"***fYA\J/toxs
1. Ensure that the aCh Circuit, ogQ E' E'd
E'
B sured,
voltage remains same
throughout
while *E'CO
FdlF\g the valUes of
current and resistance.
2. Supply the appropriate VOltage req pf
light to prevent decrease in volta dueuired for each source
ge to excess current
consumption.
3. Perform the experiment in a dark room to prevent
the influence of other light sources on the LDR.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. [Link] [Link]/articles/electronic
components/resistors Iight-
[Link]
2 .h s e e trica 4u co
h de e d e ldr-working principle-of-ldr
3 tt s season O
Projects/Ph*/‹ics/variation-of-curat
!
aI in Phys **, C *SS 12
4 CERT laboratory m ¿l n U
1›) f‘ixing th
'• 10 —---
—3.2
20 25 30 35
Distance of the LDR from the source
b) Fising the power and varying the distance of the
3.5 —3.2
- 2
° i.s *
20 2?i
Distaace of tbe
The dat,a has been studied viSU‹›IIy by plotting graphs for the chan¿•es in current
and resistance while varying the distance of the LDR from the light source
'II '1 11 Ö ft HC£ äDtf V trying the power
Of the lamp
0 5 3S
S 2 D.
S
Power of the ligbt
source {W}
a) Fixing distance and varying the power
of the lamp
Po›s”er of Abe 8*!
soarce /V}
.I) I ixint• ¢listnncc .and Varying the power of the hump.
9 92 0.91
2 6.05 1.62
3 [Link] 9.98 ” " ” [Link]
ii. Distance of the LDR from the source -10 cm
[Link] Powc r of the light Current flowing through Resistance of the
source (W) the circuit B(A) | LDR(kCl)
3.2 9.43 0.95
3 4 43 03
3. 1.65 9.77 0.92
iii. Distance of the LDR from the source =15 cm
Power of the light Current flowing through Resistance of the
source (W) the circuit B(A) LDR(kCl)
1. ’ 3.2 9.32 0.96
2. 3 3.69 2.J3
3. 1.65 9.60 0.93
iv. Distance of the LDR from the source =20 cm
[Link] Power of the light Current flowing through Resistance of the
source (W) the circuit BA) LDR(kt1)
3.2 8.88 1.0 1
3 3.08 2.S›
3. , 165 - 937 0.9G
!!*u [Link].' lu.s hcun studied visually by plotting graphs for the changes in current
'!NrJ r‹ ',i . t.,•›‹:‹' while va”rying ’the power of the lamp.
b) Finding power nnd varying the distance of the Ie‹»Pt
ii. I ix a I' i p in t loc' I cI‹1t'r. keep Its cm Hlt a\ sun›e mlnlt›i‹in› ‹list an‹ a li f*r** tI!•
srrOL\d OEC
iii. Note the [Link]›ce end cr›rrent In the clrctilt D for tfils glven p‹iwer n( the
bulb and its clistance. Mc‹tstire oISo the voltngo In tlrcult 0 en¢h tln e end
make sure tI .zt it [Link] [Link]
iv. Next, increase ttic distance uniformly ((or each rearll0g) and taka
diflfifent sets of readings for different dlstances. Note down each
ob›arv4tlO0 In the following tahle (h)
v. For better analysis more bulbs can be tested. The current ang resistance of
the circuit B will vary according to the power of the bulb chosen.
PROCEDURE
For both the experiments, two circuits are
required - one for the LDR and
the other for the source of Iight.
Setting up the circuits:
Select a suitable place for the bulb holder and set up the first circuit
around it. Connect a cell (or battery) of rating 6V or 12V with the holder
and switch in series, using connecting wires. This is now circuit A.
ii. Then gather the LDR, multimeter (or ohm meter and ammeter), a key
(or SWitch), and a battery of the same rating as the first. Make the
second circuit by connecting these devices in series using conducting
wires. This is now circuit B
a) Fixing distance and varying the power of the lamp:
i. Place the two circuits such that both are parallel to each other. Fix a
distance between the lamp holder (in circuit A) and the LOR (in circuit B).
Measure this distance and note it down.
Select the incandescent bulb with the lowest rating, insert it into the
holder and turn it on. In the circuit B, measure the resistance and
current flowing through the circuit. Do measure the voltage also, to
ensure that it remains constant.
iii. Repeat the above step for bulbs of different power ratings while keepmg
the distance fixed.
iv. Note down the observations in the followins table (a).
v. be decide‹J upon, and the
For better analysis various distances can
and testud for [Link] [Link]
power of the bulbs can be varied
THEORY
When light is incident on an LDR a photon is absorbed and thercbY it excites an
electron from valence bond into conduc tion b•and Due to such new t•lcctrons
coming up in the conduction [Link] area, the oloctrical resistance of the device
decreases. Thus the LDR h‹as resistance which the invcr Se function of radiation
intensity.
In general greater the intensity of light that falls on an LDR Icssr'r it’S rqsist anCe
and greater will be the current through it. However if the light source is pl4cfi'd
far away from the LDR much of the light is scattered away in all direction s, so
very little light falls on the LDR and the current through it is reduced.
USAGE OF LED's IN THE PROSECT
The project title involves the use of incandescent lamps of different pow'er
ratings in the experimental set up. However we are forced to use L ght
Emitting Diodes (LED) strips for the project. Reasons being incandescent bulbs
are now out of date and bulbs for small DC circuits are not available. The fe‘•
bulbs that are available consume too much current and do not show up stead'/
values on the multimeter. The influence of such lamps on the LDR wears c'/
after a few centimeters.
After some experimentation it was established that LEDs consume much lu›s
electrical energy but glow with greater brightness. As its influence on tFr• L??
is steady, measurements are much improved in terms of 1CCUf4C¿ 3 fi I” *
trend in values.
MATERIALS REQUIRED
1. A Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)
• The ŁDR is the light dependent device were interested in
2. Incandescent bulbs of different power ratings
• They are the different sources of light for the LDR for our experiment
(Due to the non-availability of incandescent lamps, we have used LEDs in
this project)
3. Bulb holder
• II holds each incandescent bulb in place
4. A voltage source (cell or battery)
• The source that sets the current going
5. A multimeter (An ohm meter and an ammeter can be used if multimeter
is not available)
• A multimeter is a measuring instrument that can measure multiple
electrical properties; In general it can measure voltage, resistance
and current
• An ohm meter measures the resistance in the circuit
• An ammeter nneasuresthe currentflov nginthe circuit lt has verylow
resistance in order to allow maximum current to pass through it
6. Metre scale
• To measure the distances between the LDR and the bulbs
7. Connecting wires
• To complete the circuit connections
\\ h •t1 light f.1ll.x i.c. \\ hon the photons f‹alI on the device the electrons in the
x. « •c h.›n‹1 of they sc>i»icond ictor material are excited to the conduction
/.1l1x1 l [Link] #›hot<nns io the incid<°nt light should have energy greater than the
h*r ‹1 .1y^ ‹°f the scnziconcl actor material to make the electrons jump from the
x . !cr1¿¿ {I.1nr1 tc the concluction band
Home x hen light havin\¿ enough energy strikes on the device, more and more
c lectrv°i s ,1re excit c! to the con¢luction band resulting in a large number of
cl .«be c. nlers Cole r°q iently. more and more current starts flowing throumh
tf1t chs iL”' x hew the° circuit is closed and hence it is said that the resistance of
Types of LDR:
LDRs [Link] Lee [Link] orized into two types dependin• on the materials used to
con› tr let then . The two types include
ABOUT THE LDR
What is an LDR?
A phOto resistor or light dependent resistor is an electronic component
that is sensitive to light. When light fats upon it, then the resistance changes
Values of the resistance of the LDR may change over many orders of
magnitude as the level of light increases. It is common for the resistance of an
LDR to be several mega ohms in darkness and then fall to a few hundred ohms
in bright light
LDRs are made from semiconductors to enable them to have their light
sensitive properties. CadMiUm Sulphide (Cds) and Cadmium Selenide (Case)
are two commOFi materials used in the manufacture of LDRS though impurities
are also added in some cases
Symbol of an LDR
In order to represent an LDR in a
A typical light resistor circuit, there are two different
dependent looks like this symbols out of which any one can be
used
Structure of LDR
Discrete photo resistor devices use an inter-digital pattern to increase the area
that is exposed to light the pattern is cut in the metallization on the surface of
the active area and this lets the light through the two meta!Iise areas act as the
two contacts for the resistor. This area has to be made relatively large because
the resistance of the contact to the active area needs to be n inin ized. This
type of structure is widely used for many small LDRs that are seen. The inter-
digital pattern is quite recognizable.
OßJIZCTIYË
As LDRs are, or general sensitive to slgl t here we are going to
study how incandescent bulbs in a nearby circuit clan also
affect the LDR by changing its resistance
To study the variations in current flowing in a circuit
containing an LDR because of a variation in
(a) The power of the incandescent íamp used to illuminate
the LDR (keeping all the lamps at a fixed distance)
(b) The distance of an incandescent lamp (of fixed power)
used to illuminate the LDR
The factors we will be considering here are the power and
wavelength of each incandescent lamp, the distance of the
lamps from the LDR and the current flowing through the
circuit
ansTnacT
A simple electrical component that depends on light is the
photo resistor, or Light Dependent Resistor (LDR in short) It is
a type of semiconductor whose conductivity changes with
proportional change in the intensity of light LDRs are very
different to other forms of resistors like the carbon film
resistor. Metal oxide film resistor, metal film resistor and the
like that are widely used in other electronic designs. They are
specifically designed for their light sensitivity and the change
in resistance this causes
In view of their low cost, case of manufacture, and their ease
of use, LDRs have been used in a variety of different
applications. At one time LDRs were used in photographic
light meters, and even now they are still used in a variety of
applications where it is necessary to detect light levels.
Deeper study of the study of current flow and changes in
resistance and other properties of an LDR can lead to greater
scope of its applications in everyday life
SYNOPSIS
l) ABSTRACT
2) OBJECTIVE
3) ABOUT THE LDR
4) MATERIALS REQUIRED
5) THEORY
6) USAGE OF LDR's IN THE PROJECT
7) PROCEDURE
8) OBSERVATION
9) RESULT
10) PRECAUTION
11) BIBLIOGRAPHY
ACIMOWLEDGEMENT
I Would like to express a deep sense of gratitude to
my physics teacher and project guide Mrs Jennifer Merlene
for guiding me in every step throughou t the project. Her
encouragement and motivation helped me to complete the
project successfully and well in time. I also thank my
Principal and school management for their guidance
throughout the course of the project.
I am also highly grateful to my parents for their
everlasting encouragement and support. I acknowledge the
contribution of my classmates, for their timely help and
support for the completion of this project
I thank all those who have helped me indirectlv during
the course of the project. Last but not the least, I am deeply
obliged to the Almighty who has assisted me from the
beginning till the very end of this project, and made it a
grand success
CEoTiricaTE
ThÏS iS to certify that [Link] of Grade XII-B häs
completed this Bonafide Certificate Project Work in PhySÏCS
LabOrdtOFy. New Prince Shri Bhavani Senior SecondaFy
SChool, Adambakkam, Chennai- 600088 during the academic
year 2023-2024
Registration No.: 4 o b \k g Où
Date:
This is for submission for the AISSCE EXAMINATION to
be held in the Physics Laboratory of New Prince Shri Bhavani
Senior Secondary School during the academic year 2023-
2024
Int xaminer
Principal
NLW PRINCE SHRI BHAVANI
SEA'IOR SECONDARY SCHOOL
(AFFI LIATED TO THE CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONOARY EDUCATION, NEW DELHI)
NO 18. SOUTH SECTOR, NEW COLONY, ADAMBAKKA M, CHENNAI-600088
PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
“To study the variations in current flowing in a circuit
containing an LDR“
Name: [Link]
Class: XII Sec: B
Registration No: 4 o 6 I q a
