Jaigopal Garodia
Vivekananda Vidyalaya
STUDENT NAME: ANBHU SELVAN M
ROLL NO: 11203
CLASS / SEC: XI B
ACADEMIC YEAR: 2024-2025
PHYSICS INVESTIGATION PROJECT
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Physics Investigatory Project titled
‘FRICTION’ has been successfully completed by ANBHU
SELVAN M of class XI under the supervision and guidance of
Physics Teacher Mrs. KOKILA in partial fulfilment of
curriculum of Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE)
leading to the award of annual examination of the year 2024-
2025.
Internal examiner External examiner
Principal
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I hereby express my gratitude to my Principal mam Mrs.
Shylasree Vasunath and my Physics Teacher Mrs. Kokila for
their guidance throughout my studies. I also thank my
parents who supported me in all my endeavours. I also thank
my classmates who have equally worked hard to make my
project a Success. And last but not the least I thank the
almighty for everything that I have achieved till now.
content
1) WHAT IS FRICTION?
2) FACTORS AFFECTING FRICTION.
3) WHAT CAUSES FRICTION?
4) TYPES OF FRICTION.
5) APPLICATIONS OF FRICTION.
6) KINETIC FRICTION [K.F].
7) DIFFERENCE BTW K.F & S.F.
8) LAWS OF FRICTION.
9) MATERIALS REQUIRED.
10) THEORY.
11) PROCEDURE.
12) OBSERVATION.
13) RESULT.
14) BIBLIOGRAPHY.
TiTle
To study the relationship between force of limiting
friction and normal reaction and to find the co-
efficient of friction between a block and a
horizontal surface.
What is friction?
When a body slides or tends to slide on a
surface on which it is resting, a resisting force
opposing the motion is produced at contact
surface. This resisting force is called friction
Factors affecting friction
On the nature of two surfaces that are in
contact.
Friction is depended on smoothness or
roughness of two surfaces that are in
contact.
When the surface is smooth, the friction
between the two reduces as there is not
much interlocking between the objects.
When the surface is rough then the
friction increases.
On the force that is acting on these
surfaces.
The friction increases when the force is
applied along the irregularities.
Difference between rough and smooth
surfaces
What causes friction
Friction is caused due to the irregularities on
the two surfaces in contact.
So, when one object moves over the other
these irregularities on the surface get
entangled, giving rise to friction.
The more the roughness, the more the
irregularities and the more significant will be
the friction.
Types of friction
1) Static friction
2) Sliding friction
3) Rolling friction
Static friction:
Friction experienced by a body when it is
at rest is called static friction.
For instance, when we walk our feet in touch
with the floor. When we move our feet’s
backward motion causes exerts pressure on
the floor as the other foot progresses.
Sliding friction:
Friction experienced by a body when it
slides over another body is called sliding
friction.
Some examples: rubbing hands to create
heat. A child sliding down a slide in a
park.
Rolling friction:
The force resisting the motion of a
rolling body on a surface is known as
rollin
Applications of friction
If you take a look at our everyday
procedures, you will see that it is quite
essential in many of them. For example,
when you rub two objects together,
friction will result in the conversion of
some of the energy motion into heat.
Thus, when you rub sticks together, they
ultimately produce a fire. Let us take a
closer look at the other applications:
[Link] helps us to walk.
[Link] can write on paper or on boards
using pencil or chalk.
[Link] friction between the meteor and
the atmosphere heats it up and makes it burn
and shrink in size due to air resistance.
[Link] can fix a nail to the wall.
[Link] in vehicles are built on the
concept of friction.
[Link] for drawing water from wells
work with the help of friction.
7.A ladder against a wall.
[Link] is used for making fire by
rubbing wood on wood or stone on stone.
Kinetic friction
Friction is easily defined as the force that
holds back a sliding object. Kinetic friction is a
part of everything, and it interferes motion of
two or more objects. The force acts in the
opposite direction to the way an object wants
to slide. Ifa car has to stop, we apply brakes
and that is exactly where the friction comes
into play. While walking, when one wants to
suddenly come to a halt, friction is to thank
again. But when we have to stop in the
middle of a puddle, things get harder since
friction is less there and cannot aid one so
much.
Difference between kinetic
and static friction
Static friction Kinetic friction
Is present between two Is present between two
or more objects that or more objects that
are not moving with are in motion.
respect to each other.
The magnitude of static The magnitude of
friction is greater due to kinetic friction is less
greater value if due to low value of
coefficient. coefficient.
Fs=𝜇 s N Fk=𝜇k N
Laws of friction
There are five laws of friction and they are:
The friction of the moving object is
proportional and perpendicular to the
normal force.
The friction experienced by the object is
dependent on the nature of the surface it
is in contact with.
Friction is independent of the area of
contact as long as there is an area of
contact.
Kinetic friction is independent of velocity.
The coefficient of static friction is greater
than the coefficient of kinetic friction.
Materials required:
wooden block
50g or 20g weights
Horizontal plane fitted with a frictionless
pulley at one end.
Pan
Spring balance
Thread
Spirit level
Theory:
Sliding friction: it is the friction between
two surfaces of the bodies in sliding
motion.
Force of sliding friction: it is the least
force required to make a body start sliding
over a surface.
Force of friction, F∝R
F=𝜇R
When 𝜇=co-efficient of friction, R is the
normal reaction.
At equilibrium, F=P+p
R=W+w
Diagram:
Procedure:
1. Clean the horizontal table top and check the
pully to see pulley to see that it is frictionless.
2. Weigh the wooden block and put it on the
table top. Check horizontality of table top by
spirit level.
3. Tie one end of a thread with the hook of the
wooden block and pass it over the pulley.
4. Find the weight of the pan.
5. Tie other free end of a thread with the pan
and let the pan hang vertical.
6. Since the pan itself does not pull the block,
put some weights in the pan.
7. Tap the table top to make the block just slide.
8. Increase weights in pan little by little, till the
block just starts sliding on tapping the table
top.
9. Note the total weights put in the pan and
record them in observations table.
10. Put one 50g or 20g weight over the
wooden block and repeat steps 8 and 9.
11. Repeat steps 8,9,10, six times. Every time
increase weight by 50g or 20g.
12. Record the observations in tabular form as
given ahead.
Observations:
Weight of wooden block, W=80g wt
Weight of pan, P=10g wt.
[Link] Weights on Total Weight Total weight
wooden weight on pan (force)
block (w) (g being (p) (g pulling the
wt) pulled wt) block and
(W+w) (g weights
wt) (P+p) (g
=normal wt)
reaction =limiting
(R) (g wt) friction(F)
(g wt)
1. 0 80 50 60
2. 2 82 52 62
3. 4 8 54 64
4. 5 85 55 65
Result:
it is found that as the total weight pulled
increase, force of limiting friction also
increases. The increase is in direct proportion.
The graph shows that limiting friction F is
directly proportional to the normal reaction R.
It is an agreement with law of limiting friction.
The constant ratio F/R, is called coefficient of
friction (𝜇). It can be calculated by finding
slope of the graph.
In 𝛥ABC,
Slope of straight-line AB = tan𝜃=BC/AC
=F/R
=150-50/300-100
Or tan𝜃=F/R=100/200
=1/2=0.5 --(1)
But, F=𝜇R
F/R=𝜇 --(2)
From (1) & (2),
𝜇=tan𝜃=0.5
𝜇=0.5
Precautions:
1. The surface should be horizontal.
2. The part of thread between block and pulley
should be horizontal.
3. Weight in pan should be increased in small
steps and pan should not oscillate or rotate.
4. Table top should be tapped gently each time.
5. Pulley should be frictionless.
Sources of error:
1. The table top may not be horizontal.
2. The thread part between block and pulley may
not be horizontal.
3. Pulley may not be frictionless.
Bibliography
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
Class XI practical physics
