Question 1
(a) Consider the function f (x) = x for −2 ≤ x ≤ 2. Compute the Fourier Series of f on
[-2,2].
x2
(b) Compute the Fourier series of 2
defined on the same interval.
Question 2
(a) Consider the matrix
2 −1 0
−1 2 0
0 0 2
Compute the eigenvalues and eigenvectors. Express in the form of real numbers (not
complex).
(b) Consider the linear differential operator
Lx(t) = ẋ − Ax, 0 < t < T, x(0) = 0
where x(t) is a real vector of length d ≥ 1 and A is a d × d real matrix. Find the adjoint
of L in the standard inner product on (0, T ).
Question 3
(a) Solve the initial value problem
y 00 − 4y 0 + 53y = 0
with initial data y(π) = −3, y 0 (π) = 2.
(b) Find the general solution to
4 4
y 00 − y 0 + 2 = x2 + 1
x x
Question 4
Using contour integration to compute the following singular integral
Z ∞
1
2
dx
0 x + 3x + 2
Question 5
We are interested in the following ith component of the conservation of momentum in
nonlinear mechanics
Z Z Z
d
σij nj dA + ρbi dV = ρvi dV, (1)
∂V V dt V
where
• V and ∂V are the deformed volume and its boundary
• σij is the (i, j) component of the (Cauchy) stress tensor (matrix) in the volume V
• nj is the jth component of the normal vector of ∂V
• bi is the ith component of the body force (per unit volume)
• ρ is the density of the deformed volume V
• vi is the ith component of the velocity of an infinitesimal (or particle) volume in
the deformed configuration
V and its surface ∂V is deformed from an initial volume V0 and its corresponding
boundary ∂V0 . Let r := (x1 , x2 , x3 ) and X = (X1 , X2 , X3 ) are the Cartesian coordinates
in the deformed and initial configuration. We assume that there is a diffeomorphism
map ϕ such that
r = ϕ (X) .
Recall that the ith covariant base vector is given by
∂r
gI = , I = 1, 2, 3,
∂XI
i.e.,
∂ri
dxi = dXI , i = 1, 2, 3.
∂XI
Define F as the matrix whose Ith column is gI : it is called the deformation gradient.
Let us define J as the determinant of F , i.e. J = det (F ).
1. Let dS 2 = dX · dX and ds2 = dr · dr be the initial infinitesimal length (squared)
and its deformation.
a) Define the Cauchy-Green strain tensor (matrix) C via ds2 = dXT CdX. Show
that C = F T F .
b) Define the Green-Lagrange strain tensor (matrix) E via ds2 −dS 2 = 2dXT EdX.
Show that E = 21 (C − Id), where Id is the 3 × 3 identity matrix.
2. Let dA0 and dA be the original infinitesimal area and its deformation. Find the
relationship between dA and dA0 .
3. Let dV0 and dV be the original infinitesimal area and its deformation. Find the
relationship between dV and dV0 .
4. You are now in the position to convert the conservation equation (1) from the
deformed domain to the initial one. Assume that mass is conserved, i.e., the mass
of an initial infinitesimal volume with density ρ0 is the same as its deformed one
with density ρ.
a) Rewrite the equation (1) in terms of infinitestimal area dA0 and volume dV0 .
b) The solution in item a) is the conservation of momentum in the integral form
in the initial configuration. Derive the differential form (no integrations)
of the conservation of momentum in the initial configuration.
Question 6
Solve the following exterior problem
∆u = 0 in Ω,
u (a, θ) = f (θ),
where Ω is the x − y plane with a circular hole of radius a, and f (θ) is a given function.
Note that the solution is assumed to be bounded at any point in Ω.
