THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR – 1861-65
The American Civil War, also known as the War Between the States, was a significantly
deadly conflict in the history of the United States, fought between the northern and southern
states. In 1861, the southern slave states established the Confederate States of America under
President Jefferson Davis, while the northern states, led by President Abraham Lincoln,
opposed slavery. Although the Confederate States initially achieved some victories, the
Union ultimately grew stronger and overcame the southern states by 1865.
CAUSES FOR THE CIVIL WAR
The main cause of the Civil War was the fundamental disagreement over slavery, with the
southern states relying on it for their agricultural economy based on tobacco and cotton
plantations, while the northern states, being industrial, had diminished the significance of
slavery. The southern states were adamant about retaining slavery as they believed it was
essential for maintaining competitive prices for their agricultural products, while the northern
states had shifted towards using paid workers on smaller farms. While slavery was the
primary catalyst for the war, other contributing factors included the contrasting lifestyles of
people in the north and south, the demand for more rights by the southern states from the
federal government, and differing opinions on the expansion of slavery into new states
joining the Union.
Following the election of the anti-slavery Republican Abraham Lincoln as president, the first
states began to secede from the Union, viewing Lincoln as a staunch opponent of slavery.
During the Civil War, approximately 2 million men fought for the Union, while the
Confederate Army consisted of about 800,000 soldiers. In 1863, President Lincoln
emancipated the slaves, allowing them to fight alongside white soldiers in the Union army,
but the Confederates did not permit slaves to join their forces.
The war took a high toll among soldiers, primarily due to their lack of experience as young
men who had not previously engaged in combat. In many battles, over a quarter of the forces
were killed, leading to significant casualties. A lack of proper medical care and food resulted
in the deaths of many soldiers. Private organizations played a crucial role in caring for ill or
wounded soldiers.
During the war, the Union imposed a naval blockade on the South, causing difficulties for the
Confederates in obtaining supplies from other countries. Export of cotton to England and
other countries ceased as a result of the blockade. The Battle of Gettysburg, a major turning
point in the war, led to a significant defeat for Robert Lee's Confederate army. In 1863, the
Union gained control of the entire Mississippi valley. In the midst of the Civil War, Abraham
Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1st, 1863, freeing all slaves.
Although northerners opposed slavery, many still held discriminatory views towards Black
individuals and their rights. The economy of the North flourished during the war, with
increased food production by farmers, clothing manufacturing by textile factories for soldiers,
and weapon production by the iron and steel industry. On the other hand, the Confederate
economy suffered due to a shortage of food, reliance on tobacco and cotton production, and
inadequate transportation infrastructure. Both sides resorted to printing more money, leading
to significant inflation. Approximately 600,000 soldiers lost their lives during the war,
resulting in immense losses for both the Union and the Confederacy. Numerous towns and
farms, particularly in the South, were completely devastated. The aftermath of the war was
marked by deep-seated animosity and distrust between the northern and southern states,
although the victory of the North ultimately preserved the United States of America.
ABRAHAM LINCOLN – HIS ROLE IN THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR
Abraham Lincoln's role in American history is monumental, primarily centered around his
leadership during the nation's most tumultuous period, the American Civil War.
Preservation of the Union:
Lincoln's paramount goal was to preserve the United States. He steadfastly opposed the
secession of the Southern states, believing in the indivisibility of the nation.
His unwavering commitment to this principle guided his actions throughout the war.
Abolition of Slavery:
While his initial focus was on preserving the Union, Lincoln's views on slavery evolved
during the war.
The Emancipation Proclamation, issued in 1863, declared enslaved people in Confederate
territories free, transforming the war into a fight against slavery.
He also played a crucial role in the passage of the 13th Amendment, which abolished slavery
throughout the United States.
Leadership During the Civil War:
Lincoln's strategic leadership and political acumen were essential to the Union's victory.
He navigated complex political and military challenges, making difficult decisions and
maintaining morale during a time of great crisis.
Shaping American Democracy:
His Gettysburg Address, one of the most famous speeches in American history, articulated
the principles of equality and self-government, reaffirming the nation's founding ideals.
He helped to redefine American democracy, emphasizing the concept of "government of the
people, by the people, for the people."
Expansion of Federal Power:
The civil war, under Lincolns leadership, caused an expansion of the power of the federal
government. This has had lasting effects on how the US government functions.
Abraham Lincoln's legacy is defined by his crucial role in preserving the Union, ending
slavery, and shaping the course of American democracy.
