Answers

Answers 3 a 33
b Boundaries at 1.2, 1.3, 1.6, 1.8, 1.9 m.
Densities ∝ 170, 110, 210, 80.
1 Representation of data
c 29
Prerequisite knowledge 4 a Any u from 35 to 50.
1 a 62 m b 256.25 m 2
b Boundaries at 0, 5, 15, 30, u cm.
2 Frequencies are equal because areas are equal. 64
Densities ∝ 12.8, 23.2, 16, .
3 a 27 b 6 u − 30
c i 456 ii 246
Exercise 1A 5 a 2.85 – 2.55 = 0.3
1 0 1 2 3 3 4456789 Key: 1 0 b Boundaries at 2.55, 2.85, 3.05, 3.25, 3.75 min.
1 0 1 2 3 356 represents 10
2 0 6 Densities ∝ 50, 125, 100, 20.
visits
2 a 15 0 2 6 8 9 Key: 15 0 c 2 min 45s or 165s.
16 0 2 3 5 represents d i 3.5 ii 3.01
17 0 2 5 150 coins
6 a 324
b $1615
b i 30 ii 92
3 a 18 b 8 c 20%
c Proof
d i 30–39 ii 10–19
d 440; Population and sample proportions are
4 a 88 b $10.80 c 0 and 3 the same.
5 a Batsman P Batsman Q 7 a 480 b 130 c 110
2 0 1 Key: 6 3 1
9 8 776 3 1 6 represents 36 17
8 a b 399 c 12.6cm 223
8 7 411 4 2 58 runs for P and 23
9 9 732 5 1 267 31 runs for Q 1
6 4 8 9 a 12 : 8 : 3 b n=
7 1 7
150
b i Q; scored more runs. c i 210 ii 36

ii P; scores are less spread out. d 0.215 < k < 0.720 mm

6 a We can be certain only that 0.1<a < 0.4 and that

Wrens (10) Dunnocks (10)
3 1 Key: 8 1 9 0.4 < b < 0.8.
987 1 79 represents 18 eggs 10 a a = 159, b = 636 b 23.5kg
4 3 3 210 2 2234 for a wren and 19
2 578 eggs for a dunnock 4hd
3 0 11
5n
b 218 c 93% 12 33cm
7 The girl who scored 92%; 5 boys. 13 p = 29, q = 94

Exercise 1B Exercise 1C
1 a 175 and 325 years 1 a Points plotted at (1.5, 0), (3, 3), (4.5, 8),
b All 150 years (6.5, 32), (8.5, 54), (11, 62), (13, 66).
c Boundaries at 25, 175, 325, 475, 625 years.
b i 23 ii 7.8s
Densities ∝ 15, 18, 12, 6 (such as
2 a 19.5cm
0.1, 0.12, 0.08, 0.04).
d 15 b Width
<9.5 <14.5 <19.5 < 29.5 < 39.5 < 44.5
2 a 70 (cm)

b Boundaries at 4, 12, 24, 28 grams. No. books

0 3 16 41 65 70
(cf )
Densities ∝ 28, 33, 17.5.
c 310
 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Probability & Statistics 1

Points plotted at (9.5, 0), (14.5, 3), (19.5, 16), 11 a Points plotted at (1.0, 0), (1.5, 60),
(29.5, 41), (39.5, 65), (44.5, 70). (2.0, 182), (2.5, 222), (3.0, 242) for diameters.
c i 34 or 35 ii ≈ 33.25 to 44.5cm Points plotted at (2.0, 0), (2.5, 8), (3.0, 40),
3 a Points plotted at (0.10, 0), (0.35, 16), (3.5, 110), (4.0, 216), (4.5, 242) for lengths.
(0.60, 84), (0.85, 134), (1.20, 156) for A. b Least n = 0; greatest n = 28.
Points plotted at (0.10, 0), (0.35, 8), (0.60, 52),
c Diameter and length for individual pegs are not
(0.85, 120), (1.20, 156) for B. shown.
b i ≈ 107 for engine A; ≈ 87 for engine B. Best estimate is ‘between 171 and 198 inclusive’.
ii ≈ 108 The length and diameter of each peg should be
c ≈ 42 recorded together, then the company can decide
4 a 17; cfs 20 and 37 are precise. whether each is acceptable or not.
b i 12 ii 28
c k = 4.7 to 4.8 Exercise 1D
d It has the highest frequency density. 1 a Any suitable for qualitative data.
5 a i 64 ii 76 3
b Pie chart, as circle easily recognised, or a
b ≈ 7.4g 4
sectional percentage bar chart.
c (12, 304) 2 Histogram; area of middle three columns > half
6 a = 32, b = 45, c = 15, d = 33 total column area.
7 a 65 b 24 3 a Numbers can be shown in compact form on
8 a Ratio of under 155cm to over 155cm is 3:1 for three rows; bar chart requires 17 bars, all with
224 boys and 1:3 for girls. frequencies 0 or 1.
b 81 or 82 b Sum = 100 shows that 11 boxes of 100 tiles could
c There are equal numbers of boys and girls below be offered for sale.
and above this height. 4 a 7 months
d Polygon or curve through (140, 0), b Percentage cf graph; passes below the point
(155, 25), (175, 50). (12, 100).
9 a Points plotted at (18, 0), (20, 27), (22, 78), 5 a Histogram: Frequency density may be mistaken
for frequency.
(25, 89), (29, 94), (36, 98), (45, 100).
Pie chart: does not show numbers of trees.
b 27 years and 4 or 5 months
b Pictogram: short, medium, tall; two, three and
c i 1000 four symbols, each for six trees, plus a key.
ii All age groups are equally likely to find Shows 12, 18, 24 and a total of 54 trees.
employment.
6 a
Either with valid reasoning; e.g. underestimate
because older graduates with work experience 1. Score
30–39 40–49 50–59 60–69 70–79 80–89 90–99
(%)
are more attractive to employers.
Fre-
10 Points plotted at (4.4, 0), (6.6, 5), (8.8, 12), 3 5 6 15 5 4 2
quency
(12.1, 64), (15.4, 76), (18.7, 80) for new cars.
b 2. Grade C B A
Points plotted at (4, 0), (6, 5), (8, 12), (11, 64),
(14, 76), (17, 80) for > 100 000 km. Frequency 8 26 6
Polygons 17 cars; curves ≈ 16 cars. Any three valid, non-zero frequencies that sum
to 40.
 Answers

c Raw: stem-and-leaf diagram is appropriate. End-of-chapter review exercise 1

Tables 1 and 2 do not show raw marks, so these 1 i 50
diagrams are not appropriate.
ii Boundaries at 20, 30, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70 g.
Table 1: Any suitable for grouped discrete data;
e.g. histogram. Frequency densities ∝ 2, 3, 10, 12, 5, 1.

Table 2: Any suitable for qualitative data. 2 16.5, 3 and 18cm

7 a E.g. He worked for less than 34 hours in 3 a 6
49 weeks, and for more than 34 hours in 3 weeks.
b Quantitative and continuous
b It may appear that Tom worked for
4 a 6
more than 34 hours in a significant number
of weeks. b Five additional rows for classes
c Histogram: boundaries at 9, 34 and 44; densities 0–4, 20–24, 25–29, 30–34, 35–39.
∝ 98 and 15. 5 a = 9, b = 2
Pie chart: sector angles ≈ 339.2° and 20.8°.
6 a 48
Bar chart: frequencies 49 and 3.
b 0.7 cm
Sectional percentage bar chart: ≈ 94.2 and 5.8%.
7 a 120, 180 and 90
8 a Some classes overlap (are not continuous).
b Refer to focal lengths as, say, A to b 6.75cm
E in a key. c There is a class between them (not
Pie chart: sector angles 77.1°, 128.6°,77.1°, continuous).
51.4°, 25.7°. 8 a 30 days for region A, 31 days for
Bar chart or vertical line graph: heights region B. 225
18, 30, 18, 12, 6. b Bindu: unlikely to be true but we cannot tell, as
Pictogram: symbol for 1, 3 or 6 lenses. the amount of sunshine on any particular day is
9 not shown.
Country C SL Ma G Mo
Janet: true (max. for region A is 106h; min. for
% of population 14.4 8.9 3.8 17.7 27.4
region B is 138h).

People living in poverty

in hundred thousands as % of country population
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Chile

Sri Lanka

Malaysia

Georgia

Mongolia

Mongolia, for example, has the lowest number, but the highest percentage, of people
living in poverty.
 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Probability & Statistics 1

9 i Points plotted at: 12 9 29 cm

(20.5, 10), (40.5, 42), (50.5, 104), 13 a 54.6 b 59.0
(60.5, 154), (70.5, 182), (90.5, 200) or c The scales may have underestimated or
(20, 10), (40, 42), (50, 104), overestimated masses. Not all tomatoes may
(60, 154), (70, 182), (90, 200) or have been sold (i.e. some damaged and not
arrived at market).
(21, 10), (41, 42), (51, 104),
14 a 1.5
(61, 154), (71, 182), (91, 200).
b i 1.96 ii 3.48
ii 174 to 180
c For example, bar chart with four groups of four
iii 58,59 or 60
bars, or separate tables for boys and girls.
15 n = 12
2 Measures of central tendency
None of the 120 refrigerators have been removed
Prerequisite knowledge from the warehouse.
1 Mean = 5, median = 4.3, mode = 3.9. 16 One more day required.
2 1.94 He works at the same rate or remaining
rooms take a similar amount of time (are of a
Exercise 2A similar size).
1 a No mode b 16, 19 and 21 17 a i 5.89 cm ii 5.76 cm
2 ‘The’ is the mode. 3 7 for x; −2 for y. b 152.0°
4 14–20 for x; 3–6 for y.
5 Most popular size(s) can be pre-cut to serve Exercise 2C
226 customers quickly, which may result in less wastage 1 a 74 b 94 c 64
of materials. 2 18 3 204 4 40.35 mm
6 216 7 69 8 73 5 –0.8
6 a To show whether the cards fit ( x < 0), or not
Exercise 2B ( x > 0).
1 a 50 b 7.1 c 4 13
40 b 2%
2 a p = ±7 b q = 9 or −10
c –0.0535 + 24 = 23.9465 mm
3 a 23.25 b 1062 c 88
7 Fidel; Fidel’s deviations > 0,
d 12 e 113.67 Ramon’s deviations < 0.
4 a 19 b 3.68825 8 63.5s; accurate to 1 decimal place.
5 a = 12 9 a 3n; 60° b 90 n
6 a 4.1 b 24.925 10 3.48 11 $1.19
7 73.8% 8 $1846
9 30 years; the given means may only be accurate to
the nearest month. Exercise 2D
Actual age could be any from 28 yr 8.5 m to 1 5700; the total mass of the objects, in grams.
to 31 yr 3.5 m. 2 a ∑ 5x or 5∑ x
10 a Mean ($10) is not a good average; 36 of the 37
b ∑ 0.001x or 0.001∑ x
employees earn less than this.
3 ∑ 0.01w or 0.01∑ w
b $7.25
4 3.6
11 a $143282 8
41% means from 1495 to 1531 passengers. 5 a Calculate estimate in mph, then multiply by
5
29% means from 1052 to 1088 passengers. or 1.6.
b k = 252 b 19.7625 × 1.6 = 31.62 km/h
 Answers

6 x = 12.4; b = –3 8 ‘Average’ could refer to the mean, the median or the

mode.
7 a = 4, b = 5
Median > 150; Mean < 150.
8 a (–1.8, 2.8) b (26, –6) 150 is close to lower boundary of modal class.
c TE(5.2, –1.2) → (19, –2) Claim can be neither supported nor refuted.
ET(5.2, –1.2) → (–9, 14) 9 There is no mode.
Location is dependent on order of Mean ($1000 000) is distorted by the expensive
transformations. home.
9 p = 40; q = 12 000; $75000 Median ($239000) is the most useful.
Appears unfair; the smaller the amount invested, 10 a p = 12, q = 40, r = 54
the higher the percentage profit. b i Reflection in a horizontal line through cf
10 281x g/cm 2 value of 30.
ii Median safe current = median unsafe
current
Exercise 2E 11 a First-half median is in 1–2; second-half median
1 a 15 is in 4 – 5.
b Median; it is greater than the mean (12.4). b i 3
c For example, being unable to pay a bill because ii First half data are positively skewed (least
of low earnings. possible mean is 100.8 s).
2 a 11.5 12 a Points plotted at (0, 0), (26, 15), (36, 35),
b Negatively skewed; t = 10.9 < median. (50, 60), (64, 75), (80, 80).
3 a Median = 6; mode = 8 Median = 39%
b Median is central to the values but occurs less 227
New points at (0, 0), (16, 9.23), (26, 15),
frequently than all others.
(40, 42.1), (54, 64.2), (80, 80).
Mode is the most frequently occurring value but
b 20
is also the highest value.
13 a i f
c Two incorrect
4 a ≈ 4.4 min
b 2.8 and 6.4 min
5 Points plotted at (0, 0), (0.2, 16), (0.3, 28),
(0.5, 120), (0.7, 144), (0.8, 148). 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 x
Median = 0.4kg
ii Mode = mean = median = 8.
a 92 b 32
b No effect on mode or median. Mean increases
6 Mode (15) and median (16) unaffected; mean
to 9. Curve positively skewed.
decreases from 16 to 14.75.
c b = – 11; No effect on mode or median. Curve
7 a Points plotted at (85, 0), (105, 12), (125, 40),
negatively skewed.
(145, 94), (165, 157), (195, 198), (225, 214), 14 Any symmetrical curve with any number of modes
(265, 220). (or uniform).
Polygon and curve give median ≈ 150 days. 15 a Symmetrical; mean = median = mode
b Likely to use whichever is the greatest. b Chemistry: negatively skewed; Physics: positively
Estimate of mean (152.84) appears skewed.
advantageous. (They could consider using the
greatest possible mean, 164.41.)
 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Probability & Statistics 1

End-of-chapter review exercise 2 Exercise 3A

1 a Mean < medianand mode. Box plots given by: smallest … Q1 … Q2 … Q3 … largest /
b Mean > medianand mode. Item (units), as appropriate.
c Mean = medianand mode. 1 a 25 and 17 b 35 and 20
2 n = 22; 623g c 65 and 25 d 96 and 59
3 a Mode = 13 e 8.5 and 5.6
b Median = 28 2 a Range = 3.3; IQR = 1.75
c 55 b Negative
4 a 15.15 3 a 41 and 18
b 13.3 b 9 ... 28 ... 37 ... 46 ... 50 / Marks.
5 a 6 c Q3 = 2Q2 – Q1
b i 14 4 a Yes, if the range alone is considered.
ii 25 b Hockey: 11 ... 13 ... 17... 20 ... 24 / Fouls.
6 25 Football: 10 ... 18.5 ... 20 ... 22.5 ... 23 / Fouls.
with the same scale.
7 a Proof
Fewer fouls on average in hockey but the
b $0.18; it is an estimate of the mean
numbers varied more than in football.
amount paid.
5 a Ranges and IQRs are the same (35 and 18) but
8 a Mode indicates the most common response.
their marks are quite different.
Median indicates a central response (one
b One of median (33/72) or mean (33/72) and
of the options or half-way between a pair).
one of range or IQR.
228 b Allows for a mean response, which indicates
6 a Points plotted at (35, 0), (40, 20), (45, 85),
which option the average is closest to.
(50, 195), (55, 222), (70, 235), (75, 240).
9 a 1
35 ... 43.1 ... 46.6 ... 49.3 ... 75 / Speed (km/h),
b No; it is the smallest value and not at all
parallel to speed axis.
central.
b Positive skew
c 11
7 a i Males: 0 ... 0 ... 3 ... 14 ... 39 / Trips abroad.
d Positively skewed; mode < median < mean.
Females: 3 ... 5 ... 12 ... 20 ... 22 / Trips abroad.
10 i Boundaries at 0.05, 0.55, 1.05, 2.05, 3.05, 4.55h.
Same scale.
Frequency densities ∝ 22, 30, 18, 30, 14.
ii Males: range = 39; IQR = 14; median = 3
ii 2.1h
Females: range = 19; IQR = 15; median = 12
11 16.4
On average, females made more trips
12 81 abroad than males. Excluding the male
13 a Mode = 0, mean = 1, median = 0 who made 39 trips, variation for males and
b Mean; others might suggest that none of the females is similar.
items are damaged. b No, there are no data on the number of different
14 a 4006 − 2980 = $1026 b $3664 countries visited.
15 1.95 8 a ≈ 0.130 Ω b ≈ 0.345 Ω
c ≈ 68th percentile d ≈ 0.095 Ω
2
9 a 52 cm
3 Measures of variation
b 4.0 ... 25.8 ... 33.2 ... 38.8 ... 56.0 / Area (cm2).
Prerequisite knowledge c 15.2 to 16.0 cm 2
1 16cm
d Area < 6.3cm 2 or area > 58.3cm 2.
2 a 4.5 b 27.3
Estimate ≈ 8 (any from 0 to 15)
 Answers

10 a Points plotted at (–1.5, 0), (–1.0, 24), (–0.5, 70), 11 x = 12, y = 18

(0, 131), (0.5, 165), (1.0, 199), (1.5, 219), (2.5, 236). Gudrun is 22 years old.
b 89.9° and 1.3° Variance increases from 69.12 to 72.88 years2.
c 18% None of the original 50 staff have been replaced.
11 a 10 b 30 12 a Mean decreases by 11.6cm.
12 a Points plotted at (0, 0), (4, 2), (11, 21), Median decreases by 40.3cm.
(17, 44), (20, 47), (30, 50). b SD increases by 116cm.
b i ≈ 0.06g IQR increases by 216cm.
ii ≈ 0.12 g (Range increases by 344cm.)
c n ≈ 40 c Discs get closer to P, but distances become more
d Variation is quite dramatic (from 0 up to a varied.
possible 3% of mass). d Proof
Mushrooms are notoriously difficult to identify
(samples may not all be of the same type). Exercise 3C
Toxicity varies by season. 1 a 65.375 b 9.17
13 Should compare averages and variation (and c 120 d 161 800
skewness) and assess effectiveness in reducing
e 28
pollution level for health benefits.
2 n = 20; x = 11
Exercise 3B 3 2.15
1 a Mean = 37.5, SD = 12.4 4 Mean = 60.2 kg; SD = 14.1kg
b Mean = 0.45, SD = 9.23 5 a Proof b 27.2 psi 229
a Var(B) = Var(C) = Var(P) = 96
a ∑ y2 = 52 n − 4915 n + 616549
2 2
6
b The three values are identical. n + 29
b n = 35
No; mean marks are not identical
(B = 33, C = 53 and P = 63). 7 687.5 8 31
24 9 Proof
3 Mean = 1 35 or1.69; variance = 1.64
S S 2
4 a Mean = 2; SD = 0.803 10 or .
2 2
b Q1 = Q3 = 2, soIQR = 0.
That the middle 50% of the values are identical. Exercise 3D
5 a Girls: mean = 40, SD = 13.0 min 1 Men 8kg; women 6kg
Boys: mean = 40, SD = 16.3min 2 1.5
b i On average, the times spent were very 3 7.92 mm and 24009.8
similar. 4 8
ii Times spent by boys are more varied than 5 n = 15
times spent by girls.
6 Mean is not valid (it is 165cm); standard deviation
6 5.94cm is valid.
7 k = 6;Var( x ) = 2.72 7 Mean = 4h 20 min; SD = 7.3min
8 a a = 13, b = 40 b 6.23cm If 10-minute departure delay avoids busy traffic
9 k = 43; SD = 12.5km; IQR = 24km; IQR ≈ 2 × SD conditions.
10 a Mean = 0.97t; SD = 0.44t 8 0.96cm 2
b Mean decreases to 0.73t; SD increases
to 0.57t.
 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Probability & Statistics 1

9 a Mean = 8; SD = 4 b Mean = 7; SD = 4 9 45.8 and 14.9s

n −1 2 10 i Squad A Squad B
c ; variance of the first n positive odd integers. 7 5 7 9 Key: 1 9 4
3 44 2 8 2 3 46 represents 91 kg
10 a 43 b Proof c 1.179 98 76 1 9 4 5 6 for squad A and
9 74 0 10 1 8 94 kg for squad B
11 a Proof 6 5 11 1 3 5
2 12
b ∑ y = 1104, ∑ y2 = 15 416 c 20.1376
12 a 162.14 cm. ii 18kg
b ( ∑ x = 5 720 640, ∑ y = 7 445 100);
2 2 iii 103.4kg
Var(X ) = 42.1004 cm 2 11 i 126.5cm
ii 4908.52 cm 2
Exercise 3E 8
12 i Mean = 40.9 or 40 9 ; SD = 8.30
1 $0.64 2 8.5 3 2.64
ii 8.41
4 a 133 and 2673
13 5514
b 0.457 °C, using 133 and 2673.
14 SD increases by 68.4%.
c 0.209 ( °C)2
IQR increases by 9.30% (or 6.90%, depending on
5 $75600
method).
6 a 27°F Proportional change in SD is much greater than
b Mean = 12.5 °C; SD = 4.5 °C in IQR.
7 a Fruit & veg; mean unchanged, so total 15 14.0 cm
unchanged. 16 a SD = 21.5
b Tinned food; mean increased but standard b Mean = –2; SD = 21.5
230 deviation unchanged.
Mean is affected by addition of –202
c Bakery; mean and standard deviation decreased but SD is unaffected.
by 10%.
17 a 5.6 > 2 × 2.75 b 803 ≠ 1402 ; 132 ≠ 442 c 1.63
8 26 m 9 18.0% increase
18 a 19.8 − 18 = 1.8
b ∑ a 2 = 1964.46, ∑ b2 = 2278.12; 1.99 years2
End-of-chapter review exercise 3
1 a Proof
Cross-topic review exercise 1
b $0.917 or $0.92
1 a 25
2 a 0
b Player A = 25, player B = 21
b 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4
3 Five c 1 89 Key: 1 8
2 0112234 represents
4 a 0.319 m 2 5678 18 games
3 3
b Mean increased by 1.5cm (to 90 cm); SD
unchanged. 2 a 10–15 and 26–30
5 a Marks are improving and becoming more 26 – 15 = 11
varied.
b
b Third test
No. incorrect 0 1–9 10–14 15–24 25–30 31– 40
c First test positive; second test negative answers
6 a 97.92 cm No. 1 19 23 27 24 18
b 11.5cm candidates

7 a Range = 139; IQR = 8;SD = 37.7 c 19.6

b IQR; unaffected by extreme value (180). 3 a 2.3cm
8 i 173cm b 0.0178 m
ii 834728.6 and 4.16cm
 Answers

4 a 17.5 3 ℰ
b 126.3125 A B

c Student A and student F 2

1 3
5 Higher average and less varied growth. 5

6 a 0 8 9 Key: 1 1
1 1 3 3457788 represents 11 4
2 0 1 256679 unwanted emails
3 1 2 56
n( A ∪ B ′ ) = 4 and n( A′ ∩ B ) = 1
b 8 ... 14 ... 20 ... 27 ... 36 / Unwanted emails.
7 a 5.94 and 6.685
b Mean = 2990 000 or 2.99 × 106 Exercise 4A
SD = 366 151 or 3.66151 × 10 5 1 2
1 a b
8 a 32 36 3
2 a The team’s previous results.
b 70 and 75km/h
b 8
c 72.3km/h
c They may win some of the games that they are
9 a Proof
expected to draw.
b 36.09g and 0.67 g
3 12
c 0.4489g2
4 a 300 b At least 240
10 a i 75
5 a 5 b 15
ii ≈ 69
6 50
b 12
3
11 a 50 and 1.80 7
8 231
b C = 50 – S 1
8
SD(C ) = SD( aS + b ) 1953
a = –1 and b = 50
12 a 1.48 Exercise 4B
b 79 2 2 5
1 a b c
c a = 7, b = 9 3 3 6
13 i Median = 0.825cm; IQR = 0.019cm 2 a Girls who took the test.
ii q = 4, r = 2 b
23
iii X : 0.802 ... 0.814 ... 0.825 ... 0.833 ... 0.848 / 40
Length (cm) 3 10
3 a i ii
5 11
Y : 0.811 ... 0.824 ... 0.837 ... 0.852 ... 0.869 / b Not a female sheep. Not a male goat.
Length (cm)
4 a i (3, 3)
Same scale
ii (2, 4) and (4, 2)
iv Longer on average in Y ; less varied in X .
iii (2, 2), (4, 4), (6, 6)
b X , Y and Z are not mutually exclusive.
4 Probability 1 7
5 a b
Prerequisite knowledge 2 8
6 a a = 7, b = 2, c = 6
1 30
3 13
1 b i ii
2 5 25
12
 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Probability & Statistics 1

7 a 7 a i 0.544 ii 0.3264 iii 0.4872

C H
b The result in any event has no effect on
probabilities in other events.
12 7 13
E.g. winning one event may increase an athlete’s
confidence in others.
8 5 3
8 a b
24 8
3 5 9 a Untrue. Any number from 0 to 10 may be
b i ii
10 8 delivered; 9 is the average.
8 44% b 0.125 c 0.49
10 6 7 9 111
9 a b c 10 a or 0.36 b or 0.2775
11 11 22 25 400
10 a Students who study Pure Mathematics and 11 a 0.84 b 0.9744
Statistics but not Mechanics.
1 3
89 6 12 a b
b i ii 4 8
100 25 27
c Mechanics, Statistics, Pure Mathematics 13
512
11 a No; P(X ∩Y ) ≠ 0 or equivalent. 14 a 0.1 b 0.15 c 0.3
b 0.9 c 0.7 k−5 2k − 3
15 a i ii
12 a A and C b 0.22 25 25
2 31 29 49
13 a b c b k = 8;
75 75 75 625
232 1 2
14 a 0.6 b 0.4 16 a i ii
6 9
15 a A B 1
b i 0 ii
108
1
9 5
Exercise 4D
2
3 0 1 0.63

2 0.28
7

C 3 a 0.32 b 0.48
0.35 0.4
b 19; they had not visited Burundi. 4 a i ii
P(B ) P(C )
c They had visited Angola or Burundi but not
b i 0.7 ii 0.5 iii 0.06
Cameroon; 15.
5 a 28
2
d D S
9

13 6 7
Exercise 4C
1
1
2 2
1 1 1
2 a b c
36 4 9
3 a 0.012 b 0.782 S S′ Totals

4 0.42 D 6 13 19
5 a 0.84 b 0.85 D′ 7 2 9
6 a 0.343 b 0.441 Totals 13 15 28
 Answers

6 19 13 20 8
b No; ≠ × 5 a b
28 28 28 39 39
1 47
20 32 50 6 a b or 0.825
6 Yes; = × 5 57
80 80 80
9 3 1 7 a 10% of the staff are part-time females.
7 a P(A) = , P(B ) = , P(A ∩ B ) =
16 4 2 b a = 0.2, b = 0.4, c = 0.3
1 9 3
b No; ≠ × 4 3 4
2 16 4 c i ii iii
7 4 9
c A and B both occur when, for example, 1 and 2 3 11
8 9
are rolled; P(A ∩ B ) ≠ 0 5 21
1 1 1 10 a Proof
8 a P(X ) = , P(Y ) = , P(X andY ) =
4 3 12 b P(3) = 0.08, P(2) = 0.16, P(1) = 0.75
1 1 1
Yes; = × 25
12 4 3 c or 0.758
33
b No; X and Y both occur when, for example, 1 32
and 5 are rolled; P(X ∩Y ) ≠ 0 d or 0.299
107
1 27 1
9 P(V ) = , P(W ) = , P(V ∩ W ) =
8 64 16 Exercise 4F
1 1 27 3 5
No; ≠ × 1 a b
16 8 64 28 14
28
10 a 2
B B′ Totals 55
7 2
M 60 48 108 3 a b
22 33
M′ 50 42 92 233
4 a 0.027 b 229 or 230
Totals 110 90 200 42 20
5 a Two girls; >
132 132
b Ownership is not independent of gender; 1
b Equally likely; both .
60 108 110 66
e.g. for M and B: ≠ × . 1
200 200 200 6
9
c Females 54.3%, males 55.6%. 6 1
7 a or 0.316 b
If ownership were independent of gender, these 19 4
percentages would be equal. 141 26
8 a or 0.3525 b or 0.553
11 a = 1860, b = 4092, c = 1488 400 47
1 1
36 54 138 9 a or 0.2 b or 0.333
12 Southbound vehicles; = × or 5 3
207 207 207 7
18 54 69 or 0.875
= × c
207 207 207 8
18
10 or 0.72
25
Exercise 4E 9
2 3 11 or 0.123
1 a b 73
3 4 4 13
12 a or 0.571 b or 0.371
3 4 10 7 35
2 a b c
4 7 13 7
13 a y = 0.44 b or 0.35
11 12 20
3 a b
19 19 272
14 a x = 0.36 b 0.812 or
5 12 335
4 a i ii 23
16 23 15 or 0.548
b Those who expressed an interest in exactly 42
two (or more than one) career, or any other 16 0.48
appropriate description. 16
17 or 0.64
25
 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Probability & Statistics 1

End-of-chapter review exercise 4 iii Yes; P(high GDP and high

1 53 birth rate) = 0
8 287
2 or 0.727 iv or 0.431
11 666
4
104 12 a
3 a or 0.0476 15
2185
9
1 b
b or 0.00316 19
316
77 13 0.198
4 or 0.310
248 14 a A and B both occur or it shows that P( A ∩ B ) ≠ 0.
27 b Only two of the 36 outcomes, (1, 3) and (3, 1), are
5 or 0.675
40 favourable to A and to B.
6 a
1 1 1
M BE c No; ≠ × to show P( A ∩ B ) ≠ P(A) × P(B ).
18 6 2
1 4 5 15 0.26
39 16 x = 54; 312 adults
3 7 29
17 a i
34
38
3
ii
3 RH 4
13
14 b
b i or 0.00566 30
2475 17
234 18
82 72
ii or 0.166
495 8
19
7 a 0.3x + 0.7 y = 0.034 and y = 2 x 35
1
x = 0.02, y = 0.04 20 a i
8
16 1
b or 0.696 ii
23 4
8
8 a b 22
9
1
b
4 5 Permutations and combinations
1
c Prerequisite knowledge
3
8 2 2
9 i or 0.0762 P( A | B ) = , P( B | A) =
105 5 3
2
ii or 0.0571
35 Exercise 5A
10 i 0.85, 0.15 / 0.8, 0.2 / 0.4, 0.6 on branches with 1 a 20 b 6 c 294
labels T, B / J, X / J, X. d 162 e 224
17 2 a 10 b 9 c 4
ii or 0.654
26
3 a 11 b 15 c 22
37
11 i or 0.435 9! × 2! 7! × 3! 1 15! × 4!
85 4 E.g. 144 = ; 252 = ;1 =
19 7! 5! 2 16!
ii or 0.396 53! 2
48 5 cm
51!
 Answers

25! 8! 8 a 1 b 0
6 − cm 3
22! 5!
9! c 8 d 20
7 E.g. $
5!(5! − 4! + 2! + 2!) 9 x > y + 1 or x ù y + 2 or equivalent

Exercise 5B Exercise 5E
1 720 1 a 2520 b 3024
2 a 8.07 × 10 67 2 665280
b 24 3 6840
c 6227 020800 4 a 182 b 196
3 a 2 b 720 c 40320 5 a 60 b 240
4 a 24 b 6 c 5040 6 a 272 b 132 c 140
5 39 916 800 7 a 60 480 b 1680
6 362 880 8 360
7 n = 19 9 a 12 b 48
10 120 ways for ( r = ) 3 passengers to sit in ( n = ) 6
empty seats on a train, or use of 5 P5 , 5 P4 , or 120 P1.
Exercise 5C 1 n!
1 a 120 b 360 c 45360 11 a r> n b k=
2 r!( n − r )!
d 34650 e 415800
12 132600
2 a 6 b 20
13 18144
c 60 d 15 235
14 a 6652800
3 a 6 b 1
w

b 3024000
c 6435 d 99768240
c 4959360
4 First student is correct. Second student has treated
them as two identical trees and three identical
bushes.
Exercise 5F
1 a 56 b 126
5 a 1024
2 a 1960 b 980 c 121
b i 252 ii 386
3 a 2598960 b 845000
6 One letter appears three times; another appears
twice, and two other letters appear once each 4 a i 230230 ii 230230
(e.g. pontoon, feeless, seekers, orderer). b x= y+z
7 a 10 b 50 c 1050 5 16
6 161
Exercise 5D 7 a 120 b 34
1 a 120 c 12 d 66
b i 48 ii 72 iii 18 8 45
2 a 48 b 192 c 480 9 They can share the taxis in 56 ways, no matter
d 144 e 0 which is occupied first.
3 2 :1 10 a 184756 b Two
4 a 80640 b 241 920 c 63504 d 88200
5 a 3600 b 720 c 240 11 330
6 a 20 b 40 12 1058400
7 a 6 b 180 c 36 13 a 252 b 56 c 175
 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Probability & Statistics 1

14 27907200 4 a 1000 000

15 72 b i 0.01
16 a 18 b 132 ii 0.0001
5 17 280
6 i 1 663 200
Exercise 5G
1 2 8 ii 30 240
1 a b c
3 15 15 iii 1 622 880
21 iv 10
2 a or 0.457
46 7 a 756 756
27 b 72 072
b or 0.293
92
8 a 330
3
c b 70
4
3 a 0.0260 b 0.197 c 265
4 0.0773 9 91
5 0.501 10 87
6 0.588 11 a 109 or 1 × 109
5 1 b 93 × 106 or 7.29 × 108
7 a b
16 2 c 9 × 108
2 1 5 d 53 × 106 or 1.25 × 108
8 a b c 9
3 12 12 12
14
236 9 a 0.331 b 0.937
13 44 286
10 a 50 400
14 a 453 600
1 1
b i ii b 86 400
120 60
1 2 1
11 a or 0.0119 b 15
84 9 10
12 0.290 16 a 11 values; 35
13 a a = 166, b = 274, c = 488 b
11
b 0.162 12
2401
28 17 20; or 0.823
14 or 0.683 2916
41
18 156
15 Six tags and three labels.
19 a i 648
1 1 3 2
16 a , , and for n = 2, 3, 4 and 5. ii 104
3 2 5 3
2 b 2700
b
n −1 20 i 50
ii 18
End-of-chapter review exercise 5
1 a 30 240 Cross-topic review exercise 2
b 240
1 a 96
2 a 32 659200
b −71
b 8467200
c 9 81 or 9.125
3
3
28
 Answers

2 a 62 c 39 916 800
16 15
b Odd; > d 59 512 320
31 31
3 30856 16 a 229 975200
4 a i 48 b 0.75
8
ii 24 17 a i or 0.471
17
b 120 73
ii or 0.477
5 a 27 153
1 32
b i iii or 0.209
3 153
4 b The events ‘being on the same side’ and
ii ‘being in the same row’ are not independent.
9
6 1440
7 a 604 800 6 Probability distributions
b 8467200
Prerequisite knowledge
8 a 134596
1 13 1 P( D ) = 0.11
b i ii 3 3 1
24 24 2 With replacement: P (both red) = × = or 0.25
1 6 6 4
c i ; more likely. 3 2 1
19 Without replacement: P (both red) = × =
6 5 5
ii 10 ; less likely. or 0.20
19
9 a 1287 b 45 c 270 Exercise 6A
10 a 3 1 237
v 1 2 3
b 15
P(V = v ) 0.4 0.4 0.2
11 a 81
b 15 2 5
2 p= ;
14 13 13
12 a i or 0.483
29 3 a 50 k 2 – 25 k + 3 = 0; k = 0.2, k = 0.3
4 b k = 0.3 gives P(W = 12) = – 0.1.
ii or 0.138
29
c 0.14
b 0.437
4 s 0 1 2
13 a P P′
4 28 49
S 30 10 40 P( S = s) 81 81 81
S′ 45 15 60
5 a Proof
75 25 100
or appropriate Venn diagram. b r 0 1 2 3
30 40 75 P( R = r ) 0.226 0.446 0.275 0.0527
b Yes; e.g. = × to show
100 100 100
c 0.774
P(S and P ) = P(S ) × P( P ).
6 a Proof
14 a 312 or 531 441
b v 0 1 2 3
b 310 or 59 049
c 37 or 2187 24 45 20 2
P(V = v ) 91 91 91 91
15 a 3 628 800
b 7 257 600 69
c
91
 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Probability & Statistics 1

7 Number of red grapes selected ( R ); R ∈{0, 1} 315 21

18 a k= b
Number of green grapes selected (G ); G ∈{4, 5} 1012 46
R +G =5 Exercise 6B
1 E( X ) = 2.1; Var( X ) = 0.93
8 d 0 1 2
2 a p = 0.2
P( D = d ) 0.1 0.6 0.3
b E(Y ) = 1.84; SD(Y ) = 0.946
9 x 3 E(T ) = 5, Var(T ) = 11.5
0 1 2
4 m = 16; Var(V ) = 31.3956
P( X = x ) 0.4096 0.4608 0.1296
5 Var( R ) = 831
Hair colour and handedness are independent. 6 a = 11; Var(W ) = 79.8
10 a Proof 7 a E(grade) = 3.54; SD(grade) = 1.20; A smallish
b x 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 profit.
1 2 3 2 3 2 2 1 SD = 1.20; variability of the profit.
P( X = x ) 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 b E(grade) = 2.46, SD(grade) = 1.20
5 Both are unchanged.
P(X > 6) =
16 8 a
11 a 0
x 1 2 3 4 5 6 10 12 15 20 30
b n 1 2 3 4
P( X = x ) 1 3 3 5 3 9 2 4 2 2 2
1 6 6 1
P( N = n ) 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36
14 14 14 14
c Symmetrical 1
238 b E( X ) = 8 5 ; P[X > E( X )] =
1 12 3
12 k=
27 c Var( X ) = 49 41 or 49.9
48
1
13 a c= 9 a h 0 1 2 3
86
61 P( H = h ) 0.343 0.441 0.189 0.027
b
86
b 900 times
14 a 0.374
10 a E(G ) = 0.8; E( B ) = 1.2
b N = 0 is more likely than N = 4;
b 2 : 3; It is the same as the ratio for the number of
P( N ′ ) > P( N ) each time a book is selected.
girls to boys in the class.
15 a Proof 336
c Var(G ) = 0.463 or
725
b x 0 1 2 3 11 a Proof
1 4 4 3 b E( R ) = 1.125
P( X = x )
12 12 12 12
c E(G ) = 1.5
7
P( X is prime) = 12 a $340
12
b If the successful repayment rate is below 70%.
16 a P(heads) = 0.2
13 a Proof b n = 35
b The number of tails obtained, but many others
14 a 1, 2, 3, 5.
are possible, such as 2H and 0.5H.
P(T > H ) = 0.896 s 1 2 3 5
17 a 4 1 4 3
s 1 2 3 P( S = s)
12 12 12 12
17 9 10
P( S = s) 7
36 36 36 b P(S > 2 3 ) =
4 12
1
b
3 c Var(S ) = 2 17
48
 Answers

15 a Proof 10 i Proof
b x 0 1 2 3 4 ii Score 0 2 4 6
1 12 54 108 81 24 30 13 3
P( X = x ) P(Score)
256 256 256 256 256 70 70 70 70

Var( X ) 1 iii 1 76 and 2.78

c = ; the probability of not obtaining B
E( X ) 4 2
iv or 0.4
with each spin. 5
 k = 5 ; P Y > 4 = 2
11
 3
( ) 3
End-of-chapter review exercise 6
25
 k = 9  ; E( X ) = 2 5 or 2.36 12
1 28
 14  14
13 a x = 11
Var( X ) = 1 196
45
or 1.23
22
b
2 a q = 13 or q = 48 127
b 34 14 i Proof
3 a $6675
ii x 2 3 4
b 4.27
1 1 1
6 P( X = x )
4 6 3 2
11
1
5 0.909 iii
3
2
6 a i 15 i Proof
5
ii 239
3 x 120 60 40 30 24 20 17 71 15 13 13
ii
5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
b j P( X = x )
0 1 2 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45

P( J = j ) 0.3 0.6 0.1 iii 13 13 or 13.3

7 a S =1 4
iv or 0.444
9
b s 0 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 11 14 15 19 24

P( S = s)
1 13 2 3 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 7 The binomial and geometric
36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 distributions
E(S ) = 5 36
31 or 5.86
Prerequisite knowledge
8 a 0, 1, 2, 4, 5. 1 105
1 9 27 27
b x 0 1 2 4 5 2 + + + =1
64 64 64 64
P( X = x ) 1 3 2 1 2
9 9 9 9 9
Exercise 7A
2 1 a 0.0016 b 0.4096
c
3
c 0.0256 d 0.0272
7
d a= 2 a 0.0280 b 0.261
2
9 a b = 1 or b = 6 c 0.710 d 0.552
13 3 a 0.0904 b 0.910
b
30 c 0.163 d 0.969
 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Probability & Statistics 1

4 a 0.121 b 0.000933 c 0.588 10 a 6.006

d 0.403 e 0.499 b 5.93 and 5.93
5 a 0.246 b 0.296 c Proof
6 0.0146 d 0.197
7 0.254 11 a 46
8 a 0.140 b 0.000684 b 3.68
9 0.177 c i 0.566
10 a 0.599 b 0.257 ii 0.320
11 0.349
12 a 0.291 b 0.648 Exercise 7C
13 a 0.330 b 0.878 1 a 0.0524 b 0.91808 c 0.4096
5 2 a 0.148 b 0.901 c 0.0672
14 a 0.15625 or b 0.578
32 3 a 0.125 b 0.875
15 9 16 6
17 16 18 23 4 a 0.0465 b 0.482
19 a 0.0098 b a = 208, b = 3 c 68 5 a 0.24 b 0.922 c 0.0280
20 a p = 0.5; the probability of more than 5 m of 6 a i 0.032 ii 0.0016 b 0.2016
rainfall in any given month of the monsoon 7 a i 0.0315 ii 0.484 iii 0.440
season. b Faults occur independently and at random.
b The probability of more than 5 m of rainfall 8 a 0.21 b 0.21 c 0.21
in any given month in the monsoon season is
9 a 0.364 b 0.547
unlikely to be constant or Whether one month
240 10 0.0433
has more than 5 m of rainfall is unlikely to be
independent of whether another has. 11 a Not suitable; trials not identical (p not constant).
21 a 0.6561 b 0.227 b Not suitable; success dependent on previous two
22 0.244 letters typed or X cannot be equal to 1 or 2 or p
is not constant.
c It is suitable.
Exercise 7B
d Not suitable; trials not identical (p not constant).
1 a 1, 0.8 and 0.894 b 13.2, 5.94 and 2.44
12 0.096
c 65.7, 53.874 and 7.34 d 14.1, 4.14 and 2.04
13 0.176
2 a 2 and 1.5 b 0.311 c 0.367
335
3 a 0.752 b 0.519 14 0.977 or
343
4 a n = 50, p = 0.4 b 0.109 125
7 15 a 0.0965 or b 0.543
5 a n = 42, p = b 0.0462 1296
12 16 0.103
6 n = 3, p = 0.9
w 0 1 2 3
Exercise 7D
P(W = w ) 0.001 0.027 0.243 0.729 7
1 2
7 a E.g. X is not a discrete variable or there are more 9
than two possible outcomes. 2 5
b E.g. Selections are not independent. 14
3
c E.g. X can only take the value 0 or X is not a 81
variable. 4 Mode = 1, mean = 2
8 n = 18; 0.364 5 6 and 0.335
9 p = 0.75, k = 5157 6 a 16 b 0.00366
 Answers

7 a Thierry 10 k = 21
45 n−2
k= 
b or 0.0574 3
11 ; n = 10
784  2
8 a With replacement, so that selections are 12 a 12
independent.
b i 0.263
27
b i or 0.105 ii 0.866
256
1 iii 0.0199
ii or 0.0625
16 13 i 0.735
9 E( X ) = 500; b = 1001 ii n = 144; k = 6
10 a Any representation of the following sequence. 14 36 : 30 : 25
1st toss 2nd toss 3rd toss
Anouar T T H
Zane T T
8 The normal distribution
b 0.52 + 0.54 + 0.56 + 0.58 + ... Prerequisite knowledge
2 1 23.4 and 11.232
c
3 2 n = 32, p = 0.35

End-of-chapter review exercise 7 Exercise 8A

n −1 1 a False b True c False
 n − 1
1  
n  d False e True f False
2 a 0.147 2 a i σ P > σQ 241
b 0.00678 ii Median for P < median for Q.
1 iii IQR for P > IQR for Q.
3 i
4
81 b i Same as range of P.
ii 0.0791 or
1024 ii No; High values of W are more
3 likely than low values or negatively
iii 0.09375 or
4 32 skewed.
4 a
9 iii
Probability density

b 0.394
W Q
5 a 0.59049
b 0.40951 P

c 0.242
6 a 10 μP μW μQ
5
b 0.00772 or
648 3
c 0.00162
Probability density

7 a 2 –12
b 137 × 2 –16 Women & men

8 a i 0.0706
ii 0.0494
iii 0.1176
b The students wear earphones 170
Height (cm)
independently and at random.
9 i 0.993
ii n = 22
 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Probability & Statistics 1

4 a Probability density
3 a k = 1.333 b k = 0.111
Apple juice
c k = 0.600 d k = 1.884
e k = – 0.674 f k = – 0.371
g k = – 1.473 h k = – 0.380
Peach juice i k = 1.71 j k = 1.035
4 a c = 0.473 b c = 0.003
340
Volume (ml) c c = 2.10 d c = 1.245
e c = – 0.500 f c = – 2.14
b Peach juice curve wider and shorter than apple g c = 3.09 h c = 1.96
juice curve; equal areas; both symmetrical; both
i c = 0.497 j c = –1.90
centred on 340 ml.
5 a Exercise 8C
Probability density

1 a 0.726 b 0.191 c 0.629

UK USA 2 a 0.919 and 0.0808 b 0.613 and 0.387
c 0.964 and 0.0359 d 0.0467 and 0.953
e 0.285 and 0.715 f 0.954
g 0.423 h 0.319
3.3 3.4
Mass (kg) i 0.231 j 0.0994
b USA curve wider, shorter and centred to 3 a a = 35.0 b b = 15.5
the right of UK curve; equal areas; both c c = 18.5 d d = 23.6
242 symmetrical. e e = 86.8
6 a Proof 4 a f = 11.4 b g = 42.7
b σ X = 1.11 > σY = 0.663 c h = 9.80 d j = 17.5
5 0.0513
Probability density

6 0.933
7 σ = 2.68
X Y 8 µ = 12.6
9 µ = 58.8, σ = 14.7
10 µ = 93.8, σ = 63.8
2.4 2.6
11 µ = 5.00, σ = 6.40; 0.0620
Exercise 8B 12 µ = 7.08, σ = 1.95; 0.933
1 a 0.715 b 0.993
13 µ = 5.78, σ = 2.13; 0.372
c 0.937 d 0.531
14 0.831
e 0.207 f 0.0224
g 0.0401 h 0.495
i 0.975 j 0.005 Exercise 8D
2 a 0.0606 b 0.380 1 0.662
c 0.0400 d 0.0975 2 a 0.191 b 74
e 0.190 f 0.211 3 a Small = 28.60%; medium = 49.95%;
g 0.770 h 0.948 large = 21.45%
i 0.719 j 0.066 b k = 58.0 or 58.1
 Answers

4 µ = 7.57 End-of-chapter review exercise 8

5 a 0.567 b 0.874 c 0.136 1 0.841
6 a b = 240 b 82.0 m 2 0.824
7 9.09 → 9 days 3 i 0.590
8 5000 ii np = 24 > 5 and nq = 6 > 5
9 σ = 3.33 4 0.287
10 µ = 91.2; 28.8% 5 0.239
11 σ = 3.88 6

Probability density
12 a σ = 1.83 b 23
13 a µ = 25.0 b n = 1000 X

14 a 0.683 b 0.0456
c σ = 1.64, µ = 6.39 Y
15 a 0.950 b n = 14
16 a 0.659 b 0.189 c 0.257 1.5 2.0
17 a 0.284 b 0.0228 c 0.118 7 i 0.035
ii 0.471
Exercise 8E iii k = 103
1 a Yes; µ = 12, σ = 4.8
2
8 a i 315 or 316
b No; nq = 1.5 < 5 ii 7350
c Yes; µ = 5.2, σ 2 = 4.524 iii 0.840
243
d No; np = 3 < 5 b 0.933
2 a n = 209 b n = 34 9 σ = 2.35
c n = 11 d n = 17
10 µ = 3.285; 61.3%
3 B(56, 0.25)
4 0.837 11 5.69%
5 0.844 12 i 0.238
6 a p = 0.625; Var( H ) = 37.5 ii k = 116
b 0.0432 iii 0.0910
7 a Proof 13 a 0.408
b 0.292; np = 10 > 5 and nq = 30 > 5 b 0.483
8 a 44 b 4.45 c 0.156 14 a µ = 17.5, σ 2 = 58.0
9 a i 0.187 ii 0.0118
b i 17.0 min
b E( X ) = 1600; Var( X ) = 320
ii 38.2 → 38 days
c 0.874
15 a σ = 7.24
10 a i 0.105 ii 0.135
b k = 15.1
b 0.145
16 0.936
11 0.0958
12 a 0.0729 b 0.877
13 a 0.239 b 0.0787 Cross-topic review exercise 3
14 a 0.789 b 0.920 1 a i Proof
15 0.100 3 63
ii E( X ) = , Var( X ) = or 0.7875
16 0.748 4 80
399
17 0.660 iii or 0.9975
400
 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Probability & Statistics 1

b 13 or 0.325 Practice exam-style paper

40
19
2 1 a 1.72 m
27
b 16.75
3 µ = 25.8, σ = 7.27
2 a x = 0.154; the value of P( A and B )
4 0.0228
or P( A ∩ B )
5 a σ = 2.99
b P( A ∩ B ) ≠ 0 or equivalent.
b 26.1% or 26.2%
c Proof
6 a µ = 34.0
3 a 36
b 11.9%
5
7 a σ = 2.70 b
9
b 0.276 4 a 0.35
c 0.822 95
b or 0.693
8 a x 0 1 2 3 137
140 120 24 1 5 a 11km
P( X = x )
285 285 285 285 b 61
3 c 10.8km
b i
5 6 a 12
24
ii or 0.828 b First trial
29
9 a 6 23 c 0.176
2 7 a x = 7, y = 4
b
244 3 b b = 6.6
10 a x=5
c It is neither central nor representative
209 or 8 of the 10 values are less than 89.
b or 0.645
324
8 a x 0 1 2
11 a 0.135
10 15 3
b 0.253 P( X = x )
28 28 28
c np> 5 and nq > 5
45
12 a Proof b or 0.402
112
b 0.432 11
c
13 a E( X ) = 4 15
b Proof
c 0.315
d np = 8.4375 > 5 and nq = 11.5625 > 5
1 47
14 a i < p<
48 48
1 3
ii 0< p< or < p < 1
4 4
1 1 3 47
b < p< or < p <
48 4 4 48