Lahore Grammar School (Landmark Project)

(Centralized Final Examination May 2024)

Class IX-O

PAKISTAN STUDIES 2059/02

Paper 2 The Environment of Pakistan May 2024
MARK SCHEME
Maximum Mark: 75

Published

MARK
SCHEME

This document consists of 19 printed pages.

2059/02 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme Final Examination
PUBLISHED May 2024

Generic Marking Principles

These general marking principles must be applied by all examiners when marking candidate answers.
They should be applied alongside the specific content of the mark scheme or generic level descriptors
for a question. Each question paper and mark scheme will also comply with these marking principles.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 1:

Marks must be awarded in line with:

• the specific content of the mark scheme or the generic level descriptors for the question
• the specific skills defined in the mark scheme or in the generic level descriptors for the question
• the standard of response required by a candidate as exemplified by the standardisation scripts.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 2:

Marks awarded are always whole marks (not half marks, or other fractions).

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 3:

Marks must be awarded positively:

• marks are awarded for correct/valid answers, as defined in the mark scheme. However, credit is
given for valid answers which go beyond the scope of the syllabus and mark scheme, referring to
your Team Leader as appropriate
• marks are awarded when candidates clearly demonstrate what they know and can do
• marks are not deducted for errors
• marks are not deducted for omissions
• answers should only be judged on the quality of spelling, punctuation and grammar when these
features are specifically assessed by the question as indicated by the mark scheme. The
meaning, however, should be unambiguous.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 4:

Rules must be applied consistently, e.g. in situations where candidates have not followed instructions
or in the application of generic level descriptors.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 5:

Marks should be awarded using the full range of marks defined in the mark scheme for the question
(however; the use of the full mark range may be limited according to the quality of the candidate
responses seen).

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 6:

Marks awarded are based solely on the requirements as defined in the mark scheme. Marks should
not be awarded with grade thresholds or grade descriptors in mind.

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2059/02 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme Final Examination
PUBLISHED May 2024

Annotations Display How annotations are applied

name

Tick to indicate each correct point

^ Omission (inverted v) for any response that is not quite good

enough to gain a mark.

BOD Benefit of the doubt. The response may not be exactly as it is

written in the mark scheme but the meaning is there.

Cross to indicate an incorrect point.

DEV to indicate development of a point or an idea in:

• 4 mark develop answers.
• 6 mark level response answers.

EG Example. To indicate a place specific or exemplification in a 6

mark level response answer

EVAL Evaluation. To indicate an evaluative statement in a 6 mark level

response answer

L1 L2 L3 Level stamp. Indicates the final level of a 6 mark level response.

Place on the right-hand side at end of the response

NAQ Not answered the question set/the given response is irrelevant

REP Repetition. The same point/example given.

SEEN Placed on all blank pages to indicate the examiner has seen every
page of the script.

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2059/02 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2019

1(a)(i) On the map name the following landforms in the boxes provided: Balochistan Plateau;
Himalayan Ranges; Karakoram Range; Salt Range. 4

Balochistan Plateau

Himalayan Ranges

Karakoram Range

Salt Range

4 @ 1 mark

1(a)(ii) Study Fig. 1.2 (Insert). Identify the mountain feature labelled A in the photograph. 1
• peak
• horn
• summit
• arêtes 1 @ 1 mark
1(b)(i) Define the term ‘topography’. 1
(The study or description of) features of the landscape, (which includes both
natural and artificial features) / natural characteristics of land / structural
features of landscape. 1 @ 1 mark

1(b)(ii) Describe the natural topography of the northern regions. 3

• V shaped valleys / deep valleys / narrow valleys / gorges;
• U shaped valleys;
• m+) / snow-capped or high peaks / hilly /
Cirque / corrie / arête;
• High altitude (6000
mountainous;
• Steep slopes / uneven / rugged;
• Scree;
• Bare rocks / rocky / barren;
• Snowfields / glaciers;
• Parallel ranges;
• High passes (Khunjerab / Shandur / Lawarai);
• Rivers / streams / rapids / waterfalls. 3 @ 1 mark

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2059/02 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
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Question Answer Marks

1(c)(i) State two reasons why deforestation has occurred in the Northern Mountains 2
• Road / rail building;
• Demand for firewood / fuel;
• To graze / feed livestock;
• Build houses / settlements / hotels;
• Industry / furniture / timber / paper;
• Develop hydel power / power stations / building reservoirs. 2 @ 1 mark

1(c)(ii) Explain two impacts of deforestation in the Northern Mountains on the natural 4
environment. You should develop your answer.

• Soil erosion; due to minerals being leached (washed) through the soil /
soil blown away / soil washed away downhill (dev);
• Increased number of landslides; because no roots to hold the soil
together / in place / rain saturates soil and washes it downslope (dev);
• Habitats lost; means species are endangered / at risk of extinction /
land barren (dev);
• Ecosystems destroyed; food-chains are broken / disrupted / animals
forced to move to other areas / animals or species die (dev);
• Soil washed into rivers; raises the water level of rivers / causes more
flooding / causes siltation (dev);
• No trees to stop flow of water or run off; leads to flooding / increased
run off (dev);
• Patches of salt left behind; leads to infertile land (dev);
• Evaporation reduced; changes to rainfall pattern (dev);
Etc.
Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for
development (in parentheses).

Note: Max. 2 marks if no development. 2 @ 2 marks

1(c)(iii) Describe the importance of the Northern Mountains to Pakistan. 4

• Snow-capped peaks melt during summer to drain water into rivers;
• Provides water from high rainfall;
• Provides water for hydel power / energy;
• River water used for irrigation / agriculture;
• Historical passes connect Pakistan to China and Afghanistan;
• A natural border (to China and the Central Asian Republics);
• Provides a land /trade route through Karakoram Highway;
• Source of valuable minerals, timber and fruits;
• Provides raw material to several industries or examples: furniture /
paper / chipboard / industry / chemical industry;
• Mountain peaks provide protection to Pakistan against the cold winds
from Central Asia;
• Scenic beauty promotes tourism / named landmarks, e.g. K2;
• Provision of National Parks or named examples, e.g. Chitral National
Park / wildlife preservation;
• Source of income from tourism / tourists / contribute to economy. 4 @ 1 mark

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2059/02 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
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Question Answer Marks

Reducing the impacts of deforestation is more achievable in the northern regions than in
1(d) 6
other areas of Pakistan.
To what extent can the problems caused by deforestation in the northern regions of Pakistan
be solved? Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied.
You should consider different points of view in your answer
Levels marking
No valid response 0
Level 1 1–2
Simple point referring to one view (1)
Simple points referring to any view (2)
Level 2 3–4
Developed point referring to one view (3)
Developed points referring to both views (4)

Level 3 5–6
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example
(5)
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant
example (6)
Content Guide
Answers are likely to refer to:
Ways of reducing impact of deforestation
• Soil can be more readily protected from erosion in the Northern areas
than other areas due to the wetter climate / afforestation on steeper
slopes / hedgerows planted / strip cultivation / contour ploughing /
terracing on steep slopes;
• Supplying irrigation facilities to the deforested areas;
• Planting commercial species of trees which grow rapidly;
• Reserving land for fuel wood plantation only, saving valuable species of
trees;
• Education amongst the people about the importance of trees;
• Creation of non-governmental agencies to promote afforestation and
campaign against deforestation;
• Supply natural gas to Northern Regions to ease the pressure on trees
for fuelwood;
• Improved techniques of raising nurseries and planting trees so
deforested areas can be regenerated in a shorter time;
• Ensuring that forestry and forest management is more sustainable, e.g.
use of selective logging / restricting use of bulldozers / strict
enforcement of forest laws / enforcement of village / farm forestry
programmes / urban forestry programmes;
• Planting fruit trees on the slopes of hills to provide food for the local
people; Etc.
Acceptable alternative approaches include: arguing that the impacts can be
reduced in other areas more easily due to greater accessibility and
availability of named resources, etc.

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Question Answer Marks

2(a)(i) Study Fig. 2.1, a map showing annual rainfall in southern and western 1
Pakistan. Complete Fig. 2.1 by shading area Y using the information
below and the key.

Whole area shaded on map according to the key (diagonal) for 126–250 mm
of annual rainfall.
1 @ 1 mark

2(a)(ii) Study Fig. 2.2, a map showing temperature regions of southern and 1
western Pakistan. Identify temperature region Z shown on Fig. 2.2.

Warm summer, mild winter.

1 @ 1 mark

2(a)(iii) Using information from Figs. 2.1 and 2.2 only, complete the passage 3
describing the relationship between annual rainfall and temperature
regions. Choose the correct words from the list and place them in the
spaces provided.

There is a weak relationship between the pattern of annual rainfall and

temperature regions. The majority of the areas with 0–125 mm of rainfall
experience hot summers and mild winters, whereas areas of high rainfall
experience cooler summers and winters.

4 correct = 3 marks
3 correct = 2 marks
1 or 2 correct = 1 mark

0 marks if the same word entered more than twice/throughout and this is the
only correct answer.
3 @ 1 mark

2(b)(i) Describe how the Western Depressions affect the pattern of rainfall in 3
western Pakistan.

• Western Depression brings rain to the north-western areas of Pakistan/

Peshawar/northern Pakistan;
• Western Depression causes the rainfall from December-March/in winter;
• Quetta dry for rest of year/only/most rain received is from Western
Depressions;
• Quetta has its highest rainfall/49 mm in February;
• Peshawar has its highest rainfall/78 mm in March;
• as winds move towards Balochistan there is no/little moisture left/little/
no rainfall.
3 @ 1 mark

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2059/02 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
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Question Answer Marks

2(b)(ii) Explain two factors that affect temperature in Pakistan. You should 4
develop your answer.

• altitude; for every 1000 metres in height temperature drops by

approximately 6.5 °C /as altitude increases there is less atmosphere
above, so less pressure. This lower pressure means air molecules
spread further away from each other, which has a cooling effect;
• latitude; areas closer to the equator or southern Pakistan/24°N have
higher temperatures as sun’s rays are more concentrated/higher angle
of incidence/areas further away from the equator/northern Pakistan/37°N
have lower temperatures as sun’s rays spread out over a wider
area/lower angle of incidence/lose more heat travelling further through
the atmosphere;
• angle of the sun; the position of the earth in relation to the sun, during
summer Pakistan is tilted towards the sun and so has higher
temperatures/during winter it is tilted away from the sun so has lower
temperatures;
• continentality/maritime influence; interior has higher temperatures as
there is no cooling effect from the sea/along coastal areas ocean
currents and prevailing winds have a moderating effect on
temperature/inland areas heat up quickly in summer, producing hot
summers/lose heat quickly, so have low average temperatures in winter;
cloud cover; clouds keep the heat in during the night but can prevent
solar radiation getting through during the day so can keep the heat out
(or vice versa);
• amount of vegetation cover/deforestation; areas with dense cover have
lower temperatures since it provides shade from the sun’s rays or vici-
versa e.g. deserts;
Etc.

Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for
development.
Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.
2 @ 2 marks

2(c)(i) Define ‘drought’. 1

A long period of no/low/very little rainfall.

1 @ 1 mark

2(c)(ii) State two effects of drought on the natural environment of Pakistan. 2

• desertification/extension of desert areas;

• soil erosion;
• ground/soil dries out/cracks/soil becomes less fertile/infertile/barren;
• animals/aquatic life harmed/die/lose habitat;
• vegetation/trees/plants die;
• drying up of rivers/lakes/streams/water shortage/aridity;
• drop in water table/less groundwater available to plants;
• salt concentrations in water can increase.
2 @ 1 mark

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Question Answer Marks

2(c)(iii) Describe the benefits and problems of cold climates for people in 4
Pakistan.

benefits:
• brings tourism e.g. skiing/glacier hikes/holidays/boost
jobs/economy/scenic beauty attracts tourists;
• frozen water bodies can be used for ice skating;
• (glacial) meltwater in summer is essential for irrigation;
• (glacial) meltwater/plentiful water helps to power hydel schemes;
• cold climate reduces evaporation from reservoirs;
• can grow (temperate) fruits in summer/boost jobs/economy;
• lower need for/cost of air conditioning;

problems:
• seasonal movement of livestock to lower areas/transhumance-difficult to
rear animals;
• snow/cold can trap people in homes/people have to move to other areas;
• increased need for/cost of heating buildings;
• roads can become blocked by snow/avalanches, cuts off communities;
• increased chance of frostbite/hypothermia;
• the cold climate makes it difficult to grow most crops e.g. wheat; difficult
to work in extreme cold climates so people have to work indoors;
• lakes/rivers freeze over, prevent fishing/scarce water supply;
• avalanches may cause injuries/death;
• seasonal tourism - fewer summer jobs.

Note: reserve 1 mark for benefits and 1 mark for problems.

Note: different reasons required for benefits and problems.
4 @ 1 mark

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Question Answer Marks

2(d) Scientific evidence suggests that cyclones are likely to continue to 6

increase in severity and frequency across south Asia due to climate
change.

Evaluate the influence of storms such as cyclones on secondary and

tertiary industries in Pakistan. Give reasons to support your judgement
and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different
points of view in your answer.

Levels marking

No valid response 0

Level 1 1–2
Simple point referring to one view (1)
Simple points referring to any view (2)

Level 2 3–4
Developed point referring to one view only (3)
Developed points referring to both views or developed point and a relevant
example (4)

Level 3 5–6
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant
example (5)
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant
example (6)

Content guide

Likely to influence secondary & tertiary industries negatively because:

• industries may be flooded/damaged

• high cost of repairs/clean-up operations to the industry
• industries, e.g. shops may lose trade/have to close down
• loss of jobs which will lead to reduction in wealth
• communications infrastructure, e.g. internet/phone lines to offices/call
centres/factories cut off, stopping work
• roads/railways damaged causing disrupted transport of goods to market
• power lines damaged; leading to delay in production in factories/power
cuts mean shops/restaurants, etc. can’t operate
• ports closed; so imports/exports have to stop during the storm leading
to lack of imported raw materials for secondary industries
• tourists will be put off visiting coastal areas
• hotels damaged/destroyed
• flights stopped or delayed

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Question Answer Marks

2(d) Influence will be limited because:

• storm management schemes can protect coastal areas from the
impacts of storms, e.g. planting mangroves along the coastline
• building coastal defences can protect nearby industries, e.g.
embankments/sea walls
• flood warnings/warning system for employees and tourists to follow
• practicing evacuation procedures/building evacuation shelters
• weather forecasting/shipping forecast
• set up of early warning systems to warn ships/fishing boats prevents
damage to equipment
• flood proofing businesses/shops/hotels/factories
• industries, e.g. factories have emergency power generators

Evaluations could include ideas such as:

• although the severity and frequency of storms is increasing in south
Asia, Pakistan is rarely badly affected by them
• it is only coastal areas that are affected so the majority of industries and
communications will remain unaffected by cyclones
• tourists will still visit Pakistan and many tourists visit places with
extreme weather
• storms do not last long so disruption is just for a short time

Page 11 of 19
 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge O Level – October/November 2016 2059 02

3 (a) Study Fig. 3.1 which is a diagram of a coal mine.

(i) Choose two terms from the list below and use them to label the diagram in any
two of the spaces provided.

adit cage shaft open-cast seam tunnel [2]

Any two of (left to right): cage, tunnel, shaft, seam, shaft, (type of mine)

(ii) Suggest two reasons for using this type of mine and one disadvantage of using it.
[3]
Reasons – 2 marks

To access seams deep below surface

To access seams of different depths
Can exploit further along the seams
Where seam does not appear at / near surface / hillside

Disadvantage – 1 mark
More expensive
Greater risk of accident / flooding / gas build-up – credit all reasonable ways that
accidents can happen
Dependent on [power for] lift to the surface

(iii) What type of coal is imported by Pakistan and how is it used? [2]

Type: Anthracite / bituminous – 1 mark

Use: Steel industry / heavy engineering / smelting – 1 mark

(b) Explain what the fuel CNG is and state the main reasons for using this fuel. [4]

Definition – Reserve 1 mark

Compressed natural gas
Gas compressed to 1% volume it has at normal pressure
Methane under high pressure

Reasons – Reserve 1 mark

Used (instead of petrol / diesel) in transport / vehicles
Especially buses / rickshaws
(Compared to petrol / diesel) cheaper, cleaner / reduces air pollution, safer
Can be stored / transported in cylinders

(c) Study Fig. 3.2 which is a graph giving information about different non-renewable fuels
used for electricity production in Pakistan over the period 2006–11.

(i) What is meant by the term ‘non-renewable fuel’? [2]

An energy source that depletes / runs out / is not being replaced / has fixed reserves / is
finite – 1 mark
With any one example e.g. fossil fuels, wood, coal, oil – 1 mark

(ii) Which fuel use has increased by the largest amount between 2006 and 2011? [1]

Oil
________________________________

Page 12 of 19
 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge O Level – October/November 2016 2059 02

(iii) Use information from the graph to describe one main difference between the
change in gas used for electricity production and the change in oil used for
electricity production. [2]

Gas overall decrease: oil overall (throughout / 2006–2011 / over the years) increase
Gas from 36 to 27–28 TWh / by 8–9 TWh: oil from 27–28 to 33–34 TWh / by 6–7 TWh

Reserve 1 mark for use of data with unit (TWh)

(iv) Explain why so little coal is used for electricity production in Pakistan. [3]

Coal mined in Pakistan is unsuitable

Lignite, sub-bituminous to peat
Contains impurities / sulfur
Low heat producing, low carbon content, large amount of ash, does not give out much
energy
Coal reserves not exploited due to shortage of funds / technical skills
Not imported (because expensive)
Difficult / expensive to transport around country because bulky
International agreements / pressure to use less coal since is a dirty fuel / causes high
emissions of smoke / CO2

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Question Answer Marks

3(d) Evaluate the extent to which the extraction of Pakistan’s mineral 6

resources could be made more sustainable.

Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have
studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer.

Levels marking

No valid response 0

Level 1 1–2
Simple point referring to one view (1)
Simple points referring to any view (2)

Level 2 3–4
Developed point referring to one view (3)
Developed points referring to both views (4)

Level 3 5–6
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example
(5)
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example
(6)

Content Guide

Answers are likely to refer to:

• for mineral extraction to be sustainable it means that the current
population must be able to meet their own needs without compromising
the needs of future generations/not harm the environment or that the
environment can be returned to its former state once extraction has
ceased/the economy benefits etc.
• for mineral extraction to be sustainable all parts of the process need to be
considered e.g. exploration/extraction/transportation of raw
materials/disposing of waste etc.

mineral extraction could be made more sustainable because:

• there are large deposits of a variety of minerals in Pakistan so they can
select which ones to use;
• can enforce strict environmental guidelines and laws or examples;
• increased use and availability of technology makes reserves more viable;
• can return the environment to its former state after extraction;
• use of renewable energy sources to exploit mineral deposits;

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Question Answer Marks

Study Fig. 4.1, a map showing the areas where three different types of fruit are grown
4(a)(i) 3
in Pakistan.
Fruit A = date
Fruit B = mango
3 @ 1 mark
Fruit C = apricot
4(a)(ii) Using Fig. 4.1 only describe the distribution of the areas where fruit A is grown. 3
Ideas such as:
In east/central Sindh;
South west Balochistan;
3 @ 1 mark
East of river Indus etc.
4(a)(iii) Using Fig. 4.1 only, state two differences between the location of the areas where fruits
B and C are grown. 2
Ideas such as:
B is in two provinces whereas C is in one/B is in Punjab and Sindh whereas
C is in Balochistan;
B is further north and south than C;
B is further east than C/C is further west than B;
C is located over the border in another country whereas B is not; etc. 2 @ 1 mark
Explain the ideal natural growing conditions needed to grow bananas in Pakistan. You should
4(b) 4
develop your answer.
Temperature; (frost-free/humid and hot/temperature range 27–29 °C);
Rainfall; (average annual rainfall 850–1050 mm required);
Soil; (deep/at least 50 cm/fertile/loamy/well-drained/high water holding capacity);
Sunshine; (high number of sunshine hours required).
Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for
development (in parentheses).
Note: Max 2 marks if no development.
2 @ 2 marks
4(c)(i) Define ‘subsistence farming’ 1
Farming for own use/to meet the needs of the family/not for sale 1 @ 1 mark

4(c)(ii) State two human and two natural inputs for subsistence rice farming. 4

Human inputs
Draft power;
Equipment/examples;
Fertiliser;
Irrigation;
Labour;
Seeds;
Natural inputs
Climate/examples;
Manure;
Seeds;
Soil type;
Topography/relief;
Water availability.
Note: do not double credit ‘seeds’. 4 @ 1 mark
4(c)(iii) Fig 4.2 – Cows / cattle; May/June 2018
Fig 4.3 – Sheep / lambs.
2 @ 1 mark

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Question Answer Marks

4(d) Evaluate the extent to which different strategies used to increase agricultural production
in Pakistan have been successful. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to
examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer.
Levels marking
6
Level 1 (1–2 marks)
Simple point referring to one view (1)
Simple points referring to any view (2)
Level 2 (3–4 marks)
Developed point referring to one view (3)
Developed points referring to both views (4)
Level 3 (5–6 marks)
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example
(5)
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant
example (6)

Content Guide
Answers are likely to refer to:
Strategies to increase agricultural production
Ways waterlogging and salinity is being overcome/improved;
Irrigation systems;
Mechanisation;
Improved seeds/examples/HYVs;
Loans for farmers;
Education/training;
Modernisation; etc.

Strategies may not always succeed because

Programmes may be restricted to specific areas/not nationwide;
Climate/relief may reduce effectiveness of strategies in some areas;
Many farmers use traditional methods;
Some farmers cannot afford to take loans;
Mechanisation may lead to unemployment; etc.

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Study Fig. 5.1, a map showing gas producing regions and the natural gas pipeline
Question Marks
network in Pakistan.
5(a)(i) Name three gas producing regions in Pakistan. 3
• Sui / Eastern Balochistan / Pirkoh / Uch / Zin / Loti;
• Lower Sindh / Tharparker / Thora / Tando Adam / Nazari / South Mzari
Deep / Pasakhi;
• Northern Sindh / Mari;
• Northern gas region / Potwar Plateau / Meyal / Dhurnal / Adhi / Pindori /
Balkassar / Fimkassar. 3 @ 1 mark
Using Fig. 5.1 and your own knowledge, describe the distribution of the natural gas
5(a)(ii) 4
pipeline network in Pakistan.
• Named provinces: Sindh / Punjab / KPK / Northern Balochistan;
• From / to named cities;
• Large areas are not served by natural gas via the pipeline / or named
examples;
• Distance from any specified place or feature;
• Direction from any specified place or feature;
• Runs from the coast in the south to the tip of the Northern Regions;
• Forms a line down the centre of Pakistan / central Pakistan;
• Only a few branch lines / two branch lines to the west / east; 4 @ 1 mark
• Connects to / from all the gas producing regions.
5(a)(iii) Explain one way of transporting natural gas to parts of Pakistan not served by the
4
pipelines and one limitation of this method. You should develop your answer.
Method of transport:
• Road / rail / cylinders; can be cooled to a very low temperature where it
turns into a liquid (dev); LPG can be placed into (special) cylinders; the
cylinders can then be transported to all parts of Pakistan / named
example where pipelines cannot be found (dev); Etc.
Limitation:
• It is dangerous / hazardous to transport gas cylinders by road;
accidents can happen causing an explosion or leakage (dev);
• It is more expensive to transport gas by road rather than by pipeline;
less income will be earnt (dev);
• It takes longer to transport gas by road than through the pipeline; there
could be delays on the roads leading to a gas shortage in remote areas
(dev);
• Only small amounts can be transported; therefore may lead to a
shortage of gas in remote areas (dev);
• Supply is not continuous; roads blocked in winter / theft (dev);
• Needs safety precautions in place; may increase cost of transport (dev);
Etc.

Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for
development (in parentheses).

Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.

2 @ 2 marks
5(b)(i) Study Fig. 5.2, which shows the percentage share of natural gas used by selected
1
sectors in Pakistan.
Accurate completion of bar chart for household 18%. 1 @ 1 mark

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Question Answer Marks

5(b)(ii) Name two other sectors that use natural gas which are not shown on Fig. 5.2 2
• Fertiliser industry / animal feed;
• Cement industry;
• Transport / CNG. 2 @ 1 mark
5(c) Complete the passage about generating electricity using natural gas. Choose the
5
correct words from the list and place them in the spaces provided.

To produce electricity in a thermal power station, fossil fuels such as coal,

oil or gas are burned to make steam that moves the turbines to generate
electricity. Transformers control the voltage and transfer electricity to pylons
through transmission lines.

5 @ 5 marks
4 @ 4 marks
3 @ 3 marks
2 @ 2 marks
1 @ 1 mark

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__________________________________
5(d) Read the following two views about providing a sufficient and reliable electricity supply for
Pakistan, now and in the future:

A B

Pakistan should Pakistan should

make use of its fossil prepare for the future
fuel resources for and further develop
as long as they are its renewable energy
available. resources.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to
examples you have studied. You should consider View A and View B in your answer.

Level 1 (1–2 marks)

Simple point referring to one view (1)
Simple points referring to any view (2)

Level 2 (3–4 marks)

Developed point referring to one view (3)
Developed points referring to both views (4)

Level 3 (5–6 marks)

Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example
(5)
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant
example (6)

Content Guide
Answers are likely to refer to:

A: Continue to make use of its fossil fuels

Agree because:
Already have power stations set up to use coal/oil/gas;
Uses existing skills and technology;
Cheaper than setting up alternatives from scratch;
Do not have know-how to set up alternatives;
Alternatives (or named examples) are not 100% reliable all of the time; etc

B: Prepare for the future and further develop its renewable energy resources
Agree because:
Environmentally friendly;
Once set up running costs are low;
No air pollution;
Creates employment opportunities;
More sustainable;
Pakistan has a lot of sunshine – good for solar power;
Remote rural areas can use solar power; etc

Note: Reverse arguments are also acceptable e.g. against A or B but the
same point cannot receive double credit.

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