sERNATIONAL Ss om SESSION: 2025-2026 PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT To Find the Refractive Index of Water & Oil, Using a Plane Mirror and an Equiconvex Lens and an Adjustable Object Needle Submitted to: Submitted by: Teacher Name Student Name Class: XII Roll No: 01 1|Page Downloaded from: https: //www.knowledgecycle.inXYZ Road Civil Lines, Delhi- 112233 OS ABC INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Student Name has successfully completed his/her-Physics project titled TO FIND THE REFRACTIVE INDEX OF WATER & OIL, USING A PLANE MIRROR AND AN EQUICONVEX LENS AND underthe supervision and guidance of inthe partial fulfilimentof the Physics practical assessment conducted during theacademic year 2025-2026. EXTERNAL EXAMINER TEACHER IN CHARGE 2|Page Downloaded from: https: //www.knowledgecycle.inACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my immense gratitude to my Physics teacher Teacher Name for the help and guidance he/she provided for completing this project. [also thank my parents who gave their ideas.and inputs in making this project. Most of all I thank our school management, for providing us the facilities and opportunity to do this project. Lastly, I would like to thanks my classmates who have done this project along with me. Their support made this project fruitful. - Student Name 3|Page Downloaded from: https: //www.knowledgecycle.inObservation 13-14 a [seins Downloaded from: https: //www.knowledgecycle.inTOPIC To find the refractive index of (a) water (b) oil using a plane mirror and an equiconvex lens and an adjustable object needle. Optical Clamp S| Page Downloaded from: https://www.RnoWledgecycle.inINTRODUCTION In optics, the refractive index (a.k.a. refraction index) of an optical medium is a dimensionless number that indicates the light-bending ability of that medium. The refractive index determines how much the path of light is bent, or refracted when entering a material. This is described by Snell's law of refraction, nySin@, = n2Sinn2, Where, 6, = Angles of incidence 6, = Angle of refraction; Respectively of a ray crossing the interface between two media with refractive indices ny and nz refracti Mm normal 6|Page Downloaded from: https: //www.knowledgecycle.inOBJECTIVE To find the refractive index of water, oil using a plane mirror and an equiconvex lens and an adjustable object needle. Materials Required Y Convex lens Y Plane mirror v Water Y Oil Y Clamp stand v An Optical needle v Plumb line Knitting needle Y Half meter Seale Y Glass slab v Spherometer 7|Page Downloaded from: https: //www.knowledgecycle.inTHEORY If f, and f, be the focal length of glass convex lens and liquid lens and F be the focal length of their combination then, tlaya = te Pot he 8 P= FF Liquid lens formed is a planoconcave lens with R, = R (radius of curvature of convex lens surface) R, = © 1 1 1 Fa Ole, aaa "60 | e= 4] nino [f-2] tint fz R =e41 "he Where, n = Refractive index of the liquid R = The radius of the curvature of the convex lens. 8|Page Downloaded from: https: //www.knowledgecycle.inThe radius of the lower surface of the convex lens is given by: eeeed =—+- z oh 2 Here, L is the average distance between the legs of the spherometer and h is the difference in the reading of the spherometer when placed first on the convex lens and then on plane mirror. Plane mirror Fig: Focal length of glass convex les and liquid lens combination 9|Page Downloaded from: https: //www.knowledgecycle.inPROCEDURE (a) For focal length of convex lens: 1. Find the rough focal length of the convex lens. 2. Place a plane mirror on the horizontal base of the iron stand and then a convex lens on the plane mirror. 3. Hold the needle in the clamp stand and adjust its position on the stand such that there is no parallax between tip of the needle and its image. 4. Measure distance between tip and upper surface of the lens by using a plumb line and half meter scale. Also measure the distance between tip of needle and upper surface of the mirror. Take the mean of the two readings. This means distance will be equal to the focal length of the convex lens (fi). (6) For focal length of the combination. 5. Put a few drops of the water on the plane mirror and put the convex lens over it with its same face above as before. Ihe water spreads in a form of layer and acts like a Plano-concave lens. a Repeat the steps 3 and 4 to determine the equivalent focal length of the combination. 7 Record the observation. ad Repeat the steps 5, 6,7 for other Wansparent liquid (vil). 10|Page Downloaded from: https: //www.knowledgecycle.in(c) For radius of curvature of convex lens surface: 9. Determine the pitch and the least count of the spherometer. 10. Remove the convex lens and dry it completely. Put the spherometer on this lens surface. 11. All the three legs of the spherometer should be placed symmetrically on the lens and adjust the central screw tip to touch the surface of the lens. 12. Remove the spherometer from the surface of the lens and place on the plane mirror surface and record the reading. 13. Repeat the steps 10 and 11 three times. 14. Obtain the impressions of the three legs of the spherometer on a paper and mark them and their average distance. wht bts : 3 11[Page Downloaded from: https: //www.knowledgecycle.inDIAGRAM Fig: (a) To find focal length of convex lens (b) For the length of legs AB, BC, CA of spherometer 12|Page Downloaded from: https: //www.knowledgecycle.inOBSERVATION « Pitch of the spherometer = 1cm e Least count of the spherometer = 0.01 cm e Distance between the Legs: (1)AB = 3cm (2)BC = 3.cm (3)CA = 3cm Table for Calculation of ‘h’ No. of, Initial reading | complet S. | of the C.S. on € No the convex | rotation Final h reading of | Additional | = n Mean the C.S._|..G,Sadiv. | x pitch] "h" on glass moved |+m (cm) en) o slab xL.C (n) 1 62 0 6.5 al 0.555 0.577 i 2 64 0 4 60 0.6 13|Page Downloaded from: https: //www.knowledgecycle.inTo Measure focal length ‘f’ of Convex Lens Distance of Needle tip from Area lip of the Upper M between upper surface | surface of al Focal lens and | S No | of the convex) the plane Tength - X, +X2 plane lens(cm) | mirror (cm) = —— | (cm) murror xX X2 2 . I 30:5 31 30.72 Without fr= liquid 33.85 a 2 dl 37.2 36.95 . 1 314 318 31.6 With = water 34.7 2 Bi) 38.1 37.8 1 9.4 96 95 With Oil a 2 10.4 10.6 10.5 14|Page Downloaded from: https: //www.knowledgecycle.inCALCULATION © Mean Distance Between two legs AB+ BC+ CA l= ——=3cm 3 © Mean of h= 5 *96=19.5775.em @To find the radius of curvature of the convex lens Pooh R= aa ee’ cm Measurement of refractive indices of water and oil 1. With water between the convex-lens and the plane mirror R 2.8861 m= t+oa 14 Zi Sa 10831 A 7 2. With oil between the convex lens and the plane mirror ag Re 1 4 28868 ae 10 = 1.2886 15|Page Downloaded from: https: //www.knowledgecycle.inRESULT > The refractive Index of Water is wy = 1.0831 > The refractive Index of Oil is wz = 1.2886 PRECAUTIONS 1. The plane mirror should be clean and fully shining surface. N . The liquid taken should be transparent. w . The parallax should be removed tip to tip. » The eye should be at a distance about 30 cm from the needle while removing the parallax. ww - Only few drops of liquid should be taken so that its layer should be thick. » The legs of the spherometer should be vertical. 2 The centre leg of the spherometer should turn in one direction only. 16|Page Downloaded from: https: //www.knowledgecycle.ina7] Sources of Error . Liquid may not be quite transparent. . The parallax may not be fully removed. . The spherometer legs should be placed symmetrical on the surface of the convex lens. . The tip of the central screw should not just touch the surface of lens or mirror Downloaded from: https: //www.knowledgecycle.in18] BIBLIOGRAPHY . NCERT Textbook . NCERT Physics Lab Manual . Www.googic.com . Www.wikipedia.com . Www. youtube.com Downloaded from: https: //www.knowledgecycle.inIMPORTANT NOTICE If You Want a Copy of This Project Without Any Watermark Which Is Chargeable, Scan Below QR for more details For any Queries Contact us on: eg +91 7355621860 © [email protected] 19| Page Downloaded from: https: //www.knowledgecycle.in