- Precise
ACTIVITY 1: INSTRUMENTS USED IN CLINICAL measures the
CHEMISTRY 1 timing of
procedures,
chemical reaction
Analytical balance even in the
reagent.
1. A highly precise
measuring device
essential in
producing high- Pipet washer
quality reagents
and standards - Too used to clean
2. Required for the and
preparation of decontaminate
any primary pipettes and
standard glass tubings
Clinical centrifuge
- Separates
mixtures based
on mass and
density of the
component parts Water bath
- Dense part settle
at the bottom, - Functions to
- The less dense incubate samples
part is the or reagent at a
supernatant constant
temperature
Hot air sterilization
- Electrical devices
which uses dry
heat to sterilize
materials in the
laboratory like Glasswares
glassware,
chemicals and
Volumetric flask
containers
- Sterilize: to free - Calibrated to hold
from all viable one exact volume
microorganism ( of liquid (TC of
steam or dry 100 mL )
- Used to bring a
heat)
given reagent to
its final volume
Interval timer with the
prescribed diluent
Centrifuge tube
- A container that involving
holds a sample spectrophotometr
during y, fluorimetry or
centrifugation spectrometry
PIPET
Serological pipet
Graduated until down the
tip
Folin wu tube
- A constricted
glass tube used
to measure blood
glucose level
non - protein nitrogen
tube
- Used for the
detection of non
protein nitrogen
containing Ostwald folin For accurate
compound measurement of viscous
sample
BUN tube
There is bulb near the tip
- Measure the
amount of blood
urea nitrogen in
the blood used
the red and gold
tob tube
Cuvet
T.C pipet - Does not deliver
- Holds the sample the same volume,
for spectroscopic if not blown out
measurement
where a beam of Volumetric - Calibrated to
light passes deliver accurately
through the a fixed volume of
sample to a dilute aqueous
measure the solution
absorbance, - Have a bulb in
fluorescence the middle
intensity, and
transmittance.
- Small vials used
for analysis
- Calibrated
between two ACTIVITY 2: PIPETTING AND CALIBRATION OF
marks PIPETS
Mohr
1. Place the pipet bulb in the both portion
VENIPUNCTURE SET 2. Squeeze the bulb first before putting the pipet in
the solution
3. Release the finger gently for suction
SYRINGE - Open system
venipuncture 4. Remove the pipet and replace it with pointing
Bevel finger to wipe the outside with sterile gauze
- Where the blood 5. And gently release the finger to adjust the
enter desired volume
needle
- Depends of the
size depends on
the color of the
hub
Barrel
- Will contain the
blood sample
Plunger
- Will pull up the
blood
Finger flange
- Help to support
the hand while
collecting blood
Parallax error
Thumb rest
- To dispense the - Occurs when the eye is not the same level of the
sample meniscus of liquid in the pipette leads to the
inaccuracy of the volume of the pipet
Vacutainer set - Closed system - sample is viscous: upper meniscus
venipunture - Sample is dilute: lower meniscus
- Tube holder
- Two way needle
Gravimetric calibration
- Venipuncture
tube - Most common & economical method of
calibrating pipets
- An aliquot of distilled water is places in a vessel,
and its weight is measured using analytical
balance
- Z-factors: enables the conversion of the weight
of the liquid on the analytical balance into
volume by taking into consideration such ah:
- Humidity
- Temperature
- Environmental factors
PHLEBOTOMY
- Gravimetry is used due to its simplicity, accuracy
and traceability
- Recognized by ISO, CAP, ASTM international Preparation of the patient
- Affected by environmental conditions - Proper patient identification
- Evaporation - Fasting specimen: confirm fasting hours
- Temperature - Explain the purpose of the procedure
- Static electricity - Position the patient properly
- Vibration
Spectrophotometric calibration Preparation of the venipuncture set (OPEN SYSTEM)
- Uses light absorption to verify volume accuracy - Assembles all materials
with a photometer - Open system materials such as
- Used for low volume measurements and high - Collection tube
throughput screening applications - Tourniquet
- A stable dye solution is delivered with a pipette - Aseptic materials
into a microtiter plate - 2 way needle
- A specified wavelength beam of light is passed - Select a needle to be used based on the size of
through the solution and the photometer the vein
measures the quantity of light that passes
through CLOSED SYSTEM
- The amount of light absorbed is proportional to - Fit the hypodermic needle to the nozzle of the
the amount of dye present syringe
- Check the condition of the needle by drawing
Why should pipet be drained in a vertical position? back and forth the plunger
- to prevent liquid from running into the pipette body
Why should mouth pipetting be avoided? PHLEBOTOMY PROPER ( OPEN SYSTEM)
- Contamination happen
1. TIE TOURNIQUET
- Dangerous as it can lead to poisoning
- Apply the tourniquet 3-4 inches above the
puncture site
2. Ask the patient to make a fist
3. Select a suitable vein
4. Clean the area with 70% alcohol ( friction)
5. Anchor the vein firmly
6. Remove the cap of the needle. Aim the needle
with the bevel up ( 15° angle)
7. Insert the need;e smooth and swiftly
8. Back flow
9. Release the tourniquet and instruct the patient to
open his fist
10. Place a dry cotton ball over the puncture site.
Windraw the needle and apply pressure For at
least 2 mins
11. Fish out the needle cap
12. Remove the needle from the nozzle of the
syringe then dispense the collected sample into
a test tube.
13. Don't forget to invert the tubes for tubes with
anticoagulant
14. Patient care
15. Dispose all contaminated materials properly
CLOSED SYSTEM
1. Follow the instruction in the syringe method
2. Place the needle in the nozzle of the blood
collection holder. Screw firmly
3. Inset the needle
4. As soon as blood flows in the needle, ease the
tube in the holder
5. When the tube has filled, release the tourniquet
and remove the tube by grasping the end of the
tube and pulling it gently
6. Withdraw the needle with the test tube holder
while the site is covered with sterile cotton
7. Apply pressure on the puncture site
8. Invert tube if necessary
