GOVERNMENT CITY COLEGE

HYDERABAD (AUTONOMOUS)
Affiliated to Osmania University, Re- accredited with “A++” grade by NAAC

A PROJECT ON “A STUDY OF HOUSEHOLD DAIRY FARMING”

1
 GOVERNMENT CITY COLEGE
HYDERABAD (AUTONOMOUS)
Affiliated to Osmania University, Re- accredited with “A++” grade by NAAC

A PROJECT ON “A STUDY OF HOUSEHOLD

DAIRY FARMING”

PROJECT WORK
2024-2025
Submitted to the Department of
COMMERCE & BUSINESS MANAGEMENT,
In partial fulfillment of
B. Com(COMPUTER APPLICATION)

2
 GOVERNMENT CITY COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS)
(Affiliated to Osmania University)
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE & MANAGEMENT STUDIES
Hyderabad – 500002, Telangana

PROJECT REPORT ON

‘A STUDY OF HOUSEHOLD DAIRY FARMING”

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award

of the Degree of Bachelor of Commerce

Submitted by:

SĮ.NO NAME OF THE STUDENT ROĮĮ NUMBERES

MOHAMMAD ABDUL
1 1084-22-405-146
REHAMAN
2 MOHAMMAD MAHAMOOD 1084-22-405-147
3 MOHAMMED SAMI 1084-22-405-149
4 MUDAVATH ARUN KUMAR 1084-22-405-152
5 MUDAVATH NAVEEN 1084-22-405-153

Under the Supervision of:

smt.P.Y. LALITHA CHAITANYA
Department of commerce

Batch: 2022–2025

3
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project work titled “A STUDY OF HOUSEHOLD

DAIRY FARMING” is a bonafide work carried out by the following
students:

SĮ.NO NAME OF THE STUDENT ROĮĮ NUMBERES

MOHAMMAD ABDUL
1 1084-22-405-146
REHAMAN
2 MOHAMMAD MAHAMOOD 1084-22-405-147
3 MOHAMMED SAMI 1084-22-405-149
4 MUDAVATH ARUN KUMAR 1084-22-405-152
5 MUDAVATH NAVEEN 1084-22-405-153

under my supervision in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

award of the Bachelor of Commerce during academic year 2024– 2025.

This project work is the result of their own efforts and has not been
submitted elsewhere for the award of any other degree or diploma.

Project Supervisor

smt.P.Y. LALITHA CHAITANYA

Department of Commerce

Date:

Place: Hyderabad

4
 DECLARATION

We hereby declare the "STUDY OF HOUSEHOLD DAIRY FARMING"

submitted by our original research work. It does not from part of any
previous dissertations, thesis, or reports submitted to this University or
any other university

SĮ.NO NAME OF THE STUDENT SIGNATURE

MOHAMMAD ABDUL
1
REHAMAN

2 MOHAMMAD MAHAMOOD

3 MOHAMMED SAMI

4 MUDAVATH ARUN KUMAR

5 MUDAVATH NAVEEN

5
GOVERNMENT CITY COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), HYDERABAD
(Affiliated to Osmania University)
Department of Commerce & Management Studies
Certificate of Project Work Completion

This is to certify that Mr. M.D Abdul Rehaman,Roll No: 1084-22-405-146,

a student of [Link](Computer Application), has successfully completed
the project work “STUDY OF HOUSEHOLD DAIRY FARMING"”
under the guidance of smt.P.Y. LALITHA CHAITANYA during the
academic year 2024–2025.

This project was submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for

the award of the degree of Bachelor of Commerce

During the project period, the student demonstrated sincere efforts,

analytical thinking, and a commitment to academic integrity.

We wish them all the best in their future endeavor

Project Supervisor Head of the Department

smt.P.Y. Lalitha chaitanya Dr. K. Mallikarjun Rao

Principal
Prof. P. Bala Bhaskar

6
 Government City college, Hyderabad
(A) Affiliated to Osmania University
Accredited with A++ Grade by NCCA
Hyderabad 500002

A PROJECT REPORT DONE BY

1084-22-405-146 1084-22-405-147 1084-22-405-149

1084-22-405-152 1084-22-405-153
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We take this opportunity to express our heartfelt gratitude to all
those who guided and supported us throughout this project work.

We extend our sincere thanks to Prof. P. BALA BHASKAR,

Principal, Government City College (A), for providing us with the
opportunity and resources to complete this project successfully.

First and foremost, we are grateful Dr. K. MALLIKARJUN RAO,

Head, Department of Commerce & Management Studies,
Government City College (A), for his valuable guidance,
encouragement, and constant support during the course of this
[Link] also extend our sincere thanks to our Project
Supervisor: smt.P.Y. LALITHA CHAITANYA for their
continuous guidance and academic support throughout the
project.

We would like to express our appreciation to the faculty members

of our department for their constant motivation and knowledge
sharing, especially: Dr. S. Jhansi Rani, Smt. Iffath Unnisa, Dr.
V. Shireesha, Smt. P. Lalita Chaitanya, and Dr. Ch. Ravindra
Babu.

Submitted by :

SĮ.NO NAME OF THE STUDENT ROĮĮ NUMBERES

MOHAMMAD ABDUL
1 1084-22-405-146
REHAMAN
2 MOHAMMAD MAHAMOOD 1084-22-405-147
3 MOHAMMED SAMI 1084-22-405-149
4 MUDAVATH ARUN KUMAR 1084-22-405-152
5 MUDAVATH NAVEEN 1084-22-405-153

5
 INDEX

CHAPTER NAME OF THE CHAPTER PAGE

01 INTRODUCTION 07-13

02 HISTORY 14-18

03 OBJECTIVES 19-22

04 PURCHASE OF THE BUFFAĮO 23-29

05 MIĮK MARKETING 30-37

INTERVIEW WITH LOCAL FARMER &

06 38-51
VETERINARIAN

07 DATA ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION 52-58

08 FINDINGS AND SUGGESTIONS 59-64

09 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES 65-71

10 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 72-85

11 CONCĮUSION 86-87

12 SUGGESTIONS 88-91

6
 CHAPTER 01
INTRODUCTION

7
INTRODUCTION

A Dairy farm is an agricultural operation focused on milk and

dairy products. A dairy farm is an ancient business operation.
Typically involving the cattle breeding for the purpose of milk
production. The primary goal is to produce milk then processed
into various dairy products like yogurt, butter, ice- cream etc.
While cows are the most common cattle in dairy industry for the
milk production compared to other animals. India is one of the
major countries in the dairy industries. Most of the livelihood
depends on the dairy farm.
Dairy sector is instrumental is bringing socio-economic impact
transformation in India. Dairy farms created a lot of employment
opportunities and provide nutritional benefit

Milk is a wholesome food among all the animal products. It

contains in proper and various essential food ingredients
required by humans.

8
Dairy farming has been a profitable business in India. India has
been leading in producing and consuming dairy products
worldwide. Since 1998, the dairy industry continues to witness
growth in the availability of milk and milk products. The demand
for milk and milk products in India is driven by factors such as
the growing population, rapid urbanization, improving incomes,
and the inclination of younger demographics to consume higher
quantities of milk.
In India, milk is produced by a vast number of small, medium
and large farms. There is exponential growth in urban areas of
dairy farms. Buffalo milk farming particularly in south Asia is
playing significant role. Buffalo milk contains rich of fats so, it
uses in production of traditional dairy products like ghee and
yogurt. India with large population of buffalos makes a curial role
in global buffalo milk producer.

9
Buffalo farming is an important component of our rural economy
and apart from milk production they are also valued for meat,
used for agriculture operations etc. the value of buffalo is higher
than cows because, buffalo contains high rich in fats 7.7% that is
two times more than cows.
Buffaloes are more easy converters of low amount feeds. They
require a low level of inputs in mixed farming systems and are
well known for their ability to thrive on low-quality crop residues
and green forage under harsh climatic conditions. India has been
regarded as an extremely rich gold mine of buffalo resources as it
harbours all the recognized, high producing breeds of this species.
Indian dairy industry is undergoing transformational change and
buffalo sectors playing an important role in production of milk.
Buffalo farming has become a livelihood and income generating
institutions for varied of our farmers. It is playing a major role in
reducing of poverty and the commercial buffalo enterprises now
provide employment to rural communities. It is interesting to
note that, the share of buffaloes in the overall cattle numbers in
the country has also significantly gone up from independence,
and more than 56% of the milk that Indians consume is from
buffaloes.

10
successful management of dairy farming will be incomplete
without well-planned and enough housing facilities. Improper
planning in the arrangement of animal housing may create in
management problems, increase in disease, additional labour
charges and that decrease the profit of the farmer. During
production of a house for dairy buffaloes, care should be taken to
provide comfortable environment for some individual animal. No
less important is the (1) proper neatness, (2) durability, (3) a
lot of supply of clean water (4) arrangements to produce
clean milk under convenient and conditions. Buffaloes may
be successfully housed under a wide variety of conditions,
ranging from close confinement to little restrictions except at
milking time. We should take proper care of the cattle during
milking time.
It play an important role in how much we can take care of cattle
because Cattle only produce milk in safe and comfortable
conditions. Cattle is known to produce high amounts of milk
when the feel safe and happy so giving them that they want is
our responsibility.

Feeding management is an important factor for productivity of

the farm and the potential of dairy animal can be fully useful

11
when they are fed with balanced food. Water is essential for most
body functions, such as body temperature control, milk
production and maintaining blood plasma volume. Drinking
water is the most important water source and should be of good
hygienic quality. The water available in feed is highly dependent
on the dry matter in feed. Generally, buffaloes require more water
than cattle under the same circumstances and should have
access to clean cool water and libitum. Besides water, major
nutrients in the feed are required by buffaloes in proper amount
and proportions for optimum production. The components of the
feed can be divided into energy (carbohydrates), protein, fat,
minerals and vitamins. All types of nutrients are present in feed
ingredients, but in varying proportions.
Grains and concentrate should be fed only to meet additional
requirements such as growth, pregnancy and milk production.
Too much non-fibrous feed will alter rumen environment which
could lead to problems in feed digestion causing loss of appetite,
weight loss and drop in milk yield.

12
Health management is an important component in dairy farm.
Proper disease control and timely treatment are essential
required. The most basic method of disease control is to avoid
introduction of disease agents. Most diseases of contagious in
nature cause due to interactions with other animals. Advice and
treatment from a veterinarian are almost an absolute in
preventing and controlling health problems. Vets can recommend
vaccination programs; help with parasite control programs; assist
in reproductive management; deal with emergency situations.
Prevention is better than cure, identification of sickness at early
stage will be more helpful for the farmers. It’s always important
for the to know basic diseases of a buffalos.
The affected animals should be isolated and milked by separate
milkers. Milk from affected animals should be boiled before use.
If the disease assumes serious proportions, vaccination may be
undertaken by.

To prevent diseases, including milk fever, in buffalo during

milking, focus on nutritional management, particularly during
the dry period, and consider strategies like limiting calcium
intake, supplementing with vitamin D, and managing dietary
anions.
13
CHAPTER 02
OBJECTIVES

14
OBJECTIVE

The main objective required for the dairy farm is lAND

 Land is essential part of the dairy [Link] manage buffalo
farmland should be best and well-drained, has access to water,
and is suitable for fodder cultivation, with a minimum of 1
acre per 8-10 buffaloes for grazing and shed space.
 We need enough land to accommodate the buffalo shed,
grazing area, and storage facilities.
 The land should be well-drained and not prone to waterlogging
or flooding.
 Ensure a reliable source of water for the buffaloes, as they
need a significant amount for drinking and milk production
Consider the land's suitability for growing fodder crops, or
plan for procuring fodder from other sources.

15
Another main objective is WATER
 Water is most essential part of the dairy farming process. A
healthy adult buffalo typically requires 30-40 litres of water
per day.
 Hot and humid weather increases water consumption due to
sweating.
 Lactating buffaloes need more water to produce milk, with a
general rule of thumb being 1.5 Liters of water per Liter of
milk produced
 The type and amount of dry matter in the feed affect water
interworking buffaloes require more water than those that are
not working.
 Ensure clean, cool water is always available. Buffaloes can
obtain water from various sources, including drinking water,
water in feed (especially in silage and fresh
grass), and metabolism

16
Another essential required for the dairy farm is GRASS
 For healthy and productive buffalo farming , we need to
provide a daily diet of approximately 25-30 kg of good quality
green fodder, along with a smaller amount of dry grass or hay,
and supplemental nutritious feed.
 Focus on providing high-quality fodder to ensure optimal
nutrition and milk production.
 Consider a variety of fodder plants to ensure a balanced diet
and prevent nutrient deficiencies.
 If you're using cut-and-carry or storing fodder, ensure proper
storage methods to prevent spoilage.
 Provide mineral and vitamin supplements, either through lick
stones or as a powder, to ensure the buffaloes are getting all
the necessary nutrients.

17
 Another essential requirement for the maintaining dairy farm is
LABOUR
 Labour is most essential and plays crucial in day-to-day
activities in dairy farming. Labor is essential for preparing and
delivering feed, ensuring buffaloes have access to clean water,
and monitoring their intake to maintain optimal health and
milk production.

 . Labour is responsible for maintaining a clean stalls, sheds,

and milking areas and hygienic environment is crucial for
preventing diseases and ensuring milk quality.

 Labour observes buffaloes for signs of illness, providing

medications, and helping with veterinary care.

18
CHAPTER 03
HISTORY

19
HISTORY
Household milk farming in India has a long history, with going
back to the Vedic period, where dairy products were an important
part of the diet. Usually, people from household consume milk
from the cattle by themselves or help out the neighbour because
every house have cattle in back in time.

Throughout much of India's history, milk and milk products have

become a normal part of our diets and culture. From the time
that we are young children, people are influenced by the stories
of religion that god drinking for health and people use milk for
praying the god so, milk is the most important for the Indian
culture.
Apart from that, regional cuisines from across India use milk to
create a variety of dishes for all sorts of occasions. Chai and
coffee are integral parts of our morning and evening routines,
many curries and sweets can’t seem to be made without milk,
and milk is used to make other dairy products like curd and
paneer.

20
1700 BCE
The first use of dairy can be traced back to Rigveda, the first
written mention of milk and milk products.
In India, the presence of cows and goats in excavation sites
suggests that dairy may have been in use since at least the
Harappan Civilization (3300-1300 BCE).
In the mediaeval period (1000–1500 CE), traveller accounts such
as the Chinese monk Huan Tsang mention milk and milk
products playing a prominent role during feasts thrown by
royalty.

21
Around the time the British arrived to begin their colonial rule,
dairy production had become less and instead spread across the
nation. Local unorganised cottage industries emerged across
towns and villages. We were introduced to a beverage that would
arguably change our daily routines forever.
Tea has never been the beverage that it is now. It was consumed
for medicinal purposes by tribes in north-east India. The East
India Company, hoping to overcome the monopoly on tea-trade
held by the Chinese, pushed tea-production in India as much as
they could. The advent of tea had begun.
Today, chai is something that cuts across communities as the
one thing to have in the morning and evening, or whenever your
heart desires it. This, along with coffee, made the consumption of
milk in different beverages even more common throughout the
country.

Today, India is the world's largest milk producer, with a

significant portion of the milk supply coming from millions of
small producers in rural areas.

22
CHAPTER 04
PURCHASE OF
BUFFALO

23
PURCHASE OF A BUFFALO

Purchase of a buffalo is important task of the dairy farm. Before

purchase we need to what kind of breed is we need because there
are different kind of breed are each play different role and some
not suitable for every region different kind of buffalo can survive
in different region. And we need to know how much milk the
buffalo does can produce and age of the buffalo etc
TYPES OF BUFFALOS
1. MURRAH:

* Murrah is good milk producer in the world and the bulls of this
breed are extensively used to upgrade the non-descript buffalo
stock.
* Skin colour is jet black with white markings on tail and face
and extremities sometimes found. Tightly curved horn is an
important character. Body is sound built, heavy and wedge
shaped in appearance.
* They are one of the most efficient milk and butter fat producers
in India. Fat content is around 7% while average lactation yield is
1752 kg. Age at first calving is 36-45 months and inter-calving
period is 450-500 da

24
2. SURTI
* Breeding tract is Kaira and Baroda districts in Southwestern
Gujarat. Coat color varies from rusty brown to silver-grey. The
body is well shaped and medium sized; the barrel is wedge shaped.
The horns are sickle shaped, moderately long and flat.
* The milk yield ranges from 900 to 1300 kg. The age at first
calving is 40-56 months with an inter-calving period of 400-535
days. The peculiarity of this breed is high fat percentage in milk (8-
12%

3. JAFFARABADI

* These are massive animals found in their pure form in Gir

forests. Breeding tract of is Kutch, and Jamnagar districts of
Gujarat. Forehead is very prominent, wide with a slight depression
in the middle. Horns are heavy, inclined to droop at
25
 each side of the neck and then turning up at point compressing
head, but less tightly curved than in Murrah (drooping horns).
* These animals are mostly maintained by traditional breeders
called Maldharis, who are nomads. The bullocks are heavy and
used for ploughing and carting. Average age at first calving is 45
months and average lactation milk yield is 2239 kg.

4. MEHASANA

* Mehsana is a dairy breed of buffalo found in Mehsana region

in Gujarat and adjoining Maharashtra state. The body is mostly
black; a few animals are black, brown in color.
* Forehead is wide with slight depression in middle, horns
usually are slightly curved at the end and inward compared to
Murrah but are longer and could be of irregular shape.

26
* The inter-calving period ranges between 450-550 days. Age at
first calving is around 40-45 months. Average lactation milk yield
is 1988 kg and milk fat is 6.83%

5. PANDHARPURI

* Native of Kolhapur, Solapur districts in southern

Maharashtra.
* Body color varies from light blackish with grey to deep black. It
is medium sized animal having long narrow face, very prominent
and straight nasal bone, comparatively narrow frontal bone and
long compact body.
* Horns which are very long, curved backward, upward and
usually twisted outwards and touching hock bone. They have
favorable reproductive capacity with almost one calf per year.
· Average age at first calving is 44 months and calving
interval is around 13.6 months. The average lactation milk yield
is 1790 kg.

27
 Jaffar Abadi is the highest milk producer we were decided to
buy this one.
Jaffar Abadi buffalo brought under the price of 60,000 from the
Vijay Laxmi dairy farm.

BREED MARKET PRICE MILKING PERIOD

CAPCITY OF TIME

MILKING GRAVID
BUFFALO BUFFALO

Bunny 1 to 1.2lk 60 to 80k 10-12 litres 7 months

Murra 1 to 1.5lk 70 to 90k 10-15 litres 6-7 months

Jaffarabadi 1.10to 70 to 1lk 10-18 litres 9-11

1.50lk months

Min 1 to 1.10lk 75k to 85k 10-11 litres 7-8 months

28
After complete market research we came to know that jaffarabdi
buffalo is the best choice for our business startup so, we reached
out to the Vijay Laxmi dairy to buy our buffalo they agreed to sell
us the buffalo under 1.30 lakhs giving us 20,000 discounts.

DETAILS

colour Black

Milk Yield Calf

Age Of First Calving 3-5

Minimum Order Quantity 5 Piece

29
CHAPTER 05
MILK MARKET

30
MILK MARKET
the process typically involves hand-milking, often with the calf
present to stimulate milk letdown, and a focus on cleanliness and
hygiene. The success of any dairy enterprise depends on the
production of sufficient calves to act as the replacement stock.
Important aspects in the calf rearing are the health and nutrition
management.
Maintaining good hygiene during milking is crucial to prevent
mastitis and ensure milk quality.
Milking technique and experience play a significant role in the
efficiency and comfort of the milking process.
In traditional settings, the presence of the calf is essential for
stimulating milk letdown.
The frequency of milking can vary depending on the breed and
the milk yield of the buffalo.
.

31
MARKETING
The buffalo milk market has seen steady growth over the past few
years, driven by increasing demand for buffalo milk and its
derived products. Known for its rich nutritional profile, buffalo
milk has a higher fat content compared to cow's milk, making it a
preferred choice in certain regions. According to data from the
Food and Agriculture Organization , buffaloes are a critical part
of the global dairy industry, with India being the largest producer,
contributing to over 60% of the world’s buffalo milk production.
In 2021, global buffalo milk production was estimated at
approximately 100 million metric tons, and it continues to grow
as more consumers seek out its health benefits. The market is
projected to expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of
4.5% from 2022 to 2027, driven by rising consumption and the
increasing popularity of dairy products made from buffalo milk.

The growing focus on the dairy industry’s sustainability and

animal welfare has prompted increased attention to the
production processes of buffalo milk. As demand for buffalo milk
products grows, there is a notable shift toward more efficient and
sustainable production practices. The growing use of innovative
technologies in animal husbandry, such as genetic advancements

32
in buffalo breeding and mode dairy farm management systems,
plays a key role in boosting yields and improving milk quality.
Buffalo milk market trends also point to a rise in consumer
demand for organic and hormone-free dairy products. A related
keyword to this market is global buffalo milk market size and
forecast, which highlights detailed insights on the market's
projected growth and segmentation, including the increasing shift
toward premium and organic buffalo milk products.
HOUSEHOLD MILK MARKET
In the Indian context, the traditional buffalo milk market, often
involving individual households, is significant, with buffaloes
contributing a substantial portion of the country's milk
production.
In India, milk production is dominated by smallholder producers
having only a few buffaloes or cattle, in systems closely
integrated with crop production through use of crop residues
such as rice and wheat straw. The marginal and small
landholders account for about 69 per cent of the total milk
production in the country. Similar to the structure of milk
production at the national level, the milk production in Bihar is
also predominated by small landholders.

33
PACKAGING
Packaging can be defined which as 'A set of tasks or activities are
concerned with the designing, production of an appropriate
wrapper, containers or bag for the production.
Levels of packaging
1) Primary packaging.
10 packaging is the packaging in direct Contact with the product
itself f is as consumer unit. Sometimes referred to The main
purpose of 10 packaging is to Contain protect & or preserve the
finished product, particularly against contamination
2) Secondary packaging
20 packaging is the second layer of packaging applied to your
product after the 1° packaging layer. Transfer Easily from place
to place. • So. The goods can
3) Transportation packaging
These are packaging used for storing I transporting of goods.
These packaging gives protection to goods

34
PRICING
price is an Important factor affecting the success or failure of a
product in the market. price is a value which buyer passes on the

SELLER IN LINE OF PRODUCT AND

YEAR SERVICE
AVERAGE PRICE (RS/LITER)

2015 ~38-42

2016 ~40-44

2017 ~42-46

2018 ~44-48

2019 ~46-50

2020 ~48-52

2021 ~50-54

2022 ~52-56

2023 ~54-58

2024 ~56-60

35
DISTRIBUTION
Milk delivery done by a delivery person early in the morning , to
customers' homes. The delivery was done by delivery guy.
Home milk delivery is very common in in some countries people
usually prefer home delivery from purchasing in supermarket.
The delivery guy collect milk from the owner in fill the milk in
large containers and carry it on motorcycle delivery to each
customer’s home.

36
 Account of lokesh dairy 2023-2024

particulars notes Amount particulars notes Amount

(income) (expenses
)

Avg 80/-
Five buffalos
Sale of milk Per liters
2000 per
(5*10) 50*80=4000 14,40,000 Cattle feed 7,20,000
day
50 liters 4000*30
60000*12
1,20,000*12

Including
2500 per
Sale of Fodder seeding
Tractor 60,000 1,20,000
manure cultivation water
5000*12
fertilizer
250 per
Sale of calves Veterinary
15000 per calf 45,000 month 3000
Avg per year 3 expenses
250*12

Net profit 7,82,000

15,45,000 15,45,000

37
 CHAPTER 06
INTERVIEW WITH
LOCAL FARMER
& VETERINARIAN

38
INTERVIEW WIH LOCAL FARMER

As part of research on of team member Mahamood meet a local

farmer named [Link] and conducted an interview with
him.
Mahamood: Good morning [Link] I am a student from
government city college, we are making a project report on a
household dairy farms ,so we would like to conduct an interview
with you.
Komaraiah: Namaste! Welcome to our farm. It's my pleasure to
share a bit about what we do.
Mahamood: What would be the ideal capital to start a farm.
Komaraiah: To start a dairy farm we need three lakhs for shed
five to seven lakhs for the
Buffaloes and monthly fifty thousand for the fodder and the
water supply 1.5 lakhs. So,
Approximately we need 12 to 13 lakhs to start a dairy farm.

Mahamood: How long have you been running this dairy farm.
Komaraiah: I started it long back in the year of 2016, so it’s been
10years.
39
Mahamood: That’s great! What are the challenges you have faced
in the beginning of your farm.
Komaraiah: There are not much challenges in the beginning but
there are some difficulties in buying fodder, Maintainance of the
farm.
Mahamood: What is the market value of one buffalo at present
time ?
Komaraiah: There are different prices for different breeds for
example bunny costs upto 1.2 lakhs, murra upto 1.5 lakhs and
jafferbadi upto 1.6 lakhs.

Mahamood: Which breed you use in farm and how much milk it
produce everyday ?
Komaraiah: We use murrah in our farm. It produce upto 12 to 17
litres of milk per day.

40
Mahamood: How many months does a buffalo produce milk ?
Komaraiah: Buffalo produce full milk upto 8 months and it
decrease gradually.

Mahamood: How do you typically sell your milk? Do you have

direct customers, or do you supply to others?

Komaraiah: We have a mix. We have a loyal base of regular

customers in the nearby areas who come directly to the farm to
buy fresh milk. We also supply to some local tea stalls and small
shops. Sometimes, if there's extra, we might sell to a local
aggregator, but we prefer the direct connection with our customers.

Mahamood: What is the cost of milk per litre?

Komaraiah: The prices of milk are fluctuating all the time at now
60/- Rs per litre in villages and 80 to 90/-Rs in urban areas.
Mahamood: Does buffalo produce milk during pregnancy?
Komaraiah: Yes buffaloes produce milk during pregnancy up to 3
to 4 months.
Mahamood: Do buffalos give milk consistently?
Komaraiah: Yes, buffalos give milk continuously for one year and
its milk during pregnancy after 3-4 months.

41
Mahamood: What is an annual investment on each buffalo?
Komaraiah: To maintain one buffalo it cost approximately 1.2
lakhs per year.

Mahamood: Could you walk me through a typical day on your

farm?

Komaraiah: Our day starts very early, before sunrise. First, we

check on the buffaloes, make sure they are healthy and
comfortable. Then comes the milking process. We do it by hand,
with care and hygiene. After milking, the buffaloes are fed a
nutritious diet of fodder, grains, and sometimes oil cakes. We also
ensure they have access to clean water and space to roam.

Mahamood: What is an annual income on each buffalo?

Komaraiah: On each buffalo the income would be approximately
3-4 lakhs per annum.
Mahamood: How much you spend on the transportation of milk.
Komaraiah: We transport milk on our own vehicle it costs up to
100-200 Rs for the petrol every day.

42
Mahamood: When do we can breed again buffalo after delivery?
Komaraiah: We can breed buffalo after 6-7 months after the
delivery. Now a days injections are preferring in breeding but bull
is the best to breed a buffalos.
Mahamood: How to maintain a farm to make constant profits.
Komaraiah: It will be difficult to maintain constant profits
because fluctuating prices of the milk and expenses are increased,
but we make profit by different sources like silling manure, and
using buffalos in agriculture activities and taking buffalos outside
for feeding once a weak.
Mahamood: What should do to the with milk if the buffalo fallen
ill?
Komaraiah: If a buffalo has fallen ill, you should not use its milk
for consumption or sale until it has fully recovered and any
necessary withdrawal periods for medications have passed.

Mahamood: How much grass would a buffalo consume per day?

Komaraiah: A buffalo consumes up to 30-40kgs of the grass per
day on regular days but in summer time they consume more grass.

43
Mahamood: How much it costs per buffalo on a grass per day?
Komaraiah: Per buffalo it costs up to 300-400 Rs per day.
Mahamood: What is annual income you gain on a dairy farm?
Komaraiah: The annual income would be approximately 8-10
lakhs form selling milk and other sources.
Mahamood: At what age the calf start giving milk?
Komaraiah: The calf ready to breed after 3-4 years after it gives.

Mahamood: What would you do with male calves?

Komaraiah: We usually keep 1-2 bull to oversleeves and other
calves will sell them.
Mahamood: How many buffalo should we buy to maintain a
small scale buffalo farm?

44
 Komaraiah: To maintain small scale buffalo farm we need to buy
up to 5 buffalos.
Mahamood: what are the medicines we maintain in a dairy farm?
Komaraiah: There not much but we need:

 Antibiotics
 Pain killer
 Mineral mixture
 Calcium
 Bandy suspension for calfs
 Oral electrolytes

Mahamood: What are your hopes for the future of your farm and
local buffalo dairying in general?

Komaraiah: I hope that people continue to value fresh, locally

sourced food and understand the effort that goes into producing it.
I'd like to see more support for small-scale farmers like us, perhaps
through better access to resources and fair pricing. I also hope that
the younger generation in our family will continue this tradition, as
it's not just a business, it's a way of life

45
INTERVIEW WITH LOCAL VETERINARIAN

As part of research, our team member SAMI conducted an

interview with a local veterinary name VIJAY KUMAR to know
about the medical advancement provided to the buffalos in the
regional area.

SAMI: Good afternoon, Dr VIJAY KUMAR I 'm a student from

Government City College, working on a project report about
household dairy farms in our area, so we would like to conduct an
interview with you.
VIJAY KUMAR: Good afternoon! It's my pleasure to help. Buffalo
dairy farming plays a significant role in our local economy. Ask away!

SAMI: To start, could you give me a general overview on household

dairy farm in this region?
VIJAY KUMAR: Certainly. Typically, these are smaller-scale farm,
having between 5-10 buffalos and cows. They manage the farm by
family members themselves rely on the income gain by selling of the
milk.

46
SAMI: What are some of the common breeds of buffaloes you see on
these farms, and are there specific reasons for their popularity?
VIJAY KUMAR: The most common breed would be the Murrah,
because those breeds are the highest milk producers, the small-scale
farms prefer more them over local breeds they are the highly
profitable comparative with others

SAMI: Could you elaborate on the typical feeding practices on these

household farms?
VIJAY KUMAR: Feeding usually involves a mix of green fodder, like
various grasses and legumes, and dry fodder such as wheat or
paddy straw. Farmers often supplement this with concentrates,
which could include oil cakes, grains, and commercially available
feed mixtures, depending on their resources and the buffalo's
lactation stage. Maintaining a balanced diet is crucial for milk
production and the animal's health.

47
SAMI: What are some of the common health challenges that
buffaloes on these farms face?
VIJAY KUMAR: We see a range of issues. Mastitis, an inflammation
of the udder, is quite common, often due to hygiene issues during
milking. Foot-and-mouth disease and haemorrhagic septicaemia are
viral and bacterial diseases that can cause significant losses if not
prevented through vaccination. Nutritional deficiencies are some
common heath issues.
SAMI: what is your advice to prevention of this health issues?
VIJAY KUMAR : Hygiene is very Important regular cleaning the
shed and regular baths for the buffalos and cows. Providing
nutritious fodder and regular health checkup and etc.

SAMI: now a days farmers preferring artificial insemination in

buffalos what are your thoughts on this?
VIJAY KUMAR: Artificial insemination are preferred by the farmers
due to less expensive and the transmission of the disease is very
less but now a days artificial insemination not working properly
farmer are back to bulls this are my thoughts
48
SAMI: Why farmer started Artificial insemination?
VIJAY KUMAR: Farmer started ai because of various reasons like
lack of availability of the bulls and transmission of the disease less
cost effective like those.
SAMI: How much you charge for the service?
VIJAY KUMAR: My charges are mostly affordable we charge 300-
400Rs for the single breeding and for the double breeding we charge
up to 500Rs and my consultant fees would be between 200-300 and
for medicine we charge separately.
SAMI: Are veterinary services and medical supplies are affordable
to small scale farmers?
VIJAY KUMAR: Yes! The services and the medical supplies are the
affordable for the farmers if the animal have common health issues if
the animals attacked with serious health problems, then it will
difficult to afford the treatment.

SAMI: Are hormonal injections being the good are bad?

VIJAY KUMAR: Hormonal injection is good are bad is cannot be
answer because hormonal injection is giving to the animal to produce
high milk than its capacity. If the hormonal injection s is giving to
animals under the supervision of a vet, they check the health
condition of the animal and give according to that is good.

49
SAMI: Some people say that hormonal injection is bad for the
animals and the consumer of the milk what about that?
VIJAY KUMAR: Hormonal injection is only good until we use it
properly means if we give injection according to the health conditions
of the animals is not the problem but some people give excessive
injection to animals irrelevant to the health of the animals that can be
problems

SAMI: What are the health issues animal face due to excessive use
hormonal injections?
VIJAY KUMAR: Health problems like Improper use in pregnant
animals will cause abortion, vaginal irritation or infection,
reproductive disorders, metabolic disturbances etc

50
SAMI: What is your opinion on people facing major health issues
because of drinking milk produced by the hormonal injection?
VIJAY KUMAR: It's a serious concern if people face major health
issues linked to drinking milk from hormone-treated cows. Our
priority is animal and public health, it would necessitate a re-
evaluation of those practices and regulations to ensure consumer.

SAMI: What are some basic treatment farmers should know?

VIJAY KUMAR: I think every farmer should learn a few basics to
keep their farm healthy! Knowing how to spot early signs of sickness.
Also, understanding how to clean wounds and give basic first aid
can make a big difference before the vet arrives. Finally, mastering
good hygiene during milking is crucial to prevent udder infections.
SAMI: thank you for sharing to expert knowledge on household
dairy farming.

51
 CHAPTER 07

DATA ANALYSIS &

INTERPRETATION

52
ANALYZING INDIA'S TOP MILK PRODUCING
STATES
India reigns as the world's largest milk producer, in the world. While milk
production is a widespread practice across the nation, a select group of
states consistently leads in output, significantly contributing to the
national milk pool.

1. UTTAR PRADESH: THE DAIRY POWERHOUSE

Uttar Pradesh (UP) is India’s largest milk-producing state,
contributing approximately 18% of the nation’s total milk production.
 Huge bovine population: Home to over 30 million dairy cattle and
buffaloes.
 Extensive dairy cooperatives: Strong presence of organizations
like Parag Dairy and Amul.
 Growing infrastructure: Investments in cold storage and milk
processing facilities.
 Farmers are shifting toward high-yielding cattle breeds like Murrah
buffaloes and Gir cows.
 Increasing adoption of AI-driven cattle monitoring and smart dairy
farming techniques

2. RAJASTHAN:

Rajasthan ranks second in India’s milk production, contributing around

11% to the country’s total output.
 Strong focus on indigenous cattle breeds like Rathi, Tharparkar, and
Gir.
 Presence of major dairy cooperatives such as Saras Dairy and Amul
Rajasthan.
 Government schemes promoting cattle health and dairy development.
 Organic and A2 milk production is gaining popularity.
53
 3. ANDHRA PRADESH:

Andhra Pradesh (AP) is a growing dairy hub, contributing about 10% to the
nation’s milk supply.
 Efficient dairy farming practices focusing on hybrid cattle breeds.
 Strong presence of dairy brands such as Heritage Foods and Vijaya
Dairy.
 Government initiatives like subsidies for dairy farmers and milk
processing units.
 Increased adoption of mechanized milking systems for higher
productivity.

4. GUJARAT:

Gujarat is renowned for its dairy cooperatives, producing about 8% of

India’s total milk output.
 Home to Amul, India’s largest dairy brand.
 Highly organized dairy infrastructure, with strong government
support.
 High-yield cattle breeds like Kankrej and Gir cows.
 Amul’s innovation in dairy products has led to higher milk
consumption in processed form

54
 5. PUNJAB:

Punjab contributes around 7% to India’s milk production, with one of the

highest per capita milk availability rates in the country.
 Strong focus on dairy research and breed improvement.
 Presence of leading dairy cooperatives like Verka and Punjab State
Cooperative Milk Producers’ Federation.
 Adoption of innovative feed and nutrition programs to boost milk yield.
 Growth of contract dairy farming, where companies support local
farmers.
 Increasing demand for fortified dairy products with added nutrition.

Buffalo Milk Exotic Cow Non-Descript Cow Total Milk

State
(MT) Milk (MT) Milk (MT) (MT)

Uttar
16.2 1.7 4.2 22.1
Pradesh

Rajasthan 7.2 0.9 4.1 12.2

Andhra
9.1 2.5 1.2 12.8
Pradesh

Gujarat 7.2 2.0 2.2 11.4

Punjab 6.6 2.8 0.3 9.7

Other Prominent Milk-Producing States

Apart from the top five, other states significantly contributing to India’s
dairy industry include:
 Maharashtra (~6%): Known for strong urban dairy demand.
 Madhya Pradesh (~5%): Growing investment in milk processing.
 Tamil Nadu (~5%): Rapid adoption of dairy technology.
 Haryana (~4%): Home to high-yield Murrah buffaloes.

55
MILK PRODUCTION IN TELANGANA
Telangana is currently in the 13th position in milk production in India,
contributing 2.2% of cattle and 3.85% of buffalo to the national population,
but not in the top 5.

 In 2019-20, Telangana's milk production was around 5.61 million

tonnes, placing it around the 13th position nationally.
 More recently, in 2023-24, Telangana's milk production reportedly
increased to 5,840 thousand tonnes (5.84 million tonnes), showing
a substantial growth of 38.81% compared to 2014-15.

56
REASONS:
1. · Smaller Bovine Population:·
 · Telangana may have a smaller overall population of high-
yielding dairy animals compared to states with a long-standing
emphasis on dairy farming.
 While Telangana has its indigenous breed, Poda Thurpu, the
prevalence of high-yielding crossbred cows and buffalo breeds
may need further expansion.
2. Infrastructure and Cooperatives:
 While efforts are being made, the dairy infrastructure (chilling
centers, processing units) and the cooperative network might not
be as developed as in states with a strong dairy tradition.
3. Feed and Fodder:
 Availability and affordability of quality feed and fodder can be a
challenge, affecting milk production.
4. Breed Composition:
 While specific data on the exact breed composition across
Telangana isn't readily available in the provided snippets, the
focus in some top states on high-yielding buffalo breeds (like
Murrah) and cross-bred cows might be more extensive than in
Telangana.
 The indigenous breed of cattle in Telangana is Poda Thurpu,
which while resilient, may have a different milk yield potential
compared to specialized dairy breeds.

5. Market Dynamics:
 The market linkages and pricing mechanisms might differ,
potentially affecting the incentives for farmers to increase
production

57
 IMPROVEMENTS REQUIRED

1. Breed Improvement:
 · Promote the use of high-yielding breeds through artificial
insemination and breed improvement programs.
 Continue research and development to improve the productivity of
indigenous breeds.
2. Feed and Fodder Development:
 · Increase fodder production through land development, irrigation,
and fodder cultivation promotion.
 Ensure the availability of affordable and quality feed supplements.

3. Infrastructure Development:
 · Expand milk chilling centers and processing facilities to reduce
losses and increase value addition.
 Improve transportation and cold chain logistics to maintain milk
quality.
·

4. Strengthening Cooperatives:
 · Support and strengthen dairy cooperatives to provide farmers with
better market access and fair prices.
 Ensure efficient management and financial stability of cooperative
structures.

58
 CHAPTER 08
FINDINGS AND
SUGGESTIONS

59
FINDINGS OF HORMONAL IMPACT OF MILK
CONSUMPTION

Our recent research about household dairy farm in India has traversed a
fascinating landscape, moving from the delicate health of children to the
deceptive practices of adulteration, and finally settling on the nuanced
preferences that guide our choices between bovine varieties. Our research
began with a crucial clarification regarding the health issues children
might face due to cow's milk consumption.
Modern genetically improved dairy cows continue to lactate throughout
almost the entire pregnancy. Therefore, recent commercial cow's milk
contains large amounts of estrogens and progesterone. With regard to the
exposure of prepubertal children to exogenous estrogens.

Estrogen Levels in Milk from Pregnant Cows:

 Modern dairy practices often involve cows lactating throughout a
significant portion of their pregnancy. As pregnancy progresses,
particularly in the later stages, the levels of estrogen (especially
estrone and estradiol) and progesterone in the cow's blood increase
significantly. These hormones are then transferred into the milk.
 Studies have shown that milk from pregnant cows contains
considerably higher levels of estrogen compared to milk from non-
pregnant cows
60
  . Some research indicates that estrogen levels can be five times higher
in early pregnancy and up to 33 times higher closer to term.
 The concentration of estrogens in commercial milk can vary
depending on factors like the stage of pregnancy of the cows
contributing to the milk pool and the fat content of the milk.

2. Potential Health Implications of Exogenous Estrogen Exposure:

 Hormonal Effects: In men, the intake of cow's milk has been shown
to significantly increase serum estrone and progesterone levels and
suppress gonadotropin secretion, leading to a decrease in
testosterone. In children, increased urinary excretion of estrogens has
been observed after milk consumption.
 Early Puberty: Concerns have been raised about the potential impact
of exogenous estrogens from milk on the sexual maturation of
prepubertal children, as their own estrogen secretion is low. Exposure
to even small doses of external estrogens might have adverse effects
on their growth and development.
 Cancer Risk: increased risk of hormone-dependent cancers, such as
breast, ovarian, corpus uteri, testicular, and prostate cancers. The
theory is that long-term exposure to these exogenous estrogens could
contribute to the development or progression of these cancers.
However, the evidence is not entirely conclusive, and this remains a
topic of ongoing research and debate within the scientific community.

61
SUGGESTIONS
1. Acknowledge the Potential: Understand that commercial milk,
whether from cows or buffaloes, likely contains milk from
pregnant animals and thus higher levels of estrogens.
2. Weigh Potential Risks: Consider your individual risk factors
and concerns regarding hormone exposure, especially if you are
a child, adolescent, or have a history of hormone-sensitive
conditions.
3. Diversify Milk Sources: If concerned, consider incorporating a
variety of milk sources into your diet, including plant-based
alternatives (almond, soy, oat, rice milk). Ensure these
alternatives are nutritionally adequate, especially for children
4. "Milk Not from Pregnant Animals": Some smaller or
specialized farms might have policies to separate milk from
pregnant animals, although this is not a standard commercial
practice. If such options exist and are reliably sourced, they
could be considered.
5. Organic Milk: While organic standards focus on animal welfare
and prohibit the use of synthetic hormones like rBGH, they don't
necessarily mandate the segregation of milk from pregnant
animals. However, farming practices might differ in ways that
could indirectly affect hormone levels. Research specific organic
brands and their practices.

62
FINDINGS OF THE FAKE MILK
In the market in Hyderabad, Telangana, and across India, various types of
fake or adulterated milk are unfortunately sold to increase profits by
unscrupulous individuals. These "fake" products often involve diluting real
milk or using substances to mimic its appearance and properties.

Types of Fake/Adulterated Milk Sold in the Market:

1. Watered-Down Milk:

This is the most common form of adulteration, where water is added to

increase the volume of milk, reducing its nutritional [Link] with Added
Urea to mimic the protein content of diluted milk during tests. Milk with
Added Starch: Starch (from sources like rice or wheat) is added to increase
the thickness and viscosity of diluted milk.

2. Milk with Added Detergents:

Detergents are added to create artificial frothiness and a whiter

appearance, making the milk look richer.

3. Synthetic Milk:

This is completely artificial milk made using a mixture of urea, caustic

soda, refined oil, and detergents with water. Formalin, a toxic chemical, is
used as a preservative to extend the shelf life of adulterated milk.

4. Milk with Added Skimmed Milk Powder:

This can be added to increase the solid-not-fat (SNF) content in diluted

milk.

63
HOW TO IDENTIFY FAKE MILK AT HOME:

Water Adulteration Test:

1. Put a drop of milk on a polished or slanting surface.

2. Pure Milk: The drop will flow slowly, leaving a white trail
behind.
3. Adulterated with Water: The drop will flow quickly without
leaving a trail.

Starch Adulteration Test:

1. Boil 2-3 ml of milk and let it cool.

2. Add 2-3 drops of iodine solution to the milk. (Iodine solution is
commonly found in antiseptic solutions).
3. Pure Milk: The color will remain unchanged or turn slightly
yellowish.
4. Adulterated with Starch: The milk will turn blue.

Detergent Adulteration Test:

1. Take 5-10 ml of milk in a transparent glass.

2. Add an equal amount of water and shake it vigorously.
3. Pure Milk: Will form little to no lather.
4. Adulterated with Detergents: Will form a dense and persistent
lather (froth).

Urea Adulteration Test:

1. Take 5 ml of milk in a test tube.

2. Add an equal amount of soybean powder or arhar (pigeon pea)
powder.
3. Shake well and let it sit for 5 minutes.
4. Dip a red litmus paper into the mixture.
5. Pure Milk: The red litmus paper will remain red or show a slight
change.
6. Adulterated with Urea: The red litmus paper will turn blue
(urea is alkaline).

Synthetic Milk Test:

1. Taste: Synthetic milk may have a bitter aftertaste.

2. Rubbing: Rub a small amount of milk between your fingers.
Synthetic milk might feel soapy.
3. Heating: On heating, synthetic milk may turn yellowish.
64
 CHAPTER 09
ADVANTAGES &
DISADVANTAGES

65
ADVANTAGES OF DAIRY FARMING
There many advantages in buffalo farming compare to cow farming.
1. EASY TO MAINTAIN

A buffalo dairy is easy to maintain compare to another farm because

buffalos can adjust in any in conditions. Buffaloes are more easy
converters of low amount feeds. They require a low level of inputs in
mixed farming systems and are well known for their ability to thrive on
low-quality crop residues and green forage under harsh climatic
conditions.

2. SELF EMPLOYMENT
There most number people are unemployed now-a-days so, maintain in
a dairy farm will not only give us employment but make us our own
business and to start a dairy farm is very is to start.

3. EASY TO START
To start a household dairy farm is very easy and very less capital is
required. First we should buy one buffalo and sell milk of one buffalo in
year is amount to buy another buffalo. Compare to large scale farm.

66
 4. NUTRITIONS

Nutrient-Rich Products: Dairy products are a significant source of

essential nutrients, including calcium, protein, and vitamins, which are
important for health. Dairy farming contributes to food security by
providing a reliable source of nutrition to populations.

[Link] SUPPORT
The Indian government supports dairy farming, especially for buffaloes,
through various schemes offering subsidies, interest subventions, and
infrastructure development funds, aiming to improve farmer incomes
and boost the dairy sector. Make ruler development.

6. OTHER SOURCE OF INCOME

In dairy farm we can make income from other source like selling dung
of buffalo and using cattle for the agriculture. Buffaloes are also used for
draught purposes, such as plowing fields and transporting goods.
This can be a source of income through the sale of their services or by
using them for farm operations

67
 7. LONGER PRODUCTIVE LIFE
Buffaloes typically have a longer productive lifespan compared to some
high-yielding cows, meaning they can contribute to milk production for
more lactations.

8. DISEASE RESISTANCES:

Buffaloes are generally considered more resistant to certain diseases

and parasites compared to crossbred cows, potentially leading to lower
veterinary costs.

9. LOCAL RESOURCES:

Buffaloes' ability to efficiently utilize locally available roughage and feed

resources makes them a good fit for the agricultural landscape of many
parts of Telangana, where specific high-quality feeds might be less
consistently available or more expensive.

10. LESS MANGAMENT REQUIRED:

Depending on the breed and farming system, buffaloes can sometimes
thrive with less intensive management compared to another cattle.

68
DISADVANTAGES OF DAIRY FARMING
1. CAPTIAL LIMITATION
Household dairy farming have very limited captial to maintain, compare
to large scale dairy farm. Due to limite captial the farmer cannot expand
his business to large scale. Due to limited captial farmer cannot provide
proper conditions to cattel regular checkup from veterinary.

2. LACK OF EXPERTISE
Many small-scale farmers may not have the expertise needed for both
sectors. This lack of knowledge can lead to poor management practices,
affecting productivity. For example, improper feeding or health care can
reduce milk production and increase veterinary costs

3. DISEASES MANAGEMENT
High incidence of diseases in buffaloes can lead to reduced milk
production and increased veterinary costs. Reproductive problems in
buffaloes can negatively impact breeding and milk production.

69
4. LIMITED AREA
For small scale dairy farm there is limited areas for the distribution of
milk. The farmer of small-scale dairy farm themselves distributes the
milk with in the village. In the small-scale dairy farms are more so, not
only limited area of the distribution but also, they tight competition in
selling of the milk.

5. LIMITED PRODUCTION

The supply of the milk is very limited in small scale dairy farm. The
small scale dairy farm usually own 5-6 milk giving buffalo so the supply
of the milk is limited compare to the large scale dairy farm.

6. LACK OF KNOWLEDGE IN TECHNOLOGY

Farmers may face barriers in adopting new technologies that could
enhance dairy production efficiency due to a lack of
training or resources.

70
7. INFRASTRUCTURE REQUIREMENTS:

Setting up a proper buffalo dairy farm requires specific infrastructure

like spacious sheds, water troughs, and potentially wallowing ponds,
which can be a significant investment.

8. LIMITED AVAILABILITYVETERINARY EXPERTISE:

While general veterinary services are available, finding veterinarians

with specialized expertise specifically in buffalo health and reproduction
might be less common compared to those specializing in cattle in certain
areas.

9. RISK OF DISEASE :

If disease strikes a small herd, the impact can be devastating, potentially

wiping out the entire productive capacity of the household farm.

10. LIMITED SCOPE FOR EXPANSION:

Expanding a household buffalo farm can be constrained by factors like

available land, capital, and labor within the household, limiting its
growth potential.

71
 CHAPTER 10
QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS

72
1. Why buffalo farming preferred more in India?
Ans. In India buffalo farming preferred more than other
farming due to their high milk yield, efficient utilization of low-
quality feed, and adaptability to harsh climatic conditions,
making them a valuable asset for dairy farming and meat
production, especially for small farmers. The price of buffalo
milk is higher than cow milk.

2. What is the requirement for to start household

dairy farm?
Ans. To start household dairy farm we need capital up to 2.5
lakhs to 4 lakhs. From the capital we can buy 2-3 milk giving
buffalos. In household dairy farm there will fix budget on
fodder for the buffalos. We need sufficient amount of water
supply and well drained land.

3. How to generate more profit from household dairy

farm?
Ans. To generate more profit from household dairy farm we
need to try sell our product where the value of the product is
higher. We need to healthy environment to the buffalo because
in that condition they give more milk and ensure buffalo get
regular checkup so, they can’t get ill. We can use buffalo in
agriculture propose and sell the dung of the buffalo and we
make more profit.

4. People are usually assuming that the dairy farm

milk contaminated with harmful chemicals and
injection giving to the buffalos, is that right?
Ans. It's inaccurate to assume that all dairy farm milk is
polluted. While the potential for contamination exists at
various stages of milk. However, it's also crucially important to
recognize that the risk of contamination might be higher in
some household settings compared to large, regulated
commercial farms. This is primarily due to potentially less

73
 stringent regulations, varying hygiene practices, and the
likelihood of consuming raw milk.
However, it's also important to acknowledge that
contamination incidents can and do occur. Consumers who
are concerned about milk quality may choose.

5. What is the role of the government is household

dairy farming?
Ans. The role of the government in household dairy farms is
multifaceted and crucial for ensuring food safety, animal
health, and fair-trade practices. While the level of direct
oversight might differ from large commercial operations, the
government still plays a significant role through various
avenues.
6. How to identify that buffalo is falling in to ill?
Ans. By being observant and knowing what to look for, you
can identify illness in your buffaloes early and take timely
action to ensure their health and well-being, which is essential
for a productive household dairy farm.

7. What is the precaution to take to maintain dairy

farm?

Ans. Maintaining a successful and healthy dairy farm,

especially in India, which can experience hot and humid
conditions, requires consistent attention to various aspects.
Here are crucial precautions to take.
 Animal Health checkup.
 Vaccination
 Proper Nutrition
 Comfortable Housing
 Clean Milking Equipment

74
8. What is the role of household dairy farm in Indian
economy?

Ans. household dairy farms play an important role of the

Indian rural economy, contributing significantly to income
generation, nutritional security, employment, and overall
socio-economic development. Addressing the challenges they
face through targeted government support and improved
infrastructure is crucial for further strengthening their role in
the Indian economy.

9. What are the challenges household dairy farmer

faces in India?
Ans. Household farmer faces challenges like high maintenance
costs, low price of milk, limited supply of milk , limited
resources, lack of expertise etc.

10. Role of household dairy farm in Indian milk

production sector?
Ans. Household dairy farms form the backbone of milk
production in India, playing a dominant and crucial role in the
nation's status as the world's largest milk producer. estimates
suggest that over 60% of the total milk produced in India
originates from these small-scale producers.

11. What are the major issues people faces through

contaminated milk from household dairy farm.
Ans. Consuming contaminated milk from household dairy farms,
can lead to a range of health issues, some mild and others
severe. Here are the major issues people can face:

 Food Poisoning
 Transmission of Zoonotic Diseases
 Lack of Awareness and Misinformation
 Challenges to identify the cause

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12. What are the challenges do household dairy
farmers face against large dairy farms?
Ans. Household dairy farmers in India, who form the backbone
of the nation's milk production, face a significant number of
challenges when competing with large, commercial dairy farms.
These challenges span various aspects of their operations:

 Economies of Scale
 Access to Technology
 Market Access and Branding
 Financial Resources
 Management and Expertise

13. What is the scheme Indian government providing

for the household dairy farms?
Ans. The Indian government provides several schemes and
programs to support household dairy farms, aiming to enhance
milk production, improve animal health, and empower farmers.
Here are some of the major ones

 Rastriya Gokul Mission (RGM)

 National Livestock Mission (NLM)
 National Programme for Dairy Development (NPDD)
 Animal Husbandry Infrastructure Development Fund
(AHIDF)
 Dairy Entrepreneurship Development Scheme (DEDS)

14. How to take care of a pregnant buffalo?

Ans. Caring for a pregnant buffalo, India, especially considering
the local climate and common practices, is crucial for ensuring
the health of both the mother and the calf, as well as for
maintaining future milk production.

 General Health Management

 Balanced Nutrition
 Clean water
 Gentle Handling
 Mineral and Vitamin Supplementation

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15. Any other way to generate income in buffalo household
dairy farms other than selling milk?

Ans. Household dairy farms, especially those with buffaloes,

have several avenues to generate income beyond just selling
milk. Here are some potential options.

 Sale of Manure
 Sale of Male Calves and Old/Unproductive Buffaloes
 Breeding Services
 Fodder Production and Sale
 Storage and Transportation

16. Write some innovative ideas to improve

household dairy farms?
Ans. Household dairy farms, India, often operate on a smaller
scale with unique challenges and opportunities. Here are some
innovative ideas to improve their efficiency, sustainability, and
profitability.

 Technology Adoption for Efficiency

 Automated Milking Systems (AMS)
 Financial Management and Access to Credit
 Government Schemes
 Skill Development and Knowledge Sharing
 Branding

17. Are dairy farms successful in employment

opportunities. Then why?
Ans. Yes, dairy farms can be successful in providing employment
opportunities, and here's why

 Direct Employment
 Rural Employment
 Potential for Growth
 Government Support
 While challenges like access to finance, infrastructure, and
skilled labour exist, the inherent demand for milk and the
multifaceted nature of the dairy industry make dairy farms
successful contributors to employment opportunities
77
18. What are the difference between household diary
farm milk and super market milk?
Household Dairy Supermarket
[Link] Feature
Farm Milk Milk

1. Large-scale
Small, local farms;
Source & Scale industrial farms;
fewer cows
many cows

Extensive:
pasteurization (often
Often minimal: UHT),
2. simple pasteurization homogenization,
Processing
(if any), may be sold standardization of
raw fat content,
potential
fortification

Can be several days to

Very fresh, often
weeks old due to
3. consumed within
Freshness processing, packaging,
hours or a day of
and
milking
distribution

Often described as More uniform taste

richer, creamier, and and texture due to
4. Taste &
having a more processing and
Texture
natural flavor; cream homogenization; no
separation may occur cream separation

Standardized to
Natural fat content of specific fat
5. the milk, may vary; percentages (e.g., full
Fat Content
less likely to be cream, toned, double
standardized toned,
skimmed)

Less likely to be Almost always

6. Homogenization homogenized, so homogenized to
cream may rise to the prevent cream
top separation

78
 19. Write some innovative ideas to improve
household dairy farms?
Ans. Household dairy farms, India, often operate on a smaller
scale with unique challenges and opportunities. Here are some
innovative ideas to improve their efficiency, sustainability, and
profitability.

 Technology Adoption for Efficiency

 Automated Milking Systems (AMS)
 Financial Management and Access to Credit
 Government Schemes
 Skill Development and Knowledge Sharing
 Branding
 Partnerships
 Smart Marketeing
20. How does climate change affect household buffalo
farming in this region?
Ans. Climate change poses significant challenges to household
buffalo farming, particularly in regions like Hyderabad,
Telangana, India, which already experience high temperatures
and variable rainfall. Here's how it's impacting this sector

 Heat Stress
 Water Scarcity
 Fodder Availability
 Increased Disease Risk
 Impact on Livelihoods
21. Why people stopped naturally breeding and
started injection breeding in buffaloes ?
Ans. People shifted from natural breeding to artificial insemination (AI) in
buffaloes for several reasons, including the ability to use semen from
genetically superior bulls, improved reproductive efficiency, and the control
of disease transmission, leading to faster genetic progress and increased
herd productivity.

1. Genetic Improvement:
2. Reproductive Efficiency:
3. Cost-Effectiveness and Practicality:
4. Disease Control: 79
 22. Why some breeds of the buffalos produces high milk
comparatively than other breeds of buffalos?
Ans. Different breeds of buffalo exhibit varying milk production capacities
due to a complex interplay of genetic factors and how those genes
influence their physiology and metabolism.

1. Genetic Predisposition:

 Some breeds have been selectively bred over generations for higher
milk production. This means they possess a genetic makeup that
favors the development and function of larger and more efficient
mammary glands, along with hormonal profiles conducive to
increased milk synthesis.
 Research has identified specific genes and genetic markers
associated with milk production traits in buffaloes. Variations in
these genes can influence factors like lactation length, peak milk yield,
fat and protein content, and overall milk yield.

2. Physiological Differences:

 Mammary Gland Development: Breeds with higher milk production

potential tend to have larger and more developed mammary glands
with a greater number of milk-producing units (alveoli).
 Metabolic Efficiency: These breeds often have a more efficient
metabolism that allows them to convert feed into milk components
more effectively. This involves efficient digestion, nutrient absorption,
and channeling of energy and nutrients towards milk synthesis.
 Hormonal Profiles: The levels and balance of various hormones,
such as prolactin (the primary milk-producing hormone), growth
hormone, and others, can differ between breeds and influence milk
yield.
 Milk Ejection Reflex: The efficiency and speed of milk ejection
during milking can also be influenced by breed characteristics and
the animal's temperament, indirectly affecting the total milk
harvested.

23. Why cow produce more milk than buffalo?

Ans. While buffalo milk is richer in fat and solids, cows, especially
crossbred and exotic breeds, tend to produce more milk by volume than
buffaloes. This is due to factors like breeding practices and the focus on
milk yield in dairy cow breeds. Dairy farmers often prioritize cows with
high milk production, leading to selective breeding and the development of

80
 24. Why some breeds of buffalos produce less milk comparative than
other breeds?

Ans. Several factors contribute to why some breeds of buffaloes produce

less milk compared to others.

 Smaller Mammary Glands: Less capacity for milk storage and

synthesis.

 Lower Metabolic Efficiency: Less efficient conversion of feed to

milk.

 Different Hormonal Balances: Less stimulation of milk

production.

 Adaptation to Different Environments: Some breeds have

been selected for traits other than high milk yield, such as
draught power, meat production, or adaptation to harsh
environmental conditions (e.g., heat tolerance, disease resistance).
In these cases, milk production might be a secondary trait.

 Less Intensive Selection for Milk: These breeds may not have
undergone the same rigorous selection processes for high milk
yield as the top-producing breeds.

[Link] different types of hormonal injection given to cows

Ans. Hormonal Injections:

 Recombinant Bovine Somatotropin (rBST)

 Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH),

 Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α)

 Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

 Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotropin (PMSG)

 Zeranol

 Trenbolone Acetate (TBA)

 Melengestrol Acetate (MGA)

 Oxytocin

81
 26. Write the differnce between household buffalo milk and cow milk

Feature Household Buffalo Milk Household Cow Milk

Higher (typically 6-8% or
Fat Content Lower (typically 3-5%)
even more)
Thicker, richer, and Lighter and less viscous
Creaminess
creamier texture texture

Water Content Lower Higher

Protein Slightly higher (around 4- Slightly lower (around 3-

Content 4.5%) 3.5%)
Yellowish-white (due to
Color Creamy white (more opaque)
beta-carotene)
Cholesterol Generally lower Generally higher
Calcium Higher Slightly lower
Can be slightly heavier to Generally easier to digest,
Digestibility digest due to higher fat and especially for children and
protein content the elderly
Proteins are more heat
Heat
resistant, potentially making Proteins are less heat
Resistance of
it slightly harder to digest resistant.
Protein
for some.
Preferred for making richer More versatile for direct
Traditional dairy products like ghee, consumption, tea, coffee,
Uses paneer, khoya, and creamy and some softer dairy
desserts. products.

Typically yield 7-11 liters of Can produce 15-20 liters

Milk capacity
milk per day. of milk per day.

Higher due to higher fat

Calories Lower in calories
content
Richer, sometimes described Milder, slightly sweeter
Taste
as slightly sweet taste in some breeds
price 70-80 rs 40-50rs

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 [Link] are the different types of grass and addition
supplements used in buffalo dairy farming in india?
Ans.
Category Examples Notes

Grasses Napier grass, Guinea grass, Provide fiber and

(Roughages) Sewan grass, Brachiaria, essential nutrients.
Panicum, Paspalum,

Legumes Glyricidia, Leucaena Good source of protein

and can improve soil
fertility.

Crop Residues Wheat straw, rice straw, maize Used as a cost-effective

stalks source of roughage when
other grasses are scarce.

Concentrates Maize, Sorghum, Bajra, Wheat Provide energy, protein,

(Supplement) bran, Rice bran, Oil cakes and other nutrients.
(Groundnut, Soybean,
Sunflower), Molasses

Mineral Calcium, Phosphorus, Essential for overall

Supplements Magnesium, Sodium, Iron, health and milk
Copper, Zinc, Manganese production.

[Link] is role of government in hormonal injection in cows

in india

Ans. In India, the government's role regarding hormonal injections in cows,

particularly oxytocin, is to regulate and restrict their use due to concerns
about animal welfare and potential health risks to humans.
 The Union Health Ministry has banned the retail sale and private
manufacture of oxytocin, a hormone used to increase milk production
in cows.
 The Drug Controller General of India (DCGI) and the agriculture
ministry have directed state governments to stop the use of antibiotics
and hormones in animal feed.
 The Delhi High Court has ordered state authorities to take action
against the spurious use of oxytocin on cattle in dairy colonies.

83
 [Link] out the different types of diseases of buffalos and
cure
Ans.
Disease Symptoms Treatment/Prevention

Fever, blisters in the mouth

Vaccination, strict biosecurity
Foot-and-Mouth and hooves, lameness,
measures, and control of livestock
Disease (FMD) reduced milk production,
movement
and weight loss

Vaccination, testing and culling of

Abortion, infertility, and
Brucellosis infected animals, and strict
reduced milk production
biosecurity

High fever, difficulty

Hemorrhagic Vaccination, prompt veterinary
breathing, swelling, and
Septicemia care, and antibiotics
lameness

Swelling, lameness, and Vaccination, prompt veterinary

Black Quarter
rapid death care, and antibiotics

Weight loss, fever, and Testing and culling of infected

Tuberculosis
coughing animals, and strict biosecurity

Sudden death, bloody Vaccination, prompt veterinary

Anthrax
discharge from orifices care, and antibiotics

Behavioral changes, Vaccination, prompt veterinary

Rabies
aggression, and paralysis care, and strict biosecurity

Lumpy Skin Skin nodules, fever, and

Vaccination, and strict biosecurity
Disease reduced milk production

Bovine Viral Diarrhea, fever, and

Vaccination, and strict biosecurity
Diarrhea respiratory signs

84
 [Link] and disadvantages of artificial insemination
in buffalos in india.
Ans.
Advantages of AI in Disadvantages of AI in
Feature
Buffaloes Buffaloes

AI allows the use of

Genetic genetically superior sires, Decreased genetic diversity if
Improvement leading to improved herd not managed effectively.
performance.

AI reduces the risk of

Improper handling or
Disease sexually transmitted
sanitation can lead to disease
Control diseases compared to
transmission.
natural mating.

AI enables efficient use of

Requires well-trained
Breeding semen and breeding
personnel and specialized
Efficiency resources, reducing the
equipment.
need for multiple bulls.

Cost- Reduces the cost of AI services can be expensive,

Effectiveness maintaining breeding bulls. especially for small farmers.

31. What is the best suggestion you would give for

new age buffalo dairy farming?
Ans. By embracing new technology and adopting new method
approach, new-age buffalo dairy farmers can significantly
enhance the efficiency, productivity, profitability, and
sustainability of the dairy farm.

85
CHAPTER 11
CONCLUSION

86
CONCLUSION

Household buffalo farming in India is a multifaceted practice

deeply interwoven with the region's agricultural economy, social
fabric, and cultural traditions. India is the one of the biggest milk
producers in the world. While offering crucial economic support
and contributing to local food security, it faces numerous
challenges. Small scale farmers faces number of challenges to
maintain a dairy farm, the challenges like limited resource, lack
of expertise, time management, lack of skills and lack of
technology awareness. despite of the problems small scale dairy
farms are the back bone of the milk production in India by
contributing 60% of the from small scale dairy farms. The
prevalence of the high-yielding Murrah breed alongside
traditional farming methods reflects a blend of adaptation and
cultural continuity. Farmer ensure Disease control, primarily
through vaccination and hygiene, is important. Limited market
access and fluctuating prices of the milk are issues that farmers
face regularly. Manure utilization as fertilizer demonstrates a
degree of sustainable practice, but the overall environmental
impact requires ongoing attention. Government support and
regulatory frameworks play a crucial role in ensuring animal
health, milk quality, and farmer welfare. Ultimately, the future of
household buffalo farming in the region hinges on balancing
traditional knowledge with modern practices, addressing
environmental challenges, and creating sustainable market
solutions to support the livelihoods of these essential rural
communities. Overall, all issues dairy farm is known for the
profitable business the demand of the milk is constantly high the
government schemes provide support to the farmers. There other
ways to generate income in like selling the manure, using the
buffalo for the agriculture propose and male calves used for
breeding etc. By embracing new technology and adopting new
method approach, new-age buffalo dairy farmers can significantly
enhance the efficiency, productivity, profitability, and
sustainability of the dairy farm.
87
CHAPTER 12
SUGGESTIONS

88
SUGGESTIONS

 There are some suggestions for the improvement of household

dairy farm.

1. The farmer should gain the basic to advance level

knowledge on the buffalo dairy farm. The farmer must know how
to maintain the dairy farm.

2. The farmer should try to sell milk in areas where the prices of
the milk is higher, because milk prices some higher in urban
areas than ruler.

3. The farmer should do regular checkup of the buffalo and learn

some basic treatment himself to save cost of vet.

4. Establish a consistent feeding schedule to maintain rumen

health and optimize milk production. Feed 3-4 times a day at
regular intervals.

5. Government should make some strict action against

contamination of the milk.

6. The farmer should provide some rich nutrition, protein,

calcium fodder and comfortable and healthy environment to the
buffalos during milking.

7. Provide extra care and nutrition to pregnant buffaloes,

especially during the last trimester. House them separately for
better management and to avoid stress.

89
8. The farmer should only expand the business up to his ability
to maintain the farm.

9. Farmer should maintain records of all the expenses, income

and costs of the items, so he knows the where the expenses are
higher and lower and the next time, he can save some money.

10. The farmer should start savings some income so he can use
it for the addition of new cattle.

11. Maintain detailed records of each buffalo, including their

breeding history, calving dates, milk production, health issues,
and treatments. This data is crucial for informed decision-
making and improving farm efficiency.

12. The farmer should learn new technology to use new

methods to maintain dairy farm.

13. Ensure proper care of newborn calves, including timely

feeding of colostrum within the first few hours of birth, navel
disinfection, and providing a clean and separate housing.

14. The farmer should use local resources to reduces his

expenses like once in a week take cattle outside open ground for
the feeding grass.

15. To maintain customer loyalty the farmer should be honest

with them by selling fresh and non-contaminated milk.

90
16. The farmer should be updated with new government
schemes provided for them use them effectively.

17. Develop a strong strategy for marketing and selling

your milk. Explore options like direct sales to consumers,
supplying to local restaurants or sweet shops, or partnering with
local milk collection centers or cooperatives.

18. The farmer should make additional income buy selling the
manure of the buffalo and use cattle for the agriculture activities
etc.

19. Farmer should try to make new potential and long-term

consumers like cafes, restaurants, to stable income.

20. Practice strict hygiene in the sheds and during milking.

Regularly clean the sheds, remove manure, and disinfect as needed
to prevent the spread of diseases.

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