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Sets

The document provides an overview of basic set theory concepts, including definitions of sets and elements, set notation, types of sets, and set operations such as union, intersection, and difference. It also explains the power set and cardinality, along with visual aids like Venn diagrams to illustrate relationships between sets. Examples are included to clarify each concept.

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12 views4 pages

Sets

The document provides an overview of basic set theory concepts, including definitions of sets and elements, set notation, types of sets, and set operations such as union, intersection, and difference. It also explains the power set and cardinality, along with visual aids like Venn diagrams to illustrate relationships between sets. Examples are included to clarify each concept.

Uploaded by

ps4242691
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

🔹 1.

Basic Terms and Definitions


✅ Set:
A set is a collection of unique, well-defined items (called elements).
Example:
Let

A = {red, blue, green}


This means set A contains 3 colors.

✅ Element:
An element is a single object in a set.
Example:
In the set

B = {2, 4, 6}

The number 2 is an element: 2 ∈ B


The number 3 is not in the set: 3 ∈/ B

🔹 2. Set Notation
Symbol Meaning Example

∈ is an element of 3 ∈ {1, 2, 3}

∈/ is not an element of 5 ∈/ {1, 2, 3}

⊂ is a subset of {1, 2} ⊂ {1, 2, 3}

∪ union (combine) {1, 2} ∪ {2, 3} = {1, 2, 3}

∩ intersection (common) {1, 2} ∩ {2, 3} = {2}

∖ difference (A minus B) {1, 2} ∖ {2} = {1}

∅ or {} empty set No elements


🔹 3. Types of Sets with Examples
✅ Finite Set
Contains countable elements.
Example:

P = {2, 4, 6, 8}

✅ Infinite Set
Has endless elements.
Example:
Q = \{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, \dots\} \] (Set of natural numbers) ### ✅ Equal Sets Contain the **same
elements**, regardless of order. \[ \{a, b, c\} = \{c, b, a\}

✅ Subsets
Set A is a subset of B if all elements of A are in B.

A = {1, 2}, B = {1, 2, 3} ⇒ A ⊂ B

🔹 4. Set Operations with Visuals (in words)


🔸 Union (A ∪ B)
All elements in A or B or both.
A = {1, 2}
B = {2, 3}
A ∪ B = {1, 2, 3}

🧠 Think of combining both sets without repeating elements.

🔸 Intersection (A ∩ B)
Only the elements common to both sets.
A = {1, 2}
B = {2, 3}
A ∩ B = {2}

🧠 Think of overlap.

🔸 Difference (A − B)
Elements that are in A but not in B.
A = {1, 2, 3}
B = {2, 3, 4}
A − B = {1}

🧠 What’s left in A after removing what’s in B?

🔸 Complement
If U is the universal set (everything possible), the complement of A is everything in U not in A.
U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
A = {1, 2}
Aᶜ = {3, 4, 5}

🔹 5. Venn Diagram Explanation (in words)


Imagine two overlapping circles inside a big box:
Left circle = Set A
Right circle = Set B
Overlapping part = A ∩ B
Whole area covered by both circles = A ∪ B
Part of circle A not touching B = A − B

🧠 This helps you visualize how sets relate.


🔹 6. Power Set
The power set of a set is the set of all subsets.
Example:
If A = {1, 2}, then
Power set of A =

P(A) = {∅, {1}, {2}, {1, 2}}

🔹 7. Cardinality
The number of elements in a set.
Example:

A = {3, 6, 9}, Cardinality of A = 3

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