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The document outlines the preparation and requirements for anatomy practical work, emphasizing the need for theoretical knowledge and practical skills. It details the structure and development of the eye, including its components and vascular arrangements, as well as the visual pathway and associated defects. Additionally, it discusses ocular movements and the muscles involved in eye movement.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
21 views39 pages

Rega

The document outlines the preparation and requirements for anatomy practical work, emphasizing the need for theoretical knowledge and practical skills. It details the structure and development of the eye, including its components and vascular arrangements, as well as the visual pathway and associated defects. Additionally, it discusses ocular movements and the muscles involved in eye movement.

Uploaded by

smegenu.raumenai
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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REGOS SENSORINĖ SISTEMA

James Wardrop (1782–1869) Morbid eyenatomist


DĖL TVARKOS ANATOMIJOS PRAKTIKOS DARBUOSE
Studentai praktikos darbams privalo pasiruošti pagal praktikos darbų
aprašymus, kuriuos sudaro dvi dalys: kontroliniai klausimai ir praktikos
darbo užduotys.
Kontroliniai klausimai skirti pasiruošti teoriškai. Atvykdami į
praktikos darbus studentai turi gebėti į juos atsakyti.
Praktikos darbo užduotys atliekamos darbo metu. Jos nurodo,
kuriuos objektus studentai turi rasti, pažinti demonstracinėje medžiagoje
bei juos apibūdinti.

Teorinis pasiruošimas darbui gali būti tikrinamas visoje darbo eigoje.


Praktinių užduočių atlikimo kokybė tikrinama darbo pabaigoje.

Nepasiruošusiems darbams ar/ir nesugebantiems atlikti praktinių užduočių


studentams darbai neįskaitomi!

Anatomijos praktikos darbų aprašymus (Nr. 6.4; 6.7; 6.12) rasite:


ftp://193.219.163.103 studentas studentas

Praktikos darbuose būtina turėti chalatus ir pirštines.


REGOS SENSORINĖ SISTEMA
• Akis su regos laidu
• Akies obuolys
• Priediniai akies organai

Stabilus ryšys tarp fokusavimo


aparato ir fotojautraus paviršiaus:
• fokusavimas į artimus ir tolimus
objektus
• šviesos kiekio reguliavimas
• įeinančios šviesos užfiksavimas
Prof. N. Paužienė
Akies vystymasis

Embryological development of the eye. A, At about 4 weeks, the optic vesicle (OV) of each side has evaginated from
the prosencephalon (Pr) in this head-on view. B, At about 5 weeks, the initially spherical optic vesicle has folded in on
itself to form the two-layered optic cup; the optic cup partially envelops the lens vesicle, which is derived from surface
ectoderm. C, At about 6 weeks, the lens vesicle has pinched off, and the remaining surface ectoderm has begun to form
the epithelial covering of the cornea. The outer layer of the two-layered optic cup will go on to form the retinal
pigment epithelium; the inner layer will form the neural retina. Anteriorly, both layers will grow around farther in front
of the lens and participate in the formation of the ciliary body and iris.
Akies obuolys
KAPSULĖ
Akies obuolio skaidulinis dangalas: odena, ragena;
Kraujagyslinis: krumplynas, rainelė, gyslainė;
Tinklainė: akloji ir reginė tinklainės dalys;
BRANDUOLYS:
Lęšis, stiklakūnis,
priekinė ir užpakalinė kameros, akies skystis;
Regos nervas;
Priekinis ir užpakalinis segmentas,
Priekinis ir užpakalinis poliai,
Pusiaujas, meridianai,
Optinė ir regėjimo ašis.
Akies obuolio skaidulinis dangalas:
odena, ragena;

Priekinis ir užpakalinis
segmentai

Šoninis gyslainės tarpas


Antgyslaininė plokštelė

Akytoji odenos plokštelė


Regos nervo diskas
Akytoji odenos plokštelė, centrinė
tinklainės arterija ir vena

Exit of the human optic nerve from the eyeball, showing the distribution of collagenous (blue) and
neuroglial (magenta) tissues. Sep, septa of collagenous connective tissue carried into the nerve
from the pia mater and dividing the nerve fibres into numerous fascicles; Gl.M, astroglial Lamina cribrosa sclerae. The viewer looks on the circular
membrane separating nerve fibres from connective tissue; Gl.C, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes arrangements of collagen fibers around each traversing
among the fibres in their fascicles; Du, Ar, Pia, dura, arachnoid and pia maters respectively. (1a) axon. The collagen fibers have been isolated by maceration
is the internal limiting membrane of the retina, which is continuous with an astroglial membrane (of
Elschnig) covering the optic disc (1b). An accumulation of astrocytes forms a central meniscus of with a 10% NaOH solution, which disintegrates the axons
Kuhnt in the centre of the disc (2). The anterior or so-called ‘choroidal part’ of the lamina cribrosa of the optic nerve. The center represents the space for the
(6) is separated from the choroid by a spur of collagenous tissue (3). The ‘border tissue of Jacoby’ artery and the central retinal vein. The collagen fibers
(4), which is largely astroglia, frequently extends beyond the choroid (5) to separate much of the
retina from the ‘retinal part’ of the optic nerve head. The posterior part of the lamina cribrosa (7) around the center are called scleral ring. Lamina cribrosa
contains collagenous tissue derived from the optic nerve septa and fenestrated sheets of collagen sclerae of an 89-year-old woman. Scanning electron
fibres continuous with those of the sclera. (By permission from Anderson DR, Hoyt W 1969 microscopy; magnification:×60
Ultrastructure of intraorbital portion of human and monkey optic nerve.
Akies obuolio skaidulinis dangalas: ragena
Ragenos kraštas
Veninis odenos antis,
sijinis tinklas,
odenos pentinas

The iridocorneal angle and adjoining structures, showing the proximity of the scleral
venous sinus (a) to the pectinate ligaments (f). The trabecular meshwork of the latter is
partly uveal, being continuous with the iris (h) and ciliary body (CB) and muscle (i).
Anterior to the scleral spur (d), scleral trabecular tissue (c) is even closer to the scleral
venous sinus. Aqueous fluid percolates through this trabecular region, reaching the
lumen of the sinus through small apertures (b). The pectinate ligament diminishes as it
approaches the corneal limbus (e) and in this junctional zone the posterior limiting
membrane (of Descemet) also terminates (g). The endothelium of the anterior chamber
(posterior corneal epithelium) is continuous with the endothelium of the trabeculae (j) at Meridional section through the iridocorneal angle. The conjunctiva (left) was damaged
the limbus. in preparation.
Kraujagyslinis dangalas
Rainelė, krumplynas, gyslainė
Kraujagyslinis dangalas
Gyslainė: kraujagyslinė, kapiliarinė,
pamatinė plokštelės
Šoninis gyslainės tarpas
Antgyslaininė plokštelė

Krumplyno arterijos:
priekinės
užpakalinės –
ilgosios ir trumposios.
Sūkurinės venos

The vascular arrangements of the uveal tract. The long posterior ciliary arteries, one
of which is visible (A), branch at the ora serrata (b) and feed the capillaries of the
anterior part of the choroid. Short posterior ciliary arteries (C) divide rapidly to form
the posterior part of the choriocapillaris. Anterior ciliary arteries (D) send recurrent
branches to the choriocapillaris (e) and anterior rami to the major arterial circle (f).
Branches from the circle extend into the iris (g) and to the limbus. Branches of the
short posterior ciliary arteries (C) form an anastomotic circle (h) (of Zinn) round the
optic disc, and twigs (i) from this join an arterial network on the optic nerve. The
vorticose veins (J) are formed by the junctions (k) of suprachoroidal tributaries (l).
Smaller tributaries are also shown (m, n). The veins draining the scleral venous sinus
(o) join anterior ciliary veins and vorticose tributaries.
Kraujagyslinis dangalas: krumplynas
Krumplyno vainikas ir ratas,
krumplyno ataugos, dantytoji juosta,
krumplyno raumuo.
Krumplyninis raištis
Kraujagyslinis dangalas
Krumplynas – akies skysčio gamyba
Krumplyno vainikas ir ratas,
krumplyno ataugos, krumplyno raumuo,
krumplyninis raištis, dantytoji juosta.
2 µl/min
15 kartai/dieną
15 mm Hg

glaukoma
Production and circulation of aqueous humor. Components filtered through fenestrated ciliary capillaries are transported across the
ciliary epithelium, enter the posterior chamber (*), move through the pupil into the anterior chamber, pass through the trabecular
meshwork, and enter the scleral venous sinus. The inset is a scanning electron micrograph showing the zonular suspension of a
monkey's lens; the view is as though you were in the vitreous space, looking diagonally outward toward the back of the lens. CB,
ciliary body; CP, ciliary processes (the corrugated surface of the ciliary body, bulging between zonular fibers); I, iris; L, lens; S,
sclera; SC, scleral venous sinus (Schlemm's canal); Z, zonules.
Kraujagyslinis dangalas: krumplynas
Krumplyno raumuo: meridianinės, spindulinės,
žiedinės skaidulos
Krumplyninis raištis

Akomodacija
Kraujagyslinis dangalas
Rainelė
vyzdinis kraštas,
priekinis ir užpakalinis paviršius;
vyzdžio sutraukiamasis ir
vyzdžio plečiamasis raumenys;
didysis ir mažasis rainelės
arterinis ratas;
rainelės stroma - melanocitai
Kraujagyslinis dangalas
Rainelė
TINKLAINĖ:
akloji tinklainės dalis: krumplyninė ir rainelinė dalys;
dantytoji juosta;
reginė tinklainės dalis: pigmentinis ir nervinis sluoksniai
Tinklainė: reginė tinklainės dalis,
pigmentinis ir nervinis sluoksniai
Tinklainė:
regos nervo diskas, regos nervas,
centrinė tinklainės arterija
geltonoji dėmė, centrinė duobė,
duobutė;

(A) Horizontal section of the


right eyeball at the level of
the optic disk and fovea
centralis. (B) Enlargement
from (A). Recurrent axons
sweep around the fovea as
shown in C. (C) Surface view
of fovea centralis and
neighboring retina. Cones
have been omitted at
intervals to show the 'chain'
sequence of neurons. BCL,
bipolar cell layer; GCL,
ganglionic cell layer
Šviesą laužiančios terpės
Ragena
Akies skystis
Lęšis
Stiklakūnis

glaukoma
Lęšis: kapsulė, lęšio žievinė medžiaga, lęšio branduolys, priekinis paviršius,užpakalinis paviršius, spinduliai,
krumplyninis raištis.
Regos laidai ir centrai
Regos nervas, kryžmė ir laidas.
Požieviniai regos centrai: lateralinis
kelinis kūnas, gumburo pagalvis,
keturkalnio viršutiniai kalneliai. Vidinė
kapsulė. Žievinis regos centras
pentininėje vagoje.
The visual pathway, showing the spatial arrangement of neurones and their
fibres in relation to the quadrants of the retinae and visual fields. The
proportions at various levels are not exactly to scale and in particular the
macula is exaggerated in size in the visual fields and retinae. In each
quadrant of the visual field, and the parts of the visual pathway subserving it,
two shades of the respective colour are used, the paler for the peripheral
fields and a darker shade for the macular part of the quadrant. From the optic
tract onwards these two shades are both made more saturated to denote
intermixture of neurones from both retinae, the palest shade being reserved
for parts of the visual pathway concerned with monocular vision. The pathway
subserving the pupillary light reflex is also indicated.
Žieviniai ir požieviniai regos centrai

Functional MRI data from another subject watching a red and black checkerboard in which the squares reversed color 8 to 10 times
per second, again superimposed on a T1-weighted parasagittal slice. The stimulus activates not only occipital cortex above and
below the calcarine sulcus but also the principal thalamic nucleus relaying visual information (the lateral geniculate nucleus).
Regos defektai dėl regos laido pažeidimų

Lesions Field defects


1 Partial optic nerve Ipsilateral scotomaa
2 Complete optic nerve Blindness in that eye
3 Optic chiasm Bitemporal hemianopia
4 Optic tract Homonymousb hemianopia
5 Meyer's loop Homonymous upper quadrantanopia
6 Optic radiation Homonymous hemianopia
7 Visual cortex Homonymous hemianopia
8 Bilateral macular cortex Bilateral central scotomas
Priediniai akies organai
Akies obuolio raumenys: viršutinis, apatinis, vidinis, šoninis tiesieji, viršutinis ir apatinis įstrižiniai. Viršutinio voko
keliamasis raumuo.
The geometrical basis of ocular movements. A, The relationship between the orbital and ocular axes, with the
eyes in the primary position, where the visual axes are parallel. B and C, The ocular globe in anterior and
posterior views to show conventional geometry. A.M.S.Q., anterior medial superior quadrant; P.L.I.Q.,
posterior lateral inferior quadrant. D, The orbits from above showing the medial and lateral recti and the
superior rectus (left) and the inferior rectus (right), indicating turning moments primarily around the vertical
axis. E, Superior (left) and inferior (right) oblique muscles showing turning moments primarily around the
vertical and also anteroposterior axes. F, Lateral view to show the actions of the superior and inferior recti
around the horizontal axis. G, Lateral view to show the action of the superior and inferior oblique muscles
around the anteroposterior axis. H, Anterior view to show the medial rotational movement of the superior and
inferior recti around the vertical axis. Conventionally the 12 o’clock position indicated is said to be intorted
(superior rectus) or extorted (inferior rectus) as indicated by the small arrows on the cornea. I, Anterior view
to show the torsional effects of the superior oblique (intorsion) and inferior oblique (extorsion) around the
anteroposterior axis, as indicated by the small arrows on the cornea.
Akies obuolio guolis
Akiduobės fascija, pertvara, riebalinis akiduobės kūnas, akiduobės
raumuo, akies obuolio makštis, antodenis tarpas.
Akies obuolio raumenys: viršutinis, apatinis, vidinis, šoninis tiesieji,
viršutinis ir apatinis įstrižiniai. Viršutinio voko keliamasis raumuo.
Priediniai akies organai
Antakiai
Vokai
Blakstienos
Junginė
Priediniai akies organai
 viršutinis ir apatinis vokai,
 vokų plyšys,
 priekinė ir užpakalinė voko briaunos,
 blakstienos,
 vokų kremzlių riebalinės liaukos,
 blakstieninės (prakaito) liaukos,
 riebalinės liaukos,
 viršutinio voko keliamasis raumuo,
 viršutinio ir apatinio voko kremzlės raumenys
AŠARŲ APARATAS

ašarų liauka,
ašarų liaukos
latakėliai,
ašarų upė,
ašarų ežeras,
ašarų taškelis,
ašarų ištekamasis
kanalėlis,
ašarų maišelis,
ašarinis nosies latakas.
Kraujotaka

Oculus - A. ophthalmica

N. opticus
A. ophthalmica
Chiasma opticum
A. cerebri anterior, A. carotis interna
A. communicans anterior

Tractus opticus
A. choroidea anterior
Corpus geniculatum laterale
A. cerebri posterior

Radiacio optica
A. cerebri media
A. cerebri posterior

Cortex opticus
A. cerebri posterior
A. cerebri media

Note that the eyeball is shown at c.50% of real size, relative to the orbit, to
reveal the veins.
Kraujotaka

Oculus - A. ophthalmica

N. opticus
A. ophthalmica

Chiasma opticum
A. cerebri anterior, A. carotis interna
A. communicans anterior

Tractus opticus
A. choroidea anterior
Corpus geniculatum laterale
A. cerebri posterior
A. choroidea anterior

Site of lesion Deficit


Radiacio optica Optic nerve A Unilateral blindness
A. cerebri media Optic chiasm B Bitemporal heteronymous hemianopia
A. cerebri posterior Contralateral Defects
Optic tract C Homonymous hemianopia
Lateral geniculate nucleus C Homonymous hemianopia
Cortex opticus Optic radiations
A. cerebri posterior Meyer's loop D Upper visual quadrant homonymous hemianopia
A. cerebri media (quadrantanopia)
Main radiations E Homonymous hemianopia
Visual cortex
Rostral F Homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing
Caudal G Homonymous hemianopia of the macular region
Akies obuolio inervacija
 Krumplyninis mazgas
 Trumpieji krumplyno nervai:
 simpatinės
 parasimpatinės
 juntamosios
 Ilgieji krumplyno nervai:
 simpatinės
 juntamosios
95 % krumplyninio mazgo
užmazginių skaidulų –
krumplyno raumenį
Išorinių akies obuolio raumenų
inervacija
 N. oculomotorius
 N. trochlearis
 N. abdusens

Within the orbit CN III fibers pass through the tendinous ring of the
extraocular muscles and divide into superior and inferior divisions.
The superior division ascends lateral to the optic nerve to innervate the
superior rectus and and levator palpebrae superioris muscles on their deep
surfaces.
The inferior division of CN III splits into three branches to innervate the
medial rectus and inferior rectus muscles on their ocular surfaces and the
inferior oblique muscle on its posterior surface.
Ašarų liaukos inervacija

Parasimpatinė:
Viršutinis seilinis branduolys – veidinis
nervas – sparninis gomurio mazgas –
ašarinis nervas
Simpatinė:
viršutinis kaklinis simpatinis mazgas –
vidinis mieginis rezginys – didysis uolos
nervas – sparninis gomurio mazgas –
ašarinis nervas
Vokų inervacija

 Vokai inervuoti juntamosiomis ir


motorinėmis skaidulomis
 Juntamieji nervai yra akinio ir
viršutinio žandikaulio nervų šakos
 Motorinė inervacija yra iš:
 veidinio nervo – m. orbicularis oculi
 akies judinamojo nervo – m. levator
paplpebrae superioris
 simpatinės skaidulos – viršutinį
kremzlės raumenį

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