PREFACE:

This report is prepared or designing by applying all the knowledge

and experience, which I gained during 3 months On the job Training
of “DIPLOMA IN CIVIL-ENGINEERING” at Shree Tribhuvan
Secondary School Gaushala-5, Mahottari(Nepal). The main objective
of this OJT report is to give some information about the Building
Construction. This report will help other junior students for preparing
their report on Building Construction as well as guide them as a
reference.

All the subject matter or all works has been presented in simple
language but some difficult technical terms are Introduce somewhere
for better understanding and clarity, it is tried to make writing short
but effective as far as possible. Building Construction, are also
prepared in this report which has tried my best to make the report
perfect and efficient.

It is possible that instead of my great care and effort some

shortcomings and errors might have been left unnoticed while writing
this report, so mistake indication and any suggestion from the
submitted department have been expected and they will be helpful for
future improvement in the skill of report writing.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank Er. Raj Bahadur sah, Er. Pappu Raushan, Er. Ajay
Kumar Mandal, Er. Sundar Chudhary & Er.Sushil sah my guide for this
project for providing me with the opportunities of studying learning
and gaining practical experience in various fields during the period of
training. His in valuable suggestions not only helped me to reach the
successful completion of the tasks assigned but also made me learn a
lot. I would like to give special thanks to Er. Surendar Sah Co-
ordinator of civil engineering department for helping me throughout
with his wise suggestion innovative ideas and whole-hearted help. I
want to thank Er. Raj Bahadur Sah, Er. Pappu Raushan and all others in
the department hole help me during my work here. And finally, I
would like to thanks our institute, Shree Tribhuvan Secondary School
Gaushals-5 Mahottari (Nepal), for giving me the opportunity to have a
precious and rewarding experience of training in our institute.
 CONTENT
Particular Page Number
1. Organization Introduction
2. Various type of construction material in Building cons...
a) Cement
b) River Sand and natural sand as a construction material
c) Aggregate
d) Concrete
e) Bricks and Block
f) Reinforcement Steel
g) Timber (wood) as a construction material
h) Bitumen
3. Sequence of Building Construction work
a) Site clearance
b) Surveying and Layout
c) Foundation
d) Plinth Beam
e) Earth filling in foundation trenches
f) Column construction
g) Brick wall construction
4. Conclusion
5. Reference
6. Appendix
 Figure Content
Particular Page Number
Figure 1- Site Clearance
Figure 2- Surveying and layout
Figure 3- Foundation
Figure 4- Plinth Beam
Figure 5- Earth filling in foundation Trenches
Figure 6- Column Layout
Figure 7- Column Reinforcement Work
Figure 8- Column Formwork
Figure 9- Pouring of concrete
Figure 10- English bond
Figure 11- Flemish bond
Figure 12- Rat-trap bond
Figure 13- Stretcher bond
Figure 14- Bricks cleaning
Figure 15- Mixing the mortar
Figure 16- Starting a bricks wall of at the corners
Figure 17- Lay the first course of bedding mortar
Figure 18- Create the brick pillars
Figure 19- Leveling wall with plumb bob
Figure 20- Keep the pillars one course ahead
Figure 21- Make sure you’re sticking to 10mm mortar joints.
 1. ORGANIZATION INTRODUCTION
A school had a history in field of education since 2006 BS. Shree
Tribhuvan Secondary School is located near the main market in
Gaushala-5, Mahottari (Nepal) and offers many subjects to study in
school as well as bachelor’s degree.
Our school also offer Diploma in Civil Engineering affiliated by
National Examination Board. Our Principal Mr. Binod Mahato is
very dedicate principal for our education. Our civil engineering
faculty co-ordinator Er. Surendra Sah always help we to empower
our education and training work. There are three building in our
school and one is just newly build in our school that means our
School have a four building which named as Block A, Block B, Block
C and Block D. We study out civil engineering class in Block C.
 2. Various types of construction materials used in building
construction.
a. Cement
b. River Sand and natural sand as a construction material
c. Aggregate
d. Concrete
e. Bricks and Block
f. Reinforcement Steel
g. Timber (wood) as a construction material
h. Bitumen
a. Cement:
A cement is a material that’s used to build very strong, hard
surfaces and structures. Cement is an ingredient in both mortar, which
holds bricks together and concrete with which dams and roads and
buildings are constructed.
Types of Cement:
In the construction industry, there are different types of cement. Some
are given bellow;
i. Ordinary Portland cement (OPC)
ii. Portland Pozland cement (PPC)
iii. Rapid Hardening cement
iv. Extra Raped Hardening cement
v. Low Heat cement
vi. Sulfates Resisting cement
vii. Quick Setting cement
viii. Blast Furnaces Slag cement
ix. High Alumina Cement
x. White cement
b. River sand and natural sand as a construction material:
This sand is white-grey and is one of the fine graded sands used
in the construction of buildings. They are mainly used in concrete and
masonry work. They can also be used for RCC, plastering, and many
other brick or block works.
c. Aggregate:
An Aggregate, in building and construction, material used for
mixing with cement, bitumen, lime, gypsum, or other adhesive to
form concrete or mortar. The aggregate gives volume, stability,
resistance wear or erosion, and other desired physical properties to the
finished product. Commonly used aggregates include sand, crushed or
broken stone, gravel (pebbles), broken blast-furnace slag, boiler ashes
(clinkers), burned shale, and burned clay. Fine aggregate usually
consists of sand, crushed stone, or crushed slag screening; core
aggregate consists of gravel (pebbles), fragments of broken stone, slag
and other coarse substances. Fine aggregate is used in making thin
concrete slabs or other structural members and where a smooth
surface is desired; coarse aggregate is used for more massive
members.
d. Concrete:
A hard strong building material made by mixing a cementing
material (such as Portland cement) and a mineral aggregate (such as
sand gravel) with sufficient water to cause the cement to set and bind
the entire mass.
e. Brick and Block
A brick is a types of construction material used to build walls,
pavements and other elements in masonry construction. Properly, the
term brick denotes a unit primarily composed of clay, but is now also
used informally to denoted units made of other materials or
chemically cured construction block.
Concrete blocks are types of building material, usually
rectangular in shape. It is made of cement, aggregate and water. The
three main types of concrete blocks are hollow block, solid block and
cellular blocks. The hollow block has an empty space inside to make
it lighter and easier to handle during construction.
f. Reinforcement steel:
Steel reinforcement are steel bars that are provided in
combination with plain cement concrete to make it reinforced
concrete. Hence these structures form steel reinforced cement
concrete structure (R.C.C). Steel reinforcement is commonly called as
‘rebars’.
There is different size of Reinforcement steel in diameter:
i) 6mm vi) 16mm
ii) 7mm vii) 20mm
iii) 8mm viii) 25mm
iv) 10mm ix) 32mm
v) 12mm x) 40mm
g. Timber (wood) as a Construction material:
As you’re likely well aware, timber is a handy old types of
wood that’s widely used as a construction material. It’s safe to handle,
simple to cut and shape, has excellent thermal properties, is high-
strength and is also extremely durable.
h. Bitumen:
Bitumen is primarily used for industrial purposes. It can be
found in the construction industry where it is used to make roads,
which is why it is commonly called asphalt in this application. It also
has waterproofing and adhesive properties, which makes it a good
product for roofing.
3 . Sequence of Building Construction work
a. Site clearance
b. Surveying and Layout
c. Foundation
d. Plinth Beam
e. Earth filling in foundation trenches
f. Column construction
g. Wall
a. Site clearance:
Site clearance is the process of removing waste as a ways of
making site that an area is free from hazardous material and any other
obstacles or huge mess as part of preparing the area for a construction
or demolition project.

b. Surveying and Layout:

We are using a Chain and Tape method in surveying and layout.
This is one of the oldest and simplest techniques for setting out
surveys. It involves measuring distances using a chain or tape
measure and establishing right angles using the 3-4-5 triangle method.
This method is suitable for small projects with relatively simple
geometrics, such as boundary demarcations and small building
layouts.

Figure No.2:- Surveying and Layout

c. Foundation:
The structure which rest on the soil and transfer loads from the
structure to the soil safely is called foundation. Foundation is the
lowest part of the building. The structure elements of the building
transfer the load to the foundation through the column or wall be
transferred to the soil or earth mass safely. The foundation may rest
on stable soil mass or on the rock bed surface.

Figure No.3:- Foundation

d. Plinth Beam:
The plinth beam is the reinforced concrete beam that is
constructed between the wall and its foundation. It is designed to
distribute the wall over a larger area, reducing a pressure on the
foundation and preventing soil erosion. Plinth beam are typically
constructed at ground level, usually at the junction between a masonry
wall and the foundation. They are provided to prevent the extension
or propagation of check from the foundation into the wall above when
the foundation suffers from settlement. Plinth beams also help to join
all the columns, reducing the effective length in a frame structure. It is
mandatory to provide plinth beam in areas that are prone to
earthquake.
e. Earth filling in foundation trenches:
When constructing a building, it is important to ensure that the
foundation is strong and stable. One way to achieve this is by filling
the foundation trenches with earth. According to, the process of filling
the foundation trenches with earth involves the following steps:
i. Once the work in the foundation has been completed, the space
around the foundation masonry in trenches shall be cleared of all
debris, brickbats, etc.
ii. Figure No.4:-
The cleaned foundation Plinthshall
trenches Beambe filled with earth in
layers not exceeding 250mm, each layer being watered,
rammed, and compacted before the succeeding one is laid.
iii. Earth shall be crammed with an iron rammer where feasible and
with the butt ends of a crowbar where a rammer cannot be used.

Figure No.5:- Earth filling in foundation Trenches

f. Column Construction:
A column is a vertical structure element that primarily supports
axial compressive loads and transmits the load of the structure to the
foundation. Column are one of the most important structural elements
in buildings, and they are used to support beams, floors, and other
components of the structure. They are typically made of reinforced
concrete and are cast monolithically.
Construction process of RCC Column:
i. Column Layout
ii. Column Reinforcement work
iii. Column Formwork
iv. Pouring of Concrete
Column Layout:
The first step in column construction is determining the layout
of the columns. This involves placing ropes in the grid line and
labeling the position of columns. Accurate column layouts are
essential for the overall structure integrity of the building.

Figure No.6:- Column Layout

Column Reinforcement Work:

Column reinforcement is a critical step to ensure the strength
and stability of the columns. The following points should be
considered during the reinforcement work:
  Verify the number and diameter of vertical bars.
 Determine the spacing between vertical bars.
 Calculate the development length base on the diameter of the
bar.
 Ensure proper lapping of alternate bars at the same height.
 Avoid providing lapping inside beams or slabs.
 Providing lapping at 1/3 or 2/3 of the column, as per structure
notices.
 Determine the spacing for stirrups according to the drawing.
 Bend the hooks of stirrups at precise angles.
 Verify the corner of the stirrups, ensuring they are perfectly tied
with binding wire.

Column Formwork:
Formwork is essential to provide support and shape to the columns
during the concrete pouring process. Proper column formwork
ensures accurate alignment and prevent any deformation. Consider the
following points during the column formwork:
 Ensure the columns are aligned vertically to transmit the load
effectively.
 Use adequately strong formwork to withstand the pressure of
fresh concrete.
Figure No.7:- Column Reinforcement Work
 Secure the formwork in position through the concreting process.

Pouring of Concrete:
The final phase column construction is the pouting of concrete. This
steps must be executed with precision to achieve a strong and durable
column. Consider the following points during and after the concreting
process:
 Determine the appropriate method of concrete placement,
whether manual or with the aid of a machine of pump.
 Use machine-mix
concrete for
smaller quantities and
ready- mix concrete
(RMC) for larger
quantities.
 Conform with the
client if the concrete
should be placed using a
pump of by hand.
 Pour the concrete up to
the slab bottom, and the
remaining column
concreting should be performed during the pouring of the slab
and beam.
 Utilize a mechanical vibrator to ensure proper compaction of
each layer. Avoid excessive vibration, as it can lead to segment
of the concrete.
 Aim for the target slump of 160mm.
 Pour the concrete from a height not exceeding 1.5 meters to
prevent segregation.
 Avoid construction joints in the column.
 Maintain the proper cover as per the structural drawings.
 Keep the temperature below 30 degrees Celsius during concrete
pouting.
 After pouting and vibrating the concrete, carefully examine the
horizontally and vertically of the column.
 Figure No.9:- Pouring of Concrete

g. Brick Wall Construction:

Wall is the structure which covers definite area and provide
safety and shelter inside the building. The main purpose of walls in
building is not only to protect buildings from damage but also to
divide the inner space in different definite shape and size of rooms.
Walls in building must be strong enough, stable, durable, good
insulation properties etc. The size of walls depends on the function
requirement, cost and load bearing nature. According to functional
requirement and structural demand, different types of walls are used
to construct for different purpose. The major types of walls in
Building are as follow:
i. Load bearing walls
ii. Non-load bearing walls
iii. Cavity walls
iv. Shear walls
v. Panel walls
vi. Veneered walls
vii. Faced walls
 Load bearing walls:
The walls which carries imposed load on it from beams and
slabs above it including own weight and transfer it to the foundation
is called load bearing walls.
 Non-load bearing walls:
 A wall which does not help the structure to stand up and holds
up only itself is known as non-load bearing wall.
 Cavity walls:
The walls which consists of two separate masonry walls with air
space between these walls and are connect by fasteners are called
cavity walls.
 Shear walls:
The framed walls which are used to construct to resist lateral
loads are called shear walls.
 Partition Wall:
A partition walls in a divider wall, typically non load bearing,
used to separate spaces in residential, commercial, and industrial
buildings.
 Panel walls:
A wall panel is single piece of material, usually flat and cut in
to a rectangular shape, that serves as the visible and exposed covering
for a wall.
 Veneered walls:
Veneered wall is a nonstructural facing of brick, stone, concrete
masonry or other masonry material securely attached to wall or
backing.
 Faced walls:
A wall in which the masonry facing and backing are so bonded
as to exert common action under load.
 Types of Bonding:
i. English bond
ii. Flemish bond
iii. Rat-trap bond
iv. Stretcher bond
 English bond:
English bond is most commonly used bond for all wall
thickness. In elevation, this bond consists of alternate courses of
header and all stretcher. This bond uses minimum number brick bats.
For this bond the face of brick should be perfect. The English bonding
in half brick wall, one brick walls and one and half brick wall can be
shown as bellow.

Figure No.10:- English bond

 Flemish
bond:
The
body
which consists of alternate headers and structures in
Every course is called Flemish bonds. It is not quite strong as English
bonds. This bond is recommended where special bricks are used for
facing work on the grounds of greater economy and more interesting
appearance.
 Figure No.11:- Flemish bond
 Rat-trap bond:
The bonds which are like Flemish facing, but having cavities in
the masonry are called rat-trap bonds. The hollow pockets or cavity
inside the wall reduce the weight of wall.

Figure No.12:- Rat-trap bond


Stretcher bond:
The bonds consisting of structure without header as either faces
are called stretcher bonds. These bonds are used in half brick’s walls.
 Brick Wall Build:
Where are constructing a brick wall on a site are English bond.
We already know as English bond is a brick bond having alternate
courses of headers and stretchers in which the headers are centered on
stretchers and the joints between stretchers line up vertically in all
courses.
Before you build your walls, you’ll need this Tools:
 String:
To make sure you lay bricks in a straight line.
 Spirit level or Plumb bob:
To ensure a level wall.
 Trowel:
For application and smoothing out mortar.
 Brick jointer:
To make grooves in your setting mortar.
 Shovel:
To dig, obviously.
 Bolster:
To cut through bricks (for corner or ends).
 Club hammer:
To help you use the bolster.
 Measuring tape:
To measuring a wall when you build a wall.
 There are 11 steps in this guide to construct a wall:
Step 1: Bricks Cleaning.
Make sure your bricks are fresh then your brick wall is strong.
When your brick is not fresh than your first priority is clean your
bricks

Step 2: Mix the mortar.

Following this, heap five shovels full of sand and one of cement
on an old board. Turn shovel to mix to a consistent colour. From a
central hollow, pour in water and mix. Repeat for a smooth, creamy
texture that’s wet but not too loose.

Step 3: Start your brick wall at the corners.

Figure No.15:- Mixing the Mortar
Firstly, lay out the bricks at both ends of your wall where the
pillars will start. This should be done after any necessary foundations
have been prepared. Using your string line, make a straight guideline
at brick height between the two outside bricks.

Step 4: Lay the first course of bedding mortar.

Next you should lay a 1-2cm mortar bed along the string line.
Starting at one end, lay the first brick and tap slightly to ‘bed in’.
‘butter up’ one end of the next brick with mortar and abut it to first.
Respect using string line as a guide.
Step 5: Create the brick Pillars.
At the point where you want your pillars to start, place a brick
side-on to the end of the wall. As you build up the wall, each
consecutive course of pillar bricks must be laid in the opposite
direction.

Step 6: Leveling a wall with plumb bob.

Measure two to three few inches away from the top of the wall and
make a mark. Set a nail in the mark. Hang the plumb bob on the nail,
letting gravity draw a vertical reference line for you. When the plumb bob
is done oscillating, measure the distance from the wall. If it matches the
measurement at the top of the wall, your wall is plumb.

Step 7: Cutting Bricks.

When building pillars, at certain courses you’ll need to lay half-
bricks. To make a cut, place the brick on its site, locate the bolster at
the split point and strike the head firmly with a club hammer. It
should split cleanly first time.
Step 8: Keep the pillars one course ahead.
Always build at least a course higher on the pillars then the rest
or the wall. Move the string line up as you build, bedding it into the
mortar on the pillars. For a stretcher bond, the end of each brick
should be over the center of the one beneath.
Step 9: Make sure you’re sticking to 10mm mortar joints.
Horizontal and vertical mortar joints should be 10mm thick.
With standard bricks there should be 75mm from the top of each brick
to the top of the one beneath. If your bricks soak up moisture fast, you
may want to ‘joint up’ (step 9) as you go.

Step 10: How to finish the mortar beds.

To finish the beds, use the rounded edge of a brick jointer to
scrape mortar into the joints. Starts with the horizontal lines and
follow with the vertical-it’s easier to remove any excess mortar this
way.
Step 11: Clean up
Lastly, give the finished wall a gentle brush over and clean up
any mortar that has fallen onto the floor before it dries. You can use
water to wash cement away from your newly-built wall.
 4. Conclusion
The main aim of studies within this project was to investigate
how a student is constructed within its desired properties. We get
knowledge about the basic and advanced techniques of building
construction as well as saw the challenges which a civil engineer must
face during construction i.e. labour problems, cost management,
environment challenges etc. We cleared our many doubts regarding
building construction. We had seen dewatering system at project site
for construction, which is not used at out state anymore, so it was a
new thing for us.
Although are subject are more important for technicians, in the
project we have been studies studied some mechanic or electro-
mechanic machinery such as the ready-mix plant because basic
knowledge about their working is important for an engineer but also
because was the opportunity to see and understand them.
Overall, it must be said that the construction methods and
quality control on a building.
Project needs a very good coordination and large quantities of
manpower, equipment and funds.
During the period of three months all of our school staff helped
us a lot to provide all the information about any query. So we are
grateful to all the staff of Shree Tribhuvan Secondary School
Gaushala-5, mahottari (Nepal) as well as we are so thankful to our Er.
Surndar sha, Er. Raj Bahadur sha and Er. Pappu Raushan for their
kind support.
5. References
 Mentor’s notes
 Building Construction book of Er. Yubaraj Acharya
 Website of slideshare.net
 Under the suggestion of our technical teacher’s team
 Some others note from our senior’s
 Building construction book of Er.D. Prasad
6. Appendix
As already stated, that buildings are made up of various components
the components of building can be described as below:
Components of Building
The important parts and components of an ordinary building are as
below:
a) Foundation
b) Plinth
c) Floors
d) Walls and columns
e) Lintels and chhajjas
f) Roof
g) Doors and windows
h) Stair and lifts
i) Finishing works
j) Building services
k) Fencing and external works.
Based on Architectural and structural design and drawing of
buildings, we can conduct the construction of various components.
The Architectural design is provided by architectures and structural
design will provided by structural engineer. We can briefly describe
about the construction of the components of buildings.
a) Construction of Foundation.
Based on the nature and type of soil foundations are designed by
considering the various loads load acted upon the foundation
most commonly used foundation are strip foundation, footing
foundation, raft foundation, pile foundation, pier foundation etc.
In framed structure construction we use footing as the
foundation for the column and the brick work for walls. The
work start from construction of footing and tie beams. This
connects the column one to another in a mash like structure.