Mc i l s Corner ~ Extracted from NCERT

h h l •
ht whet er t e earning outco~es
A ssessme
have bee
nt is c I
~mp ementary part of the learning proc
in exa l'k n achieved or not. After goin
ess. It gives you a tota
g through the corresponding NCERTTextb
l insig
ook chapter, attempt these questions
one mark for wrong answer. A table
four marks for correct answer and deduct
. . m I e environment. Give yourself All the Best! C)
is grven at the end th . .
' at will help you plan your next step

A 8 C D
flO Introduction (a) Cocci Bacilli
lli
Spirilla Vibrio
Vibri o Cocci
1. The classificat,·on. system proposed by lmna . eus was a (b) Spirilla Baci
(c) Bacilli Spirilla Vibrio Cocc i
(a) kingdom system of classification. (d) Bacilli Spirilla Cocc i Vibrio
two (b) three (c) four (d) five
wing statements regarding methanogens
2. Whi~h of_the following characters served as the criteria 6. Read the follo
by R.H. and select the correct option.
for. five kingdom system of classification• as used (i) They are included in the group Archaeba
cteria.
Whittaker? n of biogas in
and thall us orga nisat ion (ii) They are responsible for the productio
(a) Cell struc ture
gobar gas plants.
(b) Mode of nutrition and reproduction (iii) They live in hot sulphur springs.
(c) Phylogenetic relationships (iv) They are strictly anaerobic.
(d) All of these
(a) Statements (i) and (ii) are correct.
of class ificat ion,
3. In Whittaker's five king dom syste m (b) Statements (i), (ii) and (iv) are correct.
eukaryotes are distributed amo ng (c) Statements (ii), (iii) and (iv) are correct.
(b) three kingd oms
(a) two kingdoms (d) All statements are correct.
king dom s (d) all the five kingd oms.
(c) four sites for
ct 7. In Anabaena and Nostoc, __ _ are the
ct the corre
4. Study the following table carefully and sele nitrogen fixation.
option for 1, 2, 3 and 4. (a) vesicles (b) arbuscles
-Cha-ra..,;_ders ~ Monera Protista ~ Fun9.i
tae f Anim alia/
Plan
(c) akinetes (d) heterocysts
1 fukar yotic f ukary otic~!uka_ryotis_ Euk~ry~ic
~II !}'.pe
Present Present Absent i 8. Cyanobacteria are classified unde
r which of the following
Cell wall 2 Present
in some kingdoms?
Present Prese nt 3 (a) Monera (b) Protista
Nuclear Absent Present
(d) Plantae
membrane
4 Tissue/
~i
Tissu e/
(c) Fungi
n
Body Cellular Cellular
organ organ/ organ
9. Photosynthetic pigments of cyanobacteria (blue gree
organi- algae) include
system
sation (a) chlorophyll a (b) carotenes
1 2 3 4 (d) all of these.
(c) phycobilins
(a) Prokaryotic Abse nt Abse nt Unic ellula r
agricultural fields for crop
(b) Prokaryotic Present Present Multicellular 10. Cyanobacteria are used in
Present Present Multicellular improvement because they cause
(c) Eukaryotic (b) algal blooms
(d) Eukaryotic Absent Absent Unicellular (a) N2 fixation
(c) photosynthesis (d) all of these.
11. Given figure is of filamentous blue green
fl) Kingdom Mo ne ra alga Nostoc. Identify the parts marked
cate gorie s acco rding to
5. Bacteria are grou ped unde r four
ct as A and 8 and select the correct option.
given figur es and selec t the corre
their shape. Study the A S
option reqardinq this. (a) Heterocy st Muc ilaginous sheath
(b) Vegetative cell Mucilagi nous sheath
I
(c) Trichomes Cell wall I
(d) Mucilaginous Hete rocyst I
B D
sheath

J
 ~~0- Objective NCERT at Your F·
rnge,r
~o statements and select the 'Ps
21 . Read the following
option. . Correq
•• \r Ir j t½r ( •1'tf'l1 <.l,'!('f1\( '1\ fflQ,,rdrrig hcter~~~tactcria
1~, ~"~f ,vr r·r~rrit
iri !-time f,lamrntous ()' ~tJttment 1 : Eubactena possess rigid cell Wall
.
\11.J1 ?.~ and An,1brfPntf.
~.-~rl,- fi ation Jtaternent 2 : The cell wall structure of archa b •
i,' Thr·,r (rf!; a'r ~c,ali~ ed to rerform Ni- ,x • and eubacteria are same. e acter;a
h) i'l"·-r cc I!; cCln!Jin cn:yme nitrogen ase. 2 are correct.
(a) Both statements 1 and
,dl 1,1: e1l ttir~r (b) Statement 1 is correct but statement 2 is inc
. ·d· bacterium: Identify
f A (c) Statement 1 is incorrect but statement 2 is correq_
~: (1!\'f'1 f1ihJ'l' rr-rrrseniS a dIVI ,ng
~~r d f!r.rrnt rarts and select the correct optron or (d) Both statements 1 and 2 are incorrect. orreq_

(Al 22. Which of the following statements is incorrect?

c,~:- -J~ (a) Pathogenic bacteria cause 90% of human dis

I

(b) A large number of antibiotics are produc!~ses.

·, ',
actinomycetes (e.g., Streptomyces), which a by
class of fungi. re a
(c) Ni-fixing bacteria pick up free 2 N from .
A 8 sorl
atmosphere and convert it into nitrogen 0
,a} Cdlwall ONA us
compounds.
Cell membrane
Cb) RN4
Cell wall (d) Archaebacteria differ from other bacteria in havi
Cd DNA Thylakoid a different cell wall structure and this feature n_g
Cd) Cell membrane responsible for their survival in extreme conditions'.s
bacteria oxidise various inorganic
su::>stanr~ such as nitrates, nitrites and ammonia and
use the released energy for ATP production. They play an PB Kingdom Protista
,mportant role in recycling of nutrients (N, P, Fe, Setc.). 23. Which of the following kingdoms has no well defined
(a) Photosynthetic autotrophic boundaries?
(!J) Chemosynthetic autotrophic (a) Monera • .• (b) Protista
(c) Pa:-asrtic (c) Fungi (d) None of these
Cd) Saprophytic
24. Which of the following organisms have been placed
, : In five-kingdom dassification system, the kingdom that under Kingdom Protista?
indudes the blue-green algae, nitrogen-fixing bacteria (a) Chrysophytes and dinoflagellates
and methanogenic archaebacteria is (b) Euglenoids
{a) Plantae (b) Fungi
(c) Protista (d) Monera. (c) Slime moulds and protozoans
(d) All of these
. _, _ _ _ are important decomposers that cause decay
and decomposition of dead bodies of plants and animals. 25. Members of Kingdom Protista are primarily
(a) parasites (b) terrestrial
(a) Saprophytic bacteria (b) Eubacteria
(c) J..rchaebacteria (d) Both (a) and (b) (c) aquatic (d) none of these.

• 1 ~:ect the pair that consists of plant or animal bacterial 26. The Kingdom Protista forms a link with Kingdom
(a) Plantae (b) Fungi
ck.~aSE:-s. (d) all of these.
{a) Cholera and typhoid (b) Citrus canker and tetanus (c) Animalia
{c) l/1alaria and dengue (d) Both (a) and (b) 27. Which of the following options incorrectly distinguishes
_ _ _ is the most common method of reproduction the Kingdoms Monera and Protista?
inb~r ia.
(a) Binary fission (b) Endospore formation
I Monera Protista

(d) Sexual reproduction (a) / Includes unicellular Includes multicellular

{c) Conjuga tion
prokaryotes. eukaryo tes.
: J l~/Cvplasmas are classified under which of the following
~ingdorns? (b) Membrane bound cell Membrane bound cell
(a) Monera (b) Protista , organelles are absent. organelles are present. I
(c) Fungi (d) Plantae (c) Cell wall when
I Cell wall, if present, I
2 ' Which one of the following is an incorrect statement I present, made up of contains cellulose. I
I
regarding mycoplasma? peptidoglycans.
{a) They lack a cell wall.
(b) They are the smallest living cells.
(d) Flagella are present in •Flagella and_ cilia --i
some organisms. are present m some /
(c) They cannot survive without oxygen. members. .-
(d) They are pathogenic in plants and animals. --- --- --- --- ---
 ca~

Biology I Biological C/ass,·r.t1cat1on

· . 31

28. Which of the follow· (iv) They usually possess two flagella, one long and one
under chrysophytes ;ng groups of organisms are included .
~~. .
(a) Diatoms and d. . ( ) Euglenoids are multicellular ciliate prot1sts.
(b) Diatoms and /s~i'ds (golden algae) (~) (i) and (v) only (b) (iv) and (v) only
(c) Euglenoids mo agellates (c) (iii) only (d) (v) only
(d) Slime moulds ; 38 _ The given statements describe a group of o~ga~isms•.
29. Chrysophytes are • (i) Instead of a cell wall t~ey have aprotein rich pellrcle
(a) planktons making their body flexible.
(c) benthic orga . (b) nektons (ii) They have 2 flagella, a short and a long one.
30 Th . nrsms (d) rooted submerged.
. (iii) They show mixotrophic nutrition.
• e ce 11 wall rs composed Of (iv) They are connecting link between plants and
which fit togethe l'k two t~m overlapping shells
(a) desm·d r, easoapcasern animals.
(c) d' fl, s (b) diatoms Which of the following groups is referred to here?
rno agellates (d) s1•rme mouIds.
ST (a) Dinoflagellates (b) Slime moulds
31
• u~,~~ot~se f~ust ules of diatoms being indestructible, piled (c) Desmids and diatoms (d) Euglenoids
b'lr f ottom of ocean and formed a thick bed over
1 39. Read the following statements and select the correct option.
( ) tons years. Such a thick bed is known as
O
• (b) diatomaceous earth Statement 1 : The pigments of Euglena are identical to
a red sea
(c) pseudorocks (d) red tides. ' higher plants.
Statement 2 : Euglena have a protein rich layer called
32 • Diatoma_ce~us earth is used for all except .
pellicle. .
(a) polrshmg (b) filtration of oils •
biogas production. (a) Both statements 1 and 2 are correct.
(c) filtration of syrups (d)
(b) Statement 1 is correct but statement 2 is incorrect.
33. Dinoflagellates are mostly (c) Statement 1 is incorrect but statement 2 is correct.
(a) marine and saprophytic (d) Both statements 1 and 2 are incorrect.
(b) freshwater and photosynthetic
40. Which of the following stat~ments about Euglena is correct?
(c) marine and photosynthetic
(d) terrestrial and photosynthetic. (a) Euglena is a flagellate organism.
(b) Euglena when placed in continuous darkness, loses
34. A slide under microscope shows following features : its photosynthetic activity and dies.
(i) Unicellularity , •
(ii) Well defined nucleu s (c) The pigments of Euglena are quite different from
(iii) Biflagellate--one flagellum lying longitudinally and those of green plants.
the other transversely (d) Euglena is a marine protist.
What would you identify it as? 41. Identify the given figure and select the correct option.
(a) Protozoan (b) Bacterium (a) It is photosynthetic protist. ....... -
(c) Euglenoid (d) Dinoflagellate (b) It is saprophytic protist. .: :~:~::;; ;::-
(c) It is chemosynthetic bacteria. ···,.:; :,~::::~ •
35. Which group of organisms is represented :_: <-
by the given figure? (d) Both (a) and (b)
(a) Diatoms 42. Match column Iwith column II and select the correct option
(b) Dinoflagellates from the given codes. •
(c) Bacteria Column I Column II
(d) Euglenoids A. ChieUJroducers in oceans (i) Euglenoids
1
36. Red tides in warm coastal water develop due to the 8• Red_ t i ~ _ (ill Diatoms ___
abundance of ,
(b) euglenoids C. Mixotrophif_l!utrition (!ji) 1Slime moulds _
(a) dinoflagellates
s (d) slime moulds. , D. Plasmodium __ _ ~ Dinofla ellates
'. (c) diatoms and desmid
37. Read the following statements regarding euglenoids and (a) A-(ii), B-(iv)~C-(i), D-(iii)
select the incorrect one(s). (b) A-(ii), 8-(iv), C-(iii), D·(i)
(i) These are mostly freshwater organisms found in (c) A-(!i), B-(iii), C-(i), D-(iv)
stagnant water. : (d) A-(1), B-(iv), (-(iii), D-(ii)
(ii) The!r body_ is covered b~ a protein rich layer called •! 43. The multinucleate slimy mass of protoplasm which forms
makesh their body flexible• the body of s1·rme mouIds1s • caIIed •
pelhde whichh · · .t.._
• •·) Th
(a) plasmodium (b) m amoeba
( 111 ey are p otosyn_t et1C ,~ me presence of sunlight fl: Iasmod',um.
but become heterotrophs mthe absence of sunlight• (c) sporocytes (d) penp
 32 ~-(JG- Objective NCERT at your f·
inger1;p
_,,.. \\'J-..lh c,t r'ic- fc1llflw1ri9 ccmb1nM10ns of char;illc-rs is true A B
f,;· ._, rnr n,0111(~, i' . (a) Amoeba Amoeboid •
\-~ 1 p~,a(,if ,c, 11r,lc;mc,d111m ,,v,rhciut vvalls, spores d,spPrsed (b) Plasmodium Sporozoan
z;, i'IH curr("nts (c) Paramecium Ciliated protozoan
,ti' S.:ti:Hvrh)-t,c, rIasm0d,urnwithvvalls, spores dispersed (d) Paramecium Flagellated protozoan
h '" arc>t 51. The sporozoa _are all intern~! . . that ty i
<d P;:ir a~it ,c. r1asrn0d 1um without walls, spores dispersed
ti\- waler
have an infective cyst stage mtherr lrfe cycle.An exa:p~al~
sporozoa is the genus _ _ _ __,which causes rnai e_o
1.:; Saprorhrtrc. plasmodium without walls, spores
(a) ciliates, Plasmodium aria
d1!.rc~ed by air currents
{b) flagellates, Plasmodium
45 ldentif}1 the figures and select the correct option (c) parasites, Plasmodium
regarding them. (d) parasites, Trypanosoma

~~.~
52. Which of the following is a mismatched pair of protozo
group and its example ? _ an

c~ ~~ A
Both 'A' and '8' are included in Kingdom Protisa.
(a)
B
(a) • Amoeboid protozoan - Entamoeba histolytica
(b) Flagellated protozoan - Trypanosoma gambiense
(c) Ciliated protozoan - Paramecium caudatum
• (d) Sporozoan - Gonyaulax spinifera
(t)) ·s· is heterotrophic while 'A' is both autotrophic
and heterotrophic. gJ Kingdom Fungi
(c) Both 'A' and 'B' are motile.
(d) All of these. 53. Euka~oti~,· achlorophyi'lous and heterotrophic organisms
are grouped under which of the following kingdoms?
45. _____ is a flagellated protozoan that causes the (a) Monera (b) : Protista
drsease._____. (c) Fungi ..•. (p) . Plar_1_tae
(a) Escherichia coli, amoebic dysentery .. . .,
54. Coenocytic mycelium is . -, ..- • '
{b) Enta.moeba histolytica, amoebic dysentery
(a) uninucleate, septate.,. (b): multinucleate, septate
(c) PJasmodium vivax, malaria (c) multinucleate, aseptat~ ,. (d) . bo~h (b) and (c).
(d) Trypanosoma gambiense, sleeping sickness
55. Main component of the cell wall of fungi is
47. Causal organisms of malaria belong to which of the (a) cellulose - (b) .. pecti~
fo11owing groups of protozoan protists? (c) chitin (d) dextnn.
(a) Amoeboid protozoans
56. Fungi show asexual reproduction by all of the following
(b} Flagellated protozoans
kinds of spores except
(c) Ciliated protozoans (a) conidia (b) oospores
(d) Sporozoans (c) sporangiospores , (d) zoospores.
41S. 1/iatch the following and choose the correct combination 57. Sexual reproquction in fungi occurs by all of the followin
from the options given. except
Column I Column 11 (a) oospores (b) ascopores
A. Saprophytic protists (i) Trypanosoma . . (c) zoospores (d) basidiospores.
e. Golden algae (ii) Plasmodium
58. Dikaryophase is a specific characteristic of
C. Malarial parasite (iii) Oesmids
D. Sleeping sickness (iv) Slime moulds (a) all fungi
is caused by (b) Phycomycetes and Ascomycetes
(a) A-{i), 8-(ii), C-(iii), 0-(iv) (c) Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes
(d) Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes.
(b) A-(ii), B-(iii), C-(iv}, D-(i) / sg.
(c) A-(iv), 8-(iii), C-(ii), 0-(i) : Given is the representation of life cycle of .members ~
(d) A-(iii), B-(iv), C-(ii), D-(i) I classes Ascomycetes and Basldiomycetes. Select t
/ correct option for processes A, B and C.
49. Which of the following is a ciliated protozoan?
(a) Plasmodium vivax l
(b) Amoeba proteus
(c) Paramecium caudatum ~!=~.
(d) leishmania donovanl
50. Identify the given figure of protozoan (A) and the group f
(B) it belongs. ;
 $Q J4 $$% SA

Biology I Biological Class.,., . 33

1i1car,on
produced
A
C (b) Ascospores a_re th.e sexual spores
(a) Karyogamy B .
Plasmogamy Meiosis endogenously in asc,. Clav 1ce ps are
(b) Plasmogamy (c) Asp ergi /lus , Ne~ rosp ora and
~aryo~a my Meio sis .
(c) Plasmogamy 05 ascomycetes fungi.
5 Kary ogam y d and sep tate in
(d) Karyogamy Me! ! (d) Mycelium is generally branche
e10s1s Plasmog amy ..
60. Which of th f II . clas f . dom Fungi are ascomycetes.
h terisedebyothowrng ses o King h f II wing table, one exam ple and one spec ,f1c
c arac
e~en ce of coen ocyt ic, rnult inuc leate 69. lnh t e o. ot·c of the group is given. Select the correct
and aseptate myce~i~ c arac teris ,
(a) Basidiomycetes • opti on.
.., E - -,e , Characteristics •
(c) Ascomycetes (b) Phycomycetes
G!_ O~- -r -~ P. _-
61 Fun - 1 k' (d) Deuteromycetes es 1Albugo 1S~ptate.
(i) lphy com ycet ,d1karyot1c h ~
• g, ac rng crosswall s•rn the mycelium belong to Class ,
(a) Phycom I ----
..,..-

(c) Basidio ycetes (b) Ascomycetes (f Phycomycet~fMucor !Coeno~amete j'

(d) Deu terom ycet es. 11 I /tormat,on .
. mycetes
62. Which of the foll • Aseptate
. ?Wrng statements regarding the Clas. s
1
Ph (iii) Ascomycetes Penicillium bran che d hyp ha 1
ycomycetes 1s rncorrect?
ying
(a) Thesd. e are foun. d in aquatic habitats and on deca (iv) Basidiomycetes Agaricus
Mycelium
WO 0 es or as oblig ate bran ched and
. rn moist and damp plac
parasites on plan ts.
(b) Mycelium in these fungi is septate
and branched.
I sep
(b) (ii) and (1v)
tate

rs by mot ile zoos pores (a) (i) and (iii)

(c) Ase xua l reprodu ction occu (d) (i) and (iv)
ores . (c) (ii) and (iii)
and by non -mo tile apla nosp ect regarding
examples of 70. Which of the following statements is corr
(d) Mucor and Rhizopus are common ycet es?
. phycomycetes. sexual reproduction in Basidiom
of two somatic
para site on mus tard (a) Plasmogamy occurs by the fusion
63. Which of the followin g fung i is a •
of cruc ifers ? cells of different strains.
plant and causes the dise ase whit e rust the basidium
(b) Karyogamy and meiosis occur in
(a) Albugo candida producing four basidiospores.
gram inis tritic i uced on the
(b) Puc cinia
e (c) Basidiospores are exogenously prod
(c) Sac cha rom yces cere visia
basidium.
(d) Ustilago hordei (d) All of these
icillin is extr acte d from Pen icillium
64. The wonder drug, pen Refer to the given figure and select the
,
that belongs to incorrect option regarding it.
(a) Ascomycetes (b) Basidiomycetes
(d) Deuteromycetes.. (a) It belongs to Class Basidiomycetes.
(c) Phycomycetes
take s plac e by (b) It is anon-edible, poisonous
asex ual repr odu ction
65. In Penicillium, the mushroom.
(b) aplanospores arp.
(a) ascospores
coni dios pore s. (c) It possesses an umbrella-like basidioc
(c) sporangiospores (d) ously produced
(d) The basidiospores in it, are exogen
s
66. The given organism belongs to Clas on the basidium.
(a) Phycom ycet es s not belong to same
72. Which of the following groups doe
(b) Basidiomycetes class?
(c) Ascomycetes i
(a) Rust, smut, mushrooms, bracket fung
Deu tero myc etes . ergi llus, mor els, truffles
(d) (b) C~aviceps, Neurospora, Asp
mycetes mem ber,
67. A common character found in a asco mem ber
and puffballs
ycet es
deuteromycetes mem ber and basi diom (c) Bread mould, Mucor, Albugo '
studied by you is (d) Both (a) and (b)
(a) asex ual reprodu ction by con idia select the correct
etat ive reprodu ction by bud ding 73. Match column I with column II and
(b) veg option from the given codes. ·
(c) branched, septate mycelium
Column I I Column II
(d) meiosis takes place in fruiting bodies,
1

A. Edible delicacies - -.-

(i) Penicilitm ,-. - - - -
nts is not corr ect
68. Which of the following stateme (ii} Neu ,a crassa
regarding the Class Ascomycetes? , Ustila
(a) Conidia are the asexual spores
produced C. Source of antibiotics (iii) Puccinia
. and truffles
endogenously on conidiophores. D. Rust and smut diseases (iv) Morels
 NCERT
E,~emplar Problems
This section contains MCOs of 'NCERT
. - - . Exemplar Problems' Book. --- •
... - - • -- - - -- -- --
1. All eu~aryotic unicellular organisms
belong to \ 9. Difference between virus and viro
(a) Monera (b) Protista id is
(c) Fungi ; (a) absence of protein coat in viroid
(d) Bacteria. . but
virus
2. The five kingdom classification was Present-
proposed by • (b) presence of low molecular weight
(a) R.H. Whittaker (b) C. Linnaeus RNA in .
(c) A. Roxberg absent in viroid
(d) Virchow. virus~
(c) both (a) and (b)
3. Organisms living in salty areas are
called as (d) none of the above.
(a) methanogens (b) halophiles
(c) heliophytes \ 10. With respect to the fungal sex
(d) thermoacidophiles. ual cycle, chaos
\ correct sequence of events.
4. Naked cytoplasm, multinuclea
ted and saprophytic are e\
) (a) Karyogamy, plasmogamy and mei
the characteristics of osis
(a) mon~rans \ (b) Meiosis, plasmogamy and karyoga
(b) protists my
: (c) Plasmogamy, karyogamy and mei
(c) fungi (d) slime moulds. osis
. (d) Meiosis, karyogamy and plasmogamy
5. An association between roots of high
is called er plants and fungi
\ 11 Viruses ar
1 _. e non-ce II ~ Iar organis· ms but replicate
(a) II.chen (b) f \ themselves once they infect the host cell.
(c) mycorrhiza (d) BGAem • th f II • k' d d • To which"'111
. \ e o owmg mg om o viruses belong
\ (a) Monera to? .
6. Adikaryon is formed when (b) Protista
(a) meiosis is arrested \ (c) Fungi (d) None of these
(b) the two haploid cells do not fuse
immediately \ 12. Members of Phy
{c) cytoplasm does not fuse comycetes are found in J
(d) none of the above. \ (i) aqu atic habitats
\ (ii) on decaying wood
1. •Contagium vivum fluidum was prop
osed by • (iii) moist and damp places
{a) 0. J. lvanowsky (b) M. W. Beijerinck • (iv) as obligate parasites on plants.
(c) Stanley (d) Robert Hooke, Choose from the following options.
8. Association between mycobiont
and phycobiont are \ (a) None of the above
found in
\ (b) (i) and (iv)
(a) mycorrhiza (b) root \ (c) (ii) and (iii)
(c) lichens (d) BGA. \ (d) All of the above
 Exam s Gt)re r
-
• •rs exclusively designed for NEH I C
• section
Tl118
uEr·,-B
.. . ..
oard - ·- s.
- exam
_

in
• - f • the various spores are produced
~:•~ J c □ rner .
1-[~ :~ :i:i~~ns;r:Ct:r~t~alled fruiting bodies.
. ns may have silica shells on their
Directions : In the followin a stat eme nt of . 1O. Ass ertio n : Spo rozo a
assertion is folio 9 questions,
correct choice as~ ed by a Hat ement of reason. Mark the surface. Sporozoans are endoparas,·tes• •
::. Reason,.
true and reason ls wn as
•on ., Phycomycetes are commonly kno
th
(a) If bo assertion and reason are Ass erti
the correct explanation of asse rtion 11.
'
(b) If b0th
assertion and reason are true but reas
on is sac-fungi~ I Phycomycetes, zoo spores or aplanospores
th
not e correct explanation of assertion
. Reason • n endogenously ,n sporang,·um • •
: duced
.
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false imperfecti.
false but reas on Is true . ./ are pr;. n . Deuteromycetes is known as fungi
(d) If ~ssertion is . :. the asexual phase is
12. Asser ,o I~ Deuteromycetes, only
1 tion was insufficient. i Reason :
• Assertion : Two kingdom classifica • known. dum.
s did not tali into eith er / . . Pasteur coined Contagium Vivum F/ui
Reason : Majority of orga nism 13 • Asser1•~nM.W BeiJ·erinck found that virus infected plant
dom clas sific ation . / h
of the categories in two king : Reason . can • ·
e infe ctio n
.
rn hea1t YP1ant.
, of toba cco caus
to survive i~ ha~sh /
2. • Assertion : Archaebacteria are able •• • 1 · ·t
habitats • - s is an obli
: Viru. host specific. gate para s, e.
! 14 Assertion
• tidoglyca n
•
m cell wall
•
help ~ • . v·
Reason : Presence of pep •,n extreme cond't·
1
/. .._ Reason . rrus
Is . b'
h b • to surv•
ive I ions.
arc ae acte na ob1ont and phypred co iont are
• i 15 Assertion : asso In lichens, mycwhic h algae is ominant
• gut of , • -b' t· lly ciate d in
ns are pres ent m the 1 sym ,ca
on •: Methan • oge : 10
3. Asserti I a
1
s. . • . 1 _ _and fungi is a subordinate partner.
severa ruminant anrm us provides
ns ~~Ip rn the prod uc~_ ion of / Reason : The alga provides food and fung
Reason : Met han oge er for alga.
m~n ts. she lter and absorb mineral nutrients and wat
methane from _dung of rum
nthetic autotrophs.
4. Assertion: Cyanobacteria are photosy
Reason : Cyanobacteria have chlorophyll
to green plants.
aand bsimil~r
• [fflti:lih~i4•1Questions .. -
d the given passages and ans wer the following
auto trop hic bac teria Rea
5. Assertion : Chemosynthetic qu~stions._
•
oxidise various inorganic substance~.
s cell wall and
Reason : Energy released during oxidation
is used in 0 Xis unique kingdom that possess chitinou
habitat. On
ATP production. , - shows a great diversity in morphology and
re form ation and
oge nic in anim als the basis of the mycelium, mode of spo
6. Assertion. ; Mycoplasma s are path classes P, Q,
fruiting bodies Xis further 9VJ.ided into four
mycelium. The
and plants.
surv ive Rand S. P has coenocytic antfaseptate
s lack cell wall and can es. Commonly
Reason : Mycoplasma , i
I sexual spores of Q are called ascospor
. Sexual phases
without oxygen.
I
forms of Rare mushrooms and puffballs
are indestructible. / are absent in S.
7. Assertion; Cell wall of Chrysophytes I
layer of I 1. Select the correct sequence of sexual cycle of 'X',
Reason : Cell wall of Chrysophytes have f spores.
magnesium pectate embedded In it. W- Meiosis in zygote results into haploid
/ amy.
8. Assertion : Euglena is called as plan
t animal. X - Fusion of protoplasm called plasmog
ther.
Reason : Pelli• cle of Euglena is made up
of cellulose /I Y- Two compatible haploid hyphae come toge
/ my.
and not protein. Z - Fusion of two nuclei called karyoga
➔ W➔ X
9. Assertion : Fusion of protoplasm betw
een two motile (a) Y➔ X ➔ Z ➔ W (b) Y➔ Z
➔ Y➔ Z
or non-motile gametes is called plasmogamy
. (b) X➔ Z ➔ y ➔ W (d) W➔ X
 m,-bG' Objective NCERT at y
38 .
our Fin
9e~·
2· Which ol the following group of X shows the f II h h
ol d1l.aryopha1t1 occurrence . (b) It consists two lage a w ic are equal 1
; (cl It occurs in freshwater habitats. • '~
(al Pand R (b) Rand s in i1e.
(d) It act as autotrophs in presence of light,
(c) Qand R (d) Pand S ; 9_ ,0, belongs to the group
3. The l01mation of asexual and sexual spores
of Qare respectively in members ; (a) amoeboid
: (b) ciliated
(c) sporozoans (d) flagellated.
(al both endogenously
\ _ Select the correct statem_ent for organism
(bl endogenously and exogenously 10 'A'.
(cl nogenously and endogenously \ (al The cell wall has chitin.
: (b) It releases toxins that may even kill• othe 111
(d) both exogenously. r •
\ animals such as fishes.
~. An example of Ris ari~
\ (c) It consists sing le flage lla. •
<al truffles (bl Usli/ago
(c) Rhizopus \ (d) It is afreshwater organism
(dl morels. j f) Xare non-cellulaf nucleoproteinparticle
5. The given figure shows the member of class that have i
\ crystalline struc ture, out~ i~e. the
! are not considered truly living henc living cell. Since~
e could not find~
\ plaie in classification:_ Ywas discovered by T.O.
Die~
I that caused potato spindle tuber disease.
l 11. Xcause the disease (b) herpes
i (a) smallpox
(d) all of these.
1 (c) mumps
(d) S. \' 12. Sele' ct the correct statement regarding
(c) R Y.
(b) Q . M b !
e (a) P
Given below shows the membe~ of Prot1sta.
ol Protista em ers ; ,
(a) It is smaller than X. ,
I k
• are primarily
h ·aquaII tic. The • t
II Bmem
has ber Ahas
a prote rich !;
in stiff (b) Its
(c) It ac s prote
nucle m has
tC aod coa low
• molecular weig • ht
ce\lulos,c p1ates on t e1r ce wa ,
layer surrounding them, Cis sporophytic proti ;
lives as parasites. st and D \ (d) All of these •
j 13. Choose the correct statement rega •
ldentifythe given ligures (A-D) and answer the rding X.
questions. following ! (a) Xare obligate p.irasites.
\ (b) Xcould have both RNA
/ (c} The coat of Xis made uporofDNA .'
lipid.
i (d) The genetic material of Xis non-infectious.
i 14. Which of the following is found in the gen
etic material
l of Y? •
1 .(a} Bounded ds DNA (b) Free ss DNA
0
i (c) free RNA (d) Both (b} i!nd (c}
(B)
i 15. Who showed that Xcan be crystallised?
! (a) D.J. lvanowsky
I (c) T.O. Diener
(b) M.W. Beijerinck
(d) W.M. Stanley

I Hnffl~DmCorner
(C, (D) lblt section Inclu des Olympiads &Higher Order Thinkil19
6. Jd~r,uf1figure'('. iltllll questions.
•
.. -

-
•
- - j

(o) Gflnyoulai (b) Slime moulds · Whic h of th

1 the following statements is incorrect for e
{() Euglf'na (d) Plasmodium given figure 7
7. P.~d t,~~s refer as rapid multiplication of
organism
Ltlongmg to group repre$ented by
(a) 8 (b) C (c) A (d) D.
8· Which o11ollo~ing is incorrect regarding '8'7
(a) The body 1s covered by pellicle.
(:)) It is aphotosynthetic autotroph. • •
( It can fix atmospheric nitrogen.
Biology l Biological Classification 39

(c) It :0 ' ~,s symbiotic association with Anthoceros, (c} Deutero Zygomyceres Astomycetes Basid,o-
Tnfohum roots and Gunnera stems myc.etes mycetes
{d) !t i~ highly pollution resistant a~d acts as an (d) Zygomycetes Basidio- Ascomycetes Deutero-
mycetes mycetes
indicator of water pollution.
2• On th.e basis of inputs given, one can put the given ). The diagram shows the structure of a fungal cell with
organism, i~ which of the following kingdom? (as per different parts labelled as A, B, C and D. Which of the
understandings of Linnaeus) following statements are true with regard to the fungal
(A) Cell type-Eukaryotic cell structure?
-:::?"~ ~--A
(B) Cell wall-Present (without cellulose)
(C) Nuclear membrane-Present --s
,.,----c
(D) Body organisation-Multicellular/loose tissue
(E) Mode of nutrition-Heterotrophic (Saprophytic/ D
Parasitic)
(a) Plantae (b) Fungi
(c) Animalia (d) Protista
(i) A contains mucopolysaccharides which are also
3. For given members, how many are representative :
of group where fruiting bodies possess exogenously 1 present in exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans.
produce meiospores? (ii) Dare usually more than one in number in case of
aseptate hyphae.
Colletotrichum, Amanita, Neurospora, Trichoderma, (iii) Carotenes and xanthophylls are present in C, which
Ustilago, Aspergillus, Claviceps, Puccinia, Rhizopus, Albugo harvest light energy for photosynthesis.
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 4 (d) 3 (iv) Bis the reserve food material, usually stored in the
4. Observe the classification table given below. Fill in the form of starch and oil.
boxes (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) with appropriate words and (a) (i) and (ii) (b) (iii) and (iv)
select the correct option. (c) (i), (ii) and (iv) (d) (ii), (iii) and (iv)
Kingdom Fungi
6. Refer to the given structure of a prokaryotic cell and
Sexual reproduction Sexual reproduction select the correct statement regarding it.
not known known Qp

ob Mycelium aseptate Mycelium septate

Eumycota
R

Phycomycota
(Lower or algal fungi) (Higher fungi)
I I
I I I
Oogamous Conjugation Sac Club
fungi fungi fungi fungi
(a) Pis a layer of non-cellulosic polysaccharides.
00 I (iii) I ~ (b) Q is double layered in Gram +ve bacteria whereas
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) it is single layered in Gram -ve bacteria.
(a) Ascomycetes Basidio- Zygomycetes Deutero- (c) R is an impermeable covering that restricts entry
mycetes mycetes and exit of molecules into and out of the cell.
(b) Zygomycetes Oomycetes Basidio- Ascomycetes (d) Scould be tubular outgrowths that are involved in
mycetes locomotion only.
p

l
m Archiv-e
• sec t',on •rnc 1udes prev·ious years' PMTs questions -based on
1•111s -
NCERT core co t--
----~

,. Given below are two statements: (b) They have free R~A witho~t protein coat
/ (c) They have DNA with protein coat. •
~ · .,t 1: Mycoplasma can pass through less than
1 micron filter size. i (d) They have free DNA without protein c
• d'ff f b oat. (N££ry
S th .•~rt
h f
,I : Mycoplasma are bacteria with cell
h
wall.t ./ 7. Archaebactena I er rom eu acteria in
1n e 119 t o the above statements, choose t e mos ! (a) cell membrane structure
appropriate answer from the options given below. / (b) mode of nutrition
(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct i (c) cell shape
d •
(b) Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect !
(AIPA
(d) mode of repro uct,on.
~
(c) Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect /
g st atemen ts is incorrec t)
(d) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct j 8. Which of the followin
(NEET) :/ (a) Prions consist of ab.norm ally folded protei~s
(b) Viroids lack a protein coat. •
/ (c) Viruses are obligate parasite s.
2. Which of the following statements is correct?
(a) Some of the organisms can fix atmospheric nitrogen / (d) Infective constituent in viruses is the protein coat
! • (NEE7J
in specialised cells called sheath cells.
(b) Fusion of two cells is called karyogamy. / 9. Match column I with column II.
Column I Column II
(c) Fusion of protoplasms between two motile or non- /
motile gametes is called plasrnogamy. ! A. Saprophyte (i) Symbiotic association of fung(
(d) Organisms that depend on living plants are called i with plant roots
saproph ytes. (NEET) B. Parasite (ii) Decomposition of dead orgarnci
materials
3. Match the organisms in column I with habitats in column II.
Column II C. Lichens (iii) Living on living plants or
Column I /
animals
(i) Hot springs
D. Mycorrhiza (iv) Symbiotic association of algae/
B. Thermoaddophiles (ii) Aquatic environment and fungi i
c: !Methanog-en-s---(ii -i)--G-ut-so-f-ru-rn-in-a-nt-s- - - 1
Choose the correct answer from the options given below.
D Cyanoba cteria L -
(iv) Salty area
_.___ _ _ _ _ __,
!
: A B C D
, - -
Select the correct answer from the options given below. / (a) (ii) (iii) (iv} (i)
{a) A-{iv), 8-{i), (-(iii), D-(ii) / (b} (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
(c} (iii) (ii) (i) (iv)
{b) A-(i), 6-(ii), C-(iii), D-(iv) /
(d) (ii) (i) (iii) (iv) (NEE1)
(c) A-(iii), B-(iv), C•(ii), D-(i) /
nts (i-iv)
(d) A-(ii), B-(iv), C-(iii), D-(i} (NEET) ! 10. Select the correct combination of the stateme
regarding the characteristics of certain organisms.
g are found in extreme saline /
4. Which of the followin (i) Methanogens are archaebacteria which produce
conditio ns? !
I methane in marshy areas.
(a) Eubacteria (b) Cyanoba cteria / (ii) Nostoc is a filamentous blue-green alga which
(c) fAycobacteria (d} Archaebacteria (NEET) j fixes atmospheric nitrogen. . I
phic bacteria synthesis e i
5. Which among ~he following are the smallest living ! (iii) Chemosynthet ic autotro
cellulose from glucose.
cells, known w1tho~t a definite cell wall, pathogenic ! (iv) Mycoplasma lack a cell wall and can survive
to plant$ as well as animals and can survive without oxygen 7 I without oxygen.
(a) Pseudomonas (b} Mycoplasma
The correct statements are
(c) Nostoc (d} Bacillus (NEET)
(a) (ii) and (iii) (b) (i),(ii) and (iii)
6. Which of the following is correct about viroids? (c) (ii), (iii) and (iv) (d) (i), (ii) and (iv). ,. 111
(a) They have RNA with protein coat. {A/fJVJI/
Biology I Biological Classificdtion 41
follo • I . (c) Cyanobacteria
11. Which of the 1
(a) C b . wrng s a correct statement7 nisms ,· (d) Euglenoids (NEET)
tan?,. adctena are agroup of autotrophlc orga .
cass, ,e under Kingdom Monera f f4. Ciliates differ from all other protozoans
in
(b) Bacteria are exclusively het 1 •hi ; (a) using flagella for loco motion
(c) Slime moulds are saprophyt!ro rop .corgafnlsmfls.d I . ·1 excess
. 1c organisms c assl e I (b) having a contract, e vacuole for removing
under Krngdom Monera .. .
(d} Mycoplasma have DNA,. Ribosome and celf
waif l water
unng prey
(NEET} / (c) usi~ g pseu dopodia for ca~t
nuclei. (NE£7)
. . l (d) having two types of
12. Which one. of th e fo11owing 1s not a plant like protist7
,d (b) Oinoflagellate I 15. Select the wrong statement. ble.
(a) D~sm (a) The walls of diatoms are easily destructi
(c) Diatom (d) Slime mould ed by the cell walls
(b) 'Diatomaceous earth' is form
(MH CET)
13 • Which of the following organisms are known as chief (c)
!
0 diatoms. . .
Diatoms are chief producers ,n the oceans.
producers in the oceans? ively in
s • f (d) Diatoms are microscopic and float pass
(a} Oino flage llate (NEET)
i water.
(b) Diatoms !

.. ( ANSWER KEY J·.· ••

I
MCQs Corner (a) 14. (b) 15. (d)
(a) 9. (d) 10. (a) 11. (a) 12. (d) 13.
1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (b) 7. (cf) 8. (a) 29. (a) 30. (b)
(b) 24. (d) 25. (c) • 26. (d) 27. (a) 28.
16. (a) 17. (d) 18. (a) 19. (a) 20. (c) 21. (b) 22. (b) 23. (a) 44. (d) 45. (d)
(d) 39. (a) 40. (a) 41. (b) 42. (a) 43.
31. (b) 32. (d) 33. (c) 34. (cf) 35. (b) 36, (a) 37. (d) 38. (d) 59. (b) 60. (b)
(c) 54: (c) 55. (c) 56. (b) 57. (c) 58.
46. (d) 47. (d) 48. (c) 49. (c) 50. (c) 51. (c) 52. (d) 53. (c) 74. (a) 75. (c)
(a) 69. (b) 70. (d) . 71. (b) 72. (b) 73.
61. (a) 62. (b) 63. (a) 64, (a) 65, (d) 66. (d 67. (cJ 68. (d) 89. (c) 90. (d)
(a) 84. (b) 85. (c) 86. (a). 87. (b) 88.
76. (d) 77. (a) 78. (d 79, (d) 80, Cd) 81.. (c) 82. (b) 83,
(c) 99, (a) 1~0.(c) .
. 91. (a) 92. (d) 93. (c) N. CcJ 95. (cJ 9&, (b) 97. (di 98,

NCERT Exemplar Problem, (d)

7, (b)\,& (c) 9. (a) . 10. (c) 11. (d) 12.
1. (b) 2, (a) J. (b} 4. (d) 5, (cJ f, (b)
Exam Scor•r
A&RComer
(b) 10, (d) 11. (d) 12. (a) 13. (d)
14. (b) 15. (d)
1. C,) 2, (c) ,. "'' 4,
Case Based Qwstlons
10. (b) 11. (d) 12. (d) 13. (a) 14. (c)
15. (d)
• t.' Ca) 2, CcJ J, C4
Thi.... .
1.

15
11. (a) 12. (d) 13. (b) 14. (d) • (a)
 Plant Kingdom

ag
NEET 3 Years' Weight 1

---
ns
alysis of Previou s Years' NEET Questio
NCERT Topicwise An No. of Question•
: ,;,. .-,, NCERT Topic 212J
. .,.., ...;,. 2 2020
3.1 Algae 27.27%
2020 27.27%
. 3.3 Pteridophytes 2

I .1.1 Algae
45.45%
3.2 Bryophytes
2021
3.3 Pteridophytes
3. 4 Gymnosperms 2
f
1

I 3.1 Algae
e Cycles and Altern
ation of
20 22 / J. 6 Plant lif
i Generations

predominant producers
of tit
• fntrodudion nthetic org an ism s co ns titu ting the
usandsi
s of multicellular, photosy o~prise of hundreds to tho
>_lliiJiifc,m •comprise n o_ccup y ot~ er ha ~it ats . Th e~ _c
been formulats
uatic, terrestrial or may eve ss1f1cat1on systems have
£ biosphere. They may be aq er of spe cie s, va rio us cla
this vast diversity and numb o 25 classes on basis of
number of stamens
different species. Owing to divide d Pla nt Kin gd om int
m .was wholly artificial, bas
ple, Linnaeus (1754) ed
from time to time. For exam e in a flo we r, etc . Lin na eu s' ~yste
d their presence or absenc
and Qrpels, their union an
on sexual characters of pla
nts.
the y were based on a few
characteristics. Also, *
ated sp ec ies sin ce we knot
parated the closely rel s is not acceptable since
• Artificial systems se and se xu al ch ara cte ris tics ; thi
l weightage to vegetative against this, natural cla
ssificatiol
artificial systems gave equa ted by en viron me nt. As
cters are more easily affec es, but all
that often the vegetative chara co ns ide r, no t only the external featur
flowering par,
org an ism s an d
~ystems were ba~ed on
natural affinities among the ch em istr y. Such a classification for
olo gy an d ph yto
tructure, anatomy, embry
mtem~I features, l1r.e ultras n Hooker.
by Ge or ge Be ntham and Joseph Dalto various organis'
wa s g,ven
se d on ev olu tio na ry rel ationships between the
ba
> At present phylo~ene
tic classification systems g to the same taxa h r. •
es that organ ism s belongin ave a common ancesto
acce ptable. Th is ass um . . . an er og am ae,
are
nt kingd om is cla ssified based on h I d mt er-relat1 on sh 1p s Int o Cryptogamae and Ph
,. Pla P Yogeny an . ..
t . ble ch arade
+ • Numerical taxonomy is no
Number and codes are assig
w easily carried
ned to all tho u :si
e
ng
ara
co
cte
mp
rs. an
ute
d
rs
the
an d is based on all observa
data are then processed.
In this_ way
d a: t~ .
character is given equal Impo
rtance an
me time hu ndred s of characters can be considered
•
rut11/ogl . , . sa
• Cytotaxonomy Is based on --,- ca1m,ormat1on like chromosome number, structure, behaviour.
chemical co n nfusions and
• Chemotaxonomy uses the . ns ' ue nts ~f the plant to resolve co
taxonomists these days.
Biology I Plant Kmgdom 43

DI ~lgae
General Characteristics
th
> Algae are chlorophyllous, simple thalloid, autotrophic and largely aqu~tic (bo fresh water and marine) organisms. Th
also occur in a variety of other terrestrial habitats like moist stoneS, soils
'hf
and wood. Some algae also occur in symb·
·s I
J
IOllC
association. lichen is good example of symbiotic association of aIgae wit ungi. ome a gae may also occur in assoeiat'10n
.h
wit animals (e.g., on sloth bear).
\
-1- ) Algae of unusual habitats are as follows: . .
J - Halophytic algae . Occur in saline sea water and salt lakes and can withstand high concentration of salts.
e.g., Ch/amydomonas ehrenbergii, Stephnoptera.
- Epiphytic algae - Grow on larger algae, bryophytes and angiosper~S, e.g•., Oedogonium and Microspora are
found attached to larger species of Vaucheria, Cladophora and Rh1zoclomum.
- Epizoic algae . Grow on animals such as snails, fishes and tortoise, e.g., Cladophora crispata (epizoic on snail
shell).
- Endozoic algae . Occur in tissues of animals, e.g., Zoochlorella occur within the bodies of various freshwater
protozoans and invertebrates.
- Parasitic algae - Grow as parasites on many plants and animals, e.g., Cephaleuros virescens causes red rust
in tea and coffee plantations.
- Thermophyte$ . Occur in hot water springs (50-70°C temperature) as are able to survive high temperatures
due to absence of well organised nucleus, e.g., Oscillatoria brevis.

> The form and size of algae is highly variable. Algae shows microscopic, unicellular forms like Chlamydomonas. Ch/ore/la
and Spirulina are non-motile and Ch/amydomonas is motile. Some algae also show colonial forms like Vo/voxwhile some
algae show filamentous forms like Ulothrix and Spirogyra. Some brown algae are very large. They are called trees of seas
or kelps. These marine forms massive plant bodies.
► The vegetative structure of algae is called thallus. The algal cell wall consists of two layers- (i) Inner
layer made up of
cellulose and (ii) Outer layer made up of pectin.
► The algae consist of various types of photosynthetic pigments. Chlorophyll ais present in all groups of
algae. The accessory
s
pigments present in algae are chlorophyll b, chlorophyll c and d, carotenes, xanthophylls and phycobilins. Carotenoid
are of two types - (i) Carotenes - Orange coloured (ii) Xanthophylls -Yellow coloured. _Phycobilins are also of two types•
(i) Phycocyanins (ii) Phycoerythrins. The reserve food material in algae is in the form of (i) Starch, (ii) Laminarin starch,
(iii) Mannitol and (iv) Floridean starch.
► The algae reproduce by vegetative, asexual and sexual methods. Vegetative reproduction is by fragment
ation. Each
fragment develops into a thallus. Asexual reproduction is by the production of different types of spores. Zoospores are
the most common asexual spores produced by algae. Zoospores are flagellated and hence motile. They on germination give
rise to new plants. Sexual reproduction takes place through fusion of two gametes. It may occur by isogamy, anisogamy
or oogamy.

Sexual Reproduction

lsogamy Anisogamy
► If both male and female gametes are ► Fusion of two gametes dissimilar in size is ►
morphologically and physiologically similar. termed as anisogamous.
then it is called isogamy. '
> Here one gamete is larger and termed as
> Here gametes may be flagellated or non• macrogamete or female gamete. While
~.
another gamete is smaller and termed as
microgamete or male gamete.
44 ~-be- Objective NCERT at
You, F·
"
C,o ss'f• •
, rcnhon of Atgl"'c . . .
• Based Hpon phyl ogeny, af fm1t1es and interrelationships algae is classifie d ,nto vanous classesI by Dr• F• E. ,
• 'd d • h rft~
HO\\·rver. according t O \~,h·ittar..er •
classificatio
'
n algae are
•
mainly d1v1 e into t ree c asses: Ch/ r~
v
1
s system of o
Ph '
aeoph}'Ct>ae and Rhodophyceae.
ses of algae
Table : Characteristics of different clas
---· --- -
Reserve Reproduction
Clanes Structure Occurrence Major t 11 etat,ve
pigments
1--. 1
,uuu .eg
'
Asexual
material
Chi. a and b, - True starch Frag mentation Zoospores I
Chlorophy~e;e , U~i cett llia~ colo ni~I, -,M~ ~iy fr;s h--
d ,. • to
, alga e) 'c b" I f I ntou s, 1 wate r, a few carotene s and an sugar or ,,ss,on
,(Gree . ~en o ,a , 1 ame
1
l /marine. A xanthophyll.
1e.g
., Sptrogyra 1,;iphonaceous Cell wal
ency
Ulothri). cellulos1c and pectK /marked tend
Motile cells with 2-4 towa rds
equal flag ella . terre strial

•·-· - - - L _ _ _ _ _ nch ed, filam ento us

lhabitat.
Mos tly mar ine Chi. aand c, Laminarin, Fragmen
tation Zoospores, lsoga
,Phaeophyceae ,Bra fucoxanthin, mannitol or aplanos- to
,(Br own alga e) or pare nch yma tous adv entitiou s pore s, etc. oogaRIOlg
I flavo xanthin,
istruaure, cell wall •
I
;e.g., Fucus, branching
of cellulose , ~-carotenes.
.Sargassum com pos ed
;alginic and fuc.inic
:acids, motile cells with
1
2 lateral flagella.
Mos tly mar ine Chi. a and d, Floridean Fragmentation Mono- Advanced
Rhodophyceae ;uni cellular , ch spo res, oogamous
us or phycoerythrins, star
;(Re d alga e) filam ento carp o- type
1
ymatous, phycocyanin,
.e.g., Polysiphonia, pseudoparench allophycocyanin, spo_res,
cell wal l cellu losic and
Porphyra carotenoids. etc.
: ~ peaic, motile cells
;not known, pyrenoids
,simple or compound,
:embedded sometimes
I
•stalked.

Daughter colony Frond

~f la ge lla

Piirfm colony Stipe

Holdfast
Volvox Chl8lnydomonas Ulothrix Laminana

>~ Air bladder

,.
fr0t1d
l,Mrlb ,,...,,.._ Main axis

,,•.,., ,.-- Branches

Holdfa~t .
Stipe '
Fucu,
"'~ Porphyra •
~.
Fig.: Green (Vd.-o.r, Ch/amyrJon,on,., '"" Fucus n,;.,._,,_, nd ~
v""'" IAI, Brown (Lam/naria
I ,.,,.,.IUfll/a ~-'~~

-- --
 - · - s q A G i l • ~ • ♦.
µ ; aw 4

~,ol0gy I rt.mt A:mgdom 45

Economic lmpononco of Algae of proteins

Porphyra, Laminaria, Sargassum, etc., Ch/ore/fa is rich source
► Food : Cc1tain algae are used as food, e.g.,
'
hence us£'d as food supplement. .
for re . t,on
esis on ear th is carried out by algae. They are essential sprra
► rhotosynthesis •• Nearly 50% of total photosynth
of aquatic life. etc., is used in
ophyceae such as Laminar/a, Macrocy lis, Fucus,
5
► Alginic acid : A phycocolloid obtained from Pha~
rity glass. ..
stabilising emulsions, flameproof plastics and secu nd asolidifying
red algae such as Gefid,um a Graci/aria is used as
► Agar-agar : Aphycocolloid extracted from species of
agent in culture medium. agent
red algae Chon drus crispus and issued as pharmaceutical emulsifier, cleaning
► Carragee nan : Obta ined from
and in textile, leather and brewing industries. • phyflum have
idne s : Red algae Cora llina is capable of curin g wor_m infe~i~n~. Brown algae Laminaria and Asco
> Mtd algae Ch/ore/la
properties. Ant1b1ot1cs are also extracted from green
antibiotic properties while Durvillea has vermifuge
and Caulerpa. oxidation
: Gree n algae like Chlamydo mona s, Ch/ore/fa, Scenedesmus are components of sewage
► Sewage disp osal
sewage by decomposers•
tanks which provide aerobic conditions for dispo .. sal of
+ }.•
'.. J
Study of algae is called phycology.
Algae are non-embryophytes, ;.,., they do not produ
ce embryo and have unicellular non jacketed sex organ
s.
phycean alga, commonly called frog spawn alga.
• Batrachospermum is a fresh water filamentous rhodo
on name Devil's Apron.
• Some species of Laminaria are referr~d to by comm
• Mactocystis pyrifera is the largest of all algae. d
d fucosan vesicles (contain aphenolic chemical name
• Some brown algal cells possess retractile vesicles calle
. •
fucosan). •
ents shine like silk due to presence of mucilage.
• Spirogyra is commonly known as pond silk as its filam

1B Bryophytes
General Characteristics dependent
Bryophytes are also called amphibians of the plan
t kingdom because these plants can live in soil but are
► an impo rtant role
in damp, humid and shaded localities. They play
on water for sexual reproduction. They usually occur
in plant succession on bare rocks/soil. or erect, and
plant body of bryop hytes is more differentia ted than that of algae. It is thallus-like and prostrate
> The es. They
lar rhizoids. They lack true roots, stem or leav
attached to the substratum by unicellular or multicellu It produ ces
posse ss root-like, leaf-like or stem-like structures . The main plant body of the bryophyte is haploid.
may is called
s in bryophytes are multicellular. The male sex organ
gametes, hence is called gametophyte. The sex organ is flask- shaped
female sex organ is called archegonium and
antheridium. It produces biflagellate antherozoids. The gonium.
sed into water where they come in contact with arche
and produces a single egg. The antherozoids are relea on imme diately. It
te. Zygote does not undergo reduction divisi
An antherozoid fuses with the egg to produce the zygo synthetic
sporophyte Is not free-living but is attached to the photo
produces amulticellular body called sporophyte. The division (meio sis) to
cells of the sporophyte undergo reduction
gametophyte and derives nourishment from It. Some
ce gametophyte.
produce haploid spores. These spores germinate to produ
Types of Bryophytes
liverworts
ban_ks
. The liverworts grow usually in moist, shady habitats_liketh
► These 111 also called 85 hepltlcopsld1 or hepatlcae ort 15 alloid,
deep in the woods. The plant body of a liverw
of str•ams, marshy ground, damp soil, bark of trees and
 ~t,G- Objective NCERT at your Fi
ngertips

e g., Marchant,a The thallus is dorsiventral and closely appressed to the substratum. The leafy members have
tiny leaf-like
arirrndagcs in two tcws on the ~tem-1,i.e structures.
of
~ Asexu~I reproduction in liverwor1s tates place by fragmentation of thalli. 11. may also occur by the formation
They develop
~rec1al1sed ~tructurcs called gemmae (sing. gemma). Gemrnae are green, multrcellular, asexual buds.
detached from the parent body and
m ~mall rrceptacles called gemma cups located on the thalli. The gernmae get
germinate to form new individuals.
The
~ Durmg sexual reproduction male and female sex organs are produced either on the same or on different thalli.
are pro~uced within the capsule
sporophyte is diffNentiated i~to a foot seta and capsule. After meiosis, ~p~resMarchanfl a. •
. ' l' orts' e•g., R1cc1a'
Thcse ~pores germinate to form free-living gametophytes. rverw
Mosses
► These are also called Bryopsida or Musci. The predominant stage of the life cycle of ~ moss is the gametophYte.
develops
Gametophyte consists of two stages. The first stage is called as protonema stage. This protonema stage
directly from aspore. Protonema is acreeping, green, Antheridiophore
us stage. Archegoniophore
branche d and frequent ly filamento
► The second stage is the leafy stage. This leafy stage Gemma cup
develops from the secondary protonema as alateral
bud. They consist of upright, slender axes bearing
spirally arranged leaves. They are attached to the
(a) Rhizoids
soil through multicellular and branched rhizoids.
This stage bears the sex organs. Branches
► Vegetative reproduction in mosses is by fragmentation
Sporoph~• [
and budding in the secondary protonema. In sexual
reproduction, the sex organs antheridia and
archegonia are produced at the apex of the leafy
shoots. Aher fertilisation, the zygote develops into Gametoph}<e [
a sporophyte consisting of foot, seta and capsule.
The c.apsule contains spores. Spores are formed after (c)
meiosis. Common examples of mosses are Funaria, Fig.: Bryophytes : A liverwort - Marchantia (a) Female thallus (b) Male thallus,
Mosses - (c) Funaria (gametophyte and sporophyte) (d) Sphagnum (gametophyte)
Polytrichum and Sphagnum.
•2
Economic Importance of Bryophytes
I

;
Prevention of soil erosion
(
> Mosses form dense mats over the soil and prevent soil erosion by running water.·
I

Soil formation
I! > They ma~.e an important link in ecological succession on rocky areas by taking part in soil formation in rocky crevices,
formed by lichens. For example, growth of Sphagnum fills ponds and lakes with soil.
Water retention

► ~ome .bryoph~es or mosses can abso~b water such as Sphagnum which can retain or absorb 18-26
times water of
,ts weight._ This water retention capability is employed by gardeners to keep seedlings and cut plants
moist during
transportation and propagation.
Peat
plants
> Sphagnum often ~rows in acidic marshes where there is little decay. The dead parts of moss and other marshy
peat.
sl~wly_ get carbonised, compressed and fossilised over thousands of years to produce a dark spongy mass called
It is drred, c~mpressed and cut to form blocks. Peat is used as good manure to overcome soil alkalinity
and it increases
water retention as well as aeration of soil. , .
 47

Jf-) .• The ~tud) of br)ophytes 1s known as Bryology.

length, e.g, Dawsonia
V The tallest hryophytes may reach upto 70 cm in
• Potytnchum ,s known as hair cap moss
• Sphagnum '" also known as famine food

II] Pteridophytes
General Charaderistics inder~ fr.e-1
dophytes are used for medicinal purposes and as soil-b
The pteridophytes _include horsetails and ferns. Pteri s-
they are the first terrestrial plants to possess vascular tissue
► are also frequ ently grow n as ornamen tals. Evolutionarily,
well in sandy-soil
and phloem. The pteridophytes are foun d in cool, damp, shady places though some may flourish
xylem
conditions. leaves.
tes, the main plan t bod y is a spo roph yte which is differentiated into true root, stem and
► In pteridophy ophylls) or large
orga ns poss ess well-differentiated vascular tissues. The leaves in pteridophyta are small (micr
These ophylls. In some
ophy lls). To,e sporo phytes bear sp~rangia that are subtended by leaf-like appendages called spor
(maa The sporangia
called strobili or cones (Selaginella, Equisetum).
cases sporophylls may form distinct compact structures but multicellular
The spores germinate to give rise to inconspicuous,
produce spores by meiosis in spore mother cells.
hytes called prothallus.
free-living, mostly photosynthetic thalloid gametop
--S trob ilus

A~ ~-N od e
--ln tem ode
...,,. .;~~ -Bra nch

Fem SaMnia

Fig.: Some pteridophytes

ent and the
etop hytes requ ire cool, dam p, shad y place s to grow. Because of this specific restricted requirem
> These gam ical regions.
ytes is limited and restricted to narrow geograph
need of water for fertilisation, the spread of pteridoph ely.
ns called antheridia and archegonia, respectiv
The gametophytes bear male and female sex orga to the mouth of
the male gametes released from the antheridia,
> Water is required for transfer of antherozoids - ation of zygote.
gonium. Fusion of male gam ete with the egg present in the archegonium results in the form
a,che t phase of the
-differentiated sporophyte which is the dominan
Zygote thereafter produces a multicellular well
ldophytes.
ra
kinds; such plants are call~d homosporous. Gene
of the pteridophytes all the spores are of similar n
macro (large) and micro (small) spores, are know
and Salvlnla which produce two kinds of spores,
rise to female and male gametophytes,
megaspores and microspores germinate and give
:aDb1ftM in these plants are retained on
the parent sporophytes for variable periods.
etophytes. This event is a
ng embryos takes place within the female gam
an important step in evolution.