MARGDARSHAN CHEMISTRY CLASSES By:- NEERAJ KUMAR (M.Sc, 12" Dist. Topper) {VERY IMPORTANT POINTS FOR BOARD Solution Theory > The unit use in Industrial area of % term is % > The unit use in medicine or Pharmacy is %e > The unit use in calculation of hardness of water is ppm + Concentration of solution: ~ The solution in which actual amount jounvor of solute present in actual solvent is known as concentration of solution + Molality of solution moles of solute present in per kg of solvent is known as molality of the No, of solution. > Unit of molality is Mol. ke > Molality of solution do not depends upon temperature Molality = - Mass of solvent inkg | Molarity of solution:— Moles of solute present in per Litre of solution is known as molarity of the solution > Unit of Molarity is mol 1 > Due to presence of volume terms Molarity of the solution is depends upon temp. Molarity(M) = Mobil EXAMINATION } :- 7079340306 Iftemp. Increases then mol 8 the solution get decrea Moles of sotute Vohime of solution furl Mole Fraction; — Ratio of moles of any one component and moles of | total no. of compound in the solution is | known as mole fraction (x) Mole fraction is unit and dimension | less ! > Mole fraction do not depends upon | temperature | > Sum of mole fraction of all | Note:— a) component present in the solution is | always one | Le. XSite +X soba | Mole fraction of any particular component cannot be zero, ve, | and equal to 1 | greater than | The solution is called molal solution | which having molality 1 mol kg. The solution is called molar solution which having molarity 1 mol Lt Mole fraction, Molality, mass percentage, ppm, ppb do not depends upon temperature. (1) Molatity, Normality, Formality and volume percentage depends upon temp. due to presence of volume terms. Add; - Azad Chowk, Infront of S.K. Tower, Darbhanga. Mob. 6206253068 rage 1RGD |ARSHAN G 2th Dist. Topper. The solution in which more amount of solute ean be dissolve without rise in properties temp. is known as unsaturated solution . : 1. Relative lowering in vapour o-Ps + Saturated solut he solution pressure of solvent (> in which more amount of solute cannot be dissolve without raise in temp. is known as saturated solution. 3. Depression in freezing point of the solvent (ATy) 2, Elevation in boiling point of the solvent(A T,) * tion of solution:-Addition of solvent to the solution is known as dilution of solution > Mole fraction of solvent 4. Osmotic pressure of the solution() > AS the no, of solute particles increases but mole fraction of increases colligative properties also solute get decreases after increases. dilution, > Vapour pressure of liquid :- > Molality of solution get The pressure exerted by vapour of decreases on dilution. liquid on its surface during > Molarity of solution get equilibritim is known as vapour decreases on dilution of solution - pressure of liquid . ¢ Demal(D) :- It is another unit ++ Vapour pressure of liquid depends) for expressing the Concentration upon (1) Temperature:- As temperature increases v.p. also increases (1) Nature of liquid:~ Greater is the intermolecular force of attraction lesser will rate of vaporization and hence lesser. ofa solution > It is equal to molar concentration « } 1D represent one mole of solute present in one litre of the solution D at lc. tt will be vapour pressure, ie igati erties:- T eo * + Colligative proper ie +> Lowering of v.p.:- When a non- properties of solution which only depends upon no. of solute particles is known as colligative properties. > Colligative properties only depends upon no. of solute particles and do not depends upon volatile solute dissolve in a volatile component then its v.p. decreases this decrease in v.p. is known as lowering in vp. [Lowering in v.p. =v.p- of solvent - v.p. of solution]> Relative lowering in v.p. e v.p-and v.p. of pure solvent is known as relative lowering v *):- The ratio of lowering in Lowering ivy: Epoy resolvent Relative lowering in vp. Raoults law of v Case (I) For volatile solvent and non- volatile solute > — Relative lowering in v.p. of solvent is equal to mole fraction of solute Po = Ps = Xsonite Po = v.p. of pure solvent Ps = v.p.of solution Partial v.p. of volatile components:- Partial v.p. of volatile components is equal to product of v.p. of pure component and mole fraction of that component in the solution. fice, partial v.p=v.p. of pure component * spruce Px Pa P, = partial v.p of component A P? =v.p of pure component A X, = mole fraction of component A Raoults law of total v.p :~ According to Raoults law v,p of mixture of two or more than two volatile Component is equal to Add: - Azad Chowk, Infront of S.K. Tower, Darbhanga, Mob. 6206253068. age3 sum of partial v.p of all component in the solution ie. Py =P, + Py The temperature at which! becomes equal to Atmospheric pressure is known as boiling] point of that liquid. ‘© Atmospheric pressure of earth is} atm Water boils at 100° on earth so we can say that v.p of water at 100"¢ is_| | Tatm. Elevation in boiling point:— When a non- volatile solute dissolve to a volatile om then its boiling point increases this increase in boiling point is known as elevation in boiling point B.P of solution > B.P of solvent nee | > Elevation in Boiling point (AT, is colligative properties because it ases as the no. of solute particles increases. iner Relation between Molality and elevation in Boiling point:— According to Raoults law cieraminee nedatan AT, « Molality || AT, = ky. Molality > Where Ky = Molal elevation constant Or Ebullioscopic constant Or Boiling point elevation constant.‘e By:- NEERAJ KUMAR (MSc, 128 Dist > Molal Ke characteristic constant of solvent which constant is elevation do not depends upon temp. , pressure, amount of solute and solvent > Molal elevation constant “ky” is defined as elevation in boiling point when one moles of solute dissolve in Ikg of solvent. > Unit of molal elevation constant (Icy) is “Ckg mol ! om i =k k mi Freezing point— The temperature Which v.p of liquid becomes equal to vp of its solid phase is known as freezing point of that liquid Depression in freezing point (AT): | When a non-volatile solute diss volatile solvent then its freezing point decreases this decrease in freezing | point is known as depression in point of solution > Depression in freezing point is | tive properties because it | | es with increase in no. of solute particles. Relation between molality and depression in freezing point (AT; ) According to Raoults law ra reMolaiy | a =k Mola | Where AT; = Molal depression constant of solvent Ax Cycsrop'e eonstsat o* nlve Or Molal depression constant cree MARGDARSHAN CHE MISTRY CLASSES Topper) Mobile:- 7079340306 F Molal depression constant is ) characteristic constant of solvent. | Molal depression constant do not} temp., pressure depends and] amount of solute and solvent > Molal fined as depression in freezin oles of solute dissolve ial (ko) point depression constant def when one m Ikg of solvent am ession constant (ke) C =km! > Unit of molal dey k. kg. mol! mol | cm Semipermeable memby brane which allow passes of The men only solvent particles thro n is| known as semipermeable membrane Osmosis:= The net movement of solvent particle from solvent to solution known as osmosis. | side through spm Or, The net movement of solvent} particle from lower concentration to higher concentration side is known osmosis, The phenomenon of osmosis do not} } \ take place in isotonic solution Osmotic pressure (70): The minimum) pressure applied on solution side to stop] osmotie pressure. (7r) | the osmosis is known as > Osmotic pressure is colligative property because as the no. of solute particles osmotic also increases pressure increas Tae CAALIEWMLA wMARGDARSHAN CHEMISTRY Cl m= mass of solute in g M = Molar mass of solute Y= Volume of solution T= Temp. in *K Reverse osmosis:— If applied external pressure is greater than osmotic pressure then movement of solvent particle from higher concentration side to lower concentration side take place this is known as Reverse osmosis. > The pressure required for reverse osmosis is quite high > The sea water is purified by Reverse osmosis. Isotonic or ISO-osmot Two or more solution having, Same osmotic pressure at constant temperature is solution: called isotonic solution. > Isotonic solution having _ same temperature. > Isotonic solution having. concentration (molarity) > Isotonic solution having same osmotic pressure. Hypertonic solution :- The solution which having higher osmotic pressure than other solution is called Hypertonic solution. Hypotonie solution :- The solution which having lower osmotic pressure than other solution is known as Hypotonic solution. aS ASS, UOleowrle Uintast Mobile 707! a5 { Experimental colligative coe or abnormal colligative property “sihdissoelating Or associating nature of solute particle observed colligative property are differ from normal colligative property this is known as experimental colligative property. Incase of dissociating nature of solute particle Experimental cp. > Normal cp. } In case of associating nature of solute particle Experimental cp. < Normal c.p. > Experimental ep. is ¢ the help of normal c.p. and vant Hoff’ factor moles after dissociation or association of the initial no. of moles is known as vant hoif’s factor (0) total motes after dissoctation or association Intial no.of motes Expt. ep. Vant Hoff's factor (i) PoP jormal ci Experimental c.p. = i x normal cp. for dissociation for association 1 for neither dissociation nor association,Vant Hoft's factor (1) for L-ata(x+Y) » a= Degree of dissociation > Vant Hoff's factor(t) for association fess ees 1-a+% l a=Dege of association > Types of solution on the basis of | | Raoults Law. There are two types of solution on the | basis of Raoults Law (1) Ideal solution :- The solution which follows Raoults law under all condition is known a Ideal solution Propet (i) In ideal solution unlike force is always | equal to Like force | Itmeans in solution of A and B A=A and B~B interaction is always equal to | Gi) For ideat sotution (iii) For ideal solution AH, 0, ie no heat evolved and absorbed on mixing components (¥) There is not dissociation or association of p: s in ideal solution (vi) For ideal solution. CE » MARGDARSHAN CHEMISTRY CLASSE By:- NEERAJ KUMAR (M.Sc, 12" Dist. Topper) heptane, ethyl chloride Ex:- Hexane S CHO ethyl bromide , CH;OH Benzene + toluene , chlorobenzene Bromo benzene (2) Non ideal solu The solution which do not follows Raow law under all condition of concentration Is known as Non — ideal solution. @) AVoix# 0 Gi) AH. 4 0 ity untike force is always differ from Ii foree, It means in solution of A and B AA B—B interaction is not equal to A-~B Interaction (iv) Py =P Xa and Py # P'yxy Th ideal solution, (1) Non = ideal (2) Non = ideal solution with +ve | solution with -v |___deviation. deviation, ()) The solution in | (i) The solution in which unlike force ig weaker than like force shows +ve are two types of Non greater than like force shows —ve which unlike force is |] 1340306 | Its | ke | and ation | deviation —_ ve | (ii) AVax=—ve ve (ii) AH, i. =—ve Example: Example: (i) Acetone +CS; (i) Water + HCL | (ii) Acetone (ii) Water + H,S0, | C)Hs;OH | Giiy Water HNO; | (iii) HO (iv) Acetone ! C)H;OH | Chloroform (iv) H,O + CH;OH | (v) HNO; + CHCl; (v) CCl, + ColeMARGDARSHAN CHEMISTRY CLASSES By:- NEERAJ KUMAR (M.Sc, 12! Dist. Topper) __Mobile:- 7079340306 Solute + solvent +Feat = solution AHsol”" = + ve i.e. dissolution process is endothermic and hence solubility increase with rise in temp. (b) The solubility of solid decreases with A liquid mixture which boils at constant temperature without change in composition is known as Azeotropic mixture increases in temp. > Azeotropic mixture having Solute +solvent = sol” +heat constant boiling point. AH sol" =~ ve > Non-ideal solution with +ve > If dissolution process is exothermic deviation is minimum boiling then solubility of solid in liquid Azeotrope decres > Non-ideal solution with -ve deviation is maximum boiling Jaw partial pressure of the vapour phase is directly proportion azeotropes Solubility ofa to the mole fraction of gas in the solution P=KuXps p % Xqas Ky: is proportionality substance is maximum amount that can be dissolved in a specified > Whe amount of the solvent constant, the value of Ky depends | Solubility of gas in a liquid depends upon upon nature of gas, and temperature. (i) Nature of gas :- more liquefiable g: are more soluble in liquid. } As the temperature increases value | \ | | (ii) Pressure: - As the pressure increases | of Kj) increases and hence solubility | onthe surface of liquid the solubility 0 of gas decreases. s in liquid increases. | Ideal and Non-ideal Solution | | ii) As the temperature increases so bility According to Raoult’s law there aretwo of gas in liquid decreases types of solution \ > Factor affecting the solubility of a (i) Ideal Solution | (ii) Non-ideal Solution | solid ina liquid z-“Like | [__ Ideal Solution Non-Ideal Solution |) The solution} 1. ‘The _ solution |} which follows | which do not jj Raoults law at all | follows Raoults law |} leone, and temp. is|at all conc. and} called ideal solution | temp. is called non- | (i) Nature of solute and solvent dissolve like” i.e” polar compound dissolve in polar solvent and nonpolar polar solvent compound dissolve in (ii) Effect of temp. (a) The solubility may increase or decrease | ideal selitoeh with increase in temp. TP, = Po >, * Poa) ; [2.Pq = PAs xa 2 Add: - Azad Chowk, Infront of S.K. Tower, Darbhang; 9) Vi Rp estere atte oePy # PR ay 4g 3. Pr # Py + Pp 4-1n ideal solution 4. like force alw like Force is always | different from equal to unlike unlike force. iOoM MARGDARSHAN force, ie. In solution of A ie. In solution of A | and B A-A and B+ and B, A-A and B- | interaction is B interaction is always differ to | always equal to A- | B interaction B interaction. 5. For ideal solution | 5. For non-ide change in heat is solution change in always equal to heat is not equal to | zero zero Le. Amie = 0 i.e. AHinig #0 6. For ideal solution | 6. For non-ideal | | change in volume is | solution change in always equal to —_| volume is not equa to zero ive. AV, #0 Ex (a) Ethyl Chloride + C,HsBr (b) CoHe + CoHsCH. (¢) CoHis + CoH), ] (d) CoHsCl + CoHsBr | There are two types of Non —ideal | solution (1) Non — ideal | | solution with +ve | sol | |__ deviation. deviation. (@ The solution in | (i) The solution in (2) Non ~ ideal tion with ve eater than like | is weaker than like force shows +ve force shows —ve [deviation ___| deviation [Gi AVnix=tve | (Hi) AVnix=—ve i.e. Volume of ie. Volume of solution is more solution is less than than sum of solute_| sum of solute and B) | which unlike force | which unlike force is | q CHEMISTRY CLASSES By:- NEERAJ KUMAR (M.Sc, 12% Dist. Topper) Mobile:- 7079340306 w and solvent | solvent iit) BHs = HVE {i ae =ve {iv) Py > PR xq | (iv) Py < PRX Py > Py Xp Py < PH Mp (Py > Py + Pp |W) Pr < Py Py Example Example () (CHs)2 +52 | (a) H,0 + HCL (ii) (CHy),CO + | (b) H20 + HyS0, C,Hs0H (©) H,0 + HNO, (iii) Hy0 + GH,OH (iv) H,0 + CH,OH [O).CCly + CoH Solution Thete are two types of solution (i) Dilute solution: The solution in which very less amount of solute is present as compare to solvent is called dilute | solution | (ii) Concentrated Solution: The solution in | which large amount of solute present (not | > The solution in which more amount of solute can be dissolve without raise of temp. is called unsaturated solution > In an unsaturated solution the rate of | dissolution is much greater than the rate of | crystallisation. > Dissolution is the dissolving of the solute in solvent,