02.
Present Continuous Tense:
Present continuous tense is also called Present progressive Tense, which is used to
express an ongoing or continued action that occurs in Present time is known as Present Indefinite Tense.
Such action is occurring exactly at the time when a person is speaking about it.
Helping Verbs
Am | used for I |
Is | used for He, She, It, and Singular Subjects |
Are | used for We, They, you and Plural Subjects |
Main Verb:- We use 4TH form OR Present Participle OR 1ST Form + ing of main verb.
Structure of Sentence:- Subject + Helping Verb + Main Verb + Object
Structure of Positive Sentences
Subject + Helping Verb + Main Verb + Object
Subject + is/am/are + 4th Form of Main Verb + Object
Example:- He is writing a Letter
(He is | Subject | + is is a | helping Verb | Writing is a | 4th Form of Main Verb | + Letter is an | Object |
More Examples
❖ I am going to school.
❖ We are playing football.
❖ He is writing a letter.
❖ She is washing her clothes.
Structure of Negative Sentences
Subject + Helping Verb + not + Main Verb + Object
Subject + is/am/are + not + 4th Form of Main Verb + Object
Examples
❖ I am not going to school.
❖ He is not working in a Hospital.
❖ We are not playing football.
❖ He is not writing a letter.
❖ She is not washing her clothes.
Structure of Interrogative Sentences
Helping Verb + Subject + Main Verb + Object
is/am/are + Subject + 4th Form of Main Verb + Object
Note: Question mark is must after completing the sentence.
Examples
❖ Is he going to school?
❖ Is he working in a Hospital?
❖ Are they playing football?
❖ Am i looking nice?
❖ Is Sara crying?
Structure of Intro-negative Sentences
Helping Verb + Subject + not + Main Verb + Object
is/am/are + Subject + not + 4th Form of Main Verb + Object
Note: Question mark is must after completing the sentence.
Examples
❖ Is he not going to school?
❖ Is he not working in a Hospital?
❖ Are they not playing football?
❖ Am i not looking nice?
03. Present Perfect Tense:
Present Perfect tense is used to express an action that has been completed or has occurred
recently is known as Present Perfect Tense.
Since the action has already been done, it can be said that it has started in past (recent past) at some point.
Helping Verbs
Have | used for I, We, You, They and Plural Subjects |
Has | used for He, She, It, and Singular Subjects |
Main Verb: We use 3rd form of main verb.
Structure of Sentence: Subject + Helping Verb + Main Verb + Object
Structure of Positive Sentences
Subject + Helping Verb + Main Verb + Object
Subject + Have/Has + 3rd Form of Main Verb + Object
Example:- He Has written a Letter
(He is | Subject | + Has is a | helping Verb | + Written is a | 3rd Form of Main Verb | + Letter is an | Object |)
More Examples
❖ I have gone to school.
❖ We have played football.
❖ She has washed her clothes.
❖ He has started a Business.
Structure of Negative Sentences
Subject + Helping Verb + not + Main Verb + Object
Subject + Have/Has + not + 3rd Form of Main Verb + Object
Examples
❖ I have not gone to school.
❖ He has not worked in a Hospital.
❖ We have not played football.
❖ He has not written a letter.
❖ She has not washed her clothes.
❖ He has not started a Business.
Structure of Interrogative Sentences
Helping Verb + Subject + Main Verb + Object
Have/Has + Subject + 3rd Form of Main Verb + Object
Note: Question mark is must after completing the sentence.
Examples
❖ Has He gone to school?
❖ Has he worked in a Hospital?
❖ Have they played football?
❖ Has she washed her clothes?
Structure of Intro-negative Sentences
Helping Verb + Subject + not + Main Verb + Object
Have/Has + Subject + not + 3rd Form of Main Verb + Object
Note: Question mark is must after completing the sentence.
Examples
❖Has He not gone to school?
❖Has he not worked in a Hospital?
❖Have they not played football?
❖Has she not written a letter?
❖Has she not washed her clothes?
04. Present Perfect Continuous Tense:
Present Perfect continuous tense is used to express an action that started at
some point in past and has continued to the present time. Such action is called Present Perfect Continuous Tense.
The specific words since and for are used in the sentence to show the time of action.
Since | Point of time |
For | Period of time |
Helping Verbs
Have been | used for I, We, You, They and Plural Subjects |
Has been | used for He, She, It, and Singular Subjects |
Main Verb: We use 4TH form OR Present Participle OR 1ST Form + ing of main verb.
Structure of Sentence: Subject + Helping Verb + Main Verb + Object + Since/For + Time
Structure of Positive Sentences
Subject + Helping Verb + Main Verb + Object + Since/For + Time
Subject + Have been/Has been + 4 th Form of Main Verb + Object + Since/For + Time
Example: He has been reading this book since Monday.
(He is | Subject | + Has been is a | helping Verb | + Reading is a | 4th Form of Main Verb | + Book is an | Object | + Since +
Monday is | time |)
More Examples
❖ I have been working in this factory for three years.
❖ He has been living in London since 2018.
❖ It has been raining for three hours.
Structure of Negative Sentences
Subject + Helping Verb + not + been + Main Verb + Object + Since/For + Time
Subject + Have/Has + not + been + 4th Form of Main Verb + Object + Since/For + Time
Examples
❖ I have not been working in this factory for three years.
❖ He has not been living in London since 2018.
❖ It has not been raining for three hours.
Structure of Interrogative Sentences
Helping Verb + Subject + been + Main Verb + Object + Since/For + Time
Have/Has + Subject + been + 4th Form of Main Verb + Object + Since/For + Time
Note: Question mark is must after completing the sentence.
Examples
❖ Have they been working in this factory for three years?
❖ Has he been living in London since 2018?
❖ Has it been raining for three hours?
Structure of Intro-negative Sentences
Helping Verb + Subject + not + been + Main Verb + Object + Since/For + Time
Have/Has + Subject + not + been + 4th Form of Main Verb + Object + Since/For + Time
Note: Question mark is must after completing the sentence.
Examples
❖ Have they not been working in this factory for three years?
❖ Has he not been living in London since 2018?
❖ Has it not been raining for three hours?
05. Present to be Tense:
It shows state/existence of subject, (no action verb)
Structure
Subject + to be verb+ Object
Subject + Is/Am/Are + Object
Examples
❖ I am a Doctor.
❖ He is in Sukkur.
❖ I am a Doctor. (Positive/Affirmative)
❖ I am not a Doctor (Negative)
❖ Am I a Doctor? (Interrogative)
❖ Am I not a Doctor? (Inter-negative)
