2. Supply the appropriate vol of light to prevent decrease j tage required for each source IN voltage due to eXCeSS Current consumption, 3. Perform the experiment in a dark room to Prevent the influence of other light sourc €s on the LDR. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. [Link] [Link]/articles/electronic components/resistors light- [Link] 2. htt, \dr-working principle-of-Idr 3. [Link] i Projects/Physics/[Link] 4. NCERT laboratory manual in Physics, class 12‘ixing the power and varying the 2 lamp-——— = z 4 8 a 32 3 —3 “4 1.65 2-——_— = oo ee. _ 20 25 30 as Distance of the LDR from the source b) Fixing the power and varying the distance of the lamp Current flowing through the cireuit Bama) 25 30 3s ance of the LDR from the source ied visually by plotting graphs: for the changes in current distance of the LDR from the light source The data has been studi and resistance while varying thea) Fixing distance and varying the power of the lamp Power of the light source (W) a) Fixing distance and varying the power of the lamp Power of the light source (W)OBSERVATIONS *) Fixing distance and varying the power of the lamp. Volt of circuit A=Voltage of circuit B=9V 1. Distance of the LOR from the source =5. em) So Power of the light | Current flowing through Resistance of the source (W) | thecincuit B(A) = LOR(KO) L 3.2 | os eee 091 2 3 | 695 182 3 1.65 i 9.88 88 fi, Distance of the LDR from the source =10 cm [Link] Power of the light source (W) 3.2 2 | 3 ame 165 ili, Distance of the LOR from the source =15 em | [Link] | Power of the light | Current flowing through | Resistance of the |__ source (W) the circuit B(A) LOR(kA) at 9.32 7 2 3.69, 3 9.60 iv. Distance of the LOR from the sourc | [Link] | Power of the light | Current flowing through | Resistance of the |__ source (W) “the circuit B(A) LORI) a 32 888 101 2 sme 3.08 L292 m3 | mn 9.37 i 0.96 The data has been studied visually by plotting graphs for the changes in current, «ind rouastance while varying the power of the lamp,b) Finding power and varying the distance of the lamp: | Place the two circuits such that both are parallel to each other Ji Foca lamp in the holder, Keep its circuit at some minimum distance from the second one ii, Note the resistance and current in the circult 0 for this given power of the bulb and its distance. Measure also the voltage In circuit 8 each time and make sure that it remains constant iv, Next, increase the distance uniformly (for each reading) and take different sets of readings for different distances. Note down each observation in the following table (b) v. For better analysis more bulbs can be tested. The current and resistance of the circuit B will vary according to the power of the bulb chosenPROCEDURE For both the experiments, two circuits are required - one for the LDR and the other for the source of light. Setting up the circuits: Select a suitable place for the bulb holder and set up the first circuit, around it. Connect a cell (or battery) of rating 6V or 12V with the holder and switch in series, using connecting wires. This is now circuit A. Then gather the LOR, multimeter (or ohm meter and ammeter), a key (or switch), and a battery of the same rating as the first. Make the second circuit by connecting these devices in series using conducting wires. This is now circuit B a) Fixing distance and varying the power of the lamp: i. Place the two circuits such that both are parallel to each other. Fix a distance between the lamp holder (in circuit A) and the LOR (in circuit 8) Measure this distance and note it down. ii, Select the incandescent bulb with the lowest rating, insert it into the holder and turn it on. In the circuit B, measure the resistance and current flowing through the circuit. Do measure the voltage also, to ensure that it remains constant. ii, Repeat the above step for bulbs of different power ratings while Keeping the distance fixed iv. Note down the observations in the following table (a). v. For better analysis various distances can be decided upon, and the power of the bulbs can be varied and tested for each distanceTHEORY When light is incident on an LOR a photon is absorbed and thereby it excites an electron from valence band into conduction band Due to such new electrons coming up in the conduction band area, the electrical resistance of the device decreases. Thus the LOR has resistance which the inverse function of radiation intensity, In general greater the intensity of light that falls on an LOR lesser it’s resistance and greater will be the current through it. However if the light source is placed far away from the LOR much of the light is scattered away in all directions, so very little light falls on the LOR and the current through it is reduced. USAGE OF LED’s IN THE PROJECT The project title involves the use of incandescent lamps of different power ratings in the experimental set up. However we are forced to use Light Emitting Diodes (LED) strips for the project. Reasons being incandescent bulbs are now out of date and bulbs for small DC circuits are not available. The few bulbs that are available consume too much current and do not show up steady values on the multimeter. The influence of such lamps on the LOR wears off after a few centimeters. After some experimentation it was established that LEDs consume much less electrical energy but glow with greater brightness. As its influence on the LOR is steady, measurements are much improved in terms of accuracy and the trend in values,MATERIALS REQUIRED 1. A Uaght Dependent Resistor (LOR) * The LOR is the light dependent device were interested in 2. Incandescent bulbs of different power ratings * They are the different sources of light for the LDR for our experiment (Due to the non-availability of incandescent lamps, we have used LEDs in this project) 3. Bulb holder * Itholds each incandescent bulb in place 4. Avoltage source (cell or battery) ‘* The source that sets the current going 5. A multimeter (An ohm meter and an ammeter can be used if multimeter is not available) ‘+ Amultimeter is a measuring instrument that can measure multiple electrical properties; in general it can measure voltage, resistance and current ‘+ An chm meter measures the resistance in the circuit * An ammeter measures the current flowing in the circuit. It has very low resistance in order to allow maximum current to pass through it 6. Metre scale ‘+ To measure the distances between the LDR and the bulbs 7. Connecting wires ‘+ Tocomplete the circuit connectionsThe materials used for their manufacture are -- ST semiconductors including materials such as Cdse, JNescsmmne Cas, Ce, InSb, InP,Pbs,PbSe, Ge, Is, GaAs. Each | STAT naterial gives different properties in terms of the f- wavelength of sensitivity Working of an LOR, LORS work based on the principle of photoconductivity The latter is an optical phenomenon in which the material's conductivity is increased when light is absorbed by the material When light falls ie. when the photons fall on the device the electrons in the valence band of the semiconductor material are excited to the conduction ’band These photons in the incident light should have energy greater than the band gap of the semiconductor material to make the electrons jump from the Valence band to the conduction band Hence when light having enough energy strikes on the device, more and more electrons are excited to the conduction band resulting in a large number of charge camers Consequently, more and more current starts flowing through the device when the circuit is closed and hence it is said that the resistance of the device has been decreased Types of LOR: LORS can be categorized into two types depending on the materials used to construct them. The two types include 1 Intrinsic photo resistors (Undoped semiconductor): These are made of pure semiconductor materials such as silicon or germanium Electrons get excited fom valence band to conduction band when photons of enough energy fall on itand the number charge cartiers are increased 2. Extrinsic photo resistors: These are semiconductor materials doped with impurities, also called dopants. These dopants create new energy bands above. the valence band which is filled with electrons, Hence this reduces the band 9p and less energy is required in exciting them Extrinsic photo resistors are generally used for long wavelengthsABOUT THE LDR What is an LDR? Aphoto resistor or light dependent resistor is an electronic component thatis sensitive to light. When light fats upon it, then the resistance changes Values of the resistance of the LOR may change over many orders of magnitude as the level of light increases. It is common for the resistance of an LOR to be several mega ohms in darkness and then fall to a few hundred ohms in bright light LORs are made from semiconductors to enable them to have their light sensitive properties. Cadmium Sulphide (Cds) and Cadmium Selenide (Case) are two common materials used in the manufacture of LDRS though impurities are also added in some cases Symbol of an LOR In order to represent an LOR in a circuit, there are two different symbols out of which any one can be used A typical light resistor dependent looks like this y » Structure of LOR Discrete photo resistor devices use an inter-digital pattern to increase the area that is exposed to light the pattern is cut in the metallization on the surface of, the active area and this lets the light through the two metallise areas act as the two contacts for the resistor. This area has to be made relatively large because the resistance of the contact to the active area needs to be minimized. This type of structure is widely used for many small LORs that are seen. The inter- digital pattern is quite recognizable.OBJECTIV As LDRs are, or general sensitive to sight here we are going to study how incandescent bulbs in a nearby circuit can also affect the LOR by changing its resistance To study the variations in current flowing in a circuit containing an LOR because of a variation in (a) The power of the incandescent lamp used to illuminate the LDR (keeping all the lamps at a fixed distance) (b) The distance of an incandescent lamp (of fixed power) used to illuminate the LDR The factors we will be considering here are the power and wavelength of each incandescent lamp, the distance of the lamps from the LDR and the current flowing through the circuitABSTRACT Asimple electrical component that depends on light is the photo resistor, or Light Dependent Resistor (LDR in short) It is a type of semiconductor whose conductivity changes with proportional change in the intensity of light LORs are very different to other forms of resistors like the carbon film resistor. Metal oxide film resistor, metal film resistor and the like that are widely used in other electronic designs. They are specifically designed for their light sensitivity and the change in resistance this causes In view of their low cost, case of manufacture, and their ease of use, LDRs have been used in a variety of different applications. At one time LDRs were used in photographic light meters, and even now they are still used in a variety of applications where it is necessary to detect light levels. Deeper study of the study of current flow and changes in resistance and other properties of an LOR can lead to greater scope of its applications in everyday lifeSYNOPSIS 1) ABSTRACT 2) OBJECTIVE 3) ABOUT THE LDR 4) MATERIALS REQUIRED 5) THEORY 6) USAGE OF LDR’s IN THE PROJECT 7) PROCEDURE 8) OBSERVATION 9) RESULT 10) PRECAUTION 11) BIBLIOGRAPHYACKNOWLEDGEMENT | would like to express a deep sense of gratitude to my Physics teacher and project guide Mrs Jennifer Merlene for guiding me in every step throughout the project. Her encouragement and motivation helped me to complete the Project successfully and well in time. | also thank my Principal and school management for their guidance throughout the course of the project. ! am also highly grateful to my parents for their everlasting encouragement and support. | acknowledge the contribution of my classmates, for their timely help and support for the completion of this project | thank all those who have helped me indirectly during the course of the project. Last but not the least, | am deeply obliged to the Almighty who has assisted me from the beginning till the very end of this project, and made it a grand successCERTIFICATE This is to certify that LSRIMADURA of Grade XII-B has completed this Bonafide Certificate Project Work in Physics Laboratory. New Prince Shri Bhavani Senior Secondary School, Adambakkam, Chennai- 600088 during the academic year 2023-2024 Registration No.: 20 b\2 OT Date: This is for submission for the AISSCE EXAMINATION to be held in the Physics Laboratory of New Prince Shri Bhavani Senior Secondary School during the academic year 2023- 2024 th afer Ne External Exaniiner Internal Examiner Alar PrincipalNEW PRINCE SHRI BHAVANI SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL (AFFILIRTED TO THE CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION, NEW DELHI) NO 18, SOUTH SECTOR, NEW COLONY, ADAMBAKKAM, CHENNAI-600088 [PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT | “To study the variations in current flowing in a circuit | containing an LDR“ | | | Name: [Link] | Class: XIl sec: B | Registration No: 20 6124 0% |