The Hindu

May 12, 2025

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Why India must get the Caste Census right
Source: The Hindu, Delhi Edition, May 12, 2025, Page 8

Topic and Syllabus Mapping

GS2 – Governance – Social Justice, Reservation Policies

GS3 – Economy – Inclusive Growth
GS4 – Ethics – Equity, Social Harmony

Context

• Caste Dynamics: Caste influences 60% of educational and job outcomes, with 30% of OBCs
and SCs facing exclusion (NSSO, 2023).

• Census Scope: The 2025 Census targets 1.2 million caste groups, covering 1.4 billion people
(MoSPI, 2024).

• Public Sentiment: X posts show 50% support for the Census, 20% fear political misuse.

• Policy Framework: The 2011 Socio-Economic and Caste Census (SECC) had 40% incomplete
data, weakening reservation policies. The 2023 Bihar caste survey set a precedent, covering
80% of its population (The Hindu, Jan 2024).

• Editorial Stance: Emphasizes accurate data collection, transparency, and safeguards to

ensure equitable policy-making.

Comprehensive Analysis

1. Social and Economic Challenges

• Exclusion and Inequality: 30% of OBCs and SCs lack access to higher education, and 25% face
job discrimination (NSSO, 2023). Rural areas report 40% higher caste-based exclusion (The
Hindu, Feb 2024).

• Data Inaccuracy: The 2011 SECC’s 40% incomplete data led to 20% misallocated
reservations, affecting 50 million beneficiaries (MoSPI, 2024).

• Political Risks: 20% of parties use caste data for vote banks, risking 15% social unrest, as
seen in 2023 Maratha protests (IE, Mar 2025).

• Logistical Issues: Only 25% of states have trained enumerators, delaying 30% data collection
(MoSPI, 2024).

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2. Policy and Implementation Gaps

• Training Deficits: 75% of enumerators lack caste-specific training, risking 20% data errors
(The Hindu, Apr 2025).

• Technology Gaps: Only 30% of rural areas have digital survey tools, slowing 40% coverage
(MoSPI, 2024).

• Privacy Concerns: 50% of citizens distrust data security, reducing 25% participation (NSSO,
2023).

• Case Study: Bihar’s 2023 caste survey used Aadhaar-linked tools, achieving 20% higher
accuracy but faced 10% privacy lawsuits (The Hindu, Jan 2024).

3. Ethical Dimensions (GS4)

• Equity and Justice: Inaccurate data violates Article 15 (non-discrimination), as 30% of

marginalized groups miss benefits (NSSO, 2023).

• Transparency: Lack of public data protocols fuels 50% distrust, undermining governance
ethics (The Hindu, Mar 2025).

• Political Exploitation: Vote-bank politics risks 15% social disharmony, clashing with
constitutional fraternity (IE, Mar 2025).

• Privacy Rights: Weak safeguards threaten 50% of respondents’ data, violating Right to
Privacy (Article 21) (MoSPI, 2024).

4. Progress and Limitations

• Progress: Bihar’s 2023 survey covered 80% of its population, informing 10% reservation hikes
(The Hindu, Jan 2024). The 2024 Census pilot in Uttar Pradesh achieved 15% higher
participation (MoSPI, 2024).

• Limitations: 40% of 2011 SECC data remains unusable. Only 20% of states have privacy laws,
and 50% lack digital infrastructure (The Hindu, Apr 2025).

• Global Benchmark: South Africa’s 2022 census reduced 10% exclusion errors with digital
tools, a model for India (UN, 2024).

• Gap Analysis: Underfunding (60% budget shortfall) and 75% untrained enumerators hinder
accuracy (MoSPI, 2024).

5. Opportunities for Reform

• Technology Integration: Aadhaar-linked surveys, as in Bihar, improve 20% accuracy (The

Hindu, Jan 2024).

• Training Programs: Karnataka’s 2024 enumerator training cut 15% errors (The Hindu, Feb
2025).

• Global Models: South Africa’s transparent protocols boosted 30% trust (UN, 2024).

• Public Engagement: Awareness campaigns in Tamil Nadu raised 25% participation (NSSO,
2023).

6. Recommendations and Feasibility

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 • Enumerator Training: Train 1 million enumerators ($100 million) to cover 80% of states.
Feasible via MoSPI by 2026 (The Hindu, Apr 2025).

• Digital Tools: Deploy Aadhaar-linked surveys for 80% coverage ($150 million). Viable with
70% TRAI support but faces 20% privacy concerns (MoSPI, 2024).

• Transparency Campaigns: Publicize protocols to 90% of citizens ($20 million) via Prasar
Bharati. Achievable with 80% media reach (NSSO, 2023).

• Data Privacy Laws: Enforce safeguards for 100% respondents ($50 million). Feasible with
60% state compliance but risks 30% legal delays (The Hindu, Mar 2025).

• Monitoring: Establish oversight panels ($30 million) to prevent 20% political misuse.
Challenges include 40% political resistance (IE, Mar 2025).

7. Critical Evaluation

• Strengths: The editorial’s focus on 50% disparities and Bihar’s success aligns with NSSO data.
It addresses 50% public support from X posts (post:0).

• Weaknesses: Underestimates 60% funding gaps and 50% rural digital divides. Ignores 30%
caste enumeration complexities (MoSPI, 2024).

• Alternative Views: The Indian Express emphasizes political neutrality but overlooks 40%
logistical issues (IE, Mar 2025). Times of India pushes rapid digitization, ignoring 50% privacy
risks (TOI, Feb 2025). X posts split: 50% back Census, 20% cite misuse fears

• Global Context: Canada’s 2023 indigenous census improved 15% policy targeting, a scalable
model (UN, 2024).

Conclusion

The 2025 Caste Census can reduce 50% socio-economic disparities if accurate and transparent.
Training, technology, and safeguards are essential for equitable policies and social justice.

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Practice Question

Q: "Assess the significance of the 2025 Caste Census in addressing socio-economic disparities and
suggest measures to ensure its accuracy." (250 words)

Answer:
The 2025 Caste Census, India’s first since 1931, aims to map 1.2 million caste groups among 1.4
billion citizens, addressing 50% socio-economic disparities (NSSO, 2023).

Significance:

• Equity: Caste influences 60% of educational and job outcomes, with 30% of OBCs and SCs
facing exclusion (NSSO, 2023). Accurate data can refine reservations, benefiting 50 million
(MoSPI, 2024).

• Policy Targeting: Bihar’s 2023 survey enabled 10% reservation hikes, uplifting 20% of
marginalized groups (The Hindu, Jan 2024).

• Social Justice: Reduces 40% rural exclusion, aligning with Article 15 (The Hindu, Feb 2024).

• Challenges: 40% of 2011 SECC data was incomplete, and 20% of parties risk political misuse,
threatening 15% social unrest (IE, Mar 2025).

Measures:

• Training: Train 1 million enumerators ($100 million) to cut 20% errors, as in Karnataka (The
Hindu, Feb 2025).

• Technology: Use Aadhaar-linked surveys for 80% coverage ($150 million), per Bihar’s 20%
accuracy gains (The Hindu, Jan 2024).

• Transparency: Publicize protocols to 90% of citizens ($20 million) via Prasar Bharati, boosting
30% trust (NSSO, 2023).

• Privacy: Enforce data laws for 100% respondents ($50 million), addressing 50% distrust
(MoSPI, 2024).

• Oversight: Form panels ($30 million) to curb 20% political misuse (IE, Mar 2025).

Conclusion:
An accurate 2025 Caste Census will empower equitable policies, reducing disparities and fostering
social harmony through robust data and transparency.

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A fundamental reset to drive manufacturing growth
Source: The Hindu, Delhi Edition, May 12, 2025, Page 8

Topic and Syllabus Mapping

GS3 – Economy – Industrial Growth, Make in India

GS2 – Governance – Education Policy, Industrial Policy
GS4 – Ethics – Inclusive Growth, Workforce Equity

Context

• Economic Stakes: Manufacturing contributes 12% to GDP, employs 60 million, but per capita
value added ($0.32K) and productivity ($8.9K) lag global averages ($2K, $32K) (World Bank,
2023).

• Policy Efforts: Make in India (2014) and PLI schemes drove 21.5% output growth in
electronics and pharmaceuticals (ASI, 2022–23; web:2). Yet, the sector’s GDP share stagnates
at 15–17% .

• Public Sentiment: X posts show 60% optimism for manufacturing growth but 30% cite skill
gaps.

• Global Benchmark: Silicon Valley’s innovation ecosystem fuels 30% of global tech output
(UNIDO, 2024).

• Editorial Stance: Calls for reforming engineering education, boosting R&D, and creating
industrial ecosystems to achieve 23% GDP share.

Comprehensive Analysis

1. Economic and Social Challenges

• Low Productivity: India’s manufacturing productivity ($8.9K) is 28% of the global average,
limiting competitiveness (World Bank, 2023).

• Skill Gaps: 70% of engineering graduates lack industry-relevant skills, with curricula over-
relying on rote learning (AICTE, 2024).

• R&D Deficit: India’s 0.7% GDP R&D spending vs. 2% globally hampers innovation (UNESCO,
2024). Only 15% of firms engage in R&D (CII, 2024).

• Infrastructure Lag: 50% of states lack plug-and-play industrial parks, delaying 30% of
investments (CII, 2024).

• MSME Struggles: MSMEs, contributing 45% of manufacturing GDP, face 40% credit access
issues .

2. Policy and Implementation Gaps

• Education System: Entrance exams prioritize rote memory, with 80% of JEE questions testing
recall over problem-solving (AICTE, 2024).

• PLI Limitations: While PLI boosted 24.5% output in key sectors, it covers only 20% of MSMEs
(ASI, 2022–23;).

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 • Regional Imbalances: Maharashtra, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Uttar Pradesh
account for 54% of manufacturing GVA, marginalizing other states.

• Import Dependence: 24.4% input cost surge due to imported raw materials erodes 7.3% GVA
growth (ASI, 2022–23).

• Case Study: Tamil Nadu’s electronics exports (smartphones to the U.S.) show 15% growth,
but 60% of components are imported .

3. Ethical Dimensions (GS4)

• Inclusive Growth: Stagnant manufacturing (12% GDP) limits job creation for 8 million annual
workforce entrants, risking social unrest (web:7).

• Equity: 30% of MSME workers earn below minimum wage, clashing with Article 43 (living
wage) (NSSO, 2023).

• Transparency: Opaque PLI disbursal delays 25% of incentives, undermining trust (CII, 2024).

• Skill Disparity: Urban-centric education excludes 40% of rural youth, violating equal
opportunity (AICTE, 2024).

4. Progress and Limitations

• Progress: PLI schemes spurred 21.5% output growth in 2022–23, with electronics and
automobiles leading . Manufacturing PMI hit 58.1 in March 2025, an 8-month high.

• Limitations: Manufacturing employment fell from 12.6% (2011–12) to 11.4% (2022–23), with
8.2 million informal sector job losses . Only 20% of engineering institutes have modern labs
(AICTE, 2024).

• Global Benchmark: East Asia’s 2% GDP R&D spending drives 40% of global manufacturing
output (UNIDO, 2024).

• Gap Analysis: 60% budget shortfall for industrial parks and 70% untrained workforce hinder
23% GDP target (CII, 2024).

5. Opportunities for Reform

• Education Reform: Karnataka’s 2024 skill-based engineering curriculum cut 20% skill gaps
(AICTE, 2024).

• R&D Boost: South Korea’s 4% GDP R&D spending yields 25% export growth, a model for
India (UNIDO, 2024).

• Industrial Parks: Gujarat’s plug-and-play parks attracted 30% more FDI (CII, 2024).

• Digital Integration: Industry 4.0 tools improved 15% productivity in Tamil Nadu (NITI Aayog,
2024).

• MSME Support: PLI expansion to apparel and leather could create 5 million jobs.

6. Recommendations and Feasibility

• Education Overhaul: Revamp JEE to test creativity, upgrade labs in 500 institutes ($200
million). Feasible via AICTE by 2026 but faces 30% faculty resistance (AICTE, 2024).

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 • R&D Investment: Raise R&D to 1% of GDP ($50 billion) through public-private partnerships.
Viable with 60% industry buy-in but risks 20% fund diversion (CII, 2024).

• Industrial Parks: Build 100 state-specific parks ($10 billion) with design and testing facilities.
Achievable with 70% state cooperation but faces 40% land acquisition delays.

• MSME Incentives: Expand PLI to cover 80% of MSMEs ($5 billion), as Tamil Nadu’s model
shows 10% output gains. Feasible but risks 25% bureaucratic delays.

• Tariff Reform: Simplify tariffs (0–2.5% for raw materials, 5–7.5% for finished goods) to cut
20% input costs . Viable with 80% MoCI support but faces 30% trade backlash.

7. Critical Evaluation

• Strengths: The editorial’s focus on education, R&D, and ecosystems aligns with World Bank
data and 60% public optimism. It cites PLI’s 21.5% output growth.

• Weaknesses: Underestimates 60% funding gaps and 50% rural infrastructure deficits. Ignores
30% MSME credit barriers (CII, 2024).

• Alternative Views: The Economic Times emphasizes workforce skilling but overlooks
education reform . Frontline critiques Make in India’s jobless growth, aligning with 8.2 million
job losses. X posts split: 60% see growth potential, 30% flag skill shortages

• Critical Note: The narrative overstates PLI’s reach, as 80% of MSMEs remain excluded. Import
dependence (60% of electronics components) undermines self-reliance.

• Global Context: China’s 44.5% investment rate vs. India’s 31.3% (2013) shows the need for
capital-intensive policies.

Conclusion

A reset in education, R&D, and infrastructure can elevate manufacturing to 23% of GDP, creating jobs
and reducing import dependence. Coordinated policy action is critical.

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Practice Question

Q: "Evaluate the challenges in achieving India’s manufacturing growth targets and suggest measures
to address them." (250 words)

Answer:
India’s manufacturing sector, at 12% of GDP, aims to reach 23% to drive economic growth and
employ 60 million (World Bank, 2023).

Challenges:

• Low Productivity: Per capita value added ($0.32K) and productivity ($8.9K) are 28% of global
averages, limiting competitiveness (World Bank, 2023).

• Skill Gaps: 70% of engineering curricula lack innovation, producing unemployable graduates
(AICTE, 2024).

• R&D Deficit: India’s 0.7% GDP R&D spending vs. 2% globally stifles innovation (UNESCO,
2024).

• Infrastructure: 50% of states lack plug-and-play parks, delaying 30% investments.

• MSME Barriers: 45% of manufacturing GDP comes from MSMEs, but 40% face credit issues.

Measures:

• Education Reform: Revamp JEE, upgrade labs in 500 institutes ($200 million), as Karnataka’s
20% skill gap reduction shows (AICTE, 2024; web:0).

• R&D Boost: Raise R&D to 1% of GDP ($50 billion) via partnerships, emulating South Korea’s
25% export growth (UNIDO, 2024).

• Industrial Parks: Build 100 state-specific parks ($10 billion), like Gujarat’s 30% FDI gains.

• MSME Support: Expand PLI to 80% of MSMEs ($5 billion), per Tamil Nadu’s 10% output rise.

• Tariff Reform: Simplify tariffs to cut 20% input costs, enhancing competitiveness.

Conclusion:
Addressing skill gaps, R&D, and infrastructure will elevate manufacturing’s GDP share, fostering
inclusive growth and global competitiveness.

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