What is the physiologic event that follows stimulation of the Nm type cholinergic receptors?

 opening of inward sodium channels

Oxybutunin, Dicyclomine & Glycopyrrolate are clinically useful for which of the following conditions:

 Gastrointestinal hypermotility & urinary incontinence

Which of the following beta-blockers has the shortest duration of action (half-life = 10 minutes) making
its useful for administration as continuous IV infusion with rapid achievement of a steady state
conentration:

 Esmolol

Which of the following drugs primarily stimulates beta-1 recpetors:

 Dobutamine

Poisoning resulting from ingestion of high dose quarternary antimuscarinic agents can be managed with
which of the following agents:

 Neostigmine

Which of the following agents is classified as selective direct-acting beta-2 agonist:

 Albuterol

The preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system originate from which roots:

 throracolumbar roots

Guanfacine & Guanabenz are primarily agonists at what receptors?

 Presynaptic alpha-2

In synaptic nuerotransmission, which of the following ions plays a significant role in neurotransmitter
release:

 Calcium

A given adrenergic agent induces uterine relaxation & bronchial smooth muscle relaxation. These effects
can be attributed to:

 Beta-2 stimulation

What is the dominant adrenergic receptor in the heart?

 Beta-1

The activity of this drug is attributed to its metabolism which is a false neurotransmitter at the CNS:

 Methyldopa

Reserpine, an alkaloid from Rauwolfia, can lower the blood pressure & depress the CNS. What enzyme
or part of the bionsynthetic pathway is inhibited by Reserpine to bring about these effects?
  storage of catecholamines in the presynaptic vesicles

Which of the following beta-blockers is considered as cardio selective:

 Esmolol

What is the clinical use of the Dopamine-1 agonist Fenoldopam?

 acute treatment of hypertension

Trimethapan is expected to produce which of the following effects:

 hypotension

In comparison to other muscarinic agents, Scopolamine is expected to exert significant CNS effects due
to :

 its being tertiary amine

As an inotropic agent, Norepinephrine (Levophed) has been shown small clinical trials to be most useful
in which of the following conditions:

 Septic shock

Among diabetic patients using insulin or OHAs, why are beta-blockers used with special caution if not
totally avoided ?

 beta-blockers can mask hypoglycemic symptoms

A drug is currently being developed, whose maechanism of actionn is stimulation of the beta-3
receptors. In which condition will this drug have most likely usefulness:

 Obesity

Which of the following non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic neurotransmitters is invovled in the action of

 ATP

In terms of mechanism of action, which of the following drugs most closely resembles that of Clonidine:

 Methyldopa

What is the main final metabolic of Norepinephrine & Epinephrine which when abnormally evaluated is
often used as a marker for the disease Pheochromocytoma:

 3-Methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid

The primary mechanism of neurotransmitter release is accomplished by what process?

 exocytosis

Ambenonium, Neostigmine & Pyridostigmine are most commonly used for which of the following
conditions:
  myasthenia gravis

What is the most important mechanism of termination of effects of released Norepinephrine which is
the target of action of tricyclic antidepressants & cocaine?

 reuptake into the presynaptic terminal

What neurotransmitter is released by the preganglionic fibers as a response to sympathetic stimulation:

 acetylcholine

Which of the following substances exert a negative feedback control on tyrosine hydroxylase which
serves as the mechansim for moment-to-moment regulation of the rate of catecholamine synthesis:

 Norepinephrine

Ipratropium, Oxytropium & Tiotropium are antimuscarinic agents that are most useful as:

 relaxants of bronchial smooth muscles

Bethanecol is clinically used for which of the following conditions:

urinary retention in neurogenic bladder

Which of the following beta-blockers also has peripheral vasolidating effect similar to Prazosin:

 Labetalol

The effects of muscarinic receptor activation in tissues like the exocrine glands & the extravascular
smooth muscles have been linked with the generation of which second messenger molecule ?

 IP3

What is the dominant ganglionic receptor found in most sympathetic fibers?

 nicotinic

Rebound tachycardia & hypertension are expected complications of abrupt withdrawal of beta-blocker
therapy. Which of the following agents has the least likelihood of casuing rebound effects when
withdrawn?

 Acebutolol

Which of the following is an expected response to alpha-1 adrenoreceptor stimulation:

 gastrointestinal sphincter constriction

What is the mechanism of skeletal muscle paralysis produced by Succinylcholine?

 sustained depolarization of the motor end plate making it unresponsive to other impulses &
upon repolarization cannot easily be depolarized

Which of the following features characterizes the autonomic nervous system:

 presence of ganglia
Which of the following inotropic agents most useful for patients with actute heart failure complicated by
acute reduction in creatine clearance:

 Dopamine

What is the aminoacid precursor in the synthesis of catecholamines?

 tyrosine

Which of the following is correct regarding drug interactions with nondepolarizing neuromuscular
blockers(NMBs)

 Aminoglycosides increase the effects of nondepolarizing NMBs.

Which of the following findings is consistent with the skeletal muscle relaxant effect of Pancuronium &
Racuronium?

 Efffect is antagonized by neostigmine

A patient complains of muscle weakness after several doses of Salbutamol nebulization. This weakness
can be attributed to ___

 hypokalemia induced by Salbutamol therapy

Which of the following isan accepted indication for Epinephrine:

 local vasoconstrictor

In the adrenal medulla, Norepinephrine is converted to Epinephrine by the action of which enzyme:

 Phenylethylamine N-methyl transferase

Tacrine, Donepezil, Rivastigmine & Galantamine are indicated for which of the following conditions:

 Alzheimer's disease

Anaphylactoid reaction may be seen as a side effect with which of the following neuromusscular
blockers:

 Tubocurarine

Methylphenidate & dextroamphetamine are centrally acting sympathomimetics which have found use in
which of the following conditions:

 attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

In the bionsynthesis of Noipinephrine, what step is considered as rate-limiting?

 conversion of tyrosine to dihydroxyphenylalanine

What is the nuerotransmitter mainly released by postganglionic parasympathetic fibers?

 acetylcholine
Which of the following findings may be consistent to overdose of or accidental exposure to an
organiphosphate:

 Emesis