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 209, 215–222. 40. Patel, D., Tiwari, A., & Yadav, S. (2017).
35. Prasad, S., & Kumar, R. (2021). The role of Anti-inflammatory and therapeutic potential of
Ocimum sanctum in combating oxidative Ocimum sanctum in chronic diseases. Journal
stress-related neurological disorders. of Inflammation Research, 10, 65–75.
Neuroscience Research, 168, 45–58. 41. Verma, P., & Singh, D. (2020). Modulation of
36. Gupta, R., & Misra, A. (2020). Expanding the inflammatory pathways by Ocimum sanctum
role of Ocimum sanctum in nutraceuticals and in autoimmune diseases. Journal of Clinical
cosmetic formulations. Journal of Herbal Immunology, 35(4), 128–136.
Medicine, 9(2), 56–68.
37. Sharma, P., Verma, S., & Singh, N. (2022). HOW TO CITE: Preeti Kumari*, Sahaj Singh, Overview
on Tulsi, Int. J. of Pharm. Sci., 2025, Vol 3, Issue 4,
The modern-day applications of Ocimum 1359-1367 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15193315
sanctum: From traditional medicine to

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 1367 | P a g e