Fuels Update

NEWS FROM THE AMF AMF delegates

Alternative fuels in Spain Canada
Natural Resources Canada,
By the Plan for the Promotion of Renewable Energy in Spain 1999-
Ottawa May 2003 Newsletter on automotive fuels for the members of the
Implementing Agreement on Advanced Motor Fuels of the
2010, the use of biofuel is supported. In this plan, the production Mr. A. Beregszaszy
target of biodiesel and bio-ethanol for 2010 is 100,000 and 400,000 tel: +1 613 996 8557
Volume 6, number 2 IEA (IEA AMF)
toe/year respectively. One company in Spain is now producing aberegsz@[Link]
biodiesel and 6 other are expected to come into service within 2
years. Their total production is an estimated 360,000 toe/y. The Denmark
main raw material used will be waste vegetable oils. Haldor Topsoe A/S, Lyngby
The production of bio-ethanol is based on the use of cereal, Mr. S.-E. Mikkelsen
corn and beetroot as raw material. The production is converted to tel: +45 4527 2379 Colophon HYBRIDS MAY HAVE A FUTURE AFTER ALL
sem@[Link]
ETBE. At present, 2 bio-ethanol plants and 3 refineries produce
180,000 t/year. An additional production of 250,000 is foreseen in Finland Fuels Update is released Hybrid internal combustion engines (ICE) vehicles may have a future after
the coming years. The development of the biofuels market will VTT, Espoo under the authority of the all. Hybrid ICE’s are closer to market introduction than fuel cell vehicles.
mostly depend on the implementation of measures to overcome Mr. N.-O. Nylund Alternative and advanced motor fuels can be used with relatively simple
the fiscal, economical and technical barriers it is facing. An impor- Implementing Agreement of
tel: +358 9 456 5518 technical adaptions, compared to fuel cell vehicles. On the short term, they
tant step has recently been taken with the exemption of excise [Link]@[Link] the Advanced Motor Fuels
can considerably reduce the fuel consumption of stop-and-go city traffic. On
duties for all biofuels until the end of 2012. Agreement of the the long term, hybrid ICE’s can contribute to the introduction of alternative
Natural gas France International Energy fuelled vehicles. This is probably why hybrids seems to be ‘hot’ these days.
In Spain, the use of natural gas is restricted to public service vehi- ADEME, Valbonne Agency. Fuels Update,
cles at a local level. In the past few years, more than 400 vehicles Mr. P. Coroller
tel: +33 449 395 7932 issued by IEA AMF/AFIS, 25% Market penetration by 2020 forecasted
were running on CNG, with a total of 20 loading stations. Recent- [Link]@[Link] gives short summaries on Toyota has made public its aim of selling 300,000 hybrid cars a year
ly, a reduction of the excise duty on NG was proposed. However, by 2005. It has also agreed to supply Nissan with its technology for
the development of a complete infrastructure for a wider use of recently published articles,
Italy use in the U.S. from 2006, with a sales target of 100,000 units by 2011.
this alternative fuel would still be relatively expensive, and is not reports and books in the
EniTecnologie SpA., San Honda is also active in hybrid technology, launching the Insight and
contemplated in the short term. Donato field of (advanced) motor then the Civic Hybrid while Ford has prophesied that ‘the Big Three’
LNG pilot projects are currently being developed on inter- Mr. F. Giavazzi fuels, without giving any (Ford, General Motors, Chrysler) will introduce 250,000 HEVs to the
urban trucks and waste trucks. In Barcelona for example, a waste tel: +39 02 5205 6421 rating to the information U.S. market over the next five years. By then the U.S. market could
collection company participates in a project designed to determine [Link]@[Link] be absorbing around 750,000 units a year, rising to around a million
presented.
the benefits of using LNG, testing for this purpose 100 CNG and in 2010, figures that could be also be reflected in Europe and Asia. By
LNG vehicles. A unique experiment is being conducted in Catalu- Japan For your comments,
NEDO, Tokyo
2015, hybrids could have a 15% market penetration rising to more
ña by a liquefied gas transportation company, which incorporated suggestions or when you than 25% in 2020.
Mr. S. Tonomura
10 heavy duty vehicles running on LNG in 2001. tel: +81 3 3987 9437 have news items that you
Hydrogen tonomurasga@[Link] wish to get known among CARB switches to gasoline hybrid-electric vehicles
With the creation of the Spanish Hydrogen Association (AeH) in The California Air Resources Board (CARB)’s determination to
May 2002, an important step was taken for the development and LEVO, Tokyo
the IEA AMF members and
require up to 10% of new car sales to be zero emissions vehicles
promotion of hydrogen. Furthermore, Spain is collaborating in Mr. T. Shimode a wide variety of (ZEVs) has evolved quickly into a proposal supporting ICE hybrid-
two important projects currently being developed in Europe: tel: +81 3 3359 8461 organisations working in electric vehicles in the near term, and hydrogen-fueled fuel cell vehi-
- The CITYCELL project, including the design and testing of an t-shimode@[Link] the field of automotive fuels cles in the future.
Iveco City class (fuel cell) bus in Madrid. Spain please contact: CARB’s so-called ZEV mandate was criticised by the auto indus-
- The demonstration of 6 Cítaro DaimlerChrysler buses in the IDAE, Madrid try since its beginnings in 1990, but it succeeded in withstanding
CUTE project. BP is developing the hydrogen production and Mr. C. López López Innas BV, challenges and in driving technology until last year, when the auto
storage plant with a photovoltaic solar panel system, first of its tel: +34 1 456 4990 Annemarie van Malsen, industry, supported by the Bush Administration, won an injunction
kind in Europe. carlopez@[Link] in federal district court. CARB, decided to cut its losses and pursue
Nikkelstraat 15,
Electric/hybrid vehicles 4823 AE BREDA, another course.
Fe w p roj e cts ar e b eing dev elop e d to p rom ote the u se o f Sweden
electric/hybrid vehicles. A new program has however recently STEM, Eskilstuna The Netherlands.
Ms. A.J. Kempe tel: +31 (76) 542 4080 Hybrids versus Fuel Cells
started in the Castilla y León region. It consists of a financial sup- tel: +46 16 544 2092 Also two recent studies indicate that hybrids may offer advantages,
port to reduce the difference of costs between electric and hybrid fax: +31 (76) 542 4090 particularly in the short term. An MIT study released in February of
[Link]@[Link]
vehicles and traditional vehicles. The aim is to promote the pur- e-mail avmalsen@[Link] this year pointed out that even with substantial investments in
chase of this soft mode of transport in the region. United Kingdom Here you can also apply for research, a hydrogen fuel cell vehicle would not be better than a IC
Liquified Petroleum Gas DETR, London a PDF copy of this hybrid in terms of energy use and greenhouse gas emissions by 2020.
The use of LPG is limited to taxis and municipal vehicle fleets. The Mr. C. Parkin
newsletter by e-mail. According to a study conducted by Ricardo Consulting Engi-
total consumption of LPG in the transport sector was 82,000 toe in tel: +44 20 7944 2958 neers for the British government a more evolutionary approach
2000. The only remarkable experience is that of Valladolid where [Link]@[Link]
This newsletter is using hybrids actually produces faster results at less cost than an
more than 65% of the public transport vehicles run on LPG. distributed by the delegates aggressive hydrogen pathway, regarding greenhouse gases. The
USA
DOE, Washington, DC of the participating report confirms that ‘‘progressive electrification and hybridization
Alternative Fuels in Spain was presented at the AMF ExCo meeting in March Mr. S. Goguen offers significant CO2 benefits regardless of the fuel or its source,’’ at
2003 by Mr. Carlos Lopez Lopez of IDAE, Spain. countries of IEA AMF, who
tel: +1 202 586 8044 lower risk levels as it pertains to infrastructure and other invest-
e-mail: carlopez@[Link]; tel.: +34 1 456 4990 are listed on page 4.
[Link]@[Link]

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 the US. Garbage trucks are age. This is why it has been the Middle East’s first GTL
ments. Research indicates future mandated light diesel Australia limits phased out and banned in venture and said more pro-
duty Euro 4 limits. among the oldest, least fuel-
that much could be gained
efficient, and most polluting ethanol blends cou ntries i n W estern jects were planned given its
by promoting hybrids and After months of community
GM well-to-wheel analysis of ener- fleet vehicles in the US. Eu ro p e , No rt h A me ric a , mammoth gas reserves.
alternative fuels while wait- gy use and greenhouse gas emis- and industry pressure, the parts of the Far East and Qatar Petroleum (QP)
ing for the hydrogen revolu- sions of advanced fuel/vehicle sys- The study can be downloaded from: federal government of Aus- e ls e w he r e a nd wh y it is would soon launch its first
tion. t em s , b y L - B -S y s t e m t ec h n i k [Link]/[Link] tralia has agreed to set a 10% being rapidly phased out in GTL plant as a joint venture
GmbH, Ottobrunn, Germany; limit on the blend of ethanol m a ny o th e r p a r ts o f t he with Sasol International of
Hybridisation Comparative assessment of fuel Liquid biofuels in petrol. The 10% limit and world. South Africa.
The German LBST investi- cell cars, MIT LFEE 2003-001 RP,
The final report of the Liq- m anda tor y lab e ls s hou ld With unleaded gas motor- According to QP, the
gated ICE and FC hybrid by MIT, Cambridge, USA;
“Carbon to hydrogen” roadmaps uid b iofuel s ne twork restore confidence among ists are able to drive vehicles plant will initially include
vehicles. Conclu ded was (participants: Austria, Bel- consumers and industry. The with cataly tic converters
for passenger cars -by Ricardo two trains producing
that hybridisation reduces Consulting Engineers, UK, for the gium, Germany, Greece, Ita- move comes after car manu- which can reduce emissions around 33,000 bpd, compris-
fuel consumption in all pro- Department for Transport and the ly, Portugal, Spain and the facturers warned their war- by 90%, according to UNEP. ing nearly 24,000 barrels of
pu ls io n sy st em s, b u t the Department of Trade and Indus- Netherlands) just became ranties would be voided if
[Link]
GTL diesel, 8,000 barrels of
benefits are larger for ICE try, [Link]; available from ADEME. The their vehicles used fuels con- GTL naphtha and 1,000 bar-
engines than for FC, because [Link] report gives an overview of taining more than 10% etha- rels of LPG.
of the fuel cell’s part-load the production of biofuels nol. Some service stations in Qatar’s first GTL plant
efficiency related to IC (biodie se l, eth anol and S ydne y were found to be
engines. Hybridisation also ETBE) in Europe in the peri- selling fuel with an ethanol NATURAL GAS would produce almost zero
provides a greater benefit on BIOMASS od 2001-2002. content exceeding 20%.
sulphur, hig h cetane and
lo w a r om a t ic d ie s e l a n d
urban type driving, thus in Brazil second leading
The pdf document can be down- [Link] naphtha which will be sold
Europe the gasoline hybrid Gasoline from bones loaded from: [Link] user of natural gas regionally and international-
showed greater p otential The School of Applied Sci- Sales of natural gas for use ly. GTL fuel is cleaner than
than in North America. ences in Gießen, Germany, as vehicle fuels rose 54% in any conve ntional fuel,
has developed a technology GASOLINE Brazil in 2002, and the coun- which will help the environ-
I-MoGen to ob tain artificial crude ETHANOL ment. It can be used in con-
Ricardo is also wo rking try is now the 2nd leading
petroleum from meat-bone ventional diesel engines to
tog ether with Valeo of flou rs and waste from African phasing out u s e r i n t h e w o r ld , a f t e r
A rg e ntina , with sa le s of reduce emission and an
France to develop their own municipal clearing construc- U K t a x c u t e t h a n ol leaded gasoline overall better performance.
cost-effective hybrid technol- Around 90% of the world’s 982.7 mm cubic meters. The
tions. The procedure allows blends ‘too little’ number of vehicles convert-
og y , c a lle d th e I - M o G e n to receive about 250 litres of petr ol supplies are now [Link]
The United Kingdom ed to use natural gas rose by
(intelligent motor generator). petroleum from one ton of announced a new tax rate unleaded, but the 10% that is
The challenge they set them- still leaded is concentrated in 80%, to 450,000 vehicles.
initial raw material. The first for ethanol-blended diesel, There are 550 supply posts
selves has been to use a mild e xp e r im e nt al r ea c to r o n at 20 pence per litre below developing countries, espe-
hyb ri di zation sy stems manufacture of petroleum the rates for ultra-low sul- cially Africa. Research pre- in 70 Brazilian cities, more
than twice the number
IEA NEWS
approach to develop a light- from waste has been pu t phur fuels from Jan. 1, 2005. sented to some 100 environ-
we i g ht , do w ns iz e d hi g h- ment ministers who were available in 2000. 336 are
into operation in Bavaria in It aims to spur development however concentrated in the IEA hydrogen seminar
speed diesel engine from a March 2003. and use of ethanol to diver- attending the United Nations
dono r u nit and op t im ize Environment Prog ra mme states of Sao Paulo and Rio In response to the increased
[Link]/ sify energy sources and help de Janeiro. Other problems attention to hydrogen and fuel
engine performance for improve air quality. (UNEP) Governing Council
hy b r id o p e r a t io n , w h i le WEB_VERW/jakobs/[Link]#
i n N a ir o b i la s t F e b r u a r y for the sector include pric- cells as key technologies for
Knochen Trade sources however said ing of natural gas, which energy supply security and
matching the driving charac- the cost of producing bio- shows that within five years
teristics of a conventional most African countries will needs to be maintained at a environmental protection in the
ethanol remains steep with- competitive level against mid-long term, the IEA Renew-
2.0-litre turbodiesel. At the out a duty cut of more than have phased out the lead.
gasoline and diesel; and the able Energy Working Party
same time, it had to achieve
anticip ate d Eu ro 5 e mis-
PUBLICATIONS 30 pence per litre due to Egypt, Libya, Mauritius and
the Sudan are now complete- loss of a new car guarantee organised in Paris in March
costs involved in investment in the case of a conversion. the seminar Toward Hydro-
sions. and equipment. A UK sup- ly free of leaded gasoline.
The newly developed four Garbage trucks This year Morocco, Reunion, gen - R&D Priorities to Cre-
plier of blended biodiesel [Link]
cylinder HSDI diesel engine The study – Greening Gar- Tunisia and Western Sahara ate a Hydrogen Infrastruc-
preferred the government’s ture. This was a first action to
has 20% less fuel consump- bage Trucks: New Technolo- new tax rate to be 25 pence will join them. Another 22 Qatar top GTL assess hydrogen prospects in
tion compared with a 2.0- gies for Cleaner Air – nations, including Eritrea,
litr e co nv en tio na l d ie se l reve als tha t, w hile more
p e r li t r e b e l o w t h o s e o f
Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria,
supplier the light of new, emerging tech-
ultra-low sulphur fuels to Qatar is aiming to become nologies, and to identify R&D
engine and offers possible than 90% of garbage trucks stimulate large-scale ethanol South Africa, Togo and
the biggest producer of gas priorities to create a hydrogen
total weight savings of up to are powered by traditional production. They believe U g a nd a , a re dr a wi ng u p
to liquids (GTL) in 2010, as infrastructure. Representatives
30%, thereby compensating diesel engines, a slow but without further incentives action plans to phase out
it pushes ahead with mega from relevant organisations
for the additional weight successful shift is taking f o r b i of u e ls t he U K w i ll leaded fuel by 2005 to 2006
projects, and the top LNG were invited to discuss and
normally expected in mild place as fleet operators in 25 struggle to meet the EU tar- or have already done so.
exporter in the world. As it compare vie ws and
hybridization. The measured cities in the United States gets for 2005. Studies have demonstrated
c li m b s t o t h e t o p i n t h e programmes. Their contribu-
particulate matter and NOx, move from diesel to cleaner t ha t childre n living ne a r
[Link]; league of LNG exporters, tions can be downloaded from:
exha us t e miss io ns of the natu ral gas. There a re areas where leaded petrol is
[Link] Qatar has also embarked on [Link].
vehicle are half that of the 179,000 garbage trucks in used can suffer brain dam-

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