Multi-Level Record Abror Rahmatullayev

Test 1
A brief history of automata
An automaton is a machine, usually made to resemble a person or animal, that operates on its own,
once it has been started. Although few are constructed nowadays, they have a history stretching
back well over two thousand years. Several myths show that the ancient Greeks were interested in
the creation of automata. In one, Hephaestus, the god of all mechanical arts, was reputed to have
made two female statues of pure gold which assisted him and accompanied him wherever he went.
As well as giving automata a place in mythology, the Greeks almost certainly created some. These
were probably activated by levers and powered by human action, although there are descriptions of
steam and water being used as sources of power. Automata were sometimes intended as toys, or as
tools for demonstrating basic scientific principles.
Other ancient cultures, too, seem to have developed automata. In Egypt, Ctesibius experimented
with air pressure and pneumatic principles. One of his creations was a singing blackbird powered by
water. A Chinese text of the third century BC describes a life-size, human-shaped figure that could
walk rapidly, move its head up and down, sing and wink its eye. Much later, Arab engineers of the
ninth and thirteenth centuries wrote detailed treatises on how to build programmable musical
fountains, mechanical servants, and elaborate clocks. A ninth-century ruler in Baghdad had a silver
and gold tree with metal birds that sang. The art of creating automata developed considerably during
the fifteenth century, linked with improvements in dock making: the mechanisms of automata and
clocks had a great deal in common.
Some truly remarkable automata were produced at this time. Muller was reputed to have made an
artificial eagle which flew to greet the Emperor on his entry into Nuremberg, Germany, in 1470, then
returned to perch on top of a city gate and, by stretching its wings and bowing, saluted the emperor
on his arrival. Leonardo da Vinci made a lion in honour of the king of France, which advanced
towards him, stopped, opened its chest with a claw and pointed to the French coat of arms. Automata
were normally very expensive toys for the very rich. They were made for royal or aristocratic patrons,
to be viewed only by themselves and selected guests - who were expected to be impressed by their
wealth. Automata were also created for public show, however, and many appeared on clock towers,
such as the one in Bern, Switzerland, built in 1530.
During the eighteenth century, some watchmakers made automata to contribute to the progress of
medicine and the natural sciences, particularly to investigate the mechanical laws governing the
structure and movement of living things. Many of their creations simulated almost perfectly the
complex structure of human beings and animals. Maillardet made extensive use of gearing and cogs
to produce automata of horses, worked by turning a handle. Vaucanson produced a duck made of
gilded copper which ate, drank and quacked like a real duck. He also made a life-size female flute
player.
Air passes through the complex mechanism, causing the lips and fingers of the player to move
naturally on the flute, opening and closing holes on it. This automaton had a repertoire of twelve
tunes.
In another well-known piece, Merlin's silver swan made in 1773, the swan sits in a stream consisting
of glass rods where small silver fish are swimming. When the clockwork is wound, a music box plays
and the glass rods rotate, giving the impression of a flowing stream. The swan turns its head from
side to side. It soon notices the fish and bends down to catch and eat one, then raises its head to the
upright position. The mechanism still works. One of the most skilled makers of automata was the
Swiss watchmaker Jaquet-Droz. He produced three automata which, even today, are considered
Multi-Level Record Abror Rahmatullayev
wonders of science and mechanical engineering. One of these, The Writer, simulates a boy sitting at
a desk, dipping his pen into the ink and writing perfectly legibly. Another stunning creation of the
eighteenth century was the Mechanical Theatre in the grounds of Austria's Hellbrunn Palace, home of
the Archbishop of Salzburg. Designed by the miner Rosenegger, and completed in 1752, this depicts
the nobility's idea of a perfect society, with every class in its proper place. The figures inside a palace
depict eighteenth-century court life, while industrious activity is carried on in and around this building.
A total of 141 mobile and 52 immobile little figures demonstrate all manner of trades of the period:
building workers bring materials to the foreman, who drinks; butchers slaughter an ox; a barber
shaves a man. A dancing bear performs, guards march past the palace, a farmer pushes an old
woman in a wheelbarrow over the road. The theatre shows great skill in dock making and water
technology, consisting of hidden waterwheels, copper wiring and cogwheels. During the nineteenth
century, mass production techniques meant that automata could be made cheaply and easily, and
they became toys for children rather than an expensive adult amusement. Between 1860 and 1910,
small family businesses in Paris made thousands of clockwork automata and mechanical singing
birds and exported them around the world. However, the twentieth century saw traditional forms of
automata fall out of favour.

For questions 1-8, fill in the missing information in the numbered spaces. ONE WORD ONLY

Automata and the ancient Greeks

The ancient Greeks had a number of (1) __________________ concerning automata. According to
one, the god Hephaestus created two assistants made of gold. The Greeks probably also created
real automata; it seems most likely that the mechanism which controlled them consisted of
(2) __________________ which were worked by human operators. Some automata were designed
to be (3) __________________ with an educational purpose.
4. The Mechanical Theatre shows court life inside a __________________
5. In the Mechanical Theatre, building workers, butchers and a barber represent various
__________________ of the time.
6. __________________ provides the power that operates the Mechanical Theatre.
7. New __________________ that developed in the nineteenth century reduced the cost of the
production of automata.
8. During the nineteenth century, most automata were intended for use by __________________.
Multi-Level Record Abror Rahmatullayev

Test 2
BORDER CROSSING FOR COMMERCIAL VEHICLES
This Border Crossing Guide is designed for drivers and motor carriers operating commercial vehicles
at Michigan's international border crossings. This information will help you cross the border from the
US into Canada, and from Canada into the us.
Your first point of contact at the border consists of Primary Inspection. The best way to clear customs
at Primary Inspection is to make sure Customs gets information about your shipment before you set
off, using the Pre-Arrival Processing System (PAPS). When using this you need to provide
information about your shipment, and you also need to send proof of a current annual inspection for
your vehicle, tractor and trailer.
Before you arrive at the border, make sure you have all your paperwork up to date and ready to
present at Primary Inspection. You'll need a photo ID in addition to your birth certificate or passport.
Drivers must also turn on interior cab lights and open all interior drapes or blinds to sleeper areas for
easy inspection.
If all of your paperwork is in order and was processed ahead of time, you will be released at the
primary lane and this may be your only stop. If you are not a Canadian or US citizen, a visa is
obligatory and you will also be required to complete an 1-94 card. 1-94 cards are available only at
border crossings into the United States. Drivers who clear customs at Primary Inspection will be
instructed to report to Immigration to fill out the 1-94 card and receive verbal clearance from a US
official to proceed into the United States. The charge for the 1-94 card is $6.
If your paperwork is not in order, you will be directed to Secondary Inspection. When you get there,
look for the signs for Truck Inspection and follow these.
Multi-Level Record Abror Rahmatullayev
For questions 1-6, fill in the missing information in the numbered spaces. TWO WORDS

Procedure for border crossing

Before setting off
To speed up the border crossing, use PAPS.
For this, send your (1) __________________ details and current vehicle inspection documents.

Before arriving at the border

Check those documents such as (2) __________________ and birth certificate/passport are ready
for inspection.
Make sure the (3) __________________ are on inside the vehicle.
Check that the (4) __________________ in the vehicle can be easily seen.

At the border (Primary Inspection)

This may be the only stop if paperwork is in order.
Non US/Canadian citizens must have a visa, and go to the (5) __________________ area to
complete an 1-94 card (there is a small (6) __________________ for this) and to receive verbal
clearance.

At the border (Secondary Inspection)

If there is a problem with paperwork, you will be sent to Truck Inspection.
 Multi-Level Record Abror Rahmatullayev
TEST 3

Talc Powder
Agriculture and Food, in Europe, explains that chewing gums has four main components. "The most
important of them is the gum base," he says. "It's the gum base that puts the chew into chewing gum. It
binds all the ingredients together, creating a soft, smooth texture. To this the manufacturer the adds
sweeteners, softeners and flavourings. Our talc is used as a filler in the gum base. The amount varies
between, say, ten and 35 per cent, depending on the type of gum. Fruit flavoured chewing gum, for
example, is slightly acidic and would react with the calcium carbonate that the manufacturer might
otherwise use as a filler. Talc, on the other hand, makes an ideal filler because it's non-reactive chemically.
In the factory, talc is also used to dust the gum base pellets and to stop the chewing gum sticking during
the lamination and packing process," Delord adds.

The chewing gum business is, however, just one example of talc's use in the food sector. For the past 20
years or so, olive oil processors in Spain have been taking advantage of taic's unique characteristics to help
them boost the amount of oil they extract from crushed olives. According to Patrick Delord, talc is
especially useful for treating what he calls "difficult" olives. After the olives are harvested preferably early
in the morning because their taste is better if they are gathered in the cool of the day-they are taken to the
processing plant. There they are crushed and then stirred for 30-45 minutes. In the old days, the resulting
paste was passed through an olive press but nowadays it's more common to add water and centrifuge the
mixture to separate the water and oil from the solid matter. The oil and water are then allowed to settle so
that the olive oil layer can be decanted off and bottle. "Difficult" olives are those that are more reluctant
than the norm to yield up their full oll content. This may be attributable to the particular species of olive, or
to its water content and the time of year the olives are collected - at the beginning and the end of the
season their water content is often either too high or too low. These olives are easy to recognize because
they produce a lot of extra foam during the stirring process, a consequence of an excess of a fine sold that
acts as a natural emulsifier. The oil in this emulsion is lost when the water is disposed of. Not only that, if
the wastewater is disposed of directly into local fields - often the case in many smaller processing
operations - the emulsified oil may take some time to biodegrade and so be harmful to the environment.

"If you add between a half and two per cent of talc by weight during the stirring process, it absorbs the
natural emulsifier in the olives and so boosts the amount of oil you can extract," says Delord. "In addition,
talc's flat, 'platey' structure helps increase the size of the oil droplets liberated during stirring, which again
improves the yield. However, because talc is chemically inert, it doesn't affect the colour, taste, appearance
or composition of the resulting olive oil."

If the use of talc in olive oil processing and in chewing gum is long-established, new applications in the food
and agriculture industries are also constantly being by Luzenac. One such promising new market is fruit
crop protection, being pioneered in the US. Just like people, fruit can get sunburned. In fact, in very sunny
regions up to 45 per cent of a typical crop can be affected by heat stress and sunburn. However, in the
case of fruit, it's not so much the ultraviolet rays which harm the oop as the high surface temperature that
the sun's rays create

To combat this, farmers normally use either chemicals or spray a continuous She canopy of mist above the
fruit trees or bushes. The trouble is, this uses a lot of water-normally a precious commodity in hot, sunny
areas - and it is therefore expensive. What's more, the ground can quickly become waterlogged. "So our
dea was to coat the fruit with talc to protect it from the sun," says Greg Hunter, a marketing specialist who
has been with Luzenac for ten years. "But to do this. several technical challenges had first to be overcome.
Talc is very hydrophobic: it doesn't like water. So in order to have a viable product we needed a wettable
powder -something that would go readily into suspension so that is could be sprayed onto the fruit. It also
had to break the surface tension of the cutin (the natural waxy, waterproof layer on the fruit) and of
 Multi-Level Record Abror Rahmatullayev
course, it had to wash off easily when the fruit was harvested. No-one's going to want an apple that's
covered in talc."

For questions 1-6, fill in the missing information in the numbered spaces. ONE WORD ONLY

Spanish olive oil industry has been using talc in the oil extraction process for about (1)…………… years. It is
useful in dealing with difficult olives which often produce a high amount of (2) ……...... because of the high
content of solid materials. When smaller factories release waste (3)……………………... , it could be
(4)…………………. to the environment because it is hard to (5)………………….. and usually takes time as it
contains emulsified. However, talc power added in the process is able to absorb the emulsifier oil. It
improves the oil extraction production because with the aid of talc powder, size of oil (6)…………………….
increased.