1.

Define kinesiology and physical therapy

2. Define work, types of muscle work with examples
3. What is MMT, how many grades of testing explain?
4. What is pelvic tilt explain all tilts
5. Write down note on standing ,muscle work and joint positioning?
6. What is MMT ? How many grades are there explain the grades with
examples
7. What is two joint muscle work explain with two examples?
8. What is angle of pole explain at what angle we can apply maximum
resistance?
9.A patient came to you with weak shoulder muscle in abduction what
type of movment you will recommend what is the advantage of slow
fast and natural movement Explain muscle testing of internal rotators of
shoulder in detail?
10. Explain the role of support in relaxation. Elist and explain the factors
promoting general relaxation.
11. What is manual muscle testing ?how many grades are there
?explain the grades with example .Define muscle contraction what are
different types of muscle contraction explain with the help of example?
12. What is meant by pelvic tilt explain anterior and posterior pelvic tilt
along with their mechanism in detail with the help of diagram?
13. Tabulate the differences between flaccid paralysis and spastic
paralysis
14. What is muscle work? explain different types of muscle work.
15. Differentiate between fixation and stabilization

16. Write down the classification of muscle according to action.

Q.1: Define Kinesiology and Physical Therapy.

Definition of Kinesiology:
Kinesiology refers to the study of human movement, integrating
principles from anatomy, physiology, biomechanics, and psychology to
understand and enhance physical activity and health.

Definition of Physical Therapy:

Physical therapy (PT), also known as physiotherapy, is
a healthcare profession, as well as the care provided by physical
therapists who promote, maintain, or restore health
through patient education, physical intervention, disease
prevention, and health promotionThe career has many specialties
including musculoskeletal, orthopedics, cardiopulmonary, neurolo
gy, endocrinology, sports medicine, geriatrics, pediatrics, women's
health, wound care and electromyography. PTs practice in many
settings, both public and private

Q.2: Define Work, Types of Muscle Work with Examples

Work" refers to the force exerted by muscles to produce
movement or maintain a stationary position. Muscle work can be
categorized as static (isometric) or dynamic (isotonic and
isokinetic) based on how the muscle length changes during
contraction.

Types of Muscle Work:

1. 1. Static (Isometric) Work:
• Definition: Muscle contraction where the muscle
generates force but does not change length. The muscle
stays in a contracted state without any movement.
• Examples:
• Holding a heavy object without moving it: Your
muscles contract to maintain the object's position,
preventing it from falling.
• Maintaining posture: Muscles in your back and legs
contract to keep you upright when you're standing or
sitting.
•Pushing against a wall: You generate force with your
muscles, but they don't shorten or lengthen.
2. 2. Dynamic (Isotonic & Isokinetic) Work:
• Dynamic (Isotonic) Work:

• Definition: Muscle contraction where the muscle

shortens or lengthens while maintaining tension.
• Types of Isotonic Contractions:
• Concentric: The muscle shortens as it
contracts, overcoming resistance.
• Eccentric: The muscle lengthens as it
contracts, resisting a force.
• Examples:
• Lifting a weight (concentric): Your biceps
muscles contract, shortening and lifting the
weight.
 • Lowering a weight slowly (eccentric): Your
biceps muscles contract, lengthening while
resisting the weight's downward movement.
Walking: Muscles in your legs contract to move
•
your body forward.
• Dynamic (Isokinetic) Work:
• Definition: Muscle contraction where the muscle
contracts at a constant speed, typically with the help
of specialized equipment that controls the speed.
• Examples:
• Using an isokinetic machine for
rehabilitation: The machine controls the speed
of movement, allowing for precise muscle
training.

Q.3: What is MMT? How many grades of testing? Explain.

Manual Muscle Testing (MMT) is a clinical assessment technique used to
evaluate muscle strength and function. It involves applying resistance to a
specific muscle or muscle group while the patient attempts to move a limb or
body part. MMT uses a standardized grading scale to quantify muscle
strength, ranging from 0 to 5, with 0 representing no contraction and 5
representing normal strength.

• Grade 0 (Zero):
No visible or palpable muscle contraction.
•Example: A patient with a complete nerve injury where there is
no movement or contraction of the muscle.
• Grade 1 (Trace):
Slight muscle contraction, but no movement of the joint.
• Example: A patient with a partial nerve injury where a slight
contraction can be felt but no movement is seen.
 • Grade 2 (Poor):
Muscle can move through full range of motion in gravity-minimized
positions (e.g., lying on their side).
• Example: A patient with weakness can move their arm with the
support of gravity, but not against it.
• Grade 3 (Fair):
Muscle can move through full range of motion against gravity, but
not against resistance.
• Example: A patient can move their arm against gravity but
cannot hold it against any resistance.
• Grade 4 (Good):
Muscle can move through full range of motion against gravity and
moderate resistance.
• Example: A patient can move their arm against gravity and can
hold it against a moderate amount of resistance.
• Grade 5 (Normal):
Muscle can move through full range of motion against gravity and
full resistance.
• Example: A patient can move their arm against gravity and can
hold it against a strong amount of resistance.

Q.4: What is pelvic tilt? Explain all tilts.

Pelvic tilt refers to the position of the pelvis in relation to the rest of the
body. It can occur in three planes: anterior (forward), posterior (backward),
and lateral (side-to-side). Understanding these tilts is crucial in kinesiology, as
they can impact posture, movement, and muscle imbalances.

Anterior Pelvic Tilt:

• Description: The front of the pelvis drops, and the back of the pelvis
rises, increasing the curve in the lower back.
 • Causes: Tight hip flexors (e.g., psoas, rectus femoris) and weak
glutes and hamstrings can pull the pelvis into this position.
• Impact: Can contribute to back pain, hip pain, and altered movement
patterns.
• Example: Arching the back while sitting or standing.
Posterior Pelvic Tilt:
• Description:
The front of the pelvis rises, and the back of the pelvis drops,
flattening the lower back.
• Causes:
Tight hamstrings, weak hip flexors, and poor posture can contribute
to this tilt.
• Impact:
Can lead to restricted hip movement, low back stiffness, and altered
movement patterns.
• Example:
Tucking the pelvis under while sitting or standing.
Lateral Pelvic Tilt:
• Description:
The pelvis tilts to one side, causing the hip on one side to rise higher
than the other.
• Causes:
Uneven leg lengths, muscle imbalances, or scoliosis can contribute
to this tilt.
• Impact:
Can affect balance, gait, and posture, potentially leading to pain and
discomfort.
• Example:
 One hip being higher than the other when standing.

Q.5: Write down note on standing, muscle work, and joint positioning.
In the standing position, muscles work to balance the body and maintain
proper joint alignment, particularly in the feet, ankles, knees, hips, and
spine. Joint positioning in the standing posture emphasizes stability and
weight distribution, with the spine elongated, shoulders relaxed, and weight
evenly distributed through the feet.

Muscle Work:
• Feet: Intrinsic foot muscles stabilize the foot and prevent toe curling,
while plantar flexors balance the lower leg and dorsiflexors support
the arch.
• Ankles: Plantar flexors and dorsiflexors work in coordination to
maintain balance, with evertors helping to counterbalance inverters.
• Legs: Knee extensors work slightly, while hip extensors maintain hip
extension and balance the pelvis.
• Spine: Spinal extensors and lumbar flexors work to maintain trunk
stability.
• Shoulders: Shoulders are relaxed and down, with arms hanging
loosely to the sides.
Joint Positioning:
• Feet: Heels are aligned, and toes are slightly apart.
• Knees: Knees are together and straight.
• Hips: Hips are extended and slightly laterally rotated.
• Pelvis: The pelvis is balanced on the femoral heads.
• Spine: The spine is stretched to maximum length.
• Head: The head is thrust upward, with ears leveled and eyes looking
straight ahead.
 • Shoulders: Shoulders are down and back.

Q.6: What is MMT? How many grades are there? Explain the grades with
examples.
Manual Muscle Testing (MMT) is a clinical assessment technique used to
evaluate muscle strength and function. It involves applying resistance to a
specific muscle or muscle group while the patient attempts to move a limb or
body part. MMT uses a standardized grading scale to quantify muscle
strength, ranging from 0 to 5, with 0 representing no contraction and 5
representing normal strength.

• Grade 0 (Zero):
No visible or palpable muscle contraction.
• Example: A patient with a complete nerve injury where there is
no movement or contraction of the muscle.
• Grade 1 (Trace):
Slight muscle contraction, but no movement of the joint.
• Example: A patient with a partial nerve injury where a slight
contraction can be felt but no movement is seen.
• Grade 2 (Poor):
Muscle can move through full range of motion in gravity-minimized
positions (e.g., lying on their side).
• Example: A patient with weakness can move their arm with the
support of gravity, but not against it.
• Grade 3 (Fair):
Muscle can move through full range of motion against gravity, but
not against resistance.
• Example: A patient can move their arm against gravity but
cannot hold it against any resistance.
• Grade 4 (Good):
 Muscle can move through full range of motion against gravity and
moderate resistance.
• Example: A patient can move their arm against gravity and can
hold it against a moderate amount of resistance.
• Grade 5 (Normal):
Muscle can move through full range of motion against gravity and
full resistance.
• Example: A patient can move their arm against gravity and can
hold it against a strong amount of resistance.

Q.7: What is two-joint muscle work? Explain with two examples.

Two-joint muscles span two different joints, allowing them to influence
movement at both. They are often less efficient than single-joint muscles for
specific movements at each joint, and their activation can be reduced in favor
of single-joint muscles during multi-joint exercises. Examples include
the rectus femoris (hip flexor, knee extensor) and the hamstrings (hip
extensor, knee flexor).

Two-joint muscles
• Definition: Muscles that cross and act on two different joints.
• Examples:
o Rectus Femoris: Spans the hip and knee. As a hip flexor and
knee extensor, it contributes to movements like squats and leg
presses.
o Hamstrings: Cross the hip and knee joints. They act as hip
extensors and knee flexors.
o Gastrocnemius: Spans the knee and ankle joints. During
exercises like squats or leg presses, it acts as a knee flexor and
ankle plantar flexor.
o Biceps (Short Head): Crosses shoulder and elbow. It flexes the
elbow and shoulder and pronates at the elbow.
 o Triceps (Long Head): Crosses shoulder and elbow. It extends
the elbow and shoulder.
Impact of Two-Joint Muscles in Exercise
• Inefficiency:
During multi-joint exercises, two-joint muscles may be less efficient
for producing movement at each joint compared to single-joint
muscles.
• Reduced Activation:
In certain exercises, their activation may be reduced compared to
nearby single-joint muscles of the same group.
• Hypertrophy:
Two-joint muscles may not experience as much hypertrophy
(muscle growth) after training with multi-joint exercises compared
to single-joint muscles.

Q.8: What is angle of pull? Explain at what angle we can apply maximum
resistance.
The "angle of pull" refers to the angle at which a muscle's line of action
intersects the axis of a joint. Maximum muscle strength is achieved when this
angle is close to 90 degrees. At this angle, the muscle's "effort arm"
(perpendicular distance between the muscle's force application and the joint
axis) is at its greatest, maximizing the muscle's ability to create rotational
force (torque) and resisting an external force.

• Angle of Pull Defined:

The angle of pull is the angle formed between the line of pull of a
muscle (the direction in which the muscle exerts force) and the
longitudinal axis of the bone in which the muscle is acting. This
angle is typically indicated by the joint angle.
• Maximum Muscle Strength:
 When the angle of pull is close to 90 degrees, the muscle's force can
be most efficiently used to create movement or resistance. This is
because the perpendicular distance between the muscle's force
application point and the joint axis (the "effort arm") is at its
greatest.
• Effort Arm and Torque:
The effort arm, or perpendicular distance, determines how much
torque (rotational force) the muscle can generate. A longer effort
arm means the muscle can produce more torque for a given force.
• Beyond 90 Degrees:
If the angle of pull increases beyond 90 degrees, the muscle's force
becomes less efficient for creating movement and more efficient for
stabilizing the joint. At angles greater than 90 degrees, the muscle
can exert a dislocating force on the joint.
• Examples:
• Biceps Curl: When flexing the elbow with the forearm parallel
to the upper arm (approximately 90 degrees), the biceps
muscle is pulling at a near-90-degree angle, allowing for
maximum muscle strength in resisting external resistance.
• Shoulder Abduction: During shoulder abduction (raising the
arm away from the body), the muscles involved in this
movement will have a greater angle of pull as the arm moves
higher.

Q.9: A patient came with weak shoulder muscle in abduction. What type of
movement you will recommend? What is the advantage of slow, fast, and
natural movement? Explain muscle testing of internal rotators of shoulder in
detail.
For a patient presenting with weak shoulder muscles during abduction, a
progressive exercise program focusing on strengthening and improving range
of motion is recommended. This might include exercises like shoulder
abduction with a resistance band, or exercises that focus on strengthening the
rotator cuff muscles that assist in abduction.

• Assess the Weakness:

First, a thorough assessment is crucial to determine the specific
muscles involved and the degree of weakness. This might involve
testing the deltoid muscles and the rotator cuff muscles, such as
the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor.
• Progressive Exercise Program:
A physical therapist can design a progressive exercise program that
gradually increases the intensity and difficulty of exercises over
time. This could include:
• Active Shoulder Abduction: Patients can be guided to actively
raise their arm out to the side, keeping their elbow straight and
palm downward.
• Resistance Band Exercises: Using a resistance band, patients
can perform abduction exercises against resistance, gradually
increasing the band's tension.
• Rotator Cuff Strengthening: Exercises like external rotation
and internal rotation can strengthen the rotator cuff muscles,
which are essential for shoulder stability and abduction.
• Glenohumeral Inferior Glides:
In some cases, a physical therapist might also use manual therapy
techniques, such as inferior glenohumeral glides, to help improve
the range of motion and reduce stiffness.
• Progression and Monitoring:
The exercise program should be progressed gradually as the
patient's strength and range of motion improve. The patient's
progress should be monitored regularly to ensure effectiveness and
safety.
Advantages of Different Movement Speeds:
• Slow Movement:

• Increased Strength: Slow movements allow for more focused

muscle activation, leading to greater strength gains.
• Enhanced Body Awareness: Slowing down allows for a deeper
connection with the body and its movements, improving
sensory integration and proprioception.
• Reduced Injury Risk: Slow movements minimize the strain on
muscles and joints, reducing the likelihood of injury.
• Improved Mind-Muscle Connection: Slow, controlled movements
foster a better understanding of how muscles work and how
they contribute to movement.
• Fast Movement:

• Improved Efficiency: Fast movements can be more efficient in

certain activities, such as running or throwing, allowing for
greater speed and power.
• Enhanced Athletic Performance: Fast movements are crucial for
many sports and athletic activities, enabling athletes to
perform at their best.
• Increased Cardiovascular Fitness: High-intensity activities,
including fast movements, can improve cardiovascular fitness
and overall endurance.
• Natural Movement:
• Improved Functional Strength: Natural movement focuses on
movements that are relevant to daily life and activities,
enhancing functional strength and stability.
• Enhanced Coordination and Balance: Natural movements require
coordination and balance, improving overall motor skills and
reducing the risk of falls.
 • Reduced Stress and Improved Well-being: Natural movement can
be a great way to reduce stress and improve overall well-
being.
Muscle Testing of Internal Rotators of the Shoulder:
Internal rotators of the shoulder are responsible for rotating the humerus
towards the midline of the body. They play a crucial role in various
activities, including reaching, throwing, and swimming. Testing these
muscles is important to assess their strength and range of motion, which
can help identify potential issues and guide rehabilitation or training
programs.

Muscles Involved:
Subscapularis: The primary internal rotator of the shoulder, located
on the anterior surface of the scapula.
Pectoralis Major: A major muscle of the chest, which also assists in
internal rotation.
Latissimus Dorsi: A large muscle of the back, which also assists in
internal rotation.
Teres Major: A smaller muscle located inferiorly to the latissimus
dorsi, which also contributes to internal rotation.
Anterior Deltoid: The front portion of the deltoid muscle, which also
contributes to internal rotation.
Muscle Testing Techniques:
1. Palpation:
During movement, feel for the muscle activation and contraction.
2. Range of Motion:
Assess the full range of motion of the shoulder joint, noting any
limitations or pain experienced during internal rotation.
3. Manual Muscle Testing:
 Isolate the muscle: Position the patient's arm in a neutral
position (e.g., at the side with elbow bent at 90 degrees).
Apply resistance: Ask the patient to internally rotate their
shoulder while you apply resistance against the movement.
Grade the muscle strength: Evaluate the strength of the
muscle based on the amount of resistance it can overcome.
4. Special Tests:
Apley's Scratch Test: Used to assess both internal and
external rotation by having the patient reach behind their back
and touch the opposite scapula.
Lachman's Test: Used to assess the stability of the shoulder
joint, which is important for internal rotation.

Q.10: Explain the role of support in relaxation. Enlist and explain the factors
promoting general relaxation.
Support plays a crucial role in relaxation techniques by influencing muscle
tone, promoting comfort, and enabling the body to relax more
effectively. Techniques like progressive muscle relaxation, often used in
kinesiotherapy, rely on the body's natural tendency to relax muscles when they
are not actively engaged, and proper support helps facilitate this process.

1. Muscle Relaxation:
• Reducing Strain:
When muscles are not actively working, they naturally relax. Proper
support helps to reduce strain on muscles, allowing them to achieve
a relaxed state more easily.
• Nervous System Connection:
 The nervous system plays a key role in controlling muscle
movement. When the body feels supported, it can signal the nervous
system to release muscle tension.
• Progressive Muscle Relaxation:
This technique, often used in kinesiotherapy, involves systematically
tensing and releasing muscle groups. Proper support helps make
this process more comfortable and effective, allowing the individual
to focus on relaxing each muscle group.
2. Comfort and Restful Atmosphere:
• Reducing Sensory Input:
A restful atmosphere, achieved through proper positioning and
support, minimizes unnecessary sensory input that can hinder
relaxation.
• Comfortable Positioning:
Proper support helps to ensure that the individual is in a
comfortable and relaxed position, further aiding in the relaxation
process.
3. Facilitating Breathing:
• Breathing and Relaxation: Breathing exercises are often incorporated
into relaxation techniques. Proper support can ensure that the
individual is positioned comfortably, allowing for deeper and more
effective breathing, which further promotes relaxation.

• Reducing muscle tension through proper positioning and support.

• Creating a comfortable and restful environment that promotes
relaxation.
• Facilitating deeper breathing and other relaxation techniques.

Factors promoting influencing general relaxation:

Promoting general relaxation involves understanding the relationship between
muscle tone, posture, voluntary movements, and mental state. Techniques like
breathing exercises, progressive muscle relaxation, visualization, and guided
imagery can help reduce tension and induce a state of physical and mental
calmness.

Factors Influencing Relaxation:

• Muscle Tone:
Muscles can be tense or relaxed, and relaxation aims to reduce
tension at rest.
• Postural Tone:
Posture can affect relaxation, and comfortable positions and
supports can promote relaxation.
• Voluntary Movement:
Awareness of voluntary movement and its relationship to tension
can be a key element of relaxation techniques.
• Mental State:
Relaxation is influenced by mental attitudes and practices like
meditation, visualization, and guided imagery.
Techniques for Promoting Relaxation:
• Breathing Exercises: Deep breathing can help lower heart rate and
blood pressure, promoting relaxation.
• Progressive Muscle Relaxation (PMR): Involves systematically
tensing and relaxing different muscle groups, improving body
awareness.
• Guided Imagery: Using visualizations to create a sense of calm and
peace, often combined with breathing exercises.
• Meditation: A technique that involves focusing on the present
moment, reducing racing thoughts, and promoting relaxation.
 • Yoga and Tai Chi: These practices involve movement, breathing, and
mindful awareness, promoting relaxation and body awareness.
• Massage: Can help reduce muscle tension and promote relaxation.
• Autogenic Training: Focuses on physical sensations to induce a state
of deep relaxation.
• Biofeedback: Helps individuals learn to control physiological
responses like heart rate and muscle tension, promoting relaxation.
• Stretching: Gentle movements can help release physical tension and
promote relaxation.

Q.11: What is Manual Muscle Testing? How many grades are there? Explain
the grades with examples. Define muscle contraction. What are different
types of muscle contraction? Explain with examples.
Manual Muscle Testing (MMT) is a clinical assessment technique used to
evaluate muscle strength and function. It involves applying resistance to a
specific muscle or muscle group while the patient attempts to move a limb or
body part. MMT uses a standardized grading scale to quantify muscle
strength, ranging from 0 to 5, with 0 representing no contraction and 5
representing normal strength.

• Grade 0 (Zero):
No visible or palpable muscle contraction.
• Example: A patient with a complete nerve injury where there is
no movement or contraction of the muscle.
• Grade 1 (Trace):
Slight muscle contraction, but no movement of the joint.
• Example: A patient with a partial nerve injury where a slight
contraction can be felt but no movement is seen.
• Grade 2 (Poor):
 Muscle can move through full range of motion in gravity-minimized
positions (e.g., lying on their side).
• Example: A patient with weakness can move their arm with the
support of gravity, but not against it.
• Grade 3 (Fair):
Muscle can move through full range of motion against gravity, but
not against resistance.
• Example: A patient can move their arm against gravity but
cannot hold it against any resistance.
• Grade 4 (Good):
Muscle can move through full range of motion against gravity and
moderate resistance.
• Example: A patient can move their arm against gravity and can
hold it against a moderate amount of resistance.
• Grade 5 (Normal):
Muscle can move through full range of motion against gravity and
full resistance.
• Example: A patient can move their arm against gravity and can
hold it against a strong amount of resistance.

Muscle contraction:
Muscle contraction is the process by which muscles shorten, generate force,
and create movement. It involves the interaction of actin and myosin filaments
within muscle cells. There are three main types of muscle
contraction: isometric, isotonic (concentric and eccentric), and isokinetic.

Types of Muscle Contraction:

• Isometric Contraction:
In isometric contractions, muscle tension increases, but the muscle
length remains the same. The force generated by the muscle is not
 sufficient to overcome the resistance, so there is no
movement. Example: Holding a weight in a fixed position.
• Isotonic Contraction:
In isotonic contractions, muscle length changes while tension
remains constant. There are two subtypes:
• Concentric Contraction: The muscle shortens while generating
force, causing movement. Example: Lifting a dumbbell during
a bicep curl.
• Eccentric Contraction: The muscle lengthens while generating
force, controlling movement. Example: Lowering a dumbbell
during a bicep curl.
• Isokinetic Contraction:
This type of contraction occurs when the muscle contracts at a
constant speed throughout the range of motion. This typically
requires specialized equipment to control the speed of
movement. Example: Using a machine to do a bicep curl where the
speed of movement is controlled by the machine.

Q.12: What is meant by pelvic tilt? Explain anterior and posterior pelvic tilt
along with their mechanism in detail with the help of diagram.
Pelvic tilt refers to the position of the pelvis relative to the spine and legs,
which is crucial for posture and movement. Anterior pelvic tilt occurs when
the front of the pelvis drops and the back rises, while posterior pelvic tilt is the
opposite, with the front of the pelvis rising and the back dropping. These tilts
are often associated with muscle imbalances and can impact lower back
health.

Anterior Pelvic Tilt:

• Description:
In anterior pelvic tilt, the front of the pelvis drops, causing the back of
the pelvis (and lumbar spine) to arch.
• Mechanism:
This tilt is often linked to tight hip flexor muscles (e.g., iliopsoas) and
weak abdominal muscles. The hip flexors, when contracted, pull the
front of the pelvis down, while the weak abs are unable to stabilize the
pelvis.
• Effects:
Anterior pelvic tilt can contribute to increased lower back curve, lower
back pain, and potential muscle imbalances.

Posterior Pelvic Tilt:

• Description:
In posterior pelvic tilt, the front of the pelvis rises, and the back of the
pelvis drops, flattening the lower back curve.
• Mechanism:
This tilt is often associated with tight hamstrings and glutes, as well as
tight abdominal muscles. The tight hamstrings pull the pelvis back,
while the tight abs further contribute to the tilt.
• Effects:
Posterior pelvic tilt can lead to a flatter back, potentially causing muscle
strain and lower back discomfort.
Q.13: Tabulate the differences between flaccid paralysis and spastic
paralysis.
Flaccid and spastic paralysis are two distinct types of paralysis characterized
by different muscle states. Flaccid paralysis results in weak, limp muscles
with decreased reflexes, while spastic paralysis leads to stiff, tight muscles
with exaggerated reflexes and potential spasms.
Q.14: What is muscle work? Explain different types of muscle work.
Work" refers to the force exerted by muscles to produce
movement or maintain a stationary position. Muscle work can be
categorized as static (isometric) or dynamic (isotonic and
isokinetic) based on how the muscle length changes during
contraction.

Types of Muscle Work:

3. 1. Static (Isometric) Work:
• Definition: Muscle contraction where the muscle
generates force but does not change length. The
muscle stays in a contracted state without any
movement.
• Examples:
• Holding a heavy object without moving it: Your
muscles contract to maintain the object's
position, preventing it from falling.
• Maintaining posture: Muscles in your back and
legs contract to keep you upright when you're
standing or sitting.
•Pushing against a wall: You generate force with
your muscles, but they don't shorten or lengthen.
4. 2. Dynamic (Isotonic & Isokinetic) Work:
• Dynamic (Isotonic) Work:

• Definition: Muscle contraction where the muscle

shortens or lengthens while maintaining tension.
• Types of Isotonic Contractions:
• Concentric: The muscle shortens as it
contracts, overcoming resistance.
• Eccentric: The muscle lengthens as it
contracts, resisting a force.
• Examples:
• Lifting a weight (concentric): Your biceps
muscles contract, shortening and lifting the
weight.
• Lowering a weight slowly (eccentric): Your
biceps muscles contract, lengthening while
resisting the weight's downward movement.
 Walking: Muscles in your legs contract to
•
move your body forward.
• Dynamic (Isokinetic) Work:
• Definition: Muscle contraction where the muscle
contracts at a constant speed, typically with the
help of specialized equipment that controls the
speed.
• Examples:
• Using an isokinetic machine for
rehabilitation: The machine controls the
speed of movement, allowing for precise
muscle training.

Q.15: Differentiate between fixation and stabilization.

Fixation refers to a state of complete immobility, where a joint or body
segment is held in place, preventing any movement. Stabilization, on the other
hand, refers to a state of relative immobility, where a joint or body segment is
held in a specific position but allows for controlled and limited movement.

Fixation:
• Purpose: To prevent any movement of a joint or body segment, often
to protect it or facilitate a specific action.
• Level of Immobility: Complete immobility, meaning no movement is
allowed.
• Examples: Immobilization of a fracture with a cast, or holding a limb
still during a surgical procedure.

Stabilization:
• Purpose: To control and maintain the position of a joint or body
segment, allowing for controlled and limited movement.
 • Level of Immobility: Relative immobility, meaning movement is
allowed but controlled and within a specific range.
• Examples: Stabilizing the core during a squat, or maintaining balance
while walking.

Q.16: Write down the classification of muscles according to action.

Muscles are classified according to their action, referring to the movement
they produce or the force they exert. These classifications help understand
how muscles work together to move joints and stabilize body parts. Muscles
can be categorized as prime movers, antagonists, fixators, or according to the
type of contraction they produce (isometric, isotonic, concentric, eccentric).

1. Prime Movers (Agonists):

• Definition: Muscles primarily responsible for producing a specific
movement. They initiate and maintain the desired movement.
• Example: The brachialis muscle is the prime mover for elbow flexion.

2. Antagonists:
• Definition:
Muscles that oppose the action of the prime mover. They relax and
allow the prime mover to perform its action smoothly.
• Example:
The triceps muscle, which extends the elbow joint, is antagonistic to the
brachialis muscle, which flexes the elbow.

3. Fixators:
• Definition:
Muscles that stabilize the proximal attachment of a muscle or joint,
allowing the distal joint to move more efficiently. They eliminate
unwanted movement at the origin of the prime mover.
• Example:
Muscles connecting the shoulder girdle to the trunk contract as fixators
to enable the deltoid muscle to perform shoulder abduction.

4. Types of Muscle Contractions:

• Isometric:
Muscle contracts and generates force without changing length or
causing movement. An example is flexors of the forearm trying to lift a
weight that is too heavy.
• Isotonic:
Muscle contracts and changes length while maintaining constant
tension.
• Concentric: Muscle shortens as it contracts, causing
movement. An example is lifting a weight.
• Eccentric: Muscle lengthens as it contracts, slowing or controlling
movement. An example is lowering a weight slowly.