/ - Its root directory.
/bin - basic programs available for all users.
/sbin - contains binary executables for root user only.
/dev - Contains device drivers.
/etc - Contains configuration files.
/lib - It contains shared library files.
/tmp - Temporary files which typically deleted on boot.
/usr/bin - It contains users binaries.
/usr/sbin - It contains root user binaries or system binaries.
/usr/share - It contains application support and data files
/home - User home directory.
~ - User default working directory.
There are many other directories also, but I only mentioned which we use mostly.
Basic Commands
cd - to change directory(usage: cd dirname)
ls - list files (usage: ls /home, ls)
ls -la -> to list files in details
pwd - print working directory(usage: pwd)
cat - print file content (usage: cat filename)
more - It also print file content (usage: more filename)
cp - to copy files (usage: cp file /dir/newname)
mv - to move files(mv file /dir/newname
mkdir - create directory(usage: - mkdir hacker)
rm - remove file(usage: rm hacker.txt)
rmdir - remove directory(usage: rmdir hacker)
touch - create blank file (usage: touch hacker.txt)
whereis - show to location of file (usage: whereis cat)
locate - find files by name ( usage: locate ping)
man - very useful system commands manual ( usage: man
There are many commands please have a look
Basic network commands and utilities
ping
arp
telnet
ifconfig
iptables
netstat
route
traceroute
ss
Use them one by one, read manual using ‘man’ command
Basic system commands and utilities
whomai
hostname
w
lslogin
sudo
dpkg
ps
users
crontab
less
more
apt
service
free
top
mem
grep
awk
find
lsof
last
kill
uname
watch
df
dd
Terminal
’$: specifies, you’re in user shell.’
’#: specifies, you’re in root.’
chown command
chown command changes the user and/or group ownership of for given file.
chown owner-user file
chown owner-user:owner-group file
chown owner-user:owner-group directory
chown options owner-user:owner-group file
chmod command
To change access permissions, change mode.
we can edit permissions using chmod command
$ chmod permissions file
There are three types of Linux users
owner
group
world
There are three types of permissions that Linux allows for each file.
read(4 or r)
write(2 or w)
execute(1 or x)
So, try wrapping your head around this!!
7 = 4+2+1 (read/write/execute)
6 = 4+2 (read/write)
5 = 4+1 (read/execute)
4 = 4 (read)
3 = 2+1 (write/execute)
2 = 2 (write)
1 = 1 (execute)
examples:-
chmod 777 hacker.sh
chmod 600 hacker.sh
Try it !!!
There are many more, have a look, and read manual using ‘man’ command on terminal.
And if you want a tool to help you simple use -h or –help, example ping -h.
