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Chapter one G=11

Building democratic system
- BDS – is one part and parcel of the Ethiopian gov’ts policy and strategy that
designed for the development of the state.
Democratic system is a system of gov’t in which the people governed by
themselves directly or indirectly by their representative according to the will or
interest of majority.
Lesson One
- Basic principles of the Ethiopian constitution.
- Constitution is a fundamental Law that contains basic principles, values,
beliefs, and traditions that direct or govern the internal and external affairs of
a given state/country.
Constitution is a document which bears, for a given government and people are
govern by.
The Ethiopian constitution has the following basic principles: - /FDRE constitution
/:-
- The sovereignty of the people. Art: 8
- The supremacy of the constitution Art. 9
- The respect of human and democratic right Art 10
- The separation of state and Religion. Art 11
- Conduct and accountability of the government Art. 12
Sovereignty of the people Art. 8
- In a democratic country the ultimate political power is vested at the hand of
the people.
- In the present day Ethiopia the sources of power are the Nations, Nationalities
and peoples of Ethiopia.
- The power / Authority is delegated from the people to the government. Art
8(2)
- This constitution is an expression of their (people) sovereignty.
- The power of the government is the freely given consent of the people.
- Supremacy of the constitution Art 9
- Constitution is the supreme Law of the land.
- No one can contradict with the constitution. Any Law, customary practice or a
decision of an organ of state or a public official which contravenes or
contradict or oppose this constitution shall be of no effect.
- Constitution is the source of all laws.
- The respect of human and democratic right.
- Respecting the constitution in the foundation for the prevalence of the rule of

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Law in a given state / country.

- Then after, when the constitution respected and the rule of Law prevails, the
human and democratic rights of citizens are respected.
- Respecting human and democratic right is the principle of the constitution.
- Human and democratic rights are respected through the constitution.
Separation of state and Religion Art 11
- Separation of state and religion is the recent phenomenon to Ethiopian state.
Why? b/c, in the past, Ethiopia was not secular, rather the state and the
church worked to gather.
But post 1991 Ethiopia declared the secular state. Which mean the separation
of state and religion as two independent institutions with d/t objectives.
Why we separate state and Religion?
B/c, state and Religion have d/t missions, objectives and values to promote,
and thus cannot function as one. And this act can create good condition for
religion to be equal.
There are four stage of development in relation to separation of state and
religion;-
A. Pre-state formation= nothing is known.
B. Erastianism=state is greater than religion.
C. Theocratism=religion is greater than state.
D. Separatism/separation/secularism=both of them are equal.
* Pre-state formation; - here nothing is organized and known.
* Erastianism; - state is superior to religion and state used religion for the
sake of executing state policy. State is superior over religion.
∙ Theocratism;-is the supremacy of religion over state and it is used state
machinery for the furtherance of religious interest.
∙ Secularism;-is the when state and religion is separated and no one
interfere in the affairs of one another. E.g. Art=11 of FDRE Constitution.
Transparency and Accountability. Art 12
- A democratic gov’t is open and explains what it is doing. The people have the
right to get information and inspect (Check) how gov’t works.
- Transparency is open information
- All activities, policies, etc of the gov’t should be clearly known by the people
of the country. The citizens of the country have the right to know what is
decided by the gov’t officials.
- Accountability Being responsible for you action. Everyone is responsible for
their performance or action. Open decision-making enhances the
transparency and accountability of government s a whole.

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- Every gov’t office should work according to the will of the people or the gov’t
and its officials are accountable to the people.
Human and democratic rights and the
Ethiopian constitution / RDRE constitution / (2)
- In a democracy there are fundamental rights and Freedoms that citizen enjoy.
- The Ethiopian constitution lists these rights and Freedom in two categories
under chapter three From 14 – 28= HR 29 – 44 =DR
A- Human Right
- Is a universal right that belongs to every person regardless to sex, color, race,
language, Religion, culture, National origin, age, or political beliefs etc.
The character / Feature of human right.
- Are based on equality regardless to sex, color, etc.
- Are eternal – that exist for ever
- Are not subject to reduction
- Are inviolable & inalienable.
- Reading assignment from Art 14 – 44.
- Human Right includes from Art 14 – 28.;-
The e.g of Human Right
- Right to life
- Right to liberty
- Right to equality
- Right of Arrested person
- Right of accused person
- Right to honor & Reputation
- Right of person held in custody and convicted prisoners.
- Prohibition against in human Treatment
- Non-retroactivity of criminal Law
- Prohibition of double- jeopardy
- Freedom of Religion, Beliefs and opinions.
Crimes against humanity.
B- Democratic Right
- Are a fundamental right of every citizen in a democratic society/ country that
protected by Law. Or
- Democratic right is the right that exist in a democratic country.
- Human and democratic right do not exist in separation; rather they form a
whole
- Democracy is the precondition for the development of human right and they
are related highly to each other.

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- They are essential to create free inspired (having excellent qualities or

abilities: produced with the help of inspiration (with good idea/interest).
- Active public participation is at the heart of a democratic system.
- At the Federal level, representatives are elected by the people to be members
of the parliament.
- The e.g of Democratic right
- Right of assembly, demonstration & petition
- Freedom of Association
- Freedom of movement
- Right of nationality
- Marital, personal & Family right
- Right of women
- Right of Children
- Right of access to Justice
- Right to vote & to be elected
- Right of nation, Nationality & people
- The right to property
- Economic, social & cultural rights
- Rights of labor
- The right to development.
- Environmental rights… etc…

Citizen’s obligations/ duties(3)

- Obligations are duties that are expected from every citizen to fulfill.
- Constitutional obligations are duties that citizens have to respect for their
own well-being and that of society.
- In a democracy, your obligations and rights are kept in balance. Why? B/c, rights
and obligation are the same coin of two faces, and also the life of every human
being involves right on the one hand and obligation on the others. Rights are
given, but they come with duties
- Your constitution obligation includes;-
§ Respecting the right of fellow Ethiopian
§ Defending your country from enemy
§ Respect for religious equality
§ Respect for gender equality
§ Respect for the right of others.
§ Respect the constitution and Law of the country.
- A failure to respect constitutional obligation is punishable by law.

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Feature of a democratic system(4)

- The main objective of this lesson is to;-
- Explain the transparency & accountability.
- Explain importance of tolerance of diversity.
- A democratic gov’t is open and explains what it is doing and the people have
the right to get information and inspect (examine) how gov’t works.
- In a democracy, the people and the media have the right to information on
haw gov’t officials exercise their power and perform their duties.
- /the main objective of Transparency and accountability is to prevent an
abuse of power by government.
- But same times limiting transparency may be necessary during national
emergencies like wars and invasions and enhance the development of
democracy.
- In a democracy, power resides in the people.
- Another Features of a democratic system is to promote political tolerance
among groups holding d/t view points.
- Tolerance is the principle of accepting and respecting other people’s culture,
opinion, Religion, language etc as good as yourself/ your own/.
- Diversity is to be d/t in some ways this difference may be sex, colour, race
religion … etc but tolerance is the way of accommodating these difference
and being able to live with others in peace since, no two individuals can have
identical viewpoints and aspiration in life.
- It is your obligation to respect their values and norms in order to live in
harmony with them.
- People who are able to handle diversity help to create strong national unity.
- The importance/Benefit of Tolerance in Ethiopia.
- To promote sustainable peace and stability.
- Since our country is a country of Nations, nationalities and people’s tolerance
help us to live together peacefully.

Federalism(5)
- Federalism is a system of gov’t in which the power is shared with in one state
- Federalism is a system of gov’t where power is divided b/n federal and
regional gov’t
- The principle of federalism is to devolve power to regions that constitute the
federation in order to make neither the federal nor the regional gov’t supreme
and the mechanism that help to avoid a monopoly of power.
- Federalism in Ethiopia is not the action / Change that come overnight rather

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required many and military dictatorship.

- In order to enjoy democracy and Federalism of today so many Ethiopian
citizen sacrificed their lives. Then after the collapse of Derg Ethiopia became
a federal democratic republic and its name is FDRE. And power is divided b/n
the federal & the nine regional states.
- Regional gov’t have its own legislative, executive & Judiciary with their
respective constitutions that address the specific conditions for each state.
- The Federal and the Regional constitution define the relationship and the
power division existing b/n the federal and the region all government.
- The power of the Federal and the regional gov’t is clearly stated in the Federal
constitution.
- Some power is reside exclusively in the Federal gov’t, and some other power
resides in the regional state. Some powers are concurrent that they have in
common.
Reading Assignment Art 50 – 52.
- Federalism paves the way for a unity that arises from diversity.
- Unity in a multicultural setting can be nurtured/helped/developed/ when you
are able to appreciate diversity in a positive way.
- The Federal constitution of Ethiopia has a bicameral parliament i.e HPR and
HF.
- A. HPR are the representative of the Ethiopian people that elected by
universal suffrage and at the Federal level HPR has the highest political
power and they are responsible to the people of Ethiopia.
- HPR their total number shall exceed 550. Minority group shall have at least 20
seats.
- HPR are the representatives of the Ethiopian people as a whole. They are
governed by:-
A. The constitution
B. The will of the people
C. Their conscience
- HPR are elected for a term of 5 years.
- B. HF – is the composed of representatives of nations, nationalities and
people
- Each nation, nationality and people shall be represented in HF by at least one
member.
- Each nation or nationality shall be represented by one additional
representative for each one million of its population.
- HF shall be elected by state council.

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- The state council may elect from themselves or from the people directly.
- Federalism creates a sense of responsibility among its citizens to respect
each other right in order to live in peace & dignity.
- Retaining its Federal structure, Ethiopia remains unitary in spirit.
Ethiopia & International Relations.
- Ethiopia is the only African country that was never colonized and maintains
its independence.
- The victory of Adwa gives recognition and lead into formal modern
international relations. Following victory Ethiopia and Italy signed a treaty to
formally end the Italian colonial claim over Ethiopia.
- Italy first recognized the independence of Ethiopia from European countries.
- Diplomatic legations were established in Addis Ababa, and Ethiopia joined the
League of Nations in 1923, after three years of its establishment (1920).
- League of Nation was established at the end of First World War to promote
peace, and to eliminate internal anarchy. In 1920 league started operation at
Geneva, Switzerland.
But what is the main cause for the failure of league of Nation?
- It has no standing army.
- All major nations were not included USA ,Germany, USSR, Japan…
- IGADD- Inter governmental Authority on Draught and Development.
- It’s failure Japans invasion of Manchuria (China) in 1931 & 1935 and the
Italian invasion of Ethiopia in 1935.
- At the end of the 2nd world war in 1945 the UN was born out of the debris
(Those who left from destruction) of the 2nd world war to maintain world
peace and security, and Ethiopia became one of its founding members.
Ethiopia contribute a lot than any other African countries in peacekeeping
force to the UN missions to Korea, Rwanda, Burundi, Liberia, Congo, Somalia,
Dar for, …. Etc. In 1963 after decolonization of Africa. Independent countries
established their continental organization in which Ethiopia is the first
(pioneered) the establishment of the organization of African unity (OAU), now
the African union (AU), and Addis Ababa became its head quarters.
- Ethiopia played great role to end colonialism and the racist Apartheid rule in
South Africa. Ethiopia is also one of NEPAD – New partner for African Dev’t
- COMESA – common market for Eastern and southern Africa.
- IGAD – intergovernmental Authority for dev’t. Pioneers in creating
Non-Aligned mov’t. that aimed to be non-partisan in the cold war politics of
East and west.
- Ethiopia also contributed to the formation of sub-regional organization such

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as COMESA and IGAD that aimed to promote peace through economic

integration in east and central Africa. E.g they try to bring peace to south
Sudan & other state
- B/c of the above reason, at present Addis Ababa is one of the diplomatic
hub/center/ of the world.

Unit – Two
Rule of law.
Rule of Law and constitution (Lesson one)
(The difference and similarity b/n Federal & Regional constitution)
- Rule of Law prevails under a democratic gov’t. The previous constitution of
Ethiopia adapted a unitary system of gov’t but the FDRE constitution set a
federal system that mean in Ethiopia there are Federal & Regional
constitutions.
- Similarity that exist b/n Federal & Regional;-
- Under both Powers can only be assumed according to the Law stated in the
constitution.
- Under both Everyone is subject to the law & Jurisdiction of the courts.
- Under both the gov’t and the citizens act only in accordance with the
constitution.
- Under both The basic rights of citizens are respected.
- Both prohibit gov’t officials from violating the Law of the country.
- Both underline the need to promote democracy and democratic system in the
country.
- Both do not give way to Arbitrary rule of individual.
- Both enhance rule of Law at all level of administration structure.
- Both work to bring about social, economic political and cultural Justice
throughout the country. Both dedicated / work hard to ensure rapid economic,
social, political & cultural dev’t. The Federal constitution is
exclusively in charge of currency, defense & International relation.
All constitution in the country, whether Federal or Regional promote
democracy & democratic system including fundamental right and Freedom of
citizens
Difference that exist b/n Federal & Regional constitution;-
- Federal constitution is supreme Law of the land and umbrella Law that give
shelter to all regional constitutions.

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- Regional constitution work only with in the territory of the state & not beyond.
- Federal constitution works across all regional states.
- Regional constitutions follow the pattern & fundamental principles enshrined
in Federal constitution and subordinate to it.
- Federal constitution gives direction for regional.
- Regional constitution is designed to meet specific circumstance of their own
region.
The Necessity of the Rule of Law. Objective (Lesson – Two)
- Democratic Constitutions are bases for the prevalence of rule of law.
- Rule of law is practice which treats all citizens impartially/equally.
- Every citizen, irrespective of social status, ethnic or religious back ground, is
subject to Law of the country. The importance of rule of law:-
- Providing security
- Limiting the power and Function of gov’t. It limit both governor and governed
- Protecting human and democratic right.
- Regulating the relationship b/n gov’t & the people.
- Promoting the common good.

Absence of Rule of Law:-

- Is the prevalence of unlimited & arbitrary power of government?
- This implies Arbitrariness, Lawlessness, disorder, destruction, Anarchy,
corruption and Absence of independent Judiciary that leads us to conflict and
pave way for anarchy and the exercise of arbitrary power.
- Anarchy – is a situation in which there is no Law or supreme power that
followed by political and social rather than disorder, destruction & confusion
that disregard the Law & fair procedural Law of the country.
- Arbitrary- is a situation where one cannot predict what will happen next / to
marrow.
- Corruption is the misuse of public power for personal gain that hampers /
prevents social, economic & political dev’t.
- Conflict is disagreement that arises due to divergences of interest in society.
- Conflict can be legally resolved by adhering / respecting/ to the values and
principles of the constitution, by working together on common problems and
identifying the commonly shared values, interest and goals……………. etc.
Limited and unlimited Government (Lesson – 3)
- There are different forms of gov’t those, their power limited by law and those
not limited by the law.
A. Limited government is a government that it’s power and function is limited by

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the Law of the country and it is democratic country that ensure the
prevalence of rule of Law with the promotion of the principle and value of
democratic system such as :-
- Constitutionalism
- Accountability & Transparency.
- Protection of right & freedom of citizen.
- Mechanism of check & balance b/n organ of state including people.
- Constitutionalism is the political doctrine that indicates the uphold of rule of
Law in a democratic governance that implies the implementation of
constitution into practical.
- The role of the people to limit the power of gov’t is the cornerstone of a
democratic system. Here the ultimate power is vested in the hand of the
people.
- In Ethiopia the 1995 constitution created favorable condition to control abuse
of power by any branch of government.
- Political parties and individuals can assume state power only through
democratic election.
B. Unlimited Government: - is a gov’t in which its power and function is not
limited by the law of the country and it is undemocratic government with the
prevalence of absence of rule of law and it can be expressed through
“Authoritarianism and Totalitarianism system”.
Unlimited power of gov’t seriously jeopardizes the Freedom of citizens
1. Authoritarianism system – is a system of government in which all political
power concentrated at the hand of one person or small group. E.g Emper or
Haile Selassie I.
2. Totalitarianism system – is a system of gov’t in which the gov’t regulates
every part of lives of individuals. E.g Derg (Mengistu Hailemariam)

The rule of Law and combating corruption. (4)

- Rule of Law requires the government to act in accordance with
preannounced, clear and general rules that are enforced by impartial courts in
accordance with fair procedures.
- Corruption is morally wrong and break rule of Law.
- Corruption is the misuse of public power for personal / private gain and it is
also categorized under international crime such as Genocide, Drug
Trafficking, Terrorism, corruption and Deliberately Transmitting diseases –
that wants global call for reduction & then eradication through time.
- No one country is immune from corruption over the world. Therefore, the

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Ethiopian government established the Ethics and Anti-Corruption commission

in 2001. And beside this, the government calls on the public at large to play
its role in combating corruption and abuse of power.
- To reduce and eliminate active and full participation of the public and
unreserved commitment is required to fight corruption.
The consequence of corruption:-
- It discourage domestic product.
- It encourages illegal business.
- It breaks the rule of Law.
- It creates in efficiencies and inequalities among nations / societies.
Meaning of Corruption
- Corruption is the misuse of public power for personal gain.
- Corruption is international crime that no one country is immune from it
over the world.
- Corruption is morally wrong and breaks the rule of law.
- Corruption wants global call for reduction and elimination through time.
1. Types/ Forms of Corruption
1. Bribery, 2. Embezzlement, 3. Abuse of power 4. Nepotism 5.
Altra-virus 6. extortion
2. The cause of corruption
1. Little incentive for workers
2. Lack of effective monitoring mechanism
3. High costs imposed on citizens by their gov’t in the form of taxes
4. Absence of rule of law
5. Lack of good government
6. Lack of exemplary ethical leadership.
7. Existence of greediness leader and citizen.

Unit – three
Equality
- Equality is the identical treatment of all people over the world regardless to
sex, color, culture, religion …..etc.
- Equality does not ignore the inequality that exists based on talent, economic
or business and nature, why? b/c, the above action is unavoidable by nature.

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- It involves economic, political, social and cultural consideration.

- The main objective of equality is to give equal right and opportunities for all
members of the society.
- Equality must be viewed in terms of extending equal opportunity to compete,
but not deserving / giving whatever you wish.
- Equality can be a form of remedial or restorative Justice to repair damages
done in the past.
- The Importance of equality among the N, N and peoples of Ethiopia.
- Equality prevails when all N, N & peoples enjoy equal rights and opportunities.
Then when the above statement realized, we / state will enjoy internal
stability, peace and development.
- Equality implies the opportunities that the state extends to its people, and the
equal protection and the rights given to all citizen.
The individual and the public interest.( Lesson – 2)
- Equality is related to right and exercising your equality has limitations as the
use of your rights can be conditioned by your obligation.
- As expressed in the constitution, you have freedom of speech, and
expressions. But your Freedom of expressions does not include the right to
verbally abuse or insult someone you hate.
- Equality must be viewed interms of extending equal opportunity to compete,
but not deserving giving whatever you wish.
- Your personal interests are protected only to the extent that the interest of the
public is not adversely affected. And also you might have to give up some of
your individual’s rights in order to promote what benefits society that implies
public interest should precede individual interest.
- E.g. your house may be marked for Removal due to road construction but you
may claim as violation of the right of privacy and what justifies the
governments to take this action is the desire to promote the public interest
more than that of individuals.
Gender issues & socially Discriminated group (Lesson – 3)
- Gender Issue – The main objective of gender issue is to avoid the
discrimination that based on sex. Gender Issues- Deals with the patterns of
behavior in relation to right duties, obligation and responsibility that assigned
to Females and males in society.
- The history of human society, for the most part is marked by unfair treatment
for women.
- In the past history of Ethiopia, most women were denied the same right with
men.

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- They were denied the right to :-

- Choose / decide whom to marry & live with
- Own and inherit land & other property
- Their appropriate place was staying within home and their main role is giving
birth.
- They were subject to
- Early marriage, Abduction, circumcision, subordinate to men, domestic
violence.
- At present, women have the same legal right as men that respected by the
FDRE constitutions and beside this; they also have Affirmative action in order
to redress the past discrimination.
- What is Affirmative action? Is a positive discrimination that intended to
compensate them the past injustices?
- Affirmative action is given to: women, children, people with disability,
minority group…..A new family law has been issued to protect women’s right
in marriage and divorce to empowered women.
- Empowering women is empowering society as a whole, and liberating women
is liberating society. Since women are the back bone of society and women’s
empowerment is the cornerstones of social Justice. The development of a
country is achieved when all women are treated fairly and equally to men. The
Ethiopian gov’t and community / people should give special attention to
support people with disability to access the same things as those who are
able bodied.
- What is done to the children is done to the society.
- Reading assignment Art 35 of FDRE constitution.
The Tendency to negate unity in Diversity ( Lesson – 4)
- Unity in diversity is all about the mutual existence of d/t cultural group.
- A society that lives with diversity is called multicultural society.
- A multicultural society exists in peace as long as all its members’ display or
show mutual respect for one another. Beside these, Ethiopia is the land of
diversity.
- A country that has society with diversity is called multicultural Nation.
- Multiculturalism is the principle of accepting all cultural groups as equal and
giving equal opportunity for their development.
- Ethiopia is a multicultural and multiethnic country with over 80 Ethnic groups
in habiting its territory and today all of them have constitutionally protected
rights of equality.
- No one group is superior, as no group is inferior.

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- Ethiopia is as d/t as its cultural and ethnic groups are d/t.

- When we are united as a nation we are strong, but if we lose what unites us
we will be weak.

Unit – four
Justices
- Justice is the primary concept of Fairness. Justice.
- Fairness implies that treating the others in the way you want to be treated.
Impartial treatment.
- The equity of Benefit and burden (Lesson One)
A. Benefits are services or commodities that are believed to be good for an
individuals or groups.
- Benefit is a service that supports those people in need and usually the gov’t
provides these benefits.
- Benefits are the fruit of your country that you have to enjoy fairly.
- Benefit can be material or non-material advantages that are given to an
individual or group.
- Burdens are the responsibilities that you have in order to get benefits.
- Burden is the contribution of each individual or group in the development of
their country.
- Everybody should benefit according to his / her contribution to an activity.
Except those who are un able to contribute like / such as elder, sick and
people with disability.
- The fair distribution of benefits and burden can be fair only if a person or a
group could earn according to their contribution in an activity that bring
benefits.
- Everyone in the country should share the benefits according to his/her effort
to promote the dev’t of the country.
- Both benefit and burden should be distributed and shouldered fairly.
Analysis of Equitability(2)
- Social service is the service that given from the gov’t to the people and social

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service includes Education, Health care, clean water, electricity service as

well as telephone and transport service that can promote the well-being of
society as a whole.
- Distribution of social service should be fair within a country and everyone
deserves/ has equal service and the same treatment from the government.
National resources are the wealth of a nation that owned by all people of a
given state and everyone should benefit from them or it in a given state fairly.
- If the above procedure implemented as it is, the country and its people will
enjoy the following:
- Peace and stability of the country
- The people will feel the sense of belongingness.
- The development of the state / country.
- But historically, in Ethiopia before 1991, there is no fair distribution of benefit
and burden, social service and national resource under both monarchical and
military dictator ship.
Components of the Justice system (3)
- Component of the Justice system implies that the bodical structure, function
and sources from where it emanated.
- Courts are the place where the Law is interpreted. Courts are the agencies
that interpret law.
- Judges are the people who administer the Law in the courts. Judges are well
trained in interpreting and understanding the Law.
Source of Justice:-
- There are two foundations ( source) these are:-
A. Moral foundation that based on the moral value and norms of a given society
and it is not written
as formal law.
B. Legal foundation that based on constitution Domestic law and international
convention that is formally written.
A. Legal instrument that includes court office of ombudsman and the human
right commission.
B. Traditional instrument that includes sharia court and the court of elder and it
is d/t from place to place.
Function of the court:-
- Giving decision after examining both side of the case.
- Protecting human and democratic right.
- Interpreting the Law.
Power of the court:

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- Are independent from external influence except the established procedure of

law.
- Judges shall exercise their functions in full independence and shall be
directed solely or only by the Law under democratic gov’t .
The Appointment of Judges:
- President and vice – president of federal supreme court are recommended by
PM and appointed by HPR.
- President and vice – president of state supreme court are recommended by
chief executive of the state and appointed by state council.
- The Laws are enacted for the protection of human rights and for the benefit
of everyone in the country.
- Reading assignment Art 78 – 87 of FDRE
- Other federal judges are selected by the Federal Judicial administration
council and submit by PM to HPR for appointment
- Other regional Judges are recommended by state judicial administration
council and appointed by state council.
The workings of the court.(4)
- It is only when there is an independent and properly functioning of Judiciary
that the human and democratic right can be protected. The primary objective
of law is to guarantee human right. E.g Art 37 Every one has the right to bring
a justifiable matter to and to obtain a decision or Judgment by, a court of Law
or any other competent body with judicial power.
- Constitution is the only guarantee that protect individual rights and then, the
courts are the organ that look after whether these rights of individual that
guaranteed by constitution is violated or not. Eg. Art 33 (2).
- Every Ethiopian national has the right to enjoyment of all the rights, protection
and benefits derived from Ethiopian nationality as prescribed by Law.
- Presence of Independent Judiciary:-
- Promotion of human and democratic right
- Peace and security
- Development and prosperity
- Impartial treatment and objective
- Absence of independent Judiciary:-
- Violation of human and democratic right
- Instability and insecurity
- Partisan treatment and stereotyping.
Fairness in Taxation(5)
- What is tax? Tax is the payment that is conducted by the citizen of a country

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to the government.
Why the citizens pay tax?
- For the development of their country
- To full fill their obligation
- To gain social service from the government.
How citizen pay tax?
- They pay tax based on their ability according to the following principles:
1. The “Ability to pay” principles:
- Every one pay tax according to his/her capacity or ability. There is no
obligation to tax for those who have nothing.
2. The “Horizontal equity” principles:
- Those who earn the same amount of income should pay the same amount of
tax.
3. The “vertical Equity” principles:
- Those who earn d/t amount of income should be taxed differently. This
implies that, the more you gain, the more you taxed and it is related to the
Ethiopian progressive taxation system.
- The right and Duties of tax payer
- The right of tax payer
- Fair distribution of social service from the government.
- Accurate and genuine information on the gov’t budget. Annually the gov’t presents a
budget to the legislative body.
- At the end of the year, the gov’t present the performance of d//t govt institution.
- The gov’t report to the tax payer when where and how it spent money it collected
from the citizens.
The duties of tax payer:
- A primary and major duty of tax payer is paying tax.
- Giving all accurate and genuine information honestly and exhaustively (completely)
for the finance authority. This information includes: - types of their work, their
income, their employer /company/ place/, how they are paying tax.
- Employer – company
- Employee – person who work
- Employment – the action of employing some body.
Unit - five
Patriotism
- Patriotism – ethologically the term patriotism is emanated / comes/ from
Latin word “Pater” which mean “Father” or the head of family or government
that head one state.
- Patriotism is the way of showing love, loyalty, devotion and commitment to
ward his/her country to promote common good. Patriotism is a person who

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have positive attitude to word promotion of common good that enhance the
development of a given state.
The bases of patriotism(1)
- There are so many action and situation that can be bases to develop a sense
of patriotic feeling toward his / her / our country. These of the F. F are bases
of patriotism.
- Good governance
- Tolerance of diversity
- The prevalence of Rule of Law
- Equal access to all kind of opportunities
- True history about his / her / our country
- National Flag
- True history is important to develop a sense of patriotic feeling toward
his/her/ our country, while fabricated history misleads them. Therefore, you
have to search for the true history of Ethiopia to
have clear understanding of the post and to develop the sense of patriotism
and to solve current
problem.
- How you can search true history of Ethiopia?
A. By reading d/t historical account that written by d/t historian.
B. By examining the source that , those historians use to write history.
The history of Ethiopian Flag:
- The flag in Ethiopia has a long history and taken as symbol of independence
for African who were under colonial rule with d/t interpretation. But in short,
the present flag in green (development and prosperity), yellow ( Hope) and
Red ( sacrifice) probably became the National Flag of Ethiopia during the time
of empress Zewditu Menelik in 1918, and the Revised constitution of 1955
recognized for the first time the present colour, of the Ethiopian Flag.
Responsibility required from patriotic citizen(2)
- Patriotism has many meaning & dimension.
- Traditionally patriotism focuses on defending his / her country in time of war,
being loyal to king or ruling party and so on. But the meaning and
responsibility of patriotism is not limited to this rather:-
- Who work for the well-being of his/her community
- Who promote the interest of their country?
- Who think as global and act as local. i.e who struggle to preserve peace from
local up to international level with ethical behaviors.
- Who promote common good and the development of democracy in his / her

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country?
- Whistle blowers are people who expose wrong doings ,unethical activities or
criminal acts happening in their companies, neighborhoods, government and
other forms of organizations without identifying themselves as a source due to
fear of persecution. Their comments are often made privately and anonymously
( s e c r e t l y ) .
- Treason is a first-degree crime that involves engaging in acts that undermine the
peace and security of the state. E.g. if someone spy or expose secret against
their own country for other state. Their punishment is very severe mostly to
death penalty or life imprisonment is imposed.
- Conscientious objector is a person who refuses to participate in active military
activities for reasons of morality, religion and other forms of personal beliefs and
o p i n i o n s .
Issues of development(3)
- The term dev’t has several meaning, some many consider as material or
economic progress of the living condition of peoples. Other may consider as
the accumulation of wealth in society and the capacity to reproduce that
wealth. Again some may define as growth or poverty reduction. But dev’t
must be seen as a multi dimensional process, that includes literacy,
education and training, work ethics, safe environment, health people, proper
nutrition, proper medication, higher life expectancy … etc that involves
changes in all structures and institutions, as well as in attitudes and ways of
life. Therefore, dev’t is the totality change.
Indicators of poverty:-
- High infant Mortality rate
- Low life expectancy
- Low income
- Low literacy rate / high illiteracy rate
Indicators of development:-
- Low infant Mortality rate
- High life expectancy
- High income
- High literacy rate / Low illiteracy rate
- The major aim of dev’t is to prevent the problem of poverty which taken as the
common enemy of 3rd world including Ethiopia and Ethiopia call it’s people to
Fight against poverty and backwardness as Ethiopian patriotic to implement
the millennium development Goals ( MDG) that aimed to improve the living
condition in poor countries by focusing on the eradication of poverty.

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Millennium development goal of the world to be achieved by 2025.

1. Eradicate extreme poverty & hunger
2. Achieve universal primary education.
3. Promote gender equality & empower women
4. Reduce child mortality
5. Improve maternal Health
6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malarial & other diseases
7. Ensure environmental sustainability
8. Develop a global partnership for development.
Millennium development goal based on the following target to achieve by 2015.
A. Reducing by 2/3 or 90% mortality rate of children under 5 years.
B. Eradicating gender inequality in access to Education.
C. Increasing income of poor people and reducing people who suffer from
poverty.
D. Enabling all boys and girls in the world to get primary education. Or Education
for all.
We accept / recognize Ethiopia as the poorest country in the world. But
Ethiopia is not poor in all aspect. Ethiopia is rich in :-
- Natural Resource
- Wide areas of cultivable land
- Large amount of livestock
- Human Resources
- Many tourist attractions.
- Ethiopian Rivers have very high potential for Hydro electric power dev’t and
irrigation for agriculture.
- Abay(Blue Nile) contributes more than 85% of the Nile water that reaches
Egypt. Sudan produce about 80% of it’s electric power from Nile River through
its dam which called Roseires and Sennar. These dams also serve for
irrigation to produce wheat and high quality cotton.
Voluntarism on a national basis(4)
- Voluntarism is giving voluntary services to achieve a goal to benefit a community or
society and it is based on the will of those involved serving others with who want to
help others without payment. Peoples who have similar goals can form voluntary
associations and work together to meet a common goal.
- These volunteers can contribute to the well – being of others at d/t levels form local
up to international level.
- Voluntarism is contributing one’s time or talent for educational, social, charitable, to
help community, to promote the national interest and other purpose freely without
expectation of compensation or payment.

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- A patriotic citizen participates in voluntary activities to promote the interest of

his/her country by:
- Defending sovereignty
- Promoting development
- Promote the prevalence of democratic system.
- Defending the right of citizens that enshrined in the constitution.
Local volunteers
- Shortage of water, school Health care
Volunteer at national level
- Fighting against HIV/AIDS
- Fighting Against gender in equality.
- Fighting against poverty
Volunteer at international level
- Fighting against Terrorism, corruption, Drug trafficking, Genocide and as a general
struggling to avoid international crime.
Voluntary organizations are d/t from other organization
A. They are non-governmental organization.
B. They are non-profit making organization
C. They are active in public affairs.
D. They are independent of gov’t or free from interference
E. They have same degree of formal organizational existence.
The Reward/Benefit that you gain from volunteering
- Valuable skill and experiences
- Feel great personal satisfaction.
- To meet new people & make new friends.

Unit – Six
Responsibility
Responsibility is the duties or obligation of citizen to do or no to do. Is the state of
being answerable for your duties or obligation.
Citizen’s obligation in society (1)

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- Every person in society has some obligations to undertake. Fulfilling is the

basis of social life and allows you to use your right.
- Same obligations that citizen have in society are the following.
A. Participation in the political process.
- Since democracy is the total product of the people, the participation of citizen
is base for the prevalence of democratic system.
- You have the right to participate on public issue in order to influence gov’t
policy maker & to enhance the dev’t o your community.
B. Negotiate and compromise to responsibility
- Solve conflict
- Conflict is the divergent of interest and it is an unavoidable by nature why?
B/c, human being by nature is created with conflict. But what is important is
that to be able to solve them in the peaceful way.
- Compromise is the principle of give and take. When parties in conflict agreed
to give up some of their demands and accept the right of others is called
compromise.
- Negotiation is the most common peaceful way of setting a dispute.
- Is the direct discussion b/n or among the parties to the dispute with the
objective of reaching an agreement without the involvement of 3rd body.
- Negotiation and compromise are key to solve conflict.
C. Appreciating individuals and group difference.
- This implies promoting the culture of tolerance of diversity in order to live
with one another in the peaceful ways.
D. Paying fair tax
- Citizens have an obligation to pay money to the gov’t as tax.
- Social dev’t can be achieved when a gov’t has money to invest in its dev’t.
Therefore, you are required to pay tax proportional to income you generate.
The tax you pay is invested in place like school, hospital, clean water, electric
power, Health care … etc so as to benefit you and society.
- Responsibility for the consequence of one’s own actions.(2)
- The idea of this topic is related to the idea of accountability that dictates
“being responsible for your action”. There are d/t types of responsibility that
arise from d/t source of responsibility.
- Source of Responsibility includes
- Promise, Appointment, occupation, Law, citizenship, moral principles, custom,
Tradition … etc.
- Promises are frequently kept and broken by people all over society. But
whether you keep or not it is up to you. Why? b/c, there will be consequence

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in either way.
- Breaking promise can lead to serious problems both at the time & in the
future.
E.g. A Politian who breaks a promise is unlikely to respected & re-elected in the
future.
A. Friend who tells a secret is unlikely to trust and told other secrets later on. In
short this implies, when you break promise you break the bond of trust. If you keep
promise you will be respected and gain acceptance in the future with great reward
from society.

Responsibility in respecting moral and legal obligations in society.(3)

Social morality is built on the norms, values and ethical standards of people who live
in it.
- The legal system in society is based on morality. When you live in any society, it is
necessary to learn about its norms and values in order to fit in.
- The Roman people say that “when you are in Rome, live like the Romans.” This
implies, the people who live in a given society should live in respecting the moral &
legal systems of the society. You have moral obligation to respect individuals,
groups and difference in people that exist in society.
Legal obligation is respecting the constitution and all other laws of the country.
Responsibility for protecting the environment (4)
- Environment is the area that you live in and the natural world around you that
is source of life& very foundation.
- We have to keep the Land, air and water clean and free from destruction and
pollution. E.g wangari mahtay is Kenyan who work hard in protecting
environment & influenced government’s policy. She say “the generation that
destroys the environment is not the generation that pays the price ”
- Mismanagement f the environment pose (cause/ create) health risks and
brings about ecological crisis. The d/t animal & plant that found in d/t part of
the world and there are d/t animal & plant that only found in Ethiopia such as
walia ibex in semien mountain national park & red fox in bale mountain
national park.
- Historical and cultural heritage is the process of transferring the achievement
/ work / activity of the past generation to present and future generation.
- They are living testimonies / witness/ to the history and culture of the people
who had once lived on the land. Preserving them has rewards for people who
are living now & those in the future.
- Preserving the cultural and historical heritage is important for attracting

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visitors and creating pride in our history. The Ethiopian cultural heritage that
recorded under UNESCO (United Nation Educational,Scientific & Cultural
Organization) the head quarter is France, Paris 1.Aksum 2.Fasil Ghebbi
3.Harar Jugol 4.Konso Cultural Landscape 5.Lower valley of awash 6.Lower
valley of the Omo 7. Rock-hewn churches of Lalibela 8. Semien Mountain
National Park 9 . Tiya stone 10. Meskel Festival
Responsibility to overcame wastage of public property(5)
- Public property is land or building that is for the use of every one.
- Is the property that owned by the whole people of a given state. Every citizen
who earns an income must pay some tax to support him/her. The tax
collected in the country is allotted (chosen, selected, fixed) to construct
school, hospital, road, airport, Etc.
- You have a responsibility to protect public property from destruction and
expose those who are involved in such harmful activity.
- Legal punishment is enforced on those who destroy and misuse public
property.
Responsible behavior against HIV/AIDS(6)
Assignment out of 15%
A. Write the History and meaning of HIV/AIDS
B. Write the way of transmission
C. Write the way of prevention
D. Write the neutral way(the way that does not transfer HIV/AIDS)
E. Write the impact of HIV/AIDS and mostly affected Area and age of the world
from local up international level.

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Unit Seven
Industriousness
“The most civilized and modest person over the world is who know from
Where he/she comes, why he/she comes and where he/she has to go.”
“Learning is the process of behavioral change but learning without change
Is the mere building of house on the sand
Which mean the habit of working hard? What Work? Work is any productive
activity that result
in something useful in legal way.
Respect for work(1)
There are d/t types of professions and all types of work (profession) should be
respected.
Everybody can enjoy the results of each other’s work. We need each and every
profession in order to live a happy and comfortable life, which often connected to
your level of Education and skill.
You have to realize that you must work hard in school to earn a good income in the
future. Why? /How? B/c, a good education makes you more employable. Working
hard is the only respectable and legal way to earn money. But some people look for
easy ways to make a lot of money without giving anything back to society through
wrong way of getting money (cheating, stealing, etc).
Ethical work conduct (2)
Work ethics is the generally accepted guidelines for right or wrong behavior in work
place.
Work ethics involves several principles that related to effective work habits and
personal qualities. Work ethics includes:
Labor discipline: which mean obeying the rule and guidelines of the work place.
This includes rule and guidelines are designed to facilitate effectiveness and
efficiency of working.
Labor discipline includes:
A. Code of dress,
B. Punctuality,
C. Proper utilization of instruments of labor,
D. Avoiding wastage in work place, E. Not Smoking in work place,
F. Working in harmony and cooperation with your fellow worker,
G. Improving profession skill.
It important to maintain a good working relationship with co-worker.
You/We have to respect entering and closing hours of the work place. Helping each
other enables work to be finished on time and solves work related problems more
quickly. Learning from each other improves professional skill. Improving

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professional skill both personal and the work place. Such as:
A. Lead to promotion,
B. More satisfying job,
minda
C. Increment in salary etc.
Hard Work and Development (3)
Hard work is the key factor in the country’s economic development. Our hard work
contributes to improve the standard of living in our country. By working hard it is
possible to produce the good and
Services that are needed to get out of poverty. According to many theory the reason
why we remain
Poor is that many of us do not work hard enough. Many people in the developed
countries work very hard. B/c of this they able to produce more goods and service to
consume.
The benefit of working hard:
A. Increase production of goods and services.
B. Enhance your creativity, productivity and quality of your work.
Creativity leads to invention of new things such as technological development
which help country’s development. Hard work is not enough; we need to be
educated and skilled in order to move toward development.
Policy and Strategy for Development (4)
As working hard is very important to accelerate the development of a given state, effective
policies and strategies are necessary to accelerate economic growth and development.
Policy is a general principle by which a government, a company, or an organization is
guided in its management. Policy is a plan that show the general direction to be taken by a
given government, company, organization etc. An Economic Policy is the statement that
indicates economic direction of a given country that aimed economic growth and
development. Strategy is the way of implementing policy into practical or specific plan to
implement policy. The Ethiopian government has devised d/t policies and strategies that it
believes will help the development of the country. Policy and strategy of a given government
is devised carefully after a lot of research and study on the existing situation of the country
that based on individual circumstances of a country. The main current policy and strategy
of the Ethiopian government are:
A. Agricultural development led industrialization (ADLI).
B. Capacity Building (CB).
C. Building Democratic System (BDS).
1. ADLI: Agricultural development is chosen to act as the spring board for the country’s
overall development.
Why Ethiopian governments select ADLI as policy of development?
A. Agriculture is the backbone of the national economy.
B. Agriculture is the major source of raw material to industry.
C. Agriculture is the major source of food for the population.
ADLIs strategy is first to bring rapid agricultural development, and then to transform to
industrial development to bring industrialization in Ethiopia.
ADLI gives priority to the development of a domestic industrial sector that is

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labour-intensive and utilizes local raw material. Rural Development Strategy is focused on
the enhancement of production and marketing of agricultural product.
How ADLI can achieve its goal?
By expanding the use of:
A. Selected seeds
B. Fertilizer
C. Pesticides
D. Provision of extension services
jalissii
E. Developing small-scale irrigation etc.
2. CAPACITY BUILDING
CB is the process of increasing the ability of implementing a desired activity.
Capacity Building Strategy for Ethiopia focuses on the creation of educated, innovative, and
skilled man power in all fields particularly in the agriculture by spreading education at all
levels. In the absences of educated, innovative, and creative labor force it is impossible to
transform agriculture and its labor forces into industrial activities.
Globalization is the electronic revolution that aimed to make world one village.
A. Advantages of globalization:
ü Access to cheaper product
ü Transfer of knowledge and technology
ü The advancement of global information and
ü Communication technologies.
C. Disadvantages of globalization:
ü Dependency on other countries
ü Drive out local industries since we import cheaper product from other country.
ü Cultural overwhelming

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UNIT EIGHT
SELF RELIANCE
“The most civilized and modest person over the world is who know from
Where he/she comes, why he/she comes and where he/she has to go.”
“Learning is the process of behavioral change but learning without change
Is the mere building of house on the sand
Self reliance is the ability to support and take care of you with the ability of decision
making independently that be free from the influence and control of other Or
depending on your ability. Self reliance does not mean absolute independent. Why?
B/c world itself is interdependent. It is necessary for us to develop the skill of
independence both in our thinking and in the way that we live.(being free
psychologically and economically from other
THE ATTRIBUTE OF SELF –RELIANCE (1)
The result we/you gain by self reliance/reliant includes:
*Self Awareness *Self Direction *Self Confidence *Rightful Perception
*Self Awareness;- is the proper recognition of our ability, strengths, limitation,
interest, qualities, capacities and weakness that help us/you to make good

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decision.*it is self concept, *it is self knowledge.When you know who you are, you
may have to change things about yourself. But some people don’t want to change
themselves b/c change require/demand effort. The better you understand yourself,
the better you are able to accept /to change who you are. *Self Direction;- is
making up one’s own mind and governing one’s own daily life based on self
knowledge. Is directing /leading one. *Self Confidence;- is the trust that one has on
his/her own capacity to achieve something. it is based on accurate perception about
one self , and self confident person often have personal vision and ambitions. And
result one’s competence in a high level of security. *Rightful Perception;-is the
believe/opinion that based on facts and evidence, that includes;-recognition of our
personality, strength, weakness, like, dislike,etc The better you understand yourself,
the better you are able to accept and develop yourself as a person. THE BEHAIVOR
OF HUMAN BEING
There are three behavior of human being (assertiveness, aggressiveness and
passive)
1. Assertiveness;- is standing for yourself and making your voice heard , that
includes expressing your opinions, needs and feeling without ignoring or
hurting the opinions of other people.
e.g. Assertive behavior includes the following
Ø Take a positive role in conversation.
Ø share his/her opinion, feeling & experience with other.
Ø Express their opinion freely and openly with respecting opinion of
other.
Ø Mixes him/her self with other groups well.
Ø Maintains good eye contact
Ø Questioning rules or traditions that do not make sense or do not
seems fair.
Ø Speaks openly.
Ø Refusing other’s requests if they are too demanding
Ø Values self equal to other.
Ø Values feelings of other.

THE IMPORTANT OF ASSERTIVENESS;-

- Improve yourself respect and respect from other.
- Introduce you to new personal or career opportunities.
- Improve your relationships with friends and family.
2. Aggressive is the behavior of people that attract or ignore the feeling, needs

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and opinion of others in favor of their own by hurting other

.e.g. of aggressive behavior includes;-
Ø Ignores the feelings of others.
Ø Speaks loudly.
Ø Glares and Stares at others.
Ø Disagrees and does not listen to the points of other.
Ø Looks downs on others
Ø Reaches his/her goals by hurting others in the process
Ø Interrupts talks over others.
Ø They do not respect personal boundary of others.
3. Passive is the behaviors of people that do not state their needs, feeling and
opinions at all to other.
e.g. of passive behaviors includes ;-
Ø Sees him/her self as inferior.
Ø Hurts him/her self to avoid hurting others. Or to benefit others.
Ø Isolate him/her self from other or groups.
Ø Look down or away and speaks softly to others.
Ø Agrees with others, despite / regardless feelings.
Ø - Does not reach goals and may not have a set goal.
- An independent life is one that is lived at a pace (speed, rate, rapidity) and in
a place of your /his/her/ own choice.
- Is living on your own terms, not subject to others.
Dependency and it is consequences(2)
- Dependency is the habit of being dependent on others and belief that people
or group or country cannot solve their own problems without outside help.
- Dependency is the notion /idea/belief / of one country fully relying on the
support of other countries and international organization in d/t ways it may
be: food, financial and skill man power that make you lazy and create power
imbalance b/n dependent state and donor state
Dependent is usually a person who supported by another person.
- Dependent is a person who depends on others.
- Developing countries are highly dependent on rich countries and international
organization through many ways; - food financial, skill man power…
The consequence of dependency
Ø Being market of wealthy nation
Ø Overwhelming of culture & tradition through mass media & politics of
wealthy nation.
Ø Limitation of self-sustained growth of poor countries.

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Ø Backwardness.
Ø Stagnation of domestic economy.
Ø Producing an unbalanced economic relationship b/n the poor &
wealthy nation.
Ø Lack of confidence &feeling of inferiority.
Ø Develop the habit of long-term economic dependency.
Ø The world economic price is determined by wealthy nation.
Ø Policies & strategies of the world is drafted by wealthy nation.
Ø Refrain from forwarding idea & decision-making.
The way of fighting against dependency:-
Ø Promoting domestic industry
Ø Substitution method or limiting the importation of luxury item from abroad
Ø Taking steps to keep foreign companies and individuals who channeled
resource and money out of the country.The wealthy nation can manipulate
the socio-economic and political system of “ING” countries through IMF, W
TO &World Bank.
IMF & World Bank are the instrument of American and western power.
The main objective of IMF & WORLD BANK IS
Ø To open the for foreign investors
Ø Privatization as well as reduced protection of domestic industry.
Ø Minimizing the role of state in economic activity
Self-reliance and decision making (3)
Decision is choice that you make about something after thinking about
several possibilities.
Decision making is the process of looking at alternatives and choosing
the best option that best fit with your goal, desire, lifestyle, value etc to
solve the problem. Decision may be based on “fact, opinion and feeling.”
Decision making is the process of reducing uncertainty (ambiguity,
insecurity, probability) and doubt. Uncertainty/probability is reduced but
not eliminated. Every decision involves certain amount of risk but it can
be reduced and taking risk is better than letting making decision at all.
The consequence of decision may be positive or negative, whatever the
case you have to accept as feedback. You have to make decision at the
right time and it is not good to make decision too late or too quickly.
Making good decision at the right time helps you to be more successful.
Pre-condition for decision making:-
Ø Rational
Ø Self reliance

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Ø Flexible
Ø Self-criticism
Ø Positive perception about one self
Ø Innovativeness
Ø Self-awareness
Step of decision making:-
v Problem identification
v Information gathering
v Try to see the outcome of each information
v Choose the alternatives
v Put your decision into action
v Evaluate the outcome of your decision.
Rational decision is the decision that based on reason than emotion.

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Chapter -9
Saving
Saving is the wise use of money and resource for intended purpose.
The need for new thinking in saving (1)
This topic mainly deals with the way of developing the habit of saving and we can
change our mind that colonized psychologically in preferring foreign product/
imported product in place of local product.
Q1. How we can change our mind that prefer imported product?
Ø B
y being proud of our own product. Buying more locally produced good is
profitable for local industry and for development of the country. Our problem
is we gives less value for our commodity and believe. We all need to
appreciate locally produced good and use them regularly.
Ø B
y avoiding wastage during production.
This implies that, to produce good & service we use many inputs or raw materials
that required for production. Wastage of input or raw material is a major cause for
the increment cost of production. e.g. if there is a lot of wastage of input , the cost of
producing one item become high. If the cost rises, then the selling price of that
product has to increase. This makes the product more expensive and less desirable
that harms the development of the countries. Therefore avoiding wastage while
producing & consuming is very important. The ways of improving the habit
of saving (2)
This lesson deals with the importance of saving and the way of developing the habit
of saving. Saving is the activity that mainly depends on income. Income is the
money that you earn or receive. From the income that you get you may use part of it
and keep any extra as saving. The first step to start saving is to decide what you
have to spend. This implies first determine your expense. You should balance your

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need and want with saving. When your need covered, then you can save the rest.
The way of improving the habit of saving:-
1. Planning is the process of thinking and identifying what you need to do
in order to achieve your goal
Planning is a method of design or arrangement for accomplishment of
particular activities that conducted step by step.
2. Avoiding wastage or extravagance
There are many necessary purchases in life, sine human want is unlimited but
you need to spend your money and resource wisely for intended purpose in
order to avoid extravagance.
3. Living within your means(income)
You have to know how much your need cost and limit to the value of your
income and assign certain amount for saving. But some people desire things
and start spending a lot of money on impulsive purchase (sudden action
without careful thought or plan) that taken as bad behavior which leads to
unplanned expenditure and discourage the habit of saving. E.g specially, the
Ethiopian people particularly rural area says “do not worry for tomorrow the
god will take care and they consider the number of their children as their
wealth.”
It is possible to develop the habit of saving through: - planning, avoiding
extravagance and limiting our interest to the level of our earning/ income.
Therefore developing the habit of saving is very important for the
development of self and nation.

Formal and informal institution of saving in Ethiopia (3)

There are d/t institution through which we can save our money and resource.
Generally in the Ethiopian focus, these institutions are divided into two
(traditional & modern institution)
1. Traditional institutions are the association that established by the
community of a given area to save their money and resource, and their
rule and regulation are d/t from place to place within one state itself while
modern institutions are the same over the world. It includes Equb and
Iddir.
A. Equb work when a group of come together and decide to contribute an
equal amount of money every month and the total that collected in one
month is given for one person ,then next and round all members until all
members of the group receive and it has relation with bank while Iddir has
relation with insurance.
B. Iddir work when people who live in a community contributes a fixed
amount every week or month or year in order to help each other at the
time of emergency.

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2. Modern institutions of saving are the similar to everywhere else in the

world and it includes(bank And insurance company)
A. Bank is a business institution that save guards people’s money and use it
to make loan and investment. The money that kept within bank is called
deposit and people who deposit that money is called depositor. The bank
then lends this money to people who need and charge the borrower high
interest rate. This implies, that the more you save, the more bank able to
lend money to people who need and vice versa.
B. Insurance companies are the place where you pay out a certain amount of
money to be the member of the company every year. The payment that a
person who wants insurance service pays to the insurer is known as
premium and the insurance company will cover your expense in case of
an emergency according to the initial agreement and the payment that
company pays you to cover your expense or damage is called indemnity
or indemnification. The working of bank is similar to the work of Equb
while the work of insurance is similar to that of iddir.
Both of contribute for the economic development of the country. By using
these institutions you can meet the need of your family and society. Saving
benefit society by providing financial resources for those people who want
loans and motivate other people to save that result or contribute to the
development of our country.
Saving as an instrument of investment and development (4)
Bank plays a significance role in the accumulation of capital through making
available fund for investment. What is the source of money for bank?
Banks makes fund available by collecting from those who save (depositor).
The more you save, the more bank able to lend to investors.
Investment is the mechanism by which one spends his /her money on
something in order to get profit, expand business and bring about economic
development of a given state. When people invest, usually their production
increase and they need to hire more staff that create job opportunities and
make available more good and service that leads to growth in income and
development. The other source of fund that used for developments are the
international financial institutions that give out loans and grant for the effort
of their development.
The well-known big international institutions that such kinds of services are
the international monetary fund (IMF) and World Bank (WB) that established
to provide funding for global development through studying the direction of
development in d/t countries and advise those countries.

Unit-10

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Active community participation

“The most civilized and modest person over the world is who know from
Where he/she comes, why he/she comes and where he/she has to go.”
“Learning is the process of behavioral change but learning without change
is the mere building of house on the sand”
v Active community participation is the active involvement of the citizen that
concern with the role that each of them should play in the political, social&
economic affairs of their community.
v Active community political participation serves as abridge b/n the people &
the government. Community is a group of people who share something in
common. These common things may be language, culture, religion, territory;
job…etc society is a group of community.
v State is the organized body of people who live within defined territory under
the control of government which is entirely free from external control.
Civic participation (1)
Civic participation is the activity that conducted by the member of civic societies
that formed by the member s of voluntary organization. It requires commitment,
dedication, team spirit, readiness, etc to work with other for common goods. Civic
participation should be performed within the frame work of the constitution & other
laws of the country. This is why constitution & other laws of the land set boundaries
in order to make public participation peaceful. Why we want public participation? b/c
most of the problems that we facing today are common problem such as HIV/AIDS,
sanitation , gender issues, crime, rapid population growth, terrorist activities ,poverty,…
etc. Every member of a community is expected to participate in these important
organization if he/she want to satisfy the needs of community at every level(local,
national& international) Commitment & dedication implies having the strength to
maintain the effort to achieve certain goals. Team spirit is the belief that worker or
group has in working to gather for common goods.
The importance of civic participation:
Ø Maintaining the health of political system
Ø Ensuring the smooth functioning of the society
Ø Addressing contemporary global issues.
Ø To promote common good.
Monitoring and influencing actions of government bodies (2)
Community participation is a key or crucial to empower a community & to create
good condition for success of community as a whole. Community or society is an
instrument in identifying the problem and providing a solution. Community
participation requires the active involvement of Citizen in the social, economic&
political realms (field/place/area) at all levels and in all forms.
v The level of community participation:
Ø Zero level community participation.
Ø Middle level community participation

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Ø Full level community participation

v The forms of community participation:
Ø Being informed
Ø Participation in civil society
Ø Participation in March
Ø Petition.
Ø Lobbying
Ø Participation in voting.
Ø Joining political party.
Ø Participation in peaceful demonstration.
v Political participation is active participation of citizen to make their voice
heard and get involved in political issues. What is very important for the
success or failure of political parties? A. Clarity of their policy B. Their
financial status.
v Political parties will have to spend large sum of money on organizing
and publicizing their programs and policies. Active community political
participation serves as abridge b/n the people & the government.
v Demonstration is a public display of groups feeling of approval,
sympathy (kindness, compassion, and understanding) or antagonism
(hostility, opposition, enmity) toward a certain issues.
v Peaceful demonstration is one way of participating in political activities
by gathering of people to protest, support or create awareness of an
issues to the society through the way that does not harm common good
or public interest as a whole(Art 31).
v Lobbying is trying to influence someone to agree with the point of view
of others.
v Public Agenda is an issues or a list of issues that are drafted to address
a problem or challenge in a society.
v Civil society is a society that formed by the free will of members who
agree to try to improve the life of community. Civil society is unbiased,
non-partisan & non-profit making organizations which mainly
established to contribute to the well-being and development. Civil
societies are not static (fixed, constant) rather they are dynamic that
ever changing to meet the needs of society with the objective of their
members. Civil society is NGO that is very important to maintain peace,
security and bring about sustainable development everywhere.
v Policy is a program of actions adopted by person, group, or government
,or the set of principles on which they are based.

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v Interest groups are formed to promote specific public concern:

Ø Voting in election
Ø Encouraging citizens to become involved in running for office.
Ø Financing campaign.
Ø Drafting & implementing election law.
Ø Taking part in political campaigning.
Ø Demonstration & petitions.

Unit-11
The pursuit of wisdom
“The most civilized and modest person over the world is who know from
Where he/she comes, why he/she comes and where he/she has to go.”
“Learning is the process of behavioral change but learning without change
Is the mere building of house on the sand
Good citizens need to be productive members of society. Then being productive
requires knowledge. Knowledge is the totality of ideas, concepts, thought and skills
that acquire from d/t sources. Data is the raw material of information. When the data
weighed, analyzed and interpreted for practical use is known as information.
Information is an organized, meaningful and useful data that has undergone
analysis and interpretation. Wisdom is the quality of being wise.
The significance of knowledge (1) (the importance of
knowledge)
Human being by nature have tendency to know more about the world. Knowledge is
a torch/light that gives you direction with light that give human power on the earth.
Human require /demand knowledge to harness/control/fasten and reshape the
environment they live in. Reasoning is process of thought that help you to make
objective judgment. The basis of objective judgment is knowledge. With knowledge
you are powerful but with ignorance you are weak. Knowledge gives you power in
any situations. The development of Ethiopia is supported by the knowledge its
people (citizen). Knowledge gives you d/t option but the of using this d/t option of
knowledge for intended purpose is known as wisdom.
Knowledge and data (2)
Knowledge is the outcome of analysis of relevant data and information. Data is the
raw material of information which is fact or figures that obtained from experience,
observation, or survey. Knowledge is the total sum of what has been perceived,
discovered, or inferred (that reach you). This implies knowledge understands or
knowing what is known around you and over the world. Relevant data gives rise to
relevant conclusion.
Reading for more knowledge (3)

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Reading is one way of acquiring /obtaining knowledge. Reading is the cornerstone

of formal and informal learning of knowledge. The habit of reading starts when you
are committed /do a lot/ decide / to read and make it a culture. Why
we/you read? We/ you read for d/t purpose. Such as: A. for
knowledge B. for pleasure C. for learning D. for specific information. But reading
without purpose is meaningless. A great reader is a person who does not waste his
/her time for no use, but one who reads continuously to get new knowledge.
Truth versus Myth (4)
Truth is the proven facts about something rather than what people generally beliefs
or accept. Myths are beliefs or acceptation that not proven to be true through
scientific methods of investigation that based on tradition. Myths are unscientific
stories that people would like to tell and believe. Myth is the part of culture but it
cannot be proved.
Knowledge, wisdom and truth are tools for a good life. Knowledge is truth about
things in nature & society. Knowledge is a key to improve the life of people.

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Unit One G-10

Building democratic system
BDS :- is one part and parcel of the Ethiopian government policy and strategy that
designed for the development of the state /country/
Democratic system is a system of governed in which the people governed
By themselves directly by their representative according to the will or interest of
majority
Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme political power is vested
at the hand of the people

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Democracy is a government of the people by the people and for the people (
Abraham Li )
Types of Democratic
1. Direct / pure democratic is ancient forms /types/ of democracy in which the
people directly participate in the process of decision – making . at the
present day this types / forms / of democracy dose not conducted at the
national level widely rather at low level and country with small number of
population with low level such as kebele , school and at the time of
referendum .
2. Indirect / Representative Democracy / is a modern form / types / of
democracy in which the people indirectly participate through elected
representative for the process of decision – making .
. At the present day this form / types of democracy is widely used over the
world at the national level . or
∙ Today the most widely practiced form
Ø The Ethiopian foreign policy has 6 points
The principle for external relation
1 To promote F. R based on protection of national interest
2 To promote mutual respect for national sovereignty & equality of
state
Non – interference in internal affairs of other
3 To ensure that F.R of country are based on mutual interest
4 To observe international agreement. that not contradict interest
of the people
5 To forge / move forward / & promote ever growing economic
union & fraternal brothers
6 To seek and support peaceful solution to international disputes.
Types of democracy throughout the world is indirect /representative democracy.
- The elected

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