I. READING COMPREHENSION. Read the following text and choose the correct option A, B or C .

(5x4 = 20p)

For centuries, the common view of how domestication had occurred was that prehistoric people, realizing how useful it would be
to have captive herds of food animals, began capturing wild animals and breeding them. Over time, by allowing only animals with
"tame" characteristics to mate and produce offspring, human beings created animals that were less wild and more dependent upon
people. Eventually this process led to the domestic farm animals and pets that we know today, many of which would fare quite
badly in the wild, having lost their ancient survival skills and instincts.

Recent research suggests that this view of domestication is incomplete. Prehistoric human beings did capture and breed useful
wild animals, and those species became tamer over time (they generally changed physically, too, developing larger bodies and
smaller brains than their wild cousins). But specialists in animal behavior now think that domestication was not simply something
people did to animals - the animals played an active part in the process. Wolves and wild horses, for example, may have taken the
first steps in their own domestication by hanging around human settlements, feeding on people's garbage and crops and getting
used to human presence and activity. Individual animals that were not too nervous or fearful to live near people produced
offspring that also tolerated humans, making it easier for people to capture and tame them.

In this version, people succeeded in domesticating only animals that had already adapted easily to life around humans.
Domestication required an animal that was willing to become domestic. The process was more like a dance with two partners than
a triumph of humans over animals.

At first glance, the taming of cats seems to fit nicely into this new story of domestication. A traditional theory says that after
prehistoric people in the Near East and Egypt invented agriculture and started farming, rats and mice gathered to feast on their
stored grain. Wildcats, in turn, gathered at the same places to prey on the rats and mice. Over time, cats got used to people and
people got used to cats, until at some point cats were tame. New studies of wildcats, however, seem to call this theory into
question. Wildcats don't share hunting and feeding territories, and they don't live close to people or seek out human settlements as
food sources. Experts do not know whether wildcats were partners in their own domestication. They do know that long after
people had acquired domestic dogs, sheep, goats. cattle, and horses, they somehow acquired tame cats. By mating the least
aggressive cats with one another, they produced animals with increasingly tame qualities.

1. According to traditional theories of domestication, how were wild animals tamed?

(a) selective breeding (b) capturing only smaller animals (c) aggression and control

2. What is suggested in the new theory?

(a) that animals were less afraid than thought (b) hat wolves and horses were the first to be domesticated

(c) that animals had an active role in their domestication

3. Why is the word "dance" used in the 3rd paragraph?

(a) that animals and humans were close (b) there were two active partners

(c) that it was complex and not simple to understand

4. What probably attracted cats to human settlements?

(a) warmth (b)other cats (c) food

5. What characteristic of the cat causes a problem for the theory that cats were domesticated like wolves were?

(a) independence (b) greed (c)friendliness

II. A. Multiple choice cloze. Read the text below and choose the correct option A, B, C or D (10x1=10p)

Polar bears are in (1) ___________________ of dying out. (2) ___________________ some other endangered animals, it's not
hunters that are the problem, it's climate change. Since 1979, the ice cap at the Arctic Circle where polar bears live has (3)
___________________ in size by about 30 per cent. The temperature in the Arctic has slowly been (4) ___________________
and this is (5) ___________________ the sea ice to melt, endangering the polar bears' home. The polar bears' main (6)
___________________ of food are the different types of seal found in the Arctic. They catch them by waiting next to the air holes
the seals have (7) ___________________ in the ice. (8) ___________________ the bears are very strong swimmers, they could
never catch seals in the water. This means that the bears (9) ___________________ do rely on the ice to hunt. Polar bears also
need sea ice to travel. They can (10) ___________________ a huge territory and often swim from one part of the ice to another.
They have been able to swim up to 100km, but when there is less ice, they may have to swim further, and this can be fatal to the
bears.
 1. A threat B. warning C. risk D.. danger
2. A Unlike B. Compared [Link] D. Different
3. A reduced B. cut [Link] D. lost
4. A. lifting B. rising C. gaining D. advancing
5. A. creating B. turning C. causing D. resulting
6. A. origins B. means C. materials D. resources
7. A. placed B. made C. put D. set
8. A. Despite B. As C. Although D. Even
9. A. properly B. surely C. fully D. really
10. A. cover B. spread C, exten D. pass

II B. Complete the text with ONE word that fits into each gap.

Over the years, mountain biking (1) __________________ become an increasingly popular sport, as people become more and
more interested (2) ________________ keeping fit and doing activities (3) __________________ take them out of their homes. It
is not only an enjoyable way of improving (4) __________________ fitness, but (5) __________________ one of the most
satisfying ways to explore the countryside. However, it is important to follow a (6) __________________ simple rules, otherwise
you could endanger the environment and spoil other people's enjoyment. Other than motorways, cyclists (7)
__________________ not restricted to certain roads, but they must (8) __________________ attention to the type of path they are
on. Some paths are only designed for people who are (9) __________________ foot, so if you are cycling on these, be careful
(10) __________________ to endanger pedestrians. On any other path, you should still respect walkers and be careful when you
are passing horse riders.

II.C. Use the word in brackets to form a new word that fits into each blank (10x1p=10p)

1. The of the bank was inevitable. (CLOSE)

2. There was a lot of food left at the party because I __________________ the number of guests who would come.
(CALCULATE)

3. Her behaviour was __________________ and very rude. (CIVIL)

4. Indian food can be __________________ as hot and spicy. (CHARACTER)

5.. You should take the offer. It's an __________________ price for a two-week holiday in Spain. (BEAT)

6.. The __________________ of electricity was a milestone of modern history. (DISCOVER)

7. I'm responsible for taking care of you in your parents' __________________ (ABSENT).

8. There is a lack of __________________ in the articles she writes. They are all the same. (CREATE)

9. I asked the manager to __________________ a few points in the agreement before we came around to the signing. (CLEAR)

10..Police are examining the _____________________ of the boy next door. (APPEAR)

II.D KEY WORD TRANSFORMATIONS Complete the second sentence with TWO to FIVE words using the word given,
so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence(5x2p=10p)

1. My friend said, " You took my schoolbag away from me!" (ACCUSED)

My friend _________________________________ her schoolbag away from her.

2. Going home without saying goodbye wouldn't be right. (OUGHT)

I think we really _______________________________________ we leave.

3. This is the strangest music I have ever heard. (STRANGE)

I have ____________________________________ music before.

It was _________________________________ couldn't concentrate on his exam.

5. It's easy for the mayor to speak in public. (DIFFICULTY)

The mayor _________________________________ speaking in public.

III. WRITING - 30P

You have received this email from your English-speaking friend David.

From: David
Subject: touring holiday Some college friends of mine are visiting your area soon for a week’s touring holiday. They would
like to travel around and learn about your local area and its [Link] you tell me about some of the places they could visit?
What’s the best way to travel around – car, bike or coach?Thanks,
David
Write your email answering your friend s questions and giving relevant details. (30p)

BAREM

I. 1 A 2C 3B 4C 5A

II A(1) danger

(2) Unlike

(3) reduced

(4) rising

(5) causing

(6) sources

(7) made

(8) Although

(9) really

(10) cover
II.B. 1. has 2. in 3. tht/which 4. your 5. also 6. few 7. are 8. pay 9. on 10. Not

IIC. 1. closing/closure 2. miscalculated 3. uncivilized 4. characterised 5. unbeatable [Link] 7. absence 8. creativity 9.

II. D 1. accused me of taking

2. ought to say goodbye before

3. never heard such strange

4. so loud/noisy that he

5. has no difficulty