INSIGHTS GS-1 CURRENT

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APRIL 2025

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 Table of Contents
Syllabus: Art & Culture ........................................... 1
1. Why Buddhism faded in the land of its birth? .... 1 FACTS FOR PRELIMS
2. Indian Heritage Sites ............................................. 2
Syllabus: Art & Culture ......................................... 11
Syllabus: Modern History........................................ 3 1. Gita and Natyashastra added to UNESCO’s
3. Ambedkar’s Contributions to Indian Economy ... 3 Memory of the World Register ................................... 11
4. Sir Sankaran Nair................................................... 5 2. Meenakari Craft .................................................. 12
3. Kannadippaya GI Tag.......................................... 12
Syllabus: Geography .............................................. 5
5. Evolution of Monsoon Forecasting in India......... 5 Syllabus: Ancient History ...................................... 13
4. Mitathal and Tighrana Harappan Sites ............. 13
Syllabus: Society.................................................... 7
6. Women and Men in India 2024 Report ............... 7 Syllabus: Medieval History.................................... 14
7. Feminism in a Polarised World............................. 9 5. Devaraya I of Sangama Dynasty ........................ 14
8. Role in a Risk Society: Women and the Unequal 6. Raghuji Bhosale I................................................. 14
Burden...........................................................................10
Syllabus: Modern History...................................... 15
7. Mahatma Jyotiba Phule...................................... 15

Syllabus: World Geography................................... 16

8. Karaganda Region............................................... 16

Syllabus: Miscellaneous........................................ 17
9. Padma Awards .................................................... 17

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Syllabus: Art & Culture
1. Why Buddhism faded in the land of its birth?
Context: Prime Minister of India was gifted the Tipitaka by the Thai government during his visit for the 6th
BIMSTEC Summit, reigniting public curiosity on Buddhism’s origins and its decline in India.

Origins of Buddhism in India:

• Founded by Siddhartha Gautama (563–483 BCE):
Born in Lumbini (Nepal), attained enlightenment
in Bodh Gaya, and preached the Four Noble Truths &
Eightfold Path.
• Reaction to Vedic Ritualism: Rejected caste
hierarchy and Brahminical rituals,
emphasizing individual enlightenment.
• Early Patronage: Magadha rulers (Bimbisara,
Ajatashatru) supported Buddhism as an alternative to
Brahmanism.
• First Buddhist Council (483 BCE): Held at Rajgir to preserve Buddha’s teachings after his death.
• Ashoka’s Role (3rd Century BCE): Spread Buddhism across India and beyond through edicts and
missionaries.

Evolution & Development of Buddhism

• Theravada vs. Mahayana: Theravada (original teachings) vs. Mahayana (universal salvation,
Bodhisattva ideal).
• Monastic Universities: Nalanda, Vikramshila, Taxila became global centers of Buddhist learning.
• Vajrayana (Tantric Buddhism): Emerged in Bengal & Bihar, blending esoteric rituals with
Mahayana philosophy.
• Spread Beyond India: Sri Lanka (Ashoka’s son Mahendra), China (via Silk Road), Southeast Asia.
• Art & Architecture: Sanchi Stupa, Ajanta Caves, Gandhara Art reflect Buddhist influence.

Contributions of Buddhism to India:

• Social Equality: Challenged caste discrimination, offered egalitarian Sangha.
• Education & Literature: Pali & Prakrit texts enriched Indian languages; Jataka tales inspired moral
storytelling.
• Non-Violence (Ahimsa): Influenced Ashoka’s Dhamma and Gandhi’s Satyagraha.
• Architectural Legacy: Stupas, Chaityas, Viharas set benchmarks for Indian architecture.
• Diplomatic Soft Power: Buddhist missions strengthened India’s cultural ties with Asia.

Factors Behind the Decline of Buddhism in India:

• Cultural Factors:
o Clash with Hindu Traditions:
▪ Buddhism’s ascetic, monastic focuscontrasted with Hinduism’s joyful (Ananda), deity-
centric traditions (e.g., Bhakti movement).
▪ Hindus absorbed Buddha as Vishnu’s 9th avatar, diluting Buddhism’s uniqueness.
o Lack of Emotional Connect:
▪ No personal Ishwara (God)in Buddhism, unlike Hinduism’s Rama/Krishna devotion.
o Art & Rituals:
▪ Hindu temples dynamically integrated music, dance, and festivals, while Buddhism
remained meditative and austere.
• Social Factors:
o Monastic vs. Household Life:
▪ Buddhism encouraged monasticism, pulling able-bodied men away from family and
economic duties.
▪ Hindu grihastha (householder) dharmawas more socially sustainable.
o Caste System Resistance:
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 ▪ While Buddhism rejected caste, Hindu reformers like Shankaraadapted, reducing
Buddhism’s appeal.
o Decline in Lay Support:
▪ Wealthy monasteries relied on slaves/donations, losing touch with common people.
• Political Factors:
o Loss of Royal Patronage:
▪ Guptas (4th–6th CE) and Rajput’s favoured Hinduism (Vaishnavism/Shaivism).
▪ Pala Dynasty (8th–12th CE)was the last major Buddhist patron.
o Islamic Invasions (12th CE):
▪ Turks destroyed Nalanda, Vikramshila, and other key centers.
▪ No mass resistance since Buddhism had weak grassroots roots.
o Hindu Revivalism:
▪ Adi Shankara’s Advaita Vedantacountered Buddhist logic, winning back intellectuals.

Conclusion: Buddhism faded due to cultural incompatibility, social impracticality, and political neglect. Unlike
in Southeast Asia, where it merged with local traditions, in India, it was reabsorbed or destroyed.
PYQ: Early Buddhist Stupa-art, while depicting folk motifs and narratives, successfully expounds Buddhist
ideals. Elucidate. (UPSC-2016)

2. Indian Heritage Sites

Context: World Heritage Day 2025, themed “Heritage under Threat from Disasters and Conflicts: Preparedness
and Learning from 60 years of ICOMOS Actions,” is being celebrated globally, reaffirming the need to protect
cultural and natural legacies.

About Indian Heritage Sites:

• What are Heritage Sites?
o Heritage Sites are locations officially recognized by UNESCO for possessing outstanding
cultural, natural, or mixed universal value.
o They represent humanity’s shared legacy, preserving achievements in history, architecture,
biodiversity, and culture for future generations.
• India’s Status:
o As of 2024, India proudly holds 43 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, showcasing its rich and
diverse civilizational history.
o India’s journey began in 1983 with the listing of Agra Fort, Taj Mahal, Ajanta Caves, and Ellora
Caves as the first recognized sites.
• Categories of Sites in India:
o Cultural Sites (e.g., Taj Mahal, Hampi): Reflecting India’s monumental architecture, spirituality,
and artistic excellence.
o Natural Sites (e.g., Western Ghats, Sundarbans): Celebrating India’s ecological richness and
biodiversity.
o Mixed Sites (e.g., Khangchendzonga National Park): Having both cultural and natural
significance.
Significance of Heritage Sites in India:
• Cultural Identity: Heritage sites safeguard India’s centuries-old traditions, culture, and legacy for future
generations. E.g: Ajanta Caves showcase early Buddhist art from the 2nd century BCE.
• Tourism and Economy: UNESCO-recognized sites boost India’s tourism-driven economy, creating jobs
and local development. E.g: Taj Mahal attracts over 6 million visitors annually, contributing massively
to revenue.
• Global Recognition: India’s heritage strengthens its global image and cultural diplomacy efforts on
international platforms. E.g: India hosted the 46th UNESCO World Heritage Committee in 2024.
• Environmental and Scientific Value: Natural heritage sites serve as vital zones for biodiversity
preservation and scientific research. E.g: Western Ghats, a UNESCO site, are a global biodiversity
hotspot.

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Challenges to Heritage
Conservation:
Urbanization Pressure:
Unplanned urban
expansion encroaches
and damages nearby
heritage structures and
ecosystems. E.g: Rapid
encroachment issues
threaten the integrity of
Hampi’s heritage zones.

Climate Change: Global

warming accelerates
environmental
degradation, impacting
sensitive heritage
ecosystems. E.g: Coral
bleaching increasingly
threatens
Lakshadweep’s
Biosphere Reserve.

Conflict and Disaster Risks: Natural calamities and conflict zones often cause irreparable damage to historic
monuments. E.g: Earthquakes have previously damaged heritage sites like Dharahara Tower (Nepal).

Resource Constraints: Lack of skilled manpower and underfunding hampers long-term conservation efforts.
E.g: Many ASI-listed monuments suffer neglect due to budgetary shortages.

Pollution and Tourist Pressure: Heavy footfall and pollution cause physical wear, discoloration, and structural
damage. E.g: Air pollution has discolored the Taj Mahal’s white marble facade.

Way Ahead:
• Integrated Management Plans: Disaster-resilient, community-driven plans should be mandated for all
major heritage sites.
• Sustainable Tourism Models: Encourage ticketed access limits, promote virtual tours, and regulate
eco-sensitive zones around monuments.
• Increased Budget and Private Partnerships: Expand government funding and CSR engagement through
Adopt-a-Heritage and PPP models.
• Heritage Education Campaigns: Launch campaigns and curricula in schools to foster early awareness
about heritage conservation.
• Strengthen Local Community Involvement: Empower local communities through training and eco-
tourism models to sustainably protect heritage.

Conclusion: World Heritage Day reminds us that heritage is not merely history but a living bridge across
generations. India’s steadfast efforts in conserving its treasures ensure that its legacy continues to inspire,
educate, and unify humanity amid global challenges.
PYQ: Explain the role of geographical factors towards the development of Ancient India (UPSC-2023)

Syllabus: Modern History

3. Ambedkar’s Contributions to Indian Economy
Context: On the occasion of Ambedkar Jayanti 2025, renewed attention is being given to Dr. B.R. Ambedkar’s
contributions to India’s economic thought, highlighting his pioneering work in monetary policy, labour reforms,
and land rights for Dalits.

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About Ambedkar’s Contributions to Indian Economy:
• Foundation of Monetary Policy:
o Wrote The Problem of the Rupee: Its Origin and Its Solution (1923), advocating a gold exchange
standard.
o Influenced the setting up of the Reserve Bank of India in 1934.
• Pioneering Fiscal Federalism:
o His thesis Provincial Decentralisation of Imperial Finance in British India (1921) led to
conceptualising financial decentralization and Finance Commission of India.
• Labour Welfare Reforms:
o As Labour Member in the Viceroy’s Executive Council, introduced 8-hour workday, maternity
benefits, and dispute resolution boards.
o Set up employment exchanges across India.
• Water and Power Resource Development:
o Spearheaded projects like Central Water Commission, Damodar Valley Project, and Hirakud
Dam, linking water management with economic growth.
• Advocacy for Land Reforms and Dalit Empowerment:
o Proposed land distribution and separate settlements for Dalits to ensure economic
independence.
o Advocated nationalisation of land and collectivisation of agriculture.
• Economic Justice and Social Democracy:
o Linked economic empowerment to social dignity, arguing that social democracy is incomplete
without economic justice.
• Industrialisation and Modernisation Vision:
o Supported state-led industrialisation to create jobs and break caste-based occupational
immobility.
• Anti-Inflationary Policies:
o Warned that inflation disproportionately affects the poor; advocated for monetary
responsibility, a principle reflected in India’s modern inflation-targeting framework (like the
2016 Monetary Policy Framework).

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PYQ: Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. B R Ambedkar, despite having divergent approaches and strategies, had a
common goal of amelioration of the downtrodden. Elucidate (UPSC-2015)

4. Sir Sankaran Nair

Context: Prime Minister of India paid tribute to Sir Sankaran Nair on the 106th anniversary of the Jallianwala
Bagh massacre, recalling his legal battle against British atrocities.

About Sir Sankaran Nair:

• Who was Sir Sankaran Nair?
o Sir Chettur Sankaran Nair was a distinguished jurist,
statesman, and fearless nationalist known for speaking truth
to colonial power.
• Early Life and Education:
o Born in 1857, Mankara village, Palakkad, Malabar region
(present-day Kerala).
o Graduated from Presidency College, Madras, with a law
degree.
o Began legal career under Sir Horatio Shepherd, later Chief Justice of Madras High Court.
• Career and Achievements:
o Sankaran Nair was appointed public prosecutor (1899) and went on to become a judge of the
Madras High Court (1908).
o 1912: Knighted by the British Crown.
o 1915: Member of Viceroy’s Executive Council for education reforms.
o 1919: Resigned in protest after the Jallianwala Bagh massacre.
• Contribution to Indian Freedom Movement:
o Advocated for constitutional reforms and India’s self-governance.
o Presided over Indian National Congress Session at Amraoti (1897).
o He was a chairman of the All-India Committee, which in 1928–29 rather ineffectually met with
the Simon Commission
o Served as councillor to the Secretary of State for India (1920–21).
o He simultaneously opposed the Indian nationalist movement led by Mohandas K. Gandhiand
its forcible suppression by the British Indian government.
• Jallianwala Bagh Case (1922–24):
o Authored “Gandhi and Anarchy”, critiquing both British excesses and Gandhi’s non-
cooperation movement.
o Fiercely held O’Dwyer accountable for the 1919 Jallianwala Bagh massacre, faced a defamation
suit in a British court, and despite losing the case, displayed moral courage by refusing to
apologise.
o The case revealed British judicial bias and stirred Indian nationalist sentiments.
• Reformist and Social Justice Advocate
o Judgements supported inter-caste and inter-faith marriages.
o In Budasna v Fatima (1914), upheld conversion to Hinduism without loss of caste status.
o Founded and edited Madras Law Journal and Madras Review.

Syllabus: Geography
5. Evolution of Monsoon Forecasting in India
Context: The IMD has predicted an ‘above normal’ monsoon for 2025, at 105% of the Long Period Average
(LPA).

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This highlights the progress made in monsoon forecasting models, especially dynamic and ensemble-based
systems like MMCFS and MME.

About Evolution of Monsoon Forecasting in India:

What is Weather Forecasting? Weather forecasting is the scientific
estimation of atmospheric conditions (e.g., rainfall, temperature,
humidity) at a specific location and time using observational data
and mathematical models.

Types of Forecasts:
o Nowcasting (0–6 hrs): Provides ultra-short-term
weather updates using real-time data from radars
and satellites.
o Short-range (1–3 days): Useful for agriculture and
planning; relies on numerical weather prediction (NWP) models.
o Medium-range (4–10 days): Uses dynamic models to simulate atmospheric conditions;
forecasts moderate-term patterns.
o Long-range (10 days–2 years): Focuses on seasonal trends like monsoon; involves ocean-
atmosphere interactions.
o Ensemble Forecasting: Combines multiple models and parameters to offer more reliable and
probabilistic forecasts.

About Evolution of Monsoon Forecasting in India:

• Pre-Independence Era:
o 1875 – IMD Established: Founded after the 1876 famine to monitor weather and predict
monsoons scientifically.
o Henry Blanford (1882–85): Linked Himalayan snow cover to monsoon strength; laid early
forecasting foundation.
o Sir John Eliot (1889): Added Ocean and Australian conditions; began regional forecasts based
on April-May indicators.
o Sir Gilbert Walker (1904): Introduced 28 global predictors and statistical correlations to
forecast monsoon patterns.
• Post-Independence Era
o 1947–1987 – Walker Model Continued: IMD retained statistical models with high errors due to
outdated predictors.
o 1988 – Gowariker Model: Used 16 climatic variables in a power regression model for seasonal
monsoon prediction.
o 2003 – Parameter Reduction: Introduced two simpler models and two-stage forecasts to
enhance accuracy.
o 2007 – SEFS Launched: Developed a five-parameter (April) and six-parameter (June) model to
prevent overfitting.
• Recent Developments:
o 2012 – MMCFS Introduced: Dynamic coupled model combining ocean, land, and atmospheric
variables for holistic prediction.
o 2021 – Multi-Model Ensemble (MME): Integrates forecasts from global climate models to
improve monsoon accuracy.
Limitations of Current Forecasting:
• Model Biases: Systematic errors in simulations lead to regional inaccuracies and underperformance in
extreme events.
• Weak Teleconnections: Climate signals like ENSO and IOD are not consistently linked to rainfall
outcomes in India.
• Regional Discrepancies: Forecast precision drops at the micro-level, making district-wise prediction
unreliable.
• Changing Predictors: Long-used predictors have lost statistical relevance, affecting model reliability.

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 • Extreme Event Forecasting: Current models still struggle with predicting droughts, floods, or sudden
monsoon failures.

Way Ahead:
• Refine Dynamic Models: Improve calibration of MMCFS and MME to reduce structural errors in
simulations.
• Integrate AI & ML Tools: Adopt machine learning to refine pattern recognition and climate
correlations.
• High-Resolution Modelling: Build district-level models to support local disaster management and
agriculture.
• Upgrade Observational Systems: Expand coverage of Doppler radars, buoys, and automatic weather
stations (AWS).
• Global Collaboration: Share data and align with international agencies for broader and accurate
forecasting.

Conclusion: The journey of monsoon forecasting in India reflects scientific perseverance and technological
evolution. While the IMD has made commendable strides, future accuracy hinges on upgrading models, data
assimilation, and global partnerships. Reliable monsoon predictions are not just about climate—they are vital
for India’s agriculture, water security, and economic stability.
PYQ: Discuss the meaning of colour-coded weather warnings for cyclone prone areas given by India
Meteorological Department. (UPSC-2022)

Syllabus: Society
6. Women and Men in India 2024 Report
Context: The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) released the 26th edition of
“Women and Men in India 2024”, offering a comprehensive gender data snapshot.
Summary of the Women and Men in India 2024 Report:
Education – Gender Parity Trends:
Gender Parity Index (GPI) remained
above 1.00 across primary (1.03),
upper primary (1.02), and higher
secondary (1.02) levels in 2022-23,
reflecting higher female enrolment.
Labour Force Participation (15+ years):
Female Labour Force Participation Rate
(LFPR) improved from 49.8% (2017-18)
to 60.1% (2023-24) under usual status,
showing increased female workforce
inclusion.
Banking Access and Financial
Inclusion:
a. Women account for 39.2% of total bank accounts and contribute to 39.7% of aggregate
deposits in 2023-24.
b. Rural women hold 42.2% of accounts, indicating growing financial autonomy in non-urban
regions.
Stock Market Engagement:
c. DEMAT accounts surged from 33.26 million in 2021 to 143.02 million in 2024.
d. Female account holders increased from 6.67 million to 27.71 million, reflecting a 4.2x growth
in just three years.
Entrepreneurship – Female-led Enterprises:
e. Share of female-headed proprietary establishments in manufacturing, trade, and services
grew steadily from 2021-22 to 2023-24.
Political Participation – Voting Trends:
f. Female voter turnout reached 65.8% in 2024, closely matching male turnout at 65.5%.

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 g. This reversed earlier gender voting gaps seen in national elections.
Women-led Startups:
h. Startups with at least one-woman director recognized by DPIIT rose from 1,943 (2017) to
17,405 (2024) – over 800% growth, showcasing improved startup ecosystem inclusivity.
Health and Fertility Trends:
i. Total Fertility Rate (TFR) declined to 2.0 nationally in 2023, with female life expectancy
increasing to 71.3 years, indicating better health outcomes for women.
Analysis of Report:
Positives in the Report:
• Empirical gains in digital inclusion: DEMAT and bank account penetration among women indicates
widening financial empowerment.
• Education equity improving: GPI consistently above 1.0 across levels reflects progress in girl child
education.
• Participation in governance: High female voter turnout and rise in women-led startups show societal
engagement and leadership expansion.
• Improved labour metrics: A notable 10.3 percentage point rise in LFPR (2017–24) suggests
formalisation and participation gains.

Persistent Gaps and Concerns:

• Sectoral
concentration in
employment: Most
women remain
confined to low-paid
and informal sector
jobs.
• Digital divide lingers:
Despite growth, only
27.71 million women
held DEMAT accounts
versus 115.31 million
men in 2024.
• Under-representation in leadership: Women still hold a smaller share in senior corporate or
parliamentary positions despite educational gains.
• Urban-rural access imbalance: Internet and health access indicators show slower progress in rural
women’s inclusion.

Way Forward:
• Encourage targeted skilling and formal job creation for women in high-value sectors like IT, green
energy, and digital finance.
• Promote women’s leadership in decision-making bodies through affirmative actions and board-level
mandates.
• Expand digital and financial literacy through rural outreach and SHG-based platforms.
• Establish a Gender Data Monitoring Dashboard to track real-time progress and enable responsive
policymaking.

Conclusion: The Women and Men in India 2024 report is more than a statistical document—it is a blueprint for
inclusive governance. It reflects steady progress in gender indicators, but persistent disparities require urgent
attention. For India’s development to be truly inclusive, gender equity must move from aspiration to
quantifiable achievement.
PYQ: Examine the role of ‘Gig Economy’ in the process of empowerment of women in India. (UPSC-2021)

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7. Feminism in a Polarised World
Context: The recent passage of the Women’s Reservation Bill, 2023 in India has reignited debates on gender
equity in politics. However, feminist discourse today faces challenges in addressing structural and interpersonal
inequalities without deepening societal polarisation.
About Feminism and Its Waves:
First Wave (1848–1920s): Focused on suffrage and legal rights.
• Key figures: Elizabeth Cady Stanton (US), Emmeline Pankhurst (UK).
• Limited inclusivity—white women dominated, sidelining major activists.
Second Wave (1963–1980s): Expanded to workplace equality, reproductive rights, and gender violence.
• Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique (1963) and Germaine Greer’s The Female Eunuch (1970)
were pivotal.
• Critiqued for excluding women of colour—bell hooks’ Ain’t I a Woman? (1981) addressed
intersectionality.
Third Wave (1990s–2010s): Embraced diversity, sex positivity, and digital activism.
• Rebecca Walker coined “Third Wave” in 1992.
• Kimberlé Crenshaw’s intersectionality (1989) gained prominence.
• Movements like Riot Grrrl
and #GirlPower emerged.
Fourth Wave (2013–Present): Digital-
driven, global mobilisation (e.g.,
#MeToo, Women’s March).
• Argentina’s Green Wave
(abortion decriminalisation)
contrasts with US Roe v.
Wade reversal (2022).
Challenges to Feminism in a Polarised
World:
Overgeneralisation of Issues –
Blurring structural oppression (e.g.,
rural women’s safety) with privileged
struggles (urban work-life balance).
E.g. A village woman fearing
rape while accessing toilets vs.
a corporate woman negotiating chores.

Backlash from Men – Economic pressures on men (job losses, societal expectations) fuel resistance to feminist
discourse. E.g. Male suicide rates (WHO: 13.5 per 100,000 men) highlight unaddressed vulnerabilities.

Political Instrumentalisation – Feminism is often co-opted by partisan agendas, diluting its core objectives.
E.g. US abortion rights reversal (2022) vs. Argentina’s Green Wave legalising abortion (2020).

Digital Extremism – Online spaces amplify both feminist advocacy and anti-feminist trolling. E.g. #GamerGate
(2014) targeted women in gaming with harassment.

Cultural Resistance – Traditional norms in conservative societies hinder gender reforms. E.g. Saudi Arabia’s
male guardianship laws were relaxed only in 2019.

Way Ahead:
1. Context-Sensitive Policies – Tailor solutions for rural vs. urban, privileged vs. marginalised
women. E.g. India’s Beti Bachao Beti Padhao focuses on education but needs stronger
grassroots implementation.
2. Engaging Men as Allies – Address male struggles (mental health, economic stress) to reduce
resistance. E.g. HeForShe (UN Women) encourages male participation in gender equity.

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 3. Strengthening Institutions – Ensure laws (e.g., POSH Act, 2013) translate into real workplace
safety. E.g. Only 30% of Indian firms comply fully with POSH guidelines.
4. Intersectional Advocacy – Include caste, class, and race in feminist discourse.
E.g. Dalit women face triple discrimination (gender, caste, class).
5. Balanced Digital Activism – Counter misinformation while amplifying marginalized voices.
E.g. #DalitWomenFight highlights intersectional oppression in India.

Conclusion: Feminism must evolve beyond polarisation, blending structural reforms with empathy. A rights-
based yet inclusive approach can bridge divides. The future lies in policy action, societal dialogue, and equitable
empowerment for all genders.
PYQ: “Though women in post-Independent India have excelled in various fields, the social attitude towards
women and feminist movement has been patriarchal.” Apart from women education and women
empowerment schemes, what interventions can help change this milieu? (UPSC – 2021)

8. Role in a Risk Society: Women and the Unequal Burden

Context: The concept of “risk society,” coined by Ulrich Beck, highlights how modern crises amplify risks
globally, with women disproportionately bearing the impact, especially in developing countries.

About Role in a Risk Society:

What is Risk Society?
• Risk society describes a phase where
manufactured risks from technological and
environmental developments dominate modern
life, unlike the natural risks of the past.
• It focuses on managing risks rather than just
distributing wealth, reflecting the unintended
consequences of industrialization.
Features:
• Reflexive Modernization: Societies must constantly adapt to problems created by earlier technological
advances.
• Globalized Risks: Threats like pandemics, nuclear disasters, and climate change transcend national
boundaries.
• Unpredictability: Manufactured risks are complex, harder to foresee, and harder to control.

Three Distinctive Epochs of Modernity:

• Pre-Industrial Society: Risks were localized and natural, like famine and plagues, managed through
traditional systems.
• Industrial Society: Urbanization and technological advances created new risks, including pollution and
resource depletion.
• Risk Society: Today, human activities are the primary source of global, unpredictable hazards like
nuclear accidents and pandemics.

Types of Risk:
• Natural Risk:
o Originates from natural phenomena like earthquakes, floods, or disease outbreaks.
Example: The 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami was a major natural risk affecting millions.
• Manufactured Risk:
o Emerges from human activities, particularly industrial and technological development.
Example: The Chernobyl nuclear disaster (1986) caused lasting environmental and human
health impacts.

Women and the Unequal Burden in Risk Society:

• Higher Exposure to Health Risks: Women’s roles in water collection and use of biomass fuels for
cooking expose them to contaminated water and indoor air pollution

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 • Increased Disaster Mortality Risk: UNDP studies show women are 14 times more likely to die in
climate disasters due to mobility restrictions, care responsibilities, and inadequate early warning
access.
• Loss of Livelihood Security: Women in agriculture (43% of India’s rural workforce) suffer first when
climate-induced droughts, floods, or soil degradation destroy crops and reduce rural income (FAO 2023
report).
• Invisible and Unpaid Care Burden: Post-disaster recovery tasks like caregiving, food preparation, and
healthcare fall heavily on women without financial recognition.
• Water and Food Insecurity Amplification: Climate change-induced resource scarcity leads to women
traveling longer distances for water and receiving less food during shortages.

Way Ahead:
• Gender-Disaggregated Disaster Data Systems: Mandate gender-sensitive risk assessments and data
collection to design policies that directly target vulnerabilities
• Community-Led Natural Resource Management: Empower women-led cooperatives for water
management, seed preservation, and sustainable farming.
• Climate-Resilient Social Protection Schemes: Expand MGNREGA-style cash-for-work programs post-
disaster, prioritizing women-headed households for immediate recovery.
• Financial Access Reforms: Promote special microfinance and insurance packages for rural women to
rebuild livelihoods after environmental or health crises.
• Inclusive Climate Governance: Set mandatory quotas for women’s representation in local climate
adaptation bodies and Panchayati Raj institutions handling natural resource management.

Conclusion: The concept of a risk society underscores the growing complexity and unpredictability of modern
hazards. It also reveals the systemic inequalities that make women especially vulnerable to these risks.
Ensuring gender equity in risk management is critical for building a resilient, sustainable future.
PYQ: Examine the role of ‘Gig Economy’ in the process of empowerment of women in India. (UPSC-2021)

FACTS FOR PRELIMS (FFP)

Syllabus: Art & Culture
1. Gita and Natyashastra added to UNESCO’s Memory of the World Register
Context: The manuscripts of the Bhagavad Gita and Bharat Muni’s Natyashastra were added to UNESCO’s
Memory of the World Register.

About Gita and Natyashastra added to UNESCO’s Memory of the World Register:
• What It Is?
o An international initiative by UNESCO to preserve humanity’s valuable documentary heritage
and safeguard it against neglect, decay, and destruction.
• Established In: 1992.
• Objective: To protect archival holdings, manuscripts, rare collections, and promote broader
accessibility and awareness.
• Criteria for Inclusion:
o Outstanding universal value.
o Historical, cultural, or social
significance.
o Authenticity, integrity, and rarity of
the document.
• India and Memory of the World:
o With the inclusion of Gita and
Natyashastra, India now has 14
entries in the Memory of the
World Register.

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 o Other recent entries include Ramcharitmanas, Panchatantra, and Sahrdayāloka-Locana in the
2024 MOWCAP Regional Register.

About Gita and Natyashastra:

Bhagavad Gita:
o Name: Bhagavad Gita (The Song of the Lord).
o Attributed to: Sage Vyasa.
o Features: A 700-verse dialogue between Krishna and Arjuna, expounding profound spiritual,
ethical, and philosophical principles central to Hindu thought.
Natyashastra:
o Name: Natyashastra (Treatise on Performing Arts).
o Author: Bharat Muni.
o Features: A foundational text detailing Indian classical dance, drama, music, and stagecraft;
establishes concepts like Rasa (aesthetic flavor) that continue to influence Indian arts.

2. Meenakari Craft
Context: During his visit to Bangkok for the 6thBIMSTEC Summit, Prime Minister of India gifted exquisite Indian
handicrafts to the Thai Prime Minister and her spouse, including artifacts showcasing the traditional Meenakari
craft.

About Meenakari Craft:

• What is Meenakari?
o Meenakari is the art of enamelling metal or ceramic
surfaces with vivid colors and detailed patterns.
o It involves fusing coloured powdered glass onto
surfaces at high temperatures to create intricate and
durable designs.
• Historical Origins
o Originated in Safavid Iran, perfected by Mughals in
India.
o The word Meenakari is derived from Meena (heaven)
and Kari (to do), meaning “placing paradise onto an
object.”
o Introduced in India during the Mughal era, further refined in the 20th century with the help of
Iranian artisans.
• Indian Regions Practicing Meenakari:
o Jaipur (Rajasthan): Renowned hub; known for red, green, and white Mughal-style motifs.
o Gujarat & Lucknow: Each region reflects its distinct local style.
• Core Characteristics:
o Uses precious metals like gold and silver, sometimes copper or brass.
o Features geometric, floral, and animal patterns.
o Applied to jewelry, vases, figurines, crockery, decor, and even furniture.
o Finished products often exhibit a glassy, polished look with vibrant contrast.
o Combines traditional motifs with modern utility.

3. Kannadippaya GI Tag
Context: Kannadippaya, a traditional tribal mat from Kerala, has been awarded the Geographical Indication (GI)
tag, marking it as the first tribal handicraft from the state to receive such recognition.

About Kannadippaya GI Tag:

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 • Kannadippaya, meaning “mirror mat,” is a
handwoven mat made from soft inner layers of
reed bamboo.
• State of Origin: It is crafted by tribal communities
across Idukki, Thrissur, Ernakulam, and Palakkad
districts in Kerala.
Unique Characteristics:
• Known for its reflective pattern, it provides
thermal comfort—warm in winters and cool in
summers.
• Eco-friendly and biodegradable, it aligns with global sustainability trends.
Cultural Significance:
• Preserved by indigenous tribes like Oorali, Mannan, Muthuva, Malayan, Kadar, and Ulladan.
• Its revival is essential to sustaining tribal craftsmanship and livelihoods.

About Geographical Indication (GI) Tag: A GI tag is an intellectual property label that certifies a product’s
origin and quality based on its geographical source.
Issuing Authority:
• GI tags in India are governed by the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and
Protection) Act, 1999.
• The Geographical Indication Registry under the Department of Industry Promotion and Internal
Trade, Ministry of Commerce and Industry.
• Year of Inception: The first GI tag in India was awarded to Darjeeling Tea in 2004–05.
• Top GI Tag States: Uttar Pradesh leads in GI-tagged products, followed by Tamil Nadu.

Syllabus: Ancient History

4. Mitathal and Tighrana Harappan Sites
Context: The Haryana Government has officially declared Mitathal and Tighrana, two Harappan civilisation sites
in Bhiwani district, as protected archaeological sites under the Haryana Ancient and Historical Monuments and
Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1964.

About Mitathal and Tighrana Harappan Sites in News:

Location:
• Mitathal and Tighrana villages in Bhiwani district,
Haryana.
• Now protected under a 10-acre demarcated area at
Mitathal as per the March 13, 2025, government
notification.

Key Features & Importance:

1. Mitathal Site:
• Yields Copper-Bronze Age material dating back to 3rd–2nd millennium BCE.
• Evidence of Harappan town planning, sturdy red pottery with black painted motifs (e.g. pipal leaf,
fish scale).
• Artefacts: beads, copper tools, bangles, terracotta, and bone items.
• Excavations from 1965–68 and four more since 2016 by Central University of Haryana.
2. Tighrana Site:
• Rich in post-Harappan and pre-Harappan layers, showing cultural continuity.
• Associated with Sothian culture (Chalcolithic farmers).
• Houses made of mud bricks, possibly fortified; early use of bichrome wheel-made pottery.
• Artefacts: green carnelian bangles, indicating active bead and jewellery industry.
Uniqueness:
• Shows uninterrupted human settlement from Pre-Siswal to Post-Harappan periods.

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 • Offers rich insights into early agricultural practices, craftsmanship, and community structure in
Indo-Gangetic divide.

Syllabus: Medieval History

5. Devaraya I of Sangama Dynasty
Context: Rare copper plates dated 1406 CE, documenting the coronation of Devaraya I of Sangama Dynasty
(Vijayanagara Empire), were unveiled in Bengaluru by Falcon Coins Gallery and ASI.
About Devaraya I of Sangama Dynasty: (1406–1422 CE)
• Devaraya I was one of the most notable rulers of the Sangama
Dynasty, known for expanding the Vijayanagara Empire and
strengthening its administrative base.

Key Features of His Reign:

• Ascension and Civil War: Gained the throne after a power
struggle post-Harihara II’s death.
• Military Expansion: Led campaigns into Tamil Nadu, Konkan,
and Tondaimandalam, securing borders against the Bahmani
Sultanate.
• Irrigation and Infrastructure: Built canals and tanks to improve agriculture; supported public works.
• Cultural Encouragement: Patronized literature and trade, strengthening ties with Arab and Chinese
merchants.
• Historic Copper Plate: The newly unveiled plate confirms his exact coronation date and a grant to
Brahmins at Devarāyapura Agrahāra.

About the Sangama Dynasty:

• The Sangama Dynasty was the founding royal house of the Vijayanagara Empire, reigning from 1336
to 1485 CE.
• Founded by: Harihara I and Bukka Raya I
• Year of Origin: 1336 CE
• Capital: Vijayanagara (present-day Hampi)

Major Kings:
1. Harihara I (1336–1356 CE) – Founder, established fort at Barkuru.
2. Bukka Raya I (1356–1377 CE) – Expanded empire, known for religious patronage.
3. Harihara II (1377–1406 CE) – Extended territory into Tamil Nadu and coastal Andhra.
4. Devaraya I (1406–1422 CE) – Known for administrative strength and military success.
5. Devaraya II (1425–1446 CE) – Peak of Sangama rule, patron of arts and foreign trade.

Key Contributions:
• Strong Central Administration: Divided empire into Nadu and Sime
• Military Strength: Constant resistance against Bahmani Sultanate and Gajapati rulers.
• Cultural Flourishing: Promoted Kannada and Telugu literature, art, and temple construction.
• Religious Tolerance: Supported Hindu, Jain, and Islamic scholars and institutions.
• Trade and Economy: Boosted internal agriculture and foreign trade with Arabs and Chinese.

6. Raghuji Bhosale I
Context: The Maharashtra government successfully reclaimed the 18th-century ceremonial sword of Raghuji
Bhosale I at auction in London for ₹47.15 lakh, including all costs.
• It is believed to be war loot post-Battle of Sitabuldi (1817) or gifted to the British.

About Raghuji Bhosale I:

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 • Founder of the Nagpur-based Bhosale dynasty, active during
the early 18th century.
• Loyal Maratha general under Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj.
• Controlled eastern regions like Chhattisgarh, Sambalpur, Chanda,
and parts of Odisha and Bengal.
• His dynasty ruled over the mineral-rich Vidarbha region known
for iron and copper.
• Led successful military expeditions in Bengal (1745, 1755) and South India, defeating the Nawabs
of Kurnool and Cuddapah.
• Honoured with the title ‘Senasaheb Subha’ by Shahu Maharaj for his military excellence.
• Promoted weapon craftsmanship; the Bhosales were known for artisanal weapons using imported
blades and local hilts.

About Khanda and Firangi Swords:

• Khanda Swords:
o Indigenous Indian weapon, originating in the 9th–10th century CE.
o Used by Rajputs, Sikhs, and Marathas for war.
o Features:
▪ Straight, double-edged blade designed for heavy chops.
▪ Equipped with Hindu basket hilts and knuckle guards.
▪ Made purely from locally sourced iron or steel.
• Firangi Swords:
o Fusion weapons blending European blades with Indian hilts.
o The reclaimed Raghuji sword features:
▪ Straight, single-edged European blade (likely from Solingen, Germany).
▪ Local Mulheri hilt with gold inlay and Devanagari script.
▪ Decorative grip wrapped in green cloth, indicating ceremonial usage.
▪ Inscription: Shrimant Raghoji Bhosale Senasaheb Subha Firang.

Syllabus: Modern History

7. Mahatma Jyotiba Phule
Context: April 11 marks as the 198th birth anniversary of Mahatma Jyotiba Phule, the trailblazing social
reformer known for his tireless fight against caste discrimination, untouchability, and gender inequality.

About Mahatma Jyotiba Phule:

Who he was?
• Mahatma Jyotirao Phule (1827–1890) was a pioneer social reformer,
educationist, thinker, and writer from Maharashtra.
• Revered as the “Father of the Indian Social Revolution”, he worked for
the upliftment of Dalits, women, farmers, and laborers.
• He was the first leader to use the term “Dalit” for the oppressed castes
and laid the foundation for anti-caste movements in India.
Early Life and Education:
• Born: April 11, 1827, in Pune, Maharashtra, in the Mali (gardener) caste.
• Admitted to Scottish Mission School in Pune and graduated in 1847.
• Married Savitribai Phule in 1840, who later became India’s first female teacher.
Key Contributions:
• Education & Women Empowerment:
o Founded India’s first school for girls in Pune (1848).
o Opened night schools for farmers and laborers.
o Advocated universal, compulsory, and practical education for all, especially for women and
backward castes.
• Social Reform:
o Strongly opposed caste discrimination, untouchability, and Brahminical patriarchy.
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 o Founded the Satyashodhak Samaj (Truth Seekers’ Society) in 1873 to promote equality,
rationalism, and social justice.
o Promoted widow remarriage, anti-infanticide centers, and Hindu orphanages.
• Agriculture and Rural Reforms:
o Authored Shetkaryacha Asud (Farmer’s Whip), highlighting agrarian distress.
o Suggested construction of dams, bunds, and use of military labor for rural development.
o Promoted agricultural education and economic empowerment of farmers.
• Political and Public Advocacy:
o Opposed the filtration theory in education and submitted recommendations to the Hunter
Commission (1882).
o Served as a municipal member in Pune, advocated for public health, water supply, and worker
rights.
o Co-founded Bombay Millhands Association with Narayan Meghaji Lokhande for labor welfare.

Major Literary Works:

• Gulamgiri (Slavery) – Dedicated to African-American freedom fighters; critiques caste-based
oppression.
• Shetkaryacha Asud – On farmers’ rights and state responsibility.
• Sarvajanik Satya Dharma Pustak – Advocates universal religion of justice and rationality.
• Tritiya Ratna, Powada on Shivaji Maharaj, and various essays on education and reform.

Associated Organizations:
• Satyashodhak Samaj – Promoted inter-caste marriages, non-Brahmin priesthood, and mass
education.
• Supported by Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj and inspired leaders like Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.
• Started Din Bandhu newspaper (1877) to voice concerns of oppressed classes.

Syllabus: World Geography

8. Karaganda Region
Context: Kazakhstan has discovered a major Rare Earth Element (REE) deposit at the Kuirektykol site in the
Karaganda Region, with an estimated 1 million tons of REEs, signalling a potential boost to global clean tech
supply chains.

About Karaganda Region:

Location: Located in central
Kazakhstan.

Geographic Features: It consists

of arid plains, hills, and seasonal
streams. Key landscapes include
the Karkaraly National Park,
Mount Aksoran (1,565m), and
parts of the Kazakh Uplands.

Rivers: Major rivers include the

Ishim (Esil) and Nura, supported
by the Irtysh–Karaganda Canal.
Lake Balkhash lies in its
southeast.

Economic Importance: Historically known for coal mining and Gulag camps during Soviet times, the region
remains a mineral-rich industrial hub.

About Rare Earth Elements (REEs):

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 • What are REEs?
o Rare earth elements are a group of 17 chemically similar elements, crucial for making electric
vehicles, wind turbines, smartphones, lasers, and defence technologies.
• Global Importance: Despite being called “rare”, REEs are abundant but difficult to extract
economically due to complex refining and environmental risks.
• Top Global Producer (2024): China remains the largest producer, accounting for over 60% of global
REE output, followed by the USA and Australia.
• Uniqueness of REEs:
o High magnetic, luminescent, and catalytic properties.
o No viable alternatives in key green technologies.
o Strategic importance for net-zero transitions, defence, and AI electronics.

Syllabus: Miscellaneous
9. Padma Awards
Context: President of India conferred Padma Awards 2024 to 71 personalities at Rashtrapati Bhavan,
recognizing excellence across diverse fields.

About Padma Awards:

• What are Padma Awards?
o The Padma Awards are among India’s highest civilian
honors.
o They recognize exceptional and distinguished service
across various fields involving public service.
• Origin:
o Instituted: 1954
o Reclassified: In 1955 into three categories – Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan, and Padma
Shri.
• Presented by: The President of India formally presents the awards at a ceremonial function at
Rashtrapati Bhavan.
• Selection Committee:
o Constituted by: The Prime Minister annually.
o Headed by: The Cabinet Secretary.
o Members: Home Secretary, Secretary to the President, and 4–6 eminent personalities.
• Selection Criteria:
o Core Focus: Life-long achievements plus an element of public service.
o Scope: Achievements across fields like arts, social work, science, public affairs, trade, medicine,
sports, literature, education, and civil service.
o Inclusivity: Open to all citizens regardless of race, occupation, or gender.
o Exceptions: Active government servants (excluding doctors/scientists) are not eligible.
o Posthumous Awards: Rare but permitted in highly deserving cases.
• Award Procedure:
o Nominations: Public can nominate and even self-nominations allowed.
o Screening: Padma Awards Committee shortlists nominees.
o Approval: Recommendations are sent to the Prime Minister and then to the President.
o Announcement: Made annually on the eve of Republic Day.
• Limit: Maximum 120 awards annually, excluding posthumous/foreign/NRI/OCI awards.
• No Title Conferment: Awardees cannot use it as a prefix or suffix to their names.
• Discontinuity:
o 1978–1979: Discontinued by the Janata Party under PM Morarji Desai, citing inconsistency with
democratic ideals.
o 1993–1997: Suspended due to PILs questioning their validity, but the Supreme Court upheld
them in 1995 (Balaji Raghavan case). This led to full conferment resuming from 1997.

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