NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASE (NCD)
INTRODUCTION
Non communicable diseases (NCDs), including heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes and
chronic lung disease, are collectively responsible for 74% of all deaths worldwide. More than
three-quarters of all NCD deaths, and 86% of the 17 million people who died prematurely, or
before reaching 70 years of age, occur in low- and middle-income countries.
THE MAIN TYPES OF NCD
Hypertension
Coronary Heart Disease
Diabetes
Stroke
Malignancies
Obesity
Blindness
Psychiatric disorders
Others
RISK FACTORS
Modifiable behavioural risk factors
Tobacco use
Physical inactivity
Unhealthy diet
Harmful use of alcohol.
Metabolic risk factors
Raised blood pressure,
Overweight/obesity;
Hyperglycaemia (high blood glucose levels); and
Hyperlipidaemia (high levels of fat in the blood).
Environmental risk factors
Air pollution
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
Cardiovascular disease refers to the class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels
(arteries and veins). While the term technically refers to any disease that affects the
cardiovascular system, it is usually used to refer to those related to atherosclerosis (arterial
disease).
CVD are present in many forms and have different categories and include: -
Hypertension (high blood pressure)
Coronary heart disease (heart attack cerebrovascular disease (stroke)
Peripheral vascular disease
Heart failure
Rheumatic heart disease
Congenital heart disease or congenital heart defect.
Cardiomyopathies or myocardium
Causes of CVD
Smoking
Heredity or genetic disorder.
Altered hormonal secretions.
Lack of physical activity.
Alcohol consumption
Diabetes
Hypertension.
Use of oral contraceptives.
Prevention & control
Reduce fat intake.
Reduction in dietary cholesterol.
Consumption of fruits, vegetables, etc.
Avoid alcohol & smoking.
Reduce salt intake.
Regular exercise.
Be free from stress & strain.
DIABETES MELLITUS OR DIABETES
Diabetes is a group of diseases characterized by a state of chronic hyperglycemia.
Types
➤ Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus or Type-1 or IDDM
➤ Noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus or Type-2 or NIDDM
Causes of diabetes
➤ Obesity.
➤ Carbohydrate rice diet.
➤ Repeated pregnancies.
➤ Physical & mental stress in terms of infection.
➤ Genetic defect.
➤ Low exercise & low rest and Renal failure.
➤ High intake of sugar.
➤ Excessive intake of alcohol
Prevention & control
Prevention of obesity
Early diagnosis through regular check up
Physical exercise
Diet control
To avoid consumption of alcohol
Be free from stress & strains
Use of anti-diabetic drugs like insulin, phenformin, metformin
BLINDNESS
Asper WHO blindness is defined as, is an inability to count fingers at a distance of 3 meters
Causes of blindness
Communicable diseases like trachoma, smallpox, venereal diseases
In India, small fox is responsible 60% & trachoma 20 % responsible for blindness
Aba non-communicable cataract, glaucoma, responsible for blindness, diseases like
diabetes are
Х-rays, UV-rays are also responsible for that.
Peoples working in factories, welding processes, workshop are liable to cause eye
injuries.
Prevention & control
Treatment of infectious diseases.
Improving nutrition's
Personal hygiene of eye
Persons working in factories, workshop are provided with Vit A soln.
People should be educated regarding diseases of eye & it's preventive measures.
CANCER
Cancer is abnormal growth of cells.
Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by abnormal & uncontrolled growth of cells with
ability of destroy tissues & even organs.
Causes of cancer
Tobacco leads to lungs, pharynx, mouth etc. Alcohol...causes liver, stomach cancer
Exposure of chemicals like benzene, arsenic, cadmium may cause cancer.
Sunlight, radiations are related with skin cancer. Hepatitis B virus can be producing
cancer of the liver
use of oral contraceptives may produce breast cancer.
Genetic factors are also responsible in some cases.
Drugs like butazolidine, urethane, oestrogens are associated with cancer.
Biological factors like schistosomiasis in urinary bladder cancer are linked.
Chemical carcinogens like coal tar & its derivatives are also responsible for cancer. >
Physical agents like sunlight, local heat, ionizing radiation also responsible for cer
Types of cancer:
Carcinomas: developed from ectodermal & endodermal cells. eg skin & brain cancer.
Sarcomas develop in connective tissues & mesoderm eg. bone cancer.
Lymphomas developed from lymph glands.
Leukemia's developed from blood tissues e g. blood cancer.
Prevention & control
Improvement of personal hygiene,
Protect the workers from industrial carcinogenic chemicals.
Testing of food, drugs & cosmetics for their carcinogenic activity.
Control of tobacco & alcohol consumption.
Earlier diagnosis & surgical removal is useful in breast cancer.
Exfoliative cytology, endoscopy may be done in periodic health examination.
GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES:
The Central Government is implementing the Strengthening of Tertiary Care Cancer
facilities scheme to support the setting up of State Cancer Institutes (SCI) and Tertiary
Care Centres (TCCC) in different parts of the country.
Oncology in its various aspects has a focus in case of new AIIMS and many
upgraded institutions under Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Yojana (PMSSY).
Affordable Medicines and Reliable Implants for Treatment (AMRIT) Deendayal
outlets have been opened at 159 Institutions/Hospitals with an objective to make
available Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases drugs and implants at discounted prices
to the patients.
Jan Aushadhi stores are set up by the Department of Pharmaceuticals to provide
generic medicines at affordable prices.
GLOBAL LEVEL
Agenda for Sustainable Development:
➤ As part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, heads of state and government
committed to develop ambitious national responses, by 2030, to reduce by one third
premature mortality from NCDs through prevention and treatment (SDG target 3.4).
➤ WHO plays a key leadership role in the coordination and promotion of the global fight
against NCDs Global Action Plan In 2019, the World Health Assembly extended the WHO
Gintial action plan for the prevention and control of NCDs 2013-2020 to 2030 and called fee
the development of an Implementation Road map 2023 to 2030 to accelerate prigrees on
preventing and trolling NCDs It supports actions to achieve a set of nine global targets with
the impact towards prevention and management of NCDs
CONCLUSION
Non communicable diseases are more and more prevalent in developing countries where
they double the burden of infective diseases. If the present trend is maintained, the health
systems in low-and middle-income countries will be unable to support the burden of disease
Promsment causes for heart disease, diabetes, cancer and pulmonary diseases can be
prevented but urgent (preventive) actions are needed and efficient strategies should deal
seriously with rok factors like smoking, alcohol, physical inactivity and western diet.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Park K. (2021), TEXT BOOK OF PREVENTIVE AND SOCIAL MEDICINE, 26th
edition, M/s Banarsidas Bhanot publishers.p.no638-678
Bijayalakshmi, (2020), A COMPREHENSIVE TEXTBOOK OF COMMUNITY
HEALTH NURSING, Third edition, The Health sciences publishers,345-367
Neelam Kumari, (2014), A TEXT BOOK OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING,
1" edition, [Link] & company (medical publishers) India.p.no186-196
Community health nursing
gcon, cuddalore
assignment
on
non communicable diseases
SUBMITTED BY
SUBMITTED TO
[Link]
DR. [Link] MSC (N), Ph.D.,
MSC (N) II YEAR
LECTURER IN NURSING
GCON
GCON
CUDDALORE
CUDDALORE
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