Grade 11 Foundations for College Mathematics Exam Review

Breakdown of Final Exam:

Total Marks: 100

Breakdown by Topic:

Chapter 1 Trigonometry 16 marks

Chapter 2 Probability 8 marks

Chapter 3 Statistics 14 marks

Chapters 4/5: Quadratic Relations and Factoring 16 marks

Chapter 7: Exponents and Exponential Relations 14 marks

Chapter 8-9 Compound Interest and Personal Finance 12 marks

Miscellaneous: True/False 10 marks

Communications Assessment 10 marks

TOTAL 100 marks

Grade 11 Foundations for College Mathematics Exam Review

Chapter 1: Trigonometry
In trigonometry, we deal with right angle, acute triangles. The sides of a triangle are labelled according to their relationship with
particular angles:

A
hypotenuse
(Always opposite the right angle)
opposite side to  B
(can be adjacent side to  A)

C B
opposite side to  A
(can be adjacent side to  B)
These are the primary trigonometric ratios when we look at  A:
In the above triangle
opposite side to A BC
sin A = =
hypotenuse AB

adjacent side to A AC
cos A = =
hypotenuse AB

opposite side to A BC
tan A = =
adjacent side to A AC

Use the acronym SOH-CAH-TOA to remember the ratios:

• Sine → Opposite over Hypotenuse → SOH

• Cosine → Adjacent over Hypotenuse → CAH

• Tangent → Opposite over Adjacent → TOA

Steps:
1. Label sides of the triangle: hypotenuse, opposite, and adjacent
2. Choose ratio that includes what you are solving for and what you are given in the question
3. Solve
To solve for a side length:
Choose the trig ratio that includes the side length you are given and the side length you want to solve

Example Label Sides Choose ratio Solve

A Solve for side AC A We are given an angle measure opp
hyp and its opp side, and we are sin 37 =
opp asked to solve for hyp. hyp
6 6
37 37 6
Which ratio uses opp and hyp? 0 .6 =
B C B adj C AC
Use the sin ratio. 0.6  AC = 6
6
AC = = 10
0 .6
Grade 11 Foundations for College Mathematics Exam Review
To solve for an angle:
Choose the trig ratio that includes the two sides you know.

Example Label Sides Choose ratio Solve

Solve for A A We are given the adj and opp opp
A tan A =
adj •
sides of angle A.
hyp adj
6 6
Which ratio uses adj and opp? 8
B C tan A =
B 8 C 8 opp Use the tan ratio. 6
tan A = 1.3333
(use tan −1 key)
A = 53

Chapter 1: Trigonometry (continued)

Pythagorean Theorem Examples

c 2 = 32 + 4 2
c
3 c 2 = 9 + 16
c = a +b
2 2 2

a c
4 c 2 = 25
b c 2 = 25
hypotenuse = a + b
2 2 2
c=5

10 2 = a 2 + 8 2
10
a 100 = a 2 + 64
100 − 64 = a 2
8
36 = a 2
36 = a 2
6=a

Practice Pythagorean Theorem: page 4 #2, 3

Practice solving triangles using sin, cos and tan: Pages 14-15 #6, 7, 8, 9, page 52 #1
Grade 11 Foundations for College Mathematics Exam Review

Chapter 1: Trigonometry (continued)

The Sine Law

An acute triangle, ABC, can be solved using the sine law if you know:
• Two angle measures and one side measure
• An angle measure and two side measures, provided one of the sides is opposite the given angle

The measure of a side of a triangle or the measure of an angle of a triangle can be calculated using a proportion
made of two of the ratios from the sine law:

a b c sin A sin B sin C

= = or = =
sin A sin B sin C a b c

Example:
In ΔABC, given that A = 87  B = 58°,  C = 35°, and side a (named as BC) BC = 36 cm. Find the length
AC.
We know the measures of A and its opposite side BC, and we know the
A measure of B , the angle opposite side BC. Using the Sine Law:
87
BC AC
58 35 =
B C sin A sin B
36
36 AC
=
sin 87 sin 58
36  sin 58
AC =
sin 87
AC = 30.6

The Cosine Law

The cosine law is used to find the measure of any side of an acute triangle
given two sides and the contained angle. In this case the cosine law is written as:

a 2 = b 2 + c 2 − 2bc cos A
b 2 = a 2 + c 2 − 2ac cos B
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos C

The cosine law is also used to find the measure of an unknown angle, given the measure of three sides of an
acute triangle. In this case the cosine law is written:

b2 + c2 − a2 a2 + c2 − b2 a2 + b2 − c2
cos A = , cos B = , cos C =
2bc 2ac 2ab
Grade 11 Foundations for College Mathematics Exam Review

Example: GivenABC with the side measures shown, solve for A , B , and C .
A
c = 30 b = 50

B a = 56 C

b2 + c2 − a2 a2 + c2 − b2 a2 + b2 − c2
cos A = cos B = cos C =
2bc 2ac 2ab
50 + 30 2 − 56 2
2
56 + 30 2 − 50 2
2
56 + 50 2 − 30 2
2
cos A = cos B = cos C =
2  50  30 2  56  30 2  56  50
cos A = 0.088 , cos B = 0.457 , cos C = 0.8457
use cos−1 key use cos−1 key use cos−1 key
A = 85 B = 63 C = 32

Practice sine and cosine law: pages 31-32 #1, 2, 3, 4, page 39-40 #1, 2, 3, 4, page 48 #1
Grade 11 Foundations for College Mathematics Exam Review

Chapter 2: Probability

The probability of an even is always a value between 0 and 1.

Experimental Probability Theoretical Probability

Experimental probability Theoretical probability

number of successful trials number of successful outcomes
= =
total number of trials total possible number of outcomes

Example: a coin is flipped 10 times. Heads comes up 7 Example: the theoretical probability of heads coming
times. 1
up when a coin is flipped is = = 0.5
7 2
In this case the experimental probability = = 0 .7
10

Practice:
Complete the following table showing all possible outcomes from rolling two dice [1 mark]

Results of first
dice
1 2 3 4 5 6
Results of
second dice

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

3 4 5 6 7 8 9

What is the theoretical probability of rolling a 1? __________________ [1 mark]

What is the theoretical probability of rolling a 6? __________________ [1 mark]

Page 75 #12, page 82 #3, page 94 #2, 3, 4

Grade 11 Foundations for College Mathematics Exam Review
Chapter 3: Statistics

Know how to calculate mean, median, mode, range, and standard deviation for a given data set.

Sample exam question:

For the following data set: 11, 10, 10, 13, 12, 14

Find the mean, median, mode, range and standard deviation.

11 + 10 + 10 + 13 + 12 + 14 70
Mean: = = 11.67 .
6 6

(Note: Round the mean to 12 for the calculation of standard deviation)

Median:
Put values in numerical order and pick the half-way point: 10, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14.
• When there is an even number of values (in this case, 6 values), the median is between the two middle
values. In this case the two middle values are 11 and 12 and the median is 11.5.
• If there is an odd number of values, then the median is simply the middle value.

Mode:

The number that occurs most frequently in this set of numbers is 10.

Range:

The difference between the highest value and the lowest: 14-10 = 4. The range is 4.

Standard Deviation:

Individual Measures Measure minus Mean (Difference from mean)2

= Difference from Mean
10 10 – 12 = -2 (-2)2 = 4
10 10– 12 = -2 (-2)2 = 4
11 11– 12 = -1 (-1)2 = 1
12 12– 12 = 0 (0)2 = 0
13 13– 12 = 1 (1)2 = 1
14 14– 12 = 2 (2)2 = 4
Total 14

total 14
Variance = = = 2 .3 Standard deviation = var iance = 2.3 = 1.5
# values in data set 6

Practice: page 157 #9, 11, page 159 #8, 9

Grade 11 Foundations for College Mathematics Exam Review

Chapter 5: Factoring

Key Concepts:
▪ A greatest common factor (GCF) is the largest number or term that divides into all terms of an expression.
Example: For the expression 3 x 2 + 12 x + 15 , the GCF is 3.

▪ A difference of squares is a binomial of the form x 2 − r 2 . Note that each term is a perfect square and the
second terms is subtracted from the first term. A difference of squares will have factors in the form
( x + r )( x − r )
Examples: The perfect square x 2 − 9 has factors ( x + 3)( x − 3)
The perfect square 25x 2 − 36 has factors (5 x + 6)(5 x − 6)

▪ A trinomial in the form x 2 + bx + c can often be factored into two binomials.

For example, the factors of x 2 − 5 x − 14 are ( x − 7)( x + 2)

To factor a polynomial, follow these steps:

Step Example 1: Factor Example 2: Factor

50 x 2 − 98 5 x 2 + 10x − 40
1) Factor out the GCF (greatest common factor), if any The GCF is 2 The GCF is 5
50x 2 − 98 5 x 2 + 10x − 40
= 2(25x 2 − 49) = 5( x 2 + 2 x − 8)
2) If you are factoring an expression with two terms, check to (25x 2 − 49) is a No difference of
see if it is a difference of squares difference of squares. squares.
2(25x 2 − 49)
= 2(5 x + 7)(5 x − 7)
3) For a trinomial in the form x + bx + c , look for two
2
Two numbers that
numbers that multiply to c and add to b. These will be the multiply to − 8 and
numbers in the binomial factors. add to 2 are 4 and -2.
5( x 2 + 2 x − 8)
= 5( x + 4)(x − 2)
Final answer = 2(5 x + 7)(5 x − 7) = 5( x + 4)( x − 2)

Practice questions: Page 253 #1, 2, 3 and page 259 #1, 2, 4a-d, 5a-d, 6a-f
Grade 11 Foundations for College Mathematics Exam Review

Chapter 4 & 5: Quadratic Relations

Key Concepts
▪ The graph of a quadratic relation is a parabola
▪ For any quadratic relation, second differences are constant
▪ Every quadratic relation has an x 2 term

Coordinates of the vertex

When identifying the vertex of a parabola with equation in vertex form, y = a( x − h) + k , remember that the x-coordinate of the
2

vertex has the sign opposite the “h” in the equation of the parabola.

Examples:
The parabola y = ( x − 3) + 6 has its vertex at (3, 6)
2

The parabola y = ( x + 2) − 7 has its vertex at (−2, −7)

2

The parabola y = ( x − 5) + 8 has its vertex at (5, 8)

2

The direction of opening of the parabola (upward or downward)

This is determined by the sign of a in the equation y = a( x − h) + k . If a is positive, the parabola opens upward. If a is negative,
2

the parabola opens downward.

The equation of the axis of symmetry

The equation of the axis of symmetry is x=a, where a is equal to the x-coordinate of the vertex. Example: The parabola
y = ( x + 2) 2 − 7 has its vertex at (−2, −7) , so the axis of symmetry is x = −2

The max / min value of the parabola

A parabola that opens upward will have a minimum. A parabola that open downward will have a maximum. The value of the max or
min point is the y value of the vertex.

y = −2( x + 16) 2 − 13 y=
11
( x + 4) 2 − 15 y = −( x − 6) 2 + 10 2
y = − ( x + 9) 2 + 2
13 3
Direction of opening

Vertex (coordinates)

Equation of axis of
symmetry
Maximum/minimum max / min max / min max / min max / min
(circle one) and give
value
Grade 11 Foundations for College Mathematics Exam Review
y = 14( x − 22) 2 − 24 y = 5 ( x + 11) 2 y = −( x − 14) 2 + 21
9
Direction of opening
Vertex (coordinates)
Equation of axis of
symmetry
Maximum/minimum max / min max / min
(circle one) and give
value
Grade 11 Foundations for College Mathematics Exam Review
Chapter 4 & 5: Quadratic Relations - continued

Sample exam questions:

1. The graph below shows the path of a football kicked into the air.

a) What is the maximum height reached by the ball?

b) What horizontal distance will the ball travel before it lands?

c) The goalposts are 35 m away and the crossbar is approximately 3 m high. Will the ball clear the
crossbar?

Height of a Football

16
Height of football (m)

14
12
10
8 Series1
6
4
2
0
1

10

13

16

19

22

25

28

31

34

37

Distance from kicker (m)

2. The graph below shows the profit from a brownie bake sale at a church.

a) What is the maximum profit made from the sale of the brownies?

b) How many dozen brownies must be sold to make the maximum profit?

c) If the bake sale organizer wants to make a profit of $15 from selling brownies, how many dozen must be
sold?

d) A business is sake to “break even” when revenue equals expenses, or when profit equals zero. How
many dozen brownies must be sold for the brownie bake sale to break even?
Grade 11 Foundations for College Mathematics Exam Review

Profit from Brownie Bake Sale

20
15
10
Profit

5
Series1
0
-5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

-10
-15
Dozens of brownies sold
Grade 11 Foundations for College Mathematics Exam Review

Chapter 4 & 5: Quadratic Relations - continued

The quadratic relation y = ax 2 + bx + c is in standard form.

The relation y = a( x − h) 2 + k is in vertex form.

To convert from vertex to standard form, we expand and simplify the vertex form. For example:

y = 2( x + 1) 2 − 8
y = 2( x + 1)( x + 1) − 8
y = 2( x 2 + 2 x + 1) − 8 These equations are two forms of the same quadratic relation.
y = 2x 2 + 4x + 2 − 8
y = 2x 2 + 4x − 6

In vertex form, you can read the coordinates of the vertex of the parabola from the equation. If the a term is
positive the parabola opens upward. If the a term is negative, the parabola opens downward.

For example, the above equation

y = 2( x + 1) 2 − 8

has a vertex of ( -1, -8 )

a
Since the value is positive, the parabola opens upward.

When we factor a quadratic equation in standard form y = ax 2 + bx + c , we put the equation into
intercept form also known as factored form, y = a ( x − r )( x − s ) .

When a quadratic equation is in factored form, the x-intercepts of the equation are at x = r and x = s . The
x-intercepts are also known as the zeros of the quadratic equation.

Factoring the above equation, y = 2 x 2 + 4 x − 6 : = 2( x 2 + 2 x − 3)

= 2( x + 3)( x − 1)
so the x-intercepts or zeros of the equation are –3, and +1.

Sample exam question:

If a parabola is defined by the equation y = 3( x − 2) 2 − 3 ,

a) Express the parabola in standard form b) factor the expression in part (a) and write
the equation of the parabola in factored form
Grade 11 Foundations for College Mathematics Exam Review
c) Graph the parabola on the grid provided and label the vertex, x & y intercepts, and the axis of symmetry.

Practice: page 272 #7

Grade 11 Foundations for College Mathematics Exam Review

Chapter 7: Exponents and Exponential Relations

Exponent Law Review

Law of Multiplication
xm  xn = xm+n
54  53 = 54 + 3 = 57
Example:
xm
Law of Division m n m−n
x  x = x or n = x m − n
x
Examples:
26  2 2 = 26 − 2 = 2 4
27
or 5
= 27 − 5 = 2 2
2
Power of a Power ( x m ) n = x m n
3 2
Example: ( x ) = x = x6
3 2

Zero Exponent ( x)0 = 1, ( x  0)

Example: 34251250 = 1
Any base to the exponent of zero always equals 1.
Negative Exponent 1
( x−m ) = , ( x  0)
xm
−2 1 1
Example: (5 ) = 2 =
5 25

Read questions carefully. On the exam some questions ask you to write the answer as an expression with a
single positive exponent, and other questions ask you to evaluate.

Practice: Pages 360-361, #1, 2, 3, 5.

Know how to tell the difference among a linear relation, a quadratic relation and an exponential relation
▪ From the equation
▪ From the graph
▪ From the table of values

Know how to graph an exponential relation.

Sample exam question:
Complete the table of values and graph the relation y = 4 x on the grid.
Grade 11 Foundations for College Mathematics Exam Review
x y = 4x
−2

−1

2
Grade 11 Foundations for College Mathematics Exam Review

Chapters 8: Compound Interest

Understand how the compound interest formula works:

Amount (= future value) with compound interest:

A = P(1 + i ) n

A = Amount or future value

P = Principal, or present value
i = interest rate, stated as a decimal, per compounding period
n = number of compounding periods

Sample exam question:

A Guaranteed Investment Certificate (GIC) is an investment offered by many financial institutions. In a

particular GIC, which is compounded semi-annually (twice a year), the amount in dollars (A) in the GIC after n
compounding periods is given by the equation A = 2000(1.02) n

a. What is the principal of the investment?

Look at the equation (which will be given in the formula on the exam). The principal is $2000.

b. What is the amount in the GIC after 2 years?

Make the proper adjustments to the formula:
i has been given in the question
n is the number of compounding periods in one year. Semi-annual compounding means 2 compounding
period per year. 2 years  2 compounding periods per year is 4 compounding periods, so n=4

A = 2000(1.02) 4
Remember order of operations; do the exponent first, then the multiplication.
A = $2164.86

c. What is the amount in the GIC after 4.5 years?

The number of compounding periods is 4.5 years  2 compounding periods per year= 9

A = 2000(1.02) 9
A = $2390.19

d. How much interest will the GIC have earned in one year?

One year is two compounding periods gives a future value of: A = 2000(1.02) 2 = $2080.80
Interest equals the future value minus the principal: $2080.80 - $2000 = $80.80

e. What is the annual rate of interest (compounded semi-annually) of this GIC?

From the formula, we see that i is the interest rate per compounding period. We must multiply the value
of i by 2 to get the interest rate per year, or annual interest rate.
0.02  2 = 0.04, or 4% annual interest rate.
Grade 11 Foundations for College Mathematics Exam Review
Practice Page 432-433 #1, 3, 4, 5, 9

Chapter 9: Personal Finance

Practice: page 465 #3, 4, pages 472-473 #3, 6, 8

Grade 11 Foundations for College Mathematics Exam Review

EXAM FORMULA SHEET FOR RESOURCE STUDENTS (Page 1 of 4)

Factoring

Step Example 1: Factor Example 2: Factor

50 x 2 − 98 5 x 2 + 10x − 40
1) Factor out the GCF (greatest common factor), if any The GCF is 2 The GCF is 5
50x 2 − 98 5 x 2 + 10x − 40
= 2(25x 2 − 49) = 5( x 2 + 2 x − 8)
2) If you are factoring an expression with two terms, check to (25x 2 − 49) is a No difference of
see if it is a difference of squares difference of squares. squares.
2(25x 2 − 49)
= 2(5 x + 7)(5 x − 7)
3) For a trinomial in the form x + bx + c , look for two
2
Two numbers that
numbers that multiply to c and add to b. These will be the multiply to − 8 and
numbers in the binomial factors. add to 2 are 4 and -2.
5( x 2 + 2 x − 8)
= 5( x + 4)(x − 2)
Final answer = 2(5 x + 7)(5 x − 7) = 5( x + 4)( x − 2)

Quadratic Equations: Vertex, Standard and Factored (Intercept) Form

The quadratic relation y = ax 2 + bx + c is in standard form.

The relation y = a( x − h) 2 + k is in vertex form.

To convert from vertex to standard form, we expand and simplify the vertex form. For example:

y = 2( x + 1) 2 − 8
y = 2( x + 1)( x + 1) − 8
y = 2( x 2 + 2 x + 1) − 8 The first equation is in vertex form. The final equation is in standard form.
y = 2x 2 + 4x + 2 − 8
y = 2x 2 + 4x − 6

When we factor a quadratic equation in standard form y = ax 2 + bx + c , we put the equation into
intercept form also known as factored form, y = a ( x − r )( x − s ) .

Factoring the above equation, y = 2 x 2 + 4 x − 6 : = 2( x 2 + 2 x − 3)

= 2( x + 3)( x − 1)
Grade 11 Foundations for College Mathematics Exam Review
so the x-intercepts or zeros of the equation are –3, and +1.

The following equations are three forms of the same quadratic relation:

y = 2( x + 1) 2 − 8 Vertex form

y = 2x 2 + 4x − 6 Standard form

y = 2( x + 3)( x − 1) Factored form (also known as Intercept form)

Grade 11 Foundations for College Mathematics Exam Review

EXAM FORMULA SHEET FOR RESOURCE STUDENTS (Page 2 of 4)

Exponent Law Review

Law of Multiplication
xm  xn = xm+n
Example:54  53 = 54 + 3 = 57
xm
Law of Division m n m−n
x  x = x or n = x m − n
x
Examples:
26  2 2 = 26 − 2 = 2 4
27
or 5
= 27 − 5 = 2 2
2
Power of a Power ( x m ) n = x m n
3 2
Example: ( x ) = x = x6
3 2

Zero Exponent ( x)0 = 1, ( x  0)

Example: 34251250 = 1
Any base to the exponent of zero always equals 1.
Negative Exponent 1
( x−m ) = , ( x  0)
xm
−2 1 1
Example: (5 ) = 2 =
5 25

Compound Interest
Amount (= future value) with compound interest:
A = P(1 + i ) n

A = Amount or future value

P = Principal, or present value
i = interest rate, stated as a decimal, per compounding period
n = number of compounding periods

Pythagorean Theorem Examples

c 2 = 32 + 4 2
c
3 c 2 = 9 + 16
a c
4 c 2 = 25
Grade 11 Foundations for College Mathematics Exam Review
c2 = a2 + b2

hypotenuse2 = a 2 + b 2

10 2 = a 2 + 8 2
10
a 100 = a 2 + 64
100 − 64 = a 2
8
36 = a 2
36 = a 2
6=a
Grade 11 Foundations for College Mathematics Exam Review

EXAM FORMULA SHEET FOR RESOURCE STUDENTS (Page 3 of 4)

Trigonometry
In trigonometry, we deal with right angle, acute triangles. The sides of a triangle are labelled according to their relationship with
particular angles:

A
hypotenuse
(Always opposite the right angle)
opposite side to  B
(can be adjacent side to  A)

C B
opposite side to  A
(can be adjacent side to  B)
These are the primary trigonometric ratios when we look at  A:
Grade 11 Foundations for College Mathematics Exam Review
In the above triangle Use the acronym SOH-CAH-TOA to remember the
opposite side to A BC ratios:
sin A = =
hypotenuse AB
• Sine → Opposite over Hypotenuse → SOH
adjacent side to A AC
cos A = =
hypotenuse AB • Cosine → Adjacent over Hypotenuse → CAH

opposite side to A BC • Tangent → Opposite over Adjacent → TOA

tan A = =
adjacent side to A AC

Steps:

4. Label sides of the triangle: hypotenuse, opposite, and adjacent

5. Choose ratio that includes what you are solving for and what you are given in the question
6. Solve

To solve for a side length:

Choose the trig ratio that includes the side length you are given and the side length you want to solve

Example Label Sides Choose ratio Solve

A Solve for side AC A We are given an angle measure opp
hyp and its opp side, and we are sin 37 =
opp asked to solve for hyp. hyp
6 6 6
37 37
Which ratio uses opp and hyp? 0 .6 =
B C B adj C AC
Use the sin ratio. 0.6  AC = 6
6
AC = = 10
0 .6

To solve for an angle:

Choose the trig ratio that includes the two sides you know.

Example Label Sides Choose ratio Solve

Solve for A A We are given the adj and opp opp
A tan A =
adj •
sides of angle A.
hyp adj
6 6
Which ratio uses adj and opp? 8
B C tan A =
B 8 C 8 opp Use the tan ratio. 6
tan A = 1.3333
(use tan −1 key)
A = 53
Grade 11 Foundations for College Mathematics Exam Review

EXAM FORMULA SHEET FOR RESOURCE STUDENTS (Page 4 of 4)

The Sine Law

An acute triangle, ABC, can be solved using the sine law if you know:
• Two angle measures and one side measure
• An angle measure and two side measures, provided one of the sides is opposite the given angle

The measure of a side of a triangle or the measure of an angle of a triangle can be calculated using a proportion
made of two of the ratios from the sine law:

a b c sin A sin B sin C

= = or = =
sin A sin B sin C a b c

Example:
In ΔABC, given that A = 87  B = 58°,  C = 35°, and side a (named as BC) BC = 36 cm. Find the length
AC.
We know the measures of A and its opposite side BC, and we know the
A measure of B , the angle opposite side BC. Using the Sine Law:
87
BC AC
58 35 =
B C sin A sin B
36
36 AC
=
sin 87 sin 58
36  sin 58
AC =
sin 87
AC = 30.6

The Cosine Law

The cosine law is used to find the measure of any side of an acute triangle
given two sides and the contained angle. In this case the cosine law is written as:

a 2 = b 2 + c 2 − 2bc cos A
b 2 = a 2 + c 2 − 2ac cos B
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos C

The cosine law is also used to find the measure of an unknown angle, given the measure of three sides of an
acute triangle. In this case the cosine law is written:

b2 + c2 − a2 a2 + c2 − b2 a2 + b2 − c2
cos A = , cos B = , cos C =
2bc 2ac 2ab

Example: Given ABC with the side measures shown, solve for A , B , and C .
A
c = 30 b = 50

B a = 56 C

b2 + c2 − a2 a2 + c2 − b2 a2 + b2 − c2
cos A = cos B = cos C =
2bc 2ac 2ab
50 + 30 2 − 56 2
2
56 + 30 2 − 50 2
2
56 + 50 2 − 30 2
2
cos A = cos B = cos C =
2  50  30 2  56  30 2  56  50
cos A = 0.088 , cos B = 0.457 , cos C = 0.8457
use cos−1 key use cos−1 key use cos−1 key
A = 85 B = 63 C = 32